Computers & Structures Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. M-349, 1984 0045-7949184 $3.w+ .

I0
Printed in Great Britain. 0 1984 Perwmon Press Ltd.

COMPUTINGCOLUMNS,FOOTINGSAND
GATESTHROUGHMOMENTSOFAREA

Instituto de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales, IMME, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

(Received 23 August 1982; received for publication 19 January 1983)

Abstract-This paper deals with the general, exact and systematic numerical solution of double integrals for
polynomial functions acting over any plane polygonal surface, and describes the computation of resultants of both
unidimensional and bidimensional normal stresses or pressures applied to columns, walls, footings and gates. In
general, the algorithms, and the compact iterative formulas and subprograms given provide a simple and practicai
basic tool for solving engineering problems involving double integrals with any small computer and a minimum of
mathematical training.

1.REvIEw CEB (ComitC Euro-international du BCton) parabola-

Although the computation of the plane tensor of inertia
is one of the most common beginning steps in problems
solved by civil and mechanicalengineers, an extensive
review of the available literature indicates that general
formulas for systematic treatment and computer pro-
grammingof arbitrary shapes are not includedin current
textbooks or manuals (1981). There has been a partial
remedy for this anachronic situation since 1972 through
some minicomputer software offering different inefficient
or incomplete formulas and procedures for calculating
the inertia properties of polygons.
Particularly, this implies that although structural
engineers possess huge theoretical mathematical
resources, in practice we have not been able to calculate
directly and algorithmically any generalized normal
stress volume or pressure resultant on columns, walls,
footings and gates. The prevailing tendency, especially in
reinforced concrete, is to divide the cross section in
elements and concentrate their areas. Obviously, the
accuracy of this time-consuming, primitive discrete
technique depends on the depth of the neutral axis as
well as the subjective way in which the elements are
chosen. A summary of the more complicated ap-
proximate methods proposed [ 121 illustrates the great
difficulties in solving this important engineering
problem[2].
According to the author’s knowledge there have been
only a few sporadic attempts in civil engineering at direct
evaluation of moments of area. Moreover, most of the
researchers did not simplify their equations to obtain
reasonable short expressions and procedures, which
would lead to useful popular formulas.
The set of concise general formulas for computing
exactly and systematically the plane tensor of inertia for
polygonal figures appears to have been published first in
1%2, almost simultaneously by Hermann Flessner in
Germany [31 and by Thomas J. Ogburn in the U.S.[14].
The existence of an earlier related work in structural
engineering seems unlikely[l21. The formulas were
overlooked and soon forgotten, except for a single
presentation of Flessner’s set in 1%5[1]. Flessner’s
solution involves conversion of the double integrals
defining the moments of area to line integrals, which has
been the main idea followed by others. Among them,
Heinrich Werner in 1974 solved the exact computation of
resultants on any polygonal reinforced concrete section
subjected to axial load and skew bending assuming the
343
rectangle concrete stress-strain relationship. He reached
moments of area to the third order but did not simplify
each individual expression[lS].
Independently the author directly derived the set of
formulas for inertia properties, and extended their
geometrical application in 1970 to obtain exactly the
ultimate strength in combined axial load and biaxial
bending of any polygonal reinforced concrete beam-
column cross section subjected to the AC1 (American
Concrete Institute) rectangular stress block[4]. Fur-
thermore, a simple, general algorithm for dividing any
cross section into bands parallel to the neutral axis was
published with the formulas in 1973[71.They have been
used extensively since 1970 to determine failure sur-
faces, analyze and check many kinds of shapes of rein-
forced concrete short columns and earthquake-resistant
structural walls, and to develop design charts in ac-
cordance with the AC1 Code, such as for L-shaped
columns[5-121.
In 1977 the general optimized formula for computing
moments of area up to order 1,n was found, which
makes possible to calculate resultants of polynomial
unidimensional normal stresses or soil and fluid pressures
