‫الُكتب واملذكرات الدراسية‬

‫∏‪ªàÊi∏\;‹Ê÷dÅ’\;Ï÷tÖ‬‬
‫\’ ‪n’]m’\;Èà\ÑÅ’\;◊ë‬‬

‫معهد وكلية بوابة التكنولوجيا لعلوم احالسوب والعلوم االدارية واماللية‬

‫اللغة االجنليزية‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫م – ‪5441‬هـ‪0202‬‬
‫ا����س‬
‫‪Ind ex Index‬‬

‫‪ Basics of English Language .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٨‬ﺹ) (‬

‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺪﻣﺔ(‬ ‫‪٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪( .‬ﻣﻘ) ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٨ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ s– .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٩ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ ing– .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٩ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ ed– .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٢٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‬ ‫‪٢٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪( .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ)‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ(‬ ‫‪٢٥‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪( .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ)‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٢٧‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٣١‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪٣١) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬‬ ‫‪English Pronouns .‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٣٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٣٨‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٣٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٣٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
 ‫)‪٤٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٤٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪٤٢) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ Auxiliary Verbs .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(‪ .‬ﺪﻣﺔ )‪٤٥‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٤٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ (‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٥٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪٥٩) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪ English Verbs.‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٦١‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪٦٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪٦٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ(‬ ‫‪٧٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪( .‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺎ ﺿﻲ)‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪٨٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪٩٣‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ( .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪٩٥) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪٩٥‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬ﺹ) ( ‪English Nouns.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﻣﻘ (‪ .‬ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٠١‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪١٠١ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ a , an .‬ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٠٣ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ the .‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ (‪١٠٥) .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪١٠٧) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ (‪١٠٩) .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ (‪١١١) .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ (.‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ (‪١١٣) .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١١٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١١٦) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪English Adjectives.‬‬ ‫‪١١٩‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﻣﻘ (‪ .‬ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٢٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ (‪١٢٢) .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪−‬‬
 ‫( )‪١٢٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔﺍﻗﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔﺍﻗﻣﻮ ‪.‬ﻊ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٢٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٢٩) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪English Conjunctions.‬‬ ‫‪١٣١‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٣٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ ( .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪١٣٢) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ ( .‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪١٣٢) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ ( .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪١٣٤) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٣٥) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪١٣٥‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪ English Prepositions.‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١٣٧‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٣٨‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٣٨‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ( .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٤٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ( .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١٥٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٥٢) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫‪١٥٦‬ﺹ) ( ‪Passive Voice.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٥٧‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ ( .‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪١٥٧) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ ( .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ‪١٦٥) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪١٦٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٦٦) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ N‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١٦٨‬ﺹ) ( ‪egative.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٦٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ( )‪١٦٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ( )‪١٧٧‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٧٧ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ never .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺑـ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪١٧٨ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪have no .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٧٩) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪English Questions.‬‬ ‫‪١٨٠‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﻣﻘ (‪ .‬ﺪﻣﺔ )‪١٨١‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ (‪ .‬ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
 ‫( )‪١٨١‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٩٣‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٩٣‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ( .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٩٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ( .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( )‪١٩٦‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻞ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪١٩٨) ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪Additional Grammar.‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬ﺹ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫(ﺪﻣﺔ )‪٢٠١‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ( ‪.‬ﻣﻘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠١ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ Adverbs .‬ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ(ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ )‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٤ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪all .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٥ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪although .‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪another & other .‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٥ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٦ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪any & some .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٦ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪as .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٦ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪because , because of .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪both .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٠٨ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪Concert & Abstract Nouns .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪٢٠٩ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ Conditional Clauses .‬ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٣ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪each .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٤ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪else & also .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٤ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪even .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٤ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ever .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٥ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪every .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٦ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪get .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪here & there .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪home .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ ing forms- .‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪٢١٨ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪instead/instead of .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
 ‫‪let .‬‬ ‫‪٢١٩ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪like .‬‬ ‫‪٢١٩ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪maybe .‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪neither .‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪never .‬‬ ‫‪٢٢١ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Noun Phrase .‬‬ ‫‪٢٢١ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪over .‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٢ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫( ‪٢٢٣ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪ Reported Speech .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪the) same) .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٧ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪so .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٨ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪still .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٨ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪that .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٩ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪there is , there are .‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢٢٩ ( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ) ( ‪too & either .‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Unreal‬‬ ‫‪Meaning .‬‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٢٣٠‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Verb-ing .‬‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٢٣١‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ( ‪yet .‬‬ ‫‪)٢٣٢‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪٢٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪( .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ English Informal.‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٢٣٤‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ Paragraphs .‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٢٣٥‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ )٢٤١‬ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ(‬
‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪ Irregular Verbs . (٢٤٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‬
‫‪ )٢٥٤‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ( ‪ Common Words .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪:‬ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ . .‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪ . .‬ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‪ :‬ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﳓﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﳎﺪﺩﺍﹰ‪‬‬ ‫‪.‬ﺎ‬

‫"ﺃﻭ ‪OR‬‬ ‫"ﲟﻌﲎ‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪(A/B‬‬ ‫‪ A‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪ B‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ‪ B‬ﻋﻮﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ A‬ﻋﻮﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪.‬ﰲ‬
‫)‪(A‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ A‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ . .‬ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫����� ‪: : Introduction‬‬

‫‪.‬ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ Noun . .‬ﺃﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪ )١.‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ play‬ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺐ‬
‫‪ drive‬ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "‪ )٢ "ing-‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ eat‬ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ‪ eating‬ﺃﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ teach‬ﺱ‪‬ﻳﺪﺭ ‪ teaching‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻔﻌﻞ"‪ )٣ . tion-‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻵﺧﺮ "ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﱢﻢ ‪ education‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ educate‬ﻳﻌﻠ‬
‫‪ )٤.‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ choose‬ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ‪ choice‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ ask‬ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ‪ question‬ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ develop‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪ development‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫‪ perform‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ‪ performance‬ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫������أدا�� ا‬ ‫‪:a , an: a , an‬‬

