 Percentage ng population na may access sa sewer – 10% of the region's entire population

Types of Valves:
1. Gate Valve - known as a sluice valve or stop valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of the path
of the fluid. Connected to the main supply. Keyword: Sluice

2. Butterfly Valve - is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve, that is

used to stop, regulate, and start flow. Butterfly valves are easy and
fast to open. A 90° rotation of the handle provides a complete
closure or opening of the valve. Keyword: Quarter-turn

3. Ball Valve – use a metal ball with a hole bored through the center,
sandwiched between two seats to control flow. Used in many
hydrocarbon process applications, ball valves are capable of throttling gases and vapors and are especially useful
for low-flow situations (often referred to glove valves / gate valves; fine control in throttling). Keyword:
Throttling / Turn at maximum of 90 degree

4. Globe Valve - regulating flow or pressures as well as complete shutoff of flow. Consisting of a movable plug or
disc element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body. Keyword: Tortous Passage
5. Angle Valve – used for regulating the flow of a fluid in a pipe. It is a valve for controlling the flow of a liquid or
air; the fluid leaves at right angles to the direction in which it enters the valve. It is located on the water supply
lines of toilets, plumbing fixtures and appliances. Keyword: Right Direction / Plumbing Fixture

6. Check Valve – automatically closes to prevent the flow of water in a reverse

direction. Check valves are found in almost every industrial application acting as
one-way or non-return valves. Used commonly on the discharge of the pump
to prevent backflow from the downstream system, when the pump shuts
off. Keyword: Reverse Direction / One-way / Non-return valves

7. Safety Valve – is designed to open and relieve excess pressure from vessels or
equipment and to reclose and prevent the further release of fluid after normal
conditions have been restored. A safety valve is a safety device and in many cases
the last line of defence. Automatic release of substance from boiler, pressure vessel
when pressure / temperature exceeds preset limits. Keyword: Excess Pressure

8. Foot Valve - is a lift check valve which is usually installed together with suction
strainers in the suction line. It prevents the suction line from running
empty after the pump is stopped. Keyword: Sunction
 9. Cut-off Valve - designed to safely stop or continue the flow of hazardous
fluids or external gases. They are used to block compressed air in an
industrial automation process or isolate sub-systems when not in use. Also
known as Shut off Valve. Keyword: Used in Water Heaters

Types of Communication and CCTV Wirings:

1. Ribbon Electric Cables (also known as multi-wire planar
cable) - it consists of multiple insulated wires running
parallel with one another and is used for transmission of
multiple data simultaneously. For example, this is used to
connect the CPU with the motherboard and are generally
used for interconnection of networking devices.

2. Shielded Cables - it consists of 1 or 2 insulated wires which

are covered by a woven braided shield or aluminium Mylar
foil for better signal transmission and removing irregularities
in the frequency of power and external interference in radio.
These cables transmit high voltage electric current and are
protected by a shield. Shielded cables are used to protect
power and data paths from degradation caused by EMI
exposure during power and data transfer.

3. Twisted Pair Cables - it has two or more insulated copper wires

which are twisted with each other and are colour-coded. These
types of wires are usually used in telephone cables and the
resistance to external interference can be measured by the number
of wires.

4. Coaxial Cables - this consists of solid copper or steel conductor plated with copper which is enclosed in the
metallic braid and metallic tape. This is entirely covered with an insulated protective outer jacket. These type of
cables are used for computer networking and audio-video networking.
5. Fibre Optics Cable - there are these types of cables which transport optical data signals from an attached light
source to the receiving device. We are pretty much aware of what is an optical fibre and its uses in a wide
variety of applications.

6. Siamese Cables - Siamese cables are coaxial cables with a set of power wires are attached. These power wires
may be split off from the coaxial cables, in the event that the
power source is farther away from the recording device.

7. Video Power Cables - They transmit video signals and also supply DC
Power to the CCTV Security cameras at the same time. They are
relatively cheap and hence within the easy reach of any prospective
user. They are only usable within a limited range and are hence
unsuitable for longer distances.

8. Power Cable - A power cable is an assemblage of one or more electrical conductors, that are usually held
together by an overall sheath and used for the transmission of electrical power.

9. Ehternet Cables - Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting

wired local area networks (LANs), enabling devices to communicate with
each other via a protocol — a set of rules or common network language.
Each wire has maximum length from the network adapter on the computer
to the hub/switch/router/gateway. (Approximately 100m (328ft) for Cat
5/5e UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cables).
Service Entrance:

Types of Sprinkler System:

1. Wet Pipe System
Wet pipe sprinkler systems—or traditional fire sprinklers—are the most common across residential and
commercial buildings. When a fire begins, the heat activates the nearest sprinkler head, releasing pressurized
water stored in the pipes. Each sprinkler head is activated independently, reducing water damages in the event
of a false alarm. Wet pipe systems are an inexpensive, low-maintenance option appropriate for offices, schools,
and commercial properties.

2. Dry Pipe System

As opposed to wet pipe systems, dry pipe systems do not store water in their pipes. Instead, they are filled with
pressurized air or nitrogen, which is released if a fire activates the valves in the sprinkler head. The pipes then fill
with water and discharge it over the smoke or flames. While this system is more complex and costly than a wet
pipe system, it is the most appropriate for cold climates where there is a high risk of frozen pipes halting an
emergency fire response.

3. Pre-Action System
Pre-action systems are another form of dry pipe sprinkler, but require a two-step activation. When heat or
smoke is detected, the pre-action valve will open and allow water into the pipes. Then, sprinkler heads can be
individually activated to release water over the fire. This two-step process enables facilities to shut off the
system in case of a false alarm, protecting their assets from water damage. Pre-action systems are especially
 useful in places where accidental discharge could lead to irreparable damages, such as museums, libraries, and
data centers.

4. Deluge System
Deluge sprinkler systems are another version of a dry pipe system. However, as opposed to all previous options,
the sprinkler heads in this system are always open. They do not have a heat-sensing element in the sprinkler
head itself, and require an external smoke or heat sensor to activate. Once heat is detected, water fills the pipes
and is released to all open sprinkler heads, creating a flooding effect across the entire area. This system is most
often used in industries with flammable liquids that are likely to spread rapidly.
 TAILPIECE LAUNDRY TUB GARBAGE DISPOSAL GRINDER

DIMMER SWITCHES RANGE OUTLET UNIVERSAL OUTLET

SHOWER CONTROL SHOWER VALVE FLAT ROOF DRAINAGE OUTLET

SMOKE AND HEAT VENTILATION

PRISMATIC SKYLIGHT

RANGE HOOD DUCTING / ROOF COWL CENTRIFUGAL FILTERED SUPPLY BLOWER ROOF
 AIRCON DAMPER

ROUND AIR SUPPLY DIFFUSER SOLAR WATER HEATER