SCIENCE 10 – REVIEWER: QUARTER 1

Asthenosphere: the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in
which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to
occur.
Lithosphere: the solid, outer part of the Earth
Two kinds of Crust:
Continental Crust:
• thicker but less dense
• Made mostly of granite.
• 30 – 50km thick
• Older than Oceanic Crust
Oceanic Crust:
• Thinner but denser
• Made mostly of basalt.
• 5-10 km thick
• Younger than Continental Crust
The entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called plates.
Alfred Wegener – proposed the theory of Plate Tectonics or Continental Drift Theory
5 Evidence of Continental Drift Theory:
• the fit of the continents
• the distribution of ancient fossils
• distribution of rocks
• distribution of mountain ranges
• locations of ancient climatic zones.
Pangaea – Large Land Mass
Smaller supercontinent of Pangaea:
• Laurasia
• Gondwanaland
Major Plates: Any plate with an area greater than 20 million 𝑘𝑚2
• Eurasian
• African
• Indo-Australian
• North American
• Pacific
• Antarctic
• South American Plate.

Minor Plates: Any plate with an area less than 20 million 𝑘𝑚2 but greater than 1
million 𝑘𝑚2

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 SCIENCE 10 – REVIEWER: QUARTER 1
• Juan De Fuca plate
• Cocos Plate
• Indian Plate
• Scotia Plate
• Philippine Plate
• Nazca Plate
• Arabian Plate

Earthquake: Is the shaking of the ground caused by the sudden motions along
faults, or fractures in the earth’s crust
Fault: A fracture in the rocks that make up the earth’s crust
Epicenter: The point at the surface of the earth directly above the focus
Focus: The point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts
Seismic Waves: Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake.
Body waves: Responsible for sharp jolts
Surface waves: Responsible for the rolling motions which cause most of the
damage in an earthquake.
Body Waves:
P Waves (Compression Wave): The fastest kind of seismic wave; it pushes and
pulls the rock.
S Waves (Transverse Wave): Slower than P wave; can only move through solid
rock. Moves rock up and down or side-to-side.
Surface Waves:
Love Waves: Fastest surface wave; moves the ground side-to-side much like of a
snake.
Rayleigh Waves: Rolls along the ground just like a wave roll across a lake or an
ocean. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake.
-The epicenter can be determined using the triangulation method. Distance of
epicenter from each of the stations:
𝑡𝑑 𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)
D= 𝑥 100𝑘𝑚
8𝑠 𝑇𝑑=𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃−𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆−𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒

Total energy released by an earthquake:

85% - shallow earthquakes (focus is within 60 km in earth’s surface)
12% - intermediate earthquakes (focal depth range 60 – 300 km)
3% - deep earthquake (300-700km below the earth’s surface)

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 SCIENCE 10 – REVIEWER: QUARTER 1
Types of Plate Boundaries:
-Divergent Boundary: Plates move apart, creating a zone of tension
-Convergent Boundary: Plates move toward each other
-Transform Fault Boundary: Plates slide or grind past each other without diverging
or converging

Transform:
Divergent
• Scotia & Antarctica
• Antarctica & Australia
• Scotia & South America
• Antarctica & Pacific
• Caribbean & North
• Antarctica & Nazca
• Caribbean & South
• Antarctica & South America
• Pacific & Australian
• Antarctica & African
• African & Arabian
Convergent:
• African & North America
• Eurasian & Philippine • African & South America
• Eurasian & Australia • North America & Eurasian
• Eurasian & Arabian • Pacific & Juan De Fuca
• Eurasian & African • Pacific & Nazca
• Australia & Pacific • Pacific & Cocos
• Pacific & Philippine • Cocos & Nazca
• Pacific & North America
• Cocos & Caribbean
• Nazca & South America
• Juan De Fuca & North
America

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 SCIENCE 10 – REVIEWER: QUARTER 1
Converging Oceanic Crust Leading Plate and Continental Crust Leading Plate
-Formation of a volcanic arc near the edge of a continental leading plate
*The denser oceanic crust undergoes subduction process or bending of crust toward
the mantle.
-For oceanic crust, a trench is formed
-Occurrence of earthquakes

Convergence of Oceanic Plates

Formation of trenches and will be cause of earthquakes
^Underwater earthquakes can cause tsunami.
-Causes tsunami
-Formation of volcanic are parallel to the trench
^The leading edge of the subducted plate will eventually reach the mantle
causing it to melt and turn to magma
^The molten material will rise to the surface creating a volcanic arc.
-The Volcanic Island Arc- chain of volcanoes positioned in are shape
-Many parts of the Philippines originated from oceanic oceanic convergence

Convergence of Continental Plates

-A collision zone is formed
-No trench, no volcano, no island is created
-Mountain Range is formed-a large group of tall mountains
Divergence of Plates
Continental: Formation of rift valleys-down faulted valleys
• Oceanic Formation of oceanic ridges-underwater mountain ranges
• Most divergent boundaries are situated along underwater mountain
ranges/oceanic ridges.
• As plates separates new materials from mantle oozes up and slowly cool to
form new ocean floor
• The spreading rate may vary from 2 to 20 cm per year.

Transform Fault Boundaries

• Most transform faults join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge.
• Earthquake activities triggered by movements along the fault system.

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Hot Spot with Plate Tectonics
-There is a source of molten materials from the mantle called mantle plume that
forms volcanic island chains
^As the Pacific plates moves, different parts of it will be on top of the mountain
plume creating the volcanic islands.
^As one island volcano becomes extinct, another develops over the hotspot,
and the cycle is repeated
Seafloor Spreading: is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where
new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves
away from the ridge.
The old Seafloor is destroyed at the subduction zone and melts inside the
mantle.
The age of rocks and the magnetic stripes in the ocean floor support the
Seafloor spreading theory.
Glossary of Terms:

Continental volcanic arc– mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated

with subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent.
Convergent boundary– a boundary in which two plates move toward each other,
causing one of the slabs of the lithosphere to subduct beneath an overriding plate.
Crust – the outer portion of the earth
Continental Crust– the thick part of the Earth’s crust, not located under the ocean.
Oceanic Crust– the thin part of the Earth’s crust located under the oceans.
Divergent boundary– a region where the crustal plates are moving apart.
Earthquake– vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy Fault– a break in
a rock along which movement has occurred Fracture– any break in a rock in which
no significant movement has taken place.
Geology– the science that studies Earth Hot spot– a concentration of heat in the
mantle capable of creating magma.
Magma– a mass of molten rock formed at depth, including dissolved gases and
crystals.
Mid-ocean ridge– a continuous mass of land with long width and height on the
ocean floor
Plates– rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit.

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Plate tectonics– a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that
interact in various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and
other geologic features.
Seismogram– a record made by a seismograph.
Seismograph– a device used to record earthquake waves Subduction– an event in
which a slab of rock thrusts into the mantle.
Trench– a depression in the seafloor produced by subduction process Volcanic.
Island arc– a chain of volcanoes that develop parallel to a trench.
Convection Current: are heat-driven cycles that occur in the air, ocean, and mantle.

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