of any degree. The formula and the useful concept that it
is a source of specific expressions according to the
assumed behavior were published in 1980[12]. Now, the
single condensed formula for evaluating efficiently
moments of area of any order is presented. This extends
widely the applications for two-dimensional problems
and covers many structural engineering cases involving
double integrals with a minimum of mathematical train-
ing. Actually, it transforms double integrals into an al-
gebraic question.
AREA
2.ALGORlTHMFORCOMPIJTINGMOMENTSOF
2.1 Definitions and problem statement
In this context, a moment of area of order M, n is
defined by the basic double integral:
&,, = xmyn dA (2.1)
II
where A is the domain of integration, i.e. a plane area
where the bivariate monomial function xmy” acts; x and
y are orthogonal Cartesian coordinates chosen to suit the
user’s needs; and m and n are non-negative integers, i.e. 0,
1, 2, 3, etc. Clearly, dA is equal to dxdy.
344 J.
Consequently, double integrals of polynomial func-
tions:
where LL,.~is the generic coefficient, i.e. any real con-
stant, and M and N are the maximum exponents, can
obviously be computed through the moments of area:
P(x, y) dA = 5 5 a,.,&.,,,,. (2.3)
Wl=0“-”
This article presents the systematic evaluation of
moments of area directly from the coordinates of the
integration boundary. Since polynomials are the most
widely used engineering functions for either exact or
approximate mathematical models, moments of area are
needed for a vast number of applications. Figure 1
illustrates all problem assumptions.
2.2 Description of the integration domain
The algorithm requires that the integration domain A is
described by a closed, simply connected region bounded
by a polygonal outline, determined by a set of P sequen-
tially numbered vertexes (xi. yi), i = 1, 2,. . . P, where P
is greater than 2 and the P t 1 vertex is the vertex
number 1. This is not a limitation in practice, as it is
easily realized.
For multiply connected regions (Fig. l), and disjoint
domains (Fig. 2), proper fictitious sectionings or con-
nections will satisfy this requirement without error.
Clearly, since computation costs are now negligible,
continuous curves may be satisfactorily approximated by
increasing substantially the number of vertexes, as in
Fig. 2. Thus, any imaginable complex domain may be
treated.
It shoutd be kept in mind that of the two possible ways
in which the polygon connecting the vertexes may be
traversed, the following formulas are based on the path
that leaves materials or connecting lines to the left, as
illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 4. This simple rule implies
that exterior boundaries are numbered counterclockwise,
and assures that each fictitious line is traversed ultimateIy
in both opposite ways.
0 Because of their varied practical uses, even beyond
Fig. 1. Problem assumptions.
MARiN
Fig. 2. Numbering multiply connected and disjoint regions.
When the integration domain is described by a closed,
simply connected polygonal contour, the moment of area
of order m, n defined by eqn (2.1) is obtained by al-
gebraic summation of the moments of area pertaining to
the trapezoids formed by projecting each side on one
coordinate axisI4, 71. Integrating by parts, through
several simplifications, and mathematics induction, the
following compact, optimized general formula for moment
of area is found:
If M’,= .x;yi+,-xi+,yj;
i=l (M.1..
? P vertexes, and P + 1~1, (2.4)
where notation within parentheses symbolizes usual
combinatory numbers.
In many applications, moments of area must also be
computed with respect to some new set of translated
coordinates or parallel axes. If the old origin is located in
terms of the new coordinates at point (x0, y& the trans-
lated moment of area of order p. q is related to the old
known ones by the following expression:
JuXOYO
P.4
=
l-1(x -t xJ’(y t y,J’ dA
wrhich is the so called parallel-axes theorem iteratively
extended to any order.
Therefore, these two general formulas solve the com-
putation of moments of area of any order directly from
the polygonal outline coordinates in a simple, systematic
and exact way. The four pertinent short iterative Fortran
subroutines are given at the end. The FUNCTION POW
handles integer exponentiation at the highest speed.
This means that one of the most common double
integrals has been solved in a closed and efficient form
no matter the shape of the domain, and it is algorithmic-
ally ready available, even to those with Iimited mathe-
matical knowledge.
engineering applications, the first particular cases are
 Computingcolumns,footingsand gatesthroughmomentsof area 345