‫‪ Indefinite Articles .‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑـ "‪ "a , an‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ "‪ "a‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ‪ "an" :‬ﻭ "‪ "a‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻـﻮﰐ "ﺳـﺒﻖ ﺷـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ "‪ "an‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻄﻖ "‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ an hour‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪ a university ,‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪ an honest ,‬ﺻﺎﺩﻕ‬

‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫ﻻﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻓـﺈﻥ ‪ h‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ o‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ h‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ "‪ "hour‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ "‪ "honest‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪ an‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﻮﰐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ o‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ our‬ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪hour‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ "an‬ﻳﻮ"ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ "‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ ‪ u‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ "‪ "university‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫"‪umbrella‬‬
‫‪ a . .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ u‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳓﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻄﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪.We have a‬‬
‫‪cat and a dog‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻦ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱﺃﻧ ‪.‬ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫)‪I am/I'm) a teacher‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.She‬‬
‫)‪is/She's) an actress‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ‪:‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ a few‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪ a little ,‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪ a pairlot ,‬ﻛﺜﲑ ‪ of , a‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ a numbers of‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ a hundreds of ,‬ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ a quarter ,‬ﺭﺑﻊ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ a half of‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ a bit ,‬ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪ a couple of ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪. We invited a lot of guests to the‬ﳓﻦ ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺔ‬
‫‪party‬‬
 ‫‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫‪.There is only a‬‬
‫‪little milk left‬‬
‫‪".‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ per :‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻮﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ "ﰲ‪،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪.once a day. OR‬‬
‫‪once per day‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﰲ ‪.‬ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪.twice a week. OR twice‬‬
‫‪per week‬‬
‫ﻣﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬ ‫‪.two hundred a month. OR two hundred per month‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ "‪ "What‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺑـ ‪-‬‬
‫!ﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺮﺓ! ﺃﻭ ﻳﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪!What a hole‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ " ‪ Abstract Nouns‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪".‬ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫‪ "by".‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ‪‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺫﻫﺒﺖ‬ ‫‪.I went by a car‬‬
‫‪ "no".‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﺑﻌﺪ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻗﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.I have no a pen‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪.I have no an idea‬‬

‫‪١٠٢‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪.This is my a pen‬‬
‫ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ‪‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷ‪-‬‬
‫ﻼﺕ‪‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎ ‪.‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ‪.‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫" ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻥ "ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ‪‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪.I had a‬‬
‫‪lunch with John‬‬
‫‪I bought a Cosmopolitan at a Paddington Station.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳏﻄﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ ‫‪.Water contains an‬‬
‫‪oxygen‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ـﻢ ﰲ‪‬ﻷ "‪ "… , any- , some- , someone , anybody‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﱪﱐ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ ﺭ ‪.‬ﺣﻠﺖ‬ ‫‪.A Someone told me (that) you‬‬
‫‪left‬‬

‫������أداة ا‬ ‫‪:the: the‬‬

‫‪ Definite Article.‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑـ "‪ "the‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪-‬‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ "ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ" ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻤـﻊ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬
‫" " ﺃﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟ ﺖﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛ "ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬
‫‪(I am/I'm) going to the supermarket.‬‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻄﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪.‬ﻜﻠﺐ ﺟﺮﻭ ‪.‬ﻜﻠﺐ ﺟﺮﻭ‬
‫‪We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is puppy.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺇﱁ‪...‬ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷ ﺗﺪﻭﺭﺭﺽ ‪.‬ﺸﻤ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟ ﺲ‬ ‫‪.The earth moves around the‬‬
‫‪sun‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪.‬ﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪.The President‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪.‬ﱪﺝ ﺇﻳﻔﻞ‬ ‫‪.The Eiffel Tower‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟ ‪.‬ﺸﻤﺎﱄ‬ ‫‪.The North Pole‬‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪.The British Museum‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷ ‪.‬ﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪.The Atlantic‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠ ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪. .The) Brazilians are very good‬ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫)‪at football‬‬
‫‪. .The) elephant is the largest animal on‬ﺍﻟ ﻔﻴﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫)‪land‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺃﺩﺍﺓﺃﺩﺍﺓﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ "ﺑﺸـﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪".‬ﻳﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﲨﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﻛﺎﲰﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ‬
‫"ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻛﻲ‪" .‬ﲨﻊ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪.The Rockies‬‬
‫"ﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ " .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪.The West‬‬
‫‪Indies‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫" ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪" .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪.The Red‬‬
‫‪Sea‬‬
‫"ﺍﻷﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ‪" .‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎ ﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪.The Amazon‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪‬‬ ‫"ﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ‪ " .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪.The Amazon‬‬
‫‪River‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫‪".‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪.The First Winner‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻗﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫)‪.I am/I'm) reading the second book‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ‪‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫ـﻼﺕ‪‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻥ‪" .‬ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ‪‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪.I had the lunch with John‬‬
‫‪I bought the Cosmopolitan at the Paddington Station.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳏﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬ ‫‪:‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫‪The U.S. , The Netherlands‬‬
‫ﺗﻌـﲏ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿـﻲ ‪ Nether-lands‬ﻭ ‪ Holland "،‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ "ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ‪- Netherlands‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ‬
‫‪.‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪.This is my the pen‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺃﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰـﺎﺀ‬
‫‪.‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ْ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.The Water‬‬
‫‪boils at 100ْC‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪.The Milk is good for‬‬ ‫‪you‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ‬ ‫‪.I like the potato‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ " ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ" ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻚ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ "ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ " ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣـﺐ‬
‫‪ ". ".‬ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ‬
 ‫ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ "‪ "go home‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍ ﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪.I‬‬ ‫‪(go/went) to‬‬ ‫‪home‬‬
‫)ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ‪‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺫﻫﺐ‪/‬ﺫﻫﺒﺖ( ﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪.I (go/went) home‬‬

‫‪:‬أ���م ا����ء‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫‪ Proper‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪Nouns : :‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳚ ‪ Capital Letter‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ‬
‫ـﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ‪‬ﻷ "‪ "the‬ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "a , an‬ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ George‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ‪ Cairo ,‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ Germany ,‬ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ Friday ,‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪ Com‬ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ‪Nouns‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪mon : :‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "the‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "a , an‬ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪ man‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ teacher ,‬ﺱ‪‬ﻣﺪﺭ ‪ cat ,‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪ book ,‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ city ,‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫‪ Material Nouns : :‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪/‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪"a , an" :‬‬
‫‪ oxygen‬ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ‪ iron ,‬ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ‪ snow ,‬ﺛﻠﺞ ‪ water ,‬ﻣﺎﺀ ‪ sand ,‬ﺭﻣﻞ ‪ air ,‬ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪ Collective Nouns : :‬ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪/‬‬

‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﲰـﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻧـﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻـﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﰲ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ crowd‬ﺣﺸﺪ ‪ army ,‬ﺟﻴﺶ ‪ fleet ,‬ﺃﺳﻄﻮﻝ ‪ flock ,‬ﻗﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﻑ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ crowds‬ﺣﺸﻮﺩ ‪ armies ,‬ﺟﻴﻮﺵ ‪ fleets ,‬ﺃﺳﺎﻃﻴﻞ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪ Abstract Nouns : :‬ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪/‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
‫ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪.‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ joy‬ﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎﺝ ‪ laugh ,‬ﺿﺤﻚ ‪ pleasure ,‬ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪١٠٦‬‬
‫‪������ ���� : :‬ا����ء ا������ ���� و��� ا‬

‫‪ Countable : :‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪/‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﳚﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫ﰲ "‪"a , an‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺔ "‪ "the‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻋـﻦ "‪"many‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ "few" :‬ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ a man‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ many men ,‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ‪ a few men ,‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ many of men‬ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ‪ a few of men ,‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ Uncountable : :‬ﹰ ‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ "ﺃﻱ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫‪ , is , has‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ "‪ "a , an‬ﺇﱁ‪ ...‬ﻭ"‪ .‬ﺯﻮﳚﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ‪was‬‬
‫"‪ "the‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‪: .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ‪:‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﻒ‬
‫‪ ) ١ Substances:‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ cotton :‬ﻗﻄﻦ ‪ cloth ,‬ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ‪ silk ,‬ﺣﺮﻳﺮ ‪ wool ,‬ﺻﻮﻑ ‪ nylon ,‬ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ‪,‬‬
‫‪Materials‬‬
‫‪ gold‬ﺫﻫﺐ ‪ silver ,‬ﻓﻀﺔ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ flour :‬ﻃﺤﲔ ‪ rice ,‬ﺭﺯ ‪ bread ,‬ﺧﺒﺰ ‪ wheat ,‬ﻗﻤﺢ ‪ sugar ,‬ﺳﻜﺮ ‪ salt ,‬ﻣﻠﺢ ‪,‬‬
‫‪Food‬‬
‫‪ pepper‬ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ butter :‬ﺯﺑﺪﺓ ‪ cheese ,‬ﺟﺒﻨﺔ ‪ jam ,‬ﻣﺮﰉ ‪ fur ,‬ﻓﺮﻭ ‪ skin ,‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ hair ,‬ﺷﻌﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫‪Other‬‬
‫‪ snow ,‬ﺛﻠﺞ ‪ rain ,‬ﻣﻄﺮ ‪ soil ,‬ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ‪ grass ,‬ﻋﺸﺐ ‪ land ,‬ﻳﺎﺑﺴﺔ ‪ ground ,‬ﻗﺎﻉ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ice‬ﺟﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ wood‬ﺧﺸﺐ ‪ plastic ,‬ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ leather ,‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺪﺑﻮﻍ ‪ coal ,‬ﻓﺤﻢ ‪ rock ,‬ﺻﺨﺮﺓ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ sand‬ﺭﻣﻞ ‪ paper ,‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ‪ cement ,‬ﺍﲰﻨﺖ ‪ chalk ,‬ﻃﺒﺎﺷﲑ ‪ plaster ,‬ﻻﺻﻖ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ paint‬ﻃﻼﺀ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫‪ )٢ Liquids:‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻴﺐ ‪ coffee ,‬ﻗﻬﻮﺓ ‪ tea ,‬ﺷﺎﻱ ‪ oil ,‬ﺯﻳﺖ‪،‬ﻧﻔﻂ ‪) petrol ,‬ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ‪,‬‬
‫‪ water‬ﻣﺎﺀ ‪milk ,‬‬
‫(ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ )ﺃﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ‪ juice ,‬ﻋﺼﲑ ‪ alcohol ,‬ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ‪… ,‬‬ ‫‪gasoline‬‬
‫‪ )٣ Gases : :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ air‬ﻫﻮﺀ ‪ smoke ,‬ﺩﺧﺎﻥ ‪ steam ,‬ﲞﺎﺭ ‪ oxygen ,‬ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺠﲔ ‪ hydrogen ,‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ )٤ : :‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ‪ luggage ,‬ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺔ ‪ baggage ,‬ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺔ ﳏﺰﻭﻣﺔ ‪ pay ,‬ﺃﺟﺮ ‪ noise ,‬ﺿﻮﺿﺎﺀ ‪,‬‬
‫‪music‬‬
‫‪ traffic‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ‪ furniture ,‬ﺃﺛﺎﺙ ‪ accommodation ,‬ﲡﻬﻴﺰ‪،‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ homework‬ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ ". ".‬ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ" ‪ )٥ Abstract Nouns‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻛﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "much‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪"little".‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ water‬ﻣﺎﺀ ‪ much water ,‬ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑ ‪ a little water ,‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞﻣﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ sugar‬ﺳﻜﺮ ‪ much sugar ,‬ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﺜﲑ ‪ a little sugar ,‬ﺳﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ water‬ﻣﺎﺀ ‪ much of water ,‬ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ a little of water ,‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ sugar‬ﺳﻜﺮ ‪ much of sugar ,‬ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ‪ a little of sugar ,‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬
 ‫‪.‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪She has much of gold and a little of beauty‬‬