given below with further arithmetic optimization, taking defined with 2000 vertexes. Since this number is un-
into account that in practice several moments of area are realictically high for practical calculations, no round-off
often needed simultaneously. effed are to be expected in the usual cases of curves
substituted by polygonal lines.
(3) Relative computation times for evaluating
.&,,, = A = l/2 f: M’, (2.7)
moments of area in terms of the time used in calculating
the area are of interest. Since the program for eqn (2.5)
&o = MAY = l/6 z M’~(x~
+xi+,) (2.8) may be coded in several ways and compilers differ, the
following results should be taken as a guide. First
moments of area (order 1.0 and 0. 1) cost 1.6to twice as
.&),I = MAX = l/6 C W’i(Yi
t Yg+l) (2.9) much as the area (order 0,O): moments of inertia (2.0 and
0,2) cost 2.4 to threefold; and products of inertia (1.1)
3.2-4 times as much as the area.
MZ.0= IYY = 11122 W’i[(liit xi+,y - xixi+J (4) Translating the coordinate axes to the vertex with
the smallest numerical values is suggested for avoiding
(2.10)
overflows when working with large numbers, and reduc-
ing possible round-off errors in some computers. Then
do.2 = rxx = 1112c Wi[(Y,+ Yi+J'- YiYi+,l the required moments of area are found through eqn
(2.6).
(2.11) (5) Finally, in the limited numerical experimentation
with continuous known curves and volumes made from
11.1 = IXY the countless possible applications of eqn (2.5), no evi-
= 1/24C ~i[(~ifxi+t)(YifYi+t)+xiYi+xg+~Yt+~I dence of numerical misbehavior has been found. Instead,
(2.12) a surprisingly fast convergence points out an excellent
performance with usual engineering curves.
A”., = l/20 c Wi(Yi+ .va+,)(vFt Yf+d (2.13) For program checking purposes the following exact
data for circles are supplied:

A,,?= 1/60x w,[(x~+xi+,)(yi tyi+,)‘f2(xiyI+xi+,Y~+I)l .L,Jxn = Y. = 0) = 3xr’O/640;

J&(x0 = 1. Y. = 2, r = 1) = 34943 r/640.
(2.14)
This moment of high order takes approx. 22-30 times as
.&.4 = 1/30x Wi[(Y,tYi+,)(Yi3+ Y:+,)+(YiYi+,)Zl (2.15) long as required for computing the area.

+x, +I)(Vi t !++!I’
.I,,? = l/120 c M’,[(Xi
t 3(*,y,‘t .q+,y:+,,- yivi+dxivi+l •t Xi+,Yi)l (2.16)
.&,z = 11180c ~[(xi + x,+$(Yi + y,+,)’
+5(xizYiztxi+,yi+,)
t(XiYi tX+lYi+l)(XiYi+lt Xc+lYi)l. (2.17)
3. NUMERICALSENSITIVITY
In order to ascertain the extent of convergence and
round-off errors of eqn (2.5). numerical tests were made
by changing and translating circles and paraboloids of
revolution, simulated with 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 300
vertexes. Moments of area up to fourth order in both
variables were evaluated using the Hewlett-Packard
HP-2100 auxiliary computer of the Institute of Structural
Materials and Models lMME, of the Central University
of Venezuela, which operates with only seven digits per
number. The main conclusions are summarized as fol-
lows:
(1) In computing moments of area of circles simulated
by regular polygons, and with radius magnitudes com-
parable with those of the translated center coordinates,
50 vertexes appears to be an optimum, reasonable
engineering value. Approximate results with only 40
points are within 2% of the exact ones, with 50 vertexes
the error is less than l%, and it is less than 0.25% with
100 points.
(2) In a 7-significant-figure computer, digital noise or
round-off effects began to appear when the circle was
4. APPLICATIONS
Evaluation of the double integrals of eqns (2.1) and
(2.6) is basic and common in current mechanics. statics
and strength of materials, mainly because these integrals
determine the properties related to the geometry of sec-
tions, surfaces and volumes. Among the many practical
applications, some emphasizing structural engineering
are suggested or detailed in the following paragraphs.
4.1 Plane inertia properties
The first order moments of area MAX and MAY,
along with the moments and product of inertia IXX, IYY
and IXY are readily obtained through direct substitution
of vertex coordinates in eqns (2.8)-(2.12). Moreover, all
of them may now be programmed simultaneously in any
modern microcomputer, with the further advantage that
operations can be performed sequentially without need
of storing all data. As Fig. 2 shows, input errors are
deleted merely by returning to the last correct vertex
along the incorrect traverse. This means that the
mechanical properties of irregular or complex figures
(such as cross section of prefabricated reinforced con-
crete members, earthquake-resistant walls and building
cores, plate girders, or prestressed and composite
bridges) not only are obtained automatically and in-
stantly, but also referred directly to the axes most con-
venient for the designer.
4.2 Computing resultants of unidimensional nomaf stres-
ses or pressures
The computation of resultants of polynomial normal
stresses or pressures acting on sections which remain
346
plane when loaded is a common application. As is well
known, this problem may be conveniently modelled as
depending on only one variable, by choosing a local
abscissa coordinate axis parallel or coinciding with the
neutral axis or zero pressure linejl21. If m is considered
null in the previous equations, and J(y) denotes the
normal stress or pressure-coordinate relationship, the
following results in terms of moments of area are
straigntforward:
P(x,y)=f(y)=~a,y"=aota,y+a,p2t...taNyN
N= f(y) dA = 2 anJ&,
II
Mx=- yftyf dA = - 2 %do,66,n+i
M, = x.f(yl dA = 2 an&n
II
where compressive stresses are taken as positive; N
denotes the axial load; M, and My are the x and Y
components of the local bending moments; and y is the
local ordinate (as distance to the neutral axis). The
position of the local origin of coordinates may be chosen
to suit the user’s needs. Due to their wide applicability,
several particular cases are discussed with further detail.
Numerical examples for reinforced concrete short
columns may be found in Ref. 1121.
4.2.1 Plastic behavior or constant st XS. If fm is the
constant intensity of normal stresses a ressures acting
on the polygonal cross section, resultan Ire obtained by
the following exact formulas:
N = fmA; M, = -~~MAX; M, = ~~MAY (4.5)
where obviously the area and first moments of area
correspond to the subsection over which this type of
stress is assumed to act. For this case, local coordinate
systems are unnecessary since stresses are independent
of strains and always unidimensional.
These formulas have been extensively used in the
author’s research since 1969to obtain without dis-
cretization and numerical approximation the ultimate
strength failure surfaces of reinforced concrete short
columns of any imaginable shape according to the AC1
Code, and to produce numerous design aids [5,8-l 11.
4.2.2 Linear &stir behavior. First, a translation
and rotation of the coordinate system is needed to place
the local abscissa axis conveniently on the neutral axis or
zero pressure line. Then the unidimensional stress or
pressure distribution is expressed in terms of coordinates
as:
f(Y) = atY
in which al is the slope of the linear stress-coordinate
relationship. For footings and beam-columns, a, is
c,,,Elc, where emax is the maximum compressive
normal strain, c is the neutral axis depth, and E is the
modulus of elasticity. For retaining walls and gates, aI is
simply the un.it weight of the soil or fluid. Therefore,
what has been well known theoretic~ly is now easily
feasible:
J. MARiN