‫‪ Uncountable Nouns‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫‪.‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫‪.This water are sterilized‬‬
‫)ﺻﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ(‬ ‫‪.This water is sterilized‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٠٨‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏـﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬
‫"‪ "coffee‬ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ "ﻗﻬﻮﺓ" ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﺪ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ" ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ"‬
‫"ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ (ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ‪/‬ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ)‪" .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪.I want a‬‬
‫‪coffee‬‬
‫"ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ‪ " .‬ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪.I like coffee‬‬
‫‪ "… ,tea‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫"‪, potato‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪- .‬‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﻣﻰ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ‪" .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪.The boy threw a stone‬‬
‫‪" .This wall is‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‪" .‬ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪made of stone‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ "‪"s‬‬
‫‪ ideas‬ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ‪ opinions ,‬ﺃﺭﺍﺀ ‪ truths ,‬ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﳍﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻨـﺪ "‪ "s‬ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊـﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ ‪‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺖ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪.I met three‬‬
‫‪Johns yesterday‬‬

‫ا����ء ���‬ ‫‪The plural:‬‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻊ "‪ "s‬ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌـﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫‪".‬ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ " ‪ s-‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫"‪ "ve‬ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ "‪ "fe‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "f‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑـ ‪-‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻭﻫﻢ ‪ s-.‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ leaf leaves‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ‪ loaf loaves ,‬ﺭﻏﻴﻒ ‪ sheaf sheaves ,‬ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ thief thieves‬ﻟﺺ ‪ calf calves ,‬ﻋﺠﻞ ‪ self selves ,‬ﻧﻔﺲ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ wolf wolves‬ﺫﺋﺐ ‪ half halves ,‬ﻧﺼﻒ ‪ scarf scarves ,‬ﻭﺷﺎﺡ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ life lives‬ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ‪ wife wives ,‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪ knife knives ,‬ﺳﻜﲔ‬
‫‪ hoof hooves‬ﺣﺎﻓﺮ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫‪:‬ﺭﺟﻞ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ‪: woman women ,‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪man men‬‬
‫‪: child children‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ‪: foot feet ,‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ‪,‬‬
‫‪: tooth teeth‬ﺳﻦ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ‪: mouse mice ,‬ﻓﺄﺭ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ‪,‬‬
‫‪: goose geese‬ﺇﻭﺯﺓ ﺇﻭﺯﺍﺕ ‪: louse lice ,‬ﻗﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﻤﻞ ‪,‬‬
‫‪: ox oxen‬ﺛﻮﺭ ﺃﺛﻮﺍﺭ ‪: oasis oases ,‬ﻭﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺎﺕ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ erratum errata‬ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻄﺒﻌﻲ ﻣﻄﺒﻌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ‪: index indices ,‬ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﻏﺰﻻﻥ ‪: sheep ,‬ﺧﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺮﺍﻑ ‪: swine ,‬ﺧﻨﺰﻳﺮ ﺧﻨﺎﺯﻳﺮ ‪… ,‬‬ ‫‪deer‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ people‬ﺷﻌﺐ ‪ cattle ,‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ clergy ,‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪ police ,‬ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ poultry‬ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ‪ public ,‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ‪ vermin ,‬ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ‪.‬ﻟﻠﺘﻮ‬ ‫‪.Police have just arrived‬‬
‫‪ "people" ".‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫"‪.‬ﺷﻌﺐ"ﲟﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺐ"ﲟﻌﲎ‬
‫‪.‬ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ‬ ‫‪.Peoples of Europe eat much of potato‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳ "‪ "s‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ dozen : two dozen‬ﺩﺯﻳﻨﺔ ‪ score : three score ,‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ thousand : five thousand‬ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ hundred : eight hundred ,‬ﻣﺌﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ million : nine million‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ‪ head : two head ,‬ﺭﺃﺱ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﺩ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ dozens of eggs‬ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ‪ hundreds of boys ,‬ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪-‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ news‬ﺧﱪ‪،‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ‪ innings ,‬ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ gallows ,‬ﻣﺸﻨﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ ethics‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ‪ mathematics ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ physics ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ phonetics‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎﺕ ‪… ,‬‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪‬ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘـﺺ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﺷﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ‪...‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬
‫‪.The scissor is lost‬‬
‫ﺿﺎﺋﻊ(ﺻﺢ )ﺍﳌﻘﺺ‬ ‫‪.The‬‬
‫‪scissors are lost‬‬

‫������ا������ وا‬ ‫‪:G ender: Gender‬‬

‫ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ‪ him.‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪: )١ He‬ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪:‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪ son‬ﺍﺑﻦ ‪ boy ,‬ﻭﻟﺪ ‪ man ,‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ father ,‬ﺃﺏ ‪ brother ,‬ﺃﺥ ‪ uncle ,‬ﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻝ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ nephew‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ prince ,‬ﺃﻣﲑ ‪ king ,‬ﻣﻠﻚ ‪ husband ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ‪ her.‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪ )٢ She‬ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪ daughter‬ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ‪ girl ,‬ﺑﻨﺖ ‪ woman ,‬ﻣﺮﺁﺓ ‪ mother ,‬ﺃﻡ ‪ sister ,‬ﺃﺧﺖ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ aunt‬ﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺔ ‪ niece ,‬ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ princess ,‬ﺃﻣﲑﺓ ‪ queen ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ wife‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪… ,‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏـﲑ ‪: )٣ it.‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗـﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻢ ‪ table ,‬ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪ door ,‬ﺑﺎﺏ ‪ book ,‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ city ,‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ cat ,‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪ dog ,‬ﻛﻠﺐ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪pen‬‬
‫‪: )٤.‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪: .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ child‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ‪ friend ,‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‪ doctor ,‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ judge‬ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ cousin ,‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ artist‬ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﺎﻧﺔ ‪ teacher ,‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪١١١‬‬
‫‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺗﺪﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫‪ : actress‬ﳑﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : actor‬ﳑﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ : girl‬ﺑﻨﺖ‬ ‫‪ : boy‬ﻭﻟﺪ‬
‫‪ girlfriend‬ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ boyfriend‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‬
‫‪ : sister‬ﺃﺧﺖ‬ ‫‪ : brother‬ﺃﺥ‬
‫‪ : cow‬ﺑﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪ : bull‬ﺛﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ : hen‬ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ : cock‬ﺩﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ : bitch‬ﻛﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ : dog‬ﻛﻠﺐ‬
‫‪ : mother‬ﺃﻡ‬ ‫‪ : father‬ﺃﺏ‬
‫‪ : vixen‬ﻌﻠﺒﺔﻟﺜﺍ‬ ‫‪ : fox‬ﺛﻌﻠﺐ‬
‫‪ : mare‬ﻓﺮﺱ‬ ‫‪ : horse‬ﺣﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ : wife‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ : husband‬ﺯﻭﺝ‬
‫‪ : queen‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪ : king‬ﻣﻠﻚ‬
‫‪ : lady‬ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : lord‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ : woman‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‬ ‫‪ : man‬ﺭﺟﻞ‬
‫‪ : nun‬ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ : monk‬ﺭﺍﻫﺐ‬
‫‪ : nephew‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ : niece‬ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ‬
‫‪ : ewe‬ﻧﻌﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪ : ram‬ﻛﺒﺶ‬
‫‪ : madam‬ﻣﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪ : sir‬ﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ : daughter‬ﺍﺑﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ : son‬ﺍﺑﻦ‬
‫‪ : aunt‬ﻋﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ : uncle‬ﻋﻢ‬

‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪country , city‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪��� Case of Nouns : :‬ت إ��اب ا���‬

‫‪ Nominative:‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪. )١‬ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ‪.‬ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The boy broke‬‬
‫‪the window‬‬
‫‪ )٢ . .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳋﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﰊ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﰊ‬ ‫‪.This man is‬‬
‫‪my father‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫"‪.‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ‪".‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ Object:‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪:‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬

‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The boy broke the window‬‬
‫‪. )٢‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻﹰ ﳊﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ‪.‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻﹰ ﳊ‬
‫‪.‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪.Put your cup on the table‬‬
‫‪. )٣‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﺎ‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪.He came yesterday‬‬
‫‪ Possessive:‬ﹰ ‪/‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ(ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‬ ‫ﺗﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ‪:‬ﺗﺄﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‬
‫‪ ) ١ "X's Y" : :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ‪.‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ s' .‬ﺃ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪-‬‬
‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The girl's dress‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺛﻮﺏ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ‬ ‫‪.Shakespeare's plays‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ' ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﻏﺎﹰ ﺑـ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ es- . .‬ﺃﻭ ‪s-‬‬
‫ﺛﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The girls' dresses‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺩﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The boys' books‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ‪ es-‬ﺃﻭ ‪ s-‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺎﻍ ﺑـ‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﺧـﺮ '‪s‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪.The men's room‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.The‬‬
‫‪children's teacher‬‬

‫‪ . .‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ "‪ "of‬ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ‪ ) ٢ "Y of X":‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ‬

‫‪Names‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the engineers‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫‪The leg‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the table‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
‫‪ "X's Y" : :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫"ﺫﻳﻞ ﻗﻄﺔ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.A cat's tail‬‬
‫"ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ " .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.The men's room‬‬
‫"ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ " .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪.The women's society‬‬

‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪)٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻱ‬

‫‪.‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪.The beauty's queen‬‬

‫‪ "Y of X":‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺔ "ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪)١‬‬
‫‪ "X's Y" . .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪.The table's leg‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ (ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ)‬ ‫‪.The leg of the table‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ )٢ "X's‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪Y" . .‬‬
‫‪Names of the engineers. OR The engineers' names.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻣﻨﺰﱄ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫‪My house‬‬ ‫)‪is larger than Mark's. (= Mark's house‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﱵ‬
These books are my sister 's. (= my sister books)

Omar A ١١٥ glish.com

- Questions (1-10); select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in each
question:

1) Plural of "spoonful" is:

A. spoonfuls.
B. spoonsful.
C. spoonful.
D. spoons.

2) Plural of "antenna" is:

A. antennas.
B. antenns.
C. antenna.
D. antennes.

3) Plural of "omen" is:

A. omens.
B. omena.
C. omenas.
D. omen.

4) Plural of "sheep" is:

A. sheeps.
B. sheep.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

5) Plural of "standby" is:

A. standby.
B. standbies.
C. standbys
D. standbyes.

6) Plural of "fish" is:

A. fish.
B. fishes.
C. All of above.
D. None of all above.

7) Noun of "steal" is:

A. steal.
B. stealing.
C. stealance.
D. steel.
E. None of all above.

١١٦
8) Noun of "accept" is:
A. accept.
B. acceptance.
C. accepting.
D. None all of above.
9) Noun of "administrate" is:
A. administrate.
B. administrating.
C. administrator.
D. None of all above.

10) Noun of "collect" is:

A. collect.
B. collecting.
C. collection.
D. None of all above.

- Questions (11-14); decide whether they are common, proper, abstract, or

collective:

11) That holiday was the best.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

12) He's obviously the leader of the gang.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

13) Every winter we used to go to Scotland for the skiing.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective.

14) Pauline is so weary of the life she leads.

A. Common.
B. Proper.
C. Abstract.
D. Collective

- Questions (15-21); decide if these statements about articles are (True) or

(False):

15) An American man wants to make a business.

16) Water contains a hydrogen.

17) The earth is third planet from the sun.

18) I have just read news from the New York Times.

١١٧
19) We have a lots of wood.

20) I visited the Niagara.

21) He went to the college.

- Questions (22-40); choose the correct article (a, an, the, nothing):

22) She is … very nice girl.

23) Next month I'm going to go to … Paris to see … Eiffel Tower.

24) Wait, I have … idea.

25) That is … strangest thing I've ever seen.

26) Yesterday, I talked to … MTV Producer.

27) … Ukrainians are more intelligent than … Italians.

28) Have you ever taken … trip to … North Pole?

29) I'd like to be … President of … United States someday.

30) Who's … guy over there with a duck on his head?

31) I'm … happiest girl in town!

32) I like … cats better than … dogs.

33) We saw … Mr. Smith at … bank.

34) We made some delicious soup using … head of … cow!

35) It should take … hour.