N = a,MAX; M, = - a,lXX; M, = a,lXY (4.7)
and the center of pressure is given by:
x, = MJN = ~XYIMAX; yc= - MJN = ~XX~MAX.
(4.8)
Although only global coordinates might be considered
for ideal pure elastic materials, in designing columns and
footings where the assumed elastic region changes with
each neutrat axis, it is simpler and more economical to
use local coordinates, since then only three of the six
(4.1) moments of area have to be recomputed for each equili-
brium trial (see Section 4.3).
(4.2)
4.2.3 Parabolic stresses.Let y,,, be the ordinate of the
vertex of a second degree stress parabofawith respect to
(4.3) the neutral axis, and fm its ma~mum stress. Thus
f(Y) = fm[2Y/Ym- (Y/YPnf21;aI= 2fmlYm;
(4.4) a2 = -=.fmlYrn2~ (4.9)
Then by expandingeqns (4.2)-(4.4):
Mx = -fmBIXX-~o,si~m)/rm;
M, = fm(21XY - ~1.2/Ym)/Y,a (4.10)
Finally by substituting the pertinent moments of area and
grouping formuIas (4.11) are obtained, which are ori-
ginally published in Ref. 1121.
N=+ [ ( Y,.+ y,+,) ( 4-
m
X [(y~+Y~+,)~io-3~)+loY‘Yi+l] (4.11)
M& m x Wi[(Xi + Xi+lMYt + Yt+l)(s-*)
+Xiyi 5-2: +Xi+iYi.+t(5-2? .
( ) )I
From available data on computation times for
moments of area, it is estimated that using the CEB
parabola-rectangle concrete stress distribution requires
about 5.5 times as much computing time as needed by
the simpler AC1 rectangular stress bIock+ However, this
added complexity is not compensated by the accuracy
achieved or test results16, 10, 121.
4.2.4Otherstress-strain orpressure-coordinaterelation-
ships. Specific formulas for computing precisely and
optimally the resultants of other involved polynomial
stress or pressure blocks, acting at any plane strain level
(4.6) on members subjected to axial load and skew bend_ing,
can be found by combin~g additively and simplifying the
general equations (4.2)-(4.4) with particular cases of the
moment generating expression (eqn 2.9, as just shown.
In structures, this is especially required in buckling
theory, or in the evaluation of service load and time
effects; in hydraulics this is needed when considering
varying flow.
4.2.5 M~~t~p~e behauior: band polygon ulgorjthrn, When
there are different polynomial unidimensional functions in
 Computing columns, footings and gates through moments of area
the stress block, such as with elasto-plastic behavior or
anisotropic materials such as soil or concrete, the cross
section must be divided into bands parallel to the neutral
axis. The above mentioned formulas can be applied
routinely by first performing the simple band polygon
algorithm whose flow diagram is detailed in Ref.[7]. As
Fig. 3 shows, this consists of projecting vertexes which
lie outside the specified band onto its bounding straight
lines and adding the intersections without losing the
sequential order of points and the simple connectivity. In
Fig. 3, the original section is indicated by vertexes l-4,
andthe resulting band subsection is defined by points i
to 12; yT and ye are the top and bottom band ordinates,
respectively. In this way band contents are treated
automatically as a single unit since there is no need to
ascertain how many different zones have been produced
within[4,7]. This is a substantial programming sim-
plification, and makes it possible to deal uniformly with
all kinds of plane cross sections, as has been done since
1969 in research on reinforced concrete short columns
and structural walls reported in Refs.[5-131.
Fig, 3. Band subsection and resulting simply connected band
polygonI71.
4.3 ~e~ultunfs of bid~mensiona1 no~ul stresses or pres-
sures
Consider f(x, y) as a bidimensional polynomial normal
stress or pressure-coordinate relationship (Fig. l),
characteristic of problems dealing with warped sections:
f(x, Y) = P(x, Y) = $,“go
4nJtx"Y". (4.12)
Then, from equilibrium conditions and by substituting
the definition of moments of area (eqn 2.1), the axial load
and bending moment components of the resultants are
readily derived:
N = f(x, y) dA = 2 i: awJLw (4.13)
m n
M, = - yftx, y)dA = - 2 5 am.n&,n+, (4.14)
m n
M, =
If xfk, y) dA = $ $ am,n&+~,n. (4.15)
As the simplest example or approximation of a warped
section, suppose that norma strains are distributed on a
h~erbolic paraboloid:
t.(x, Y)= uo.o+ aI.& + &.lY + Ul,lXY. (4.16)
341
If the material is now assumed to be elastic, this kind of
resultant can be computed as follows:’
A’ = E(aO,oAf a,,,,MAY t a&4AX t a,JXY);
M, = - E(ao,oMAX t ao,,lXX + a,,,A,,z);
t a,,JXY
M, = E(ao.,,MAY +a,,lYY t ao.,lXY t a,,,.&,,).
(4.17)
.~erivation of particular exact formulas for more in-
volved functions, as required in twist bending, is merely
a similar algebraic substitution of the proper moments of
area generated by eqn (2.5).
The computation of volumes of prismatic bodies or
pressures, when the elevation or pressure intensity
z(x, y) from the xy plane of reference is polynomial, is
mathematically identical to finding stress resultants. Let
V denote the volume, Mxy, M,, and M,, are the
moments with respect to the three orthogonal planes, and
A is the projection on the xy plane or zero level. Then, V
is given by eqn (4.13), I’& by the opposite sign of (4.14),
and M,, by eqn (4.15). Finally, the moment M,, neces-
sary to find the elevation of the centroid or center of
pressure can be computed by the following nested
summations:
!I
K
t-2 %il m+i,n+j (4.18)
I=7 +I