36) Please put … gun on … table and listen to me!

37) This is … Europe car.

38) She had … one dollar note in her hand.

39) In … end we decided not to go to the cinema but to watch television.

40) It is important sometimes to stop and look around you at all the wonderful
things in …
nature.

١١٨
١١٩
: : Introduction �����

- ‫ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬.

- ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﲔ‬.
- ‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ‬Adjective.
- ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ‬.
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ Smarts boys
‫ﺃﺫﻛﻴﺎﺀ(ﺻﺢ )ﺃﻭﻻﺩ‬ .Smart boys
)"‫ﻫﻢ(ﺻﺢ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻛﻴﺎﺀ "ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺔ‬ .They need smarts
- :‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬: .‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬: ‫) ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﳏﺪﺩ‬١.
 , ‫ ﺻﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬old ~ young , ‫ ﺻﻐﲑ‬، ‫ ﻛﺒﲑ‬large ~ small
, ‫ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬، ‫ ﺧﺸﻦ‬hard ~ soft , ‫ ﻗﺼﲑ‬، ‫ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬long ~ short , ‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬، ‫ ﻗﺪﱘ‬old ~ new
, ‫ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ‬، ‫ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬hot ~ cold , ‫ ﻓﻘﲑ‬، ‫ ﻏﲏ‬rich ~ poor
, ‫ ﺳﻲﺀ‬، ‫ ﺟﻴﺪ‬good ~ bad , ‫ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ‬، ‫ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ‬black ~ white
… , ‫ ﻏﱯ‬، ‫ ﺫﻛﻲ‬smart ~ stupid
‫ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﹺﺪ‬،‫) ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﳏﺪﺩ‬٢‫ﺕ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﺎﹰ‬:
-al: actual , final , general , mental , physical , special , …
-ent: ancient , convenient , excellent , frequent , urgent , …
-ous: anxious , conscious , dangerous , famous , serious , various, …
-ic: atomic , basic , electric , scientific , sympathetic , …
-y: angry , dirty , funny , guilty , healthy , hungry , icy , …
-ive: active , attractive , expensive , native , sensitive , …
-ed: confused , excited , limited , related , surprised , …
-ble: enjoyable , fashionable , possible , probable , sensible , …
-ful: beautiful , careful , faithful , grateful , skillful , …
-an: American , Christian , German , human , Indian , Russian , …
-ing: amusing , disappointing , surprising , willing , …
-less: blameless , careless , childless , harmless , senseless , …

١٢٠
-ar: familiar , particular , popular , regular , similar , …

- ‫" ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬less-" ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ‬.
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬careless ‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬care
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬
- ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫" ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬less-" ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝـﺬﻑ‬
‫" ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬less-"
‫" ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬ful-" :‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬.
‫ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬helpful ‫ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬helpless
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻞ‬hopeful ‫ ﻣﻴﺌﻮﺱ ﻣﻨﻪ‬hopeless
‫ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬useful ‫ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ‬useless

‫) ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬٣ "-a" ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬:

‫ ﻧﺎﺋﻢ‬asleep ‫ ﻳﻨﺎﻡ‬sleep
‫ ﺣﻲ‬alive ‫ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬، ‫ ﳛﻴﺎ‬live
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ‬awake ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ‬wake
‫) ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬٤ "-dis- , un - , il- , in- , im" ‫ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬: .‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬: ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻔﻆ‬.
‫ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬unhappy ‫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬happy
‫ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬inaccurate ‫ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬accurate
‫ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬impossible ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬possible
‫ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬illegal ‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬legal
‫ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻣﲔ‬dishonest ‫ ﺃﻣﲔ‬honest

- ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ‬ ‫" ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ‬a , an" ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬
‫ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ‬.‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‬: :
‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺫﻛﻲ‬ .He is a smart man
.‫ﻫﻮ ﺫﻛﻲ‬ .He is smart

Omar A ١٢١ glish.com

‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﱂ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺗﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ‬
 ‫"‪ "smart man‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺗـﻰ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "smart‬ﲟﻔﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻄﻞ" " ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ "‪ "hero‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﲟﻌﲎ‬ ‫"ﺑﻄﻮﱄ" ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ "‪ "heroic‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬
‫ﳚـﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫‪:‬ﻭﺿﻊ‬

‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻄﻞ‬ ‫‪.I‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪hero‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﰐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‬

‫‪Red‬‬ ‫‪dress‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Beautiful‬‬ ‫‪table‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬

‫‪:‬أ��اع ا ���تا����ت‬

‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪:‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ Capital Letter.‬ﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫‪English‬‬ ‫‪language‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‬

‫‪New‬‬ ‫‪York City‬‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪:‬ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‬

‫‪ : :‬ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪my/your/his/her/its‬‬
‫‪ our/your/their‬ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫" " ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ"‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ "‪ "own‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻘﻠﻤﻲ ‪.‬ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪.I will/I'll) write with‬‬
‫)‪my own pen‬‬
‫‪ : :‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ "‪ "own‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫‪He did his work.‬‬
‫‪He did his own work.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺔ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻜﲑ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ "the" .‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪"a , an‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪ a long street‬ﺷﺎﺭﻉ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ‪ a beautiful girl ,‬ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ‪ an old house ,‬ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻗﺪﱘ‬
‫‪.‬ﺎ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‪‬ﺇ‬ ‫‪.She is a beautiful girl‬‬
‫‪ "beautiful‬ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ "‪girl‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ‪.‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٣‬‬
‫‪���� : :‬ا�� ا��‬