where k and i are the vector or combined unidimensional
indexes which locate proper coe~cients and moments of
area in their matrixes; a basic and common efficient
addressing technique used in computer programming.
For these bidimensional arrays, the conversion to the
equivalent storage vector index is: k(m, n) =
(M t 1)n t m t 1, and similarly for I when m and n are
substituted by i and j. K is the total number of
coefficients, i.e. (M t l)(N t 1).
In order to check the numerical precision on curved
surfaces, paraboloids of revolution such as z/c =
(x -x0)’ t (y - y$ were experimented. Again, 50 points
were satisfactory to approximate the curves with a rela-
tive error less than 1%. Moreover, it is interesting that
the computation of these volumes costs aro~d 10 times
as much as calculating the projected areas, and M;, for
the centroid eievation requires around 55 times.
4.4 Composite beam-cofumns
When the cross section of a beam-column is composed
of several materials or material strengths having different
strain-stress relationships, as in mixed members, com-
posite construction, concrete confined cores or centri-
fugated piles, the normal stress resultants are obtained
by adding the separate strengths corresponding to each
selected common strain distribution. As Fig. 4 shows, a
simple way to assure that a given neutral axis coincides
is to have an identical exterior outline for all component
parts. The case of residual stresses may be handled in
this fashion.
 J. MAR~N
Strain ReinforcedConcrete
Distribution stresses
Fig. 4. Treatment of mixed beam-cofumns.
4.5 Rotated and afine areas, sections and volumes
By changing variables in the basic twofold integral of
eqn (2.1), analogously to eqn (2.6) for translations, it is
possible to write simple expressions for coordinate rota-
tions and affinity relationships in terms of the original
outlines without recomputing moments of area, as
detailed in Ref.[l3]. However, over a wide range of
computational efforts with loops that are not highly
repetitive, it is clearer and may be preferable to change
vertex coordinates and compute moments of area again.
In the case of experimental data or functions other
than polynomials, two approximate numerical methods
are available to use the preceeding formulas and al-
gorithms for evaluating integrals through moments of
area:
(I) To fit a polynomial curve or surface to a subset
of points. ~rdinarily~ the structural engineer does this
with the simplest least squares criterion and exponents
not greater than 3.
(2) To divide the surface into elements on which a
polynomial function is assumed to act. For example,
curved surfaces subjected to normal pressures may be
replaced by plane finite elements. Moment of area
generators for triangular, recently, and quadrilatera1
elements are readily derived from the general eqn (2.5).
4.7 Other applications
Since the mathematical expression of moments of area
eqn (2.1), appears frequently, many useful applications
of eqns (2.5)-(2.17) are found in fields other than struc-
tural enginee~ng, such as computation of soil pressure
resultants on retaining walls and footings, or hydraulic
pressure on gates and sea walls; graphic[7] and digitizer
programming; and the evaluation of the expectation and
moments of bivariate random variables for statistical
models.
In general, double integrals having integrands com-
posed of series of summations and multiplications of
polynomials raised to non-negative integer powers can be
StructuralSteel
stresses
algebraically formulated in terms of the basic solution,
eqn (2.9, as eqns (2.6) and (4.18) illustrate. Therefore,
moments of area make it possible to treat many double
integrals as mere algebraic operations, and this may open
an universe of new enginee~ng solutions.
5.CONCLUSION
A simple, general and direct numerical method is
presented for the exact and optimum computation of
moments of area of any plane polygonal surface. Since the
method has innumerable applications in calculating double
integrals, it is believed that a powerful basic algorithmic
tool has been developed for research and practice in
the engineering field.
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2, pp. 337-338.Ernst, Berlin (1965).
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3. H. Flessner, Ein Beitrag zur Ermitllung von Querschnitt-
swerten mit Hilfe elektronischer Rechenanlagen. Der Bauin-
genieur 37, 146-149,327 (1962).
4. .I. Marin, C&u10 num&ico de las caracterfsticas mecanicas
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5. J. Marin, An&is y revisibn de columnas cortas de concrete
armado de forma cualquiera sometidas a flexocompresi~n
esviada. ProgramaREVCOL.Publicaficin PICEOZI, Centro
de Processamiento de Datos, Fact&ad de Ingenieria, Uni-
versidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 26 pp. (1970).
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simttricas de concrete armado sometidas a flexocompresibn
esviada comparando 10s m6todos de c&lculode1 AC1 y de1
CEB. Progr~ma INVCOL. PubI~c~c~~nPJCEO36, Centro
de Procesamiento de Dates, Facultad de Ingenieria, Uni-
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8. J. Marin, A research report on short columns, presented at
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 Computing columns. footings and gates through moments of area 349