‫‪ "am , is , are , was ,‬ﻻ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ‪-‬‬
‫"‪were , be‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ‪ Linking Verbs‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ ‪ Seeming Verbs‬ﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ ‪ Perception Verbs‬ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊـﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ" ‪ Remaining Verbs.‬ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ‪Becoming Verbs‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‪".‬‬
‫‪ Perception Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻢ ‪ taste ,‬ﻳﺘﺬﻭﻕ ‪ sound ,‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺗﺎﹰ ‪ feel ,‬ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻤﺲ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪smell‬‬
‫‪ Seeming Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ appear‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ‪ seem ,‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ‪ look ,‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ Becoming Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫‪ become‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ end up ,‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ get ,‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ grow ,‬ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ change‬ﻳﻐﲑ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ‪ convert ,‬ﻝ‪‬ﳛﻮ ‪ turn ,‬ﻝ‪‬ﳛﻮ ‪ prove ,‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪ Remaining Verbs : :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ stay‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪ remain ,‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﺚ ‪ keep ,‬ﳛﻔﻆ ‪… ,‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪: -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪.‬ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ(ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪.) )١‬ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ(ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪.I have‬‬
‫‪a new computer‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌــﻮﻝ ﺑــﻪ ﻫــﻮ ‪ "computer"،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻــﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳــﻢ ﻫــﻮ ‪ "new"،‬ﺍﻟﺼــﻔﺔ ﻫــﻲ‬
‫"‪. . "a new computer‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ )٢ Linking Verbs .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪.She has/She's) become‬‬
‫)‪beautiful‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻫـﻮ ‪ "become"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "beautiful"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫(ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ( )‪.‬ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ "‪ "become‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"She" .‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪.The soup smells delicious‬‬

‫‪١٢٤‬‬
‫‪ "smell"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "delicious" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ‬
‫"‪ The‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺲ (ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ) "‪ "smell‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"soup.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺎﹰ‬ ‫‪.The witness kept silent‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ‪ "kept" ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "silent" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫"‪ The‬ﻫـﻮ‬
‫‪. ).‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ (ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ) "‪ "keep‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ "‪ "kept‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪"witness.‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺎ‪‬ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍ ‪ )٣ be‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫‪.‬ﺎ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ‪‬ﺇ‬ ‫‪.She is smart‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "is"،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "smart" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪"She" . .‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪ )٤ the‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪. .The young should look after the old‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻦ‬
‫‪ "the old"،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "The young" ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ "old" ،‬ﻭ "‪ "young‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻻ‬
‫‪.‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬
‫‪- "look‬‬ ‫‪ "take‬ﺗﻌﲏ "‪after‬‬ ‫"‪care‬‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﻌﺘﲏ‬ ‫‪".‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫‪ . .‬ﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ )٥‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫‪.‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﻗﻬﻮﰐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪.I like my coffee black‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺃﺧﱵ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫‪.My sister keeps her‬‬
‫‪room very tidy‬‬
‫"‪ "her room‬ﻭ "‪ "my coffee‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "tidy" ،‬ﻭ "‪ "black‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪.I have nothing good‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "good"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪ "nothing".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫‪: "I have nothing is good" . .‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫‪.I have nothing not good‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "good"،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪ "nothing".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫‪: "I have nothing is not good".‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪. .There is something missing in this room‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫‪ "something".‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ "missing" ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬ ‫‪ : :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫‪There is something is missing in this room.‬‬

‫ﺱ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ . .‬ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‬
‫‪ / /‬ﺝ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫"ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ "ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫‪.Red Dress‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪" .‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪.The red dress‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﲪﺮﺍﹰ‪ " .‬ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.The dress is‬‬ ‫‪red‬‬

‫‪ Comparative & Superlative:‬ر�� ا ���تا����ت���‬

‫‪:‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ )١ Equality : :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪as‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪as‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Object‬‬
‫‪are‬‬
‫‪..George is as tall as‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻻ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪John‬‬
‫‪. .George talks three times as much as‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺟﻮﻥ‬
‫‪John‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺳﺄﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪.I will get back as soon as I can‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ‬ ‫‪ )٢ Comparative:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb-er‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪than‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Object‬‬
‫‪are‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪.George is taller than his brother‬‬
‫‪. .I want a bicycle larger than this‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫‪Omar A‬‬ ‫‪١٢٦‬‬ ‫‪glish.com‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ )٣ Superlative: ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬:
:‫ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‬ am
Subject + is + the + Verb-est + of
+ Object
are

‫ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗﻪ‬. ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ ﻮﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻫ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ‬.George is the tallest of his brothers

- ‫" ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬er-" ‫ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬ ‫ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬Comparative ، ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬

"est-"
‫ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬Superlative.

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‬

‫ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬: :
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬: best ‫ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬: better ‫ ﺟﻴﺪ‬: good
‫ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺃ‬: worst ‫ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ‬: worse ‫ ﺳﻲﺀ‬: bad
‫ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬: most ‫ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬: much , many more
‫ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬: least ‫ ﺃﻗﻞ‬: less ‫ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬: little
‫ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺪ‬: farthest ‫ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ‬: farther ‫ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬: far
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬. .He is better than her
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ‬. ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﲔ‬ .He is the best of his friends
‫ﺗﻮﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬. .Tony is the best

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺻﻮﰐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬er-
‫ ﺃﻭ‬est-. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻮﰐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬more" ‫ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫" ﻭ‬most" ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻍ‬: .‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
Subject + am + more + Adj + than
+ Object
is
Subject + are + the most + Adj + of
+ Object

Omar A ١٢٧ ish.com

‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻥ‬. .George is more interested than John
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ‬. ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ‬ .George is the most interested of his
friends

١٢٨
Select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in each question:

1) Adjective of "automatic" is:

A. automatic.
B. automatically.
C. automatical.
D. None of all above.

2) Adjective of "late" is:

A. lately.
B. lated.
C. late
D. None of all above.
 3) Which word is NOT an adjective:
A. friendly.
B. fully.
C. silly.
D. All above.

4) In the bicycle race, Harold was … than Michael.

A. fastest
B. more fast
C. more faster
D. faster

5) The World Trade Center was the … building in New York City.
A. taller
B. tallest
C. more taller
D. most tall

6) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Clark is gooder than Mark.
B. Clark is more smart than Mark.
C. Clark's cake is most delicious of Mark's.
D. Clark is tallest of his friends.
E. None of all above.

7) Choose the correct sentence:

A. She feels the best.
B. She feels gooder.
C. She feels bader.
D. She feels good.

١٢٩
8) Choose the correct sentence:
A. Pollution causes damages more than working in miners.
B. Pollution is damager than working in miners.
C. Pollution causes damages most of working in miners.
D. None of all above.

9) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Nice man has helped me.
B. A nice man has helped me.
C. A nice men have helped me.
D. None of all above.

10) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Michael Jackson is popular.
B. Michael Jackson is the most popular.
C. Michael Jackson is a popular man.
D. All above.
E. None of all above.

11) I'm good at football as … as basketball.

A. soon
B. much
C. possible
 ‫‪D. good‬‬
‫‪E. All above.‬‬

‫‪١٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٣١‬‬
‫����� ‪: : Introduction‬‬

‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﺄ‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ . .‬ﺳﻨﻌﺎﰿ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ‬

‫‪���� Conjunctions : :‬أدوات ا ���‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻒﻄﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ‪: .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ and‬ﻭ ‪ or ,‬ﺃﻭ ‪ but ,‬ﻟﻜﻦ ‪ both ,‬ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪ either ,‬ﺇﻣﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ while‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ when ,‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ what ,‬ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ neither … nor‬ﻻ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺫﺍﻙ ‪ then ,‬ﰒ ‪ as well as ,‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ notwithstanding‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ whether ,‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‪… , ...‬‬

‫‪���� : :‬أدوات ا �����‬

‫‪ "or":‬ﻭ "‪ "and‬ﺳﻨﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪-‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻻ‬ ‫‪.John has traveled. Carla has‬‬
‫‪traveled‬‬
‫ﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸـﺘﺮﻛﺔ "‪ "or‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "and‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪:‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪: .‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻭ ‪.‬ﻛﺎﺭﻻ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪.John and Carla have‬‬
‫‪traveled‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﲨﻌﺎﹰ "ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﲨﻌﺎﹰ" ‪ John and Carla‬ﻷﻥ "‪ "has‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ "‪ "have‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ"‬
‫‪.‬ﺟﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ‬ ‫‪.John or Carla has traveled‬‬

‫‪١٣٢‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪-‬‬ ‫‪:‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ "‪ "and‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ . .‬ﻫﻮﺍﰐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬
‫‪My hobbies are swimming , reading, programming and sport.‬‬
‫‪ : :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪My hobbies are swimming and reading and programming and‬‬
‫‪sport.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑ "‪ "and‬ﻧﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫‪ . .‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﺃﻣــﺜــﻠــﺔ‬
‫‪ )١ . .‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫‪1) She is studying both English and French.‬‬
‫‪ )٢.‬ﻻ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺃﺧﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺔ‬
‫‪2) Neither she nor her sister was in the party.‬‬
‫‪ )٣ . .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﰒ ﺍﲣﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻙ‬
‫‪3) Meet her first then make your decision.‬‬
‫‪ )٤‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪.‬ﺃﻧﺖ ‪.‬ﺃﻧﺖ‬
‫‪4) He as well as you is tired.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫‪ )٥ . .‬ﺍﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﺪﻙ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪5) Do your best (or else/otherwise) he will be‬‬ ‫‪the victorious.‬‬
‫) ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻄﺮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻻ‬٦ . .
6) We should try to meet them whether it is raining or not.
‫) ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺅﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ‬٧ . .
7) This program shows whether your friends are online.

−
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬I ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬.
‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ .I and he are going
(‫)ﺻﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﺁﺗﻴﺎﻥ‬ .He and I are going

‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ .I or he is going
(‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺄﰐ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫)ﺻﺢ‬ .He or I is going

Omar A ١٣٣ glish.com

��‫ ����ول أدوات ا‬Table of Conjunctions : :

- ،‫ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺮﺡ "ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ" ﻳﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻳﻔﻀـﻞ‬
‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬. .

meaning or function simple conjunctions 2- or 3- word double

conjunctions
conjunctions
adding, listing: and both …
and ,
not only …
but
alternatives: or either …
or
contrast: but not … but
negative addition: nor neither …
nor

comparison: as , than , like as if , as thought as … so ,

as … as
condition: if , unless seeing , given , if … then
provided
contrast: (al)though even though although …
yet
while
whereas
degree or extent: as far as so … that
exception: but (that) ,
except ( that)
place: where , wherever
preference: rather than , sooner
than
proportion: as … so ,
the … the
purpose: so that ,
in order that
reason and cause: because , as , since
respect: in that
result: so that ,
such that
 indirect question: whether , if whether …
or
same time: when(ever) , while , as now (that)
time: time:
earlier time: before , until , till
later time: after , since
just after: once , when , immediately (that)
whereupon

١٣٤
- Questions (1-8); select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in each
question:

1) Which one is a conjunction?

A. never.
B. and.
C. indeed.
D. All above.

2) Which one is a conjunction?

A. too.
B. driver.
C. but
D. All above.

3) Choose the correct sentence:

A. He always eats chicken, egg and chips.
B. He always eats chicken, egg, and chips.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

4) Choose the correct sentence:

A. The first man has to work bellows and the second must fuel the furnace.
B. The first man has to work bellows, and the second must fuel the furnace.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

5) We will visit Japan … New Zealand during our next vacation.

A. and
B. but
C. so
D. None of all above.

6) My brother wanted to buy a novel … I went to the book store after I

finished work.
A. so
B. or
C. but
D. None of all above.

7) My teeth were hurting … I made an appointment to go the dentist.

A. or
B. so
C. but
D. None of all above.
8) Have you seen … heard the latest musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber?
A. but.
B. so.
C. or.

١٣٥
D. None of all above.
- Questions (9-13); choose the best conjunction to join the two sentences:

9) The vacuum cleaner was too small for our needs. We bought a larger one.
A. so
B. since
C. but
D. because

10) The man stopped his bicycle beside the car. The bicycle had a broken
chain.
A. and
B. as
C. yet
D. or

11) The tennis match was almost finished. The score was 40 all.
A. yet
B. and
C. nor
D. because

12) The X Files is my favorite TV show. Dawson's Creek is his favorite show.
A. so
B. or
C. and
D. but

13) She was happy when her brother arrived. She had been watching for him for
over an hour.
A. and
B. because
C. as
D. but

١٣٦