9. J. Marin. Resistencia y ductilidad de muros en forma de Ce.
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FU,WCtlOM KOlCH, N) FUNCTION POY(K, N)

C ICO?l8INlTORY NU18ER6 JXARLN C NTN NON-NEGITIVE POL)ER OF X
NH = N IF<N-1>1,2,3
cull = 1. 1 POU = t +
KOR = 1
co TO 4
iFCN.CT.H/P)NW P n-N
IF(NN .EP. 0 )RETURN 2 PObJ = x
Nl = H - NH GO TO 4
DO 1 I = irNN 3 POY = x**ff
1 con p. ( HI + I )/FiOAff I MCOII 4 RETURN
KOH m COH + 0.005 END
RETURN
END

FUNCTION AMO(RP, K. YI II. N)

C CDAPIXES ARE& XDIIEWS
C EQ.<2.5) J.RARZR 1tRQ
DINENSlOX X(l)rY<I)
nx = n + N
AR0 + 0.
DO f x - l.WP
Xl = X(I)
x2 = x<I*l>
Yt = Y( I)
Y2 = Y(I+li
SS * 0.
DO 2 J - O,H
tld = N - d
x3 - POM~X1.WP )*POoCxZ.J3
DO 2 K * OaN
WI: = N - K
2 ss l SS+KO~<JtK,J?*kOU(NP+NK~NK3~
f. POMYI ,NK)*POYCYPIKW’XJ
1 AN0 = fiRo+ss*c Xl*Y2-x2*Yl~
AU0 f BXO/FLOIT(KOX(IN,N~r~NN~~~.~~~~R~~
RETURN
END

FUHCTIOH TRIIOo(, N, X0, YO. nnoa 1

C lRANS1 R1LS ARFR RONERfS
c f&.(2.6) J .HRREH 1980
DIRENSION RKOXc?,l>
TRHO = 0.0
DO I I - D,W
II = It1
lllci = Kt?Nf tt, 1 )*POY< X0,X-f >
DO 1 J = 0,X
1 TA!tO = TA~OtKOK~N~J~+6KI+PDU~YO~N-J~~~~ON~Il~J+~~
RETURN
END