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Development of API Soil Models For Studying Soil
Development of API Soil Models For Studying Soil
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Development of API Soil Models for Studying Soil- Pile Interaction Analysis
Using FB-MultiPier
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All content following this page was uploaded by Marc Hoit on 01 March 2016.
June 2007
This report summarizes six new soil models which have recently been incorporated into
the FB-MultiPier computer program. The new soil models were developed by the Bridge
Software Institute at the University of Florida according to the American Petroleum
Institute Recommended Practice 2A LRFD (API RP 2A LRFD) in order to address
specific needs of practicing design engineers. This report provides the basic input
parameters for API Sand/Clay soil models, validation of the API soil curves, fundamental
assumptions in the analysis, and case study for analysis/design of those types of soil-
structure interaction models used herein. As a further aid for the usage of FB-MultiPier
there are tutorials and a user’s guide posted on the BSI web site: http://bsi-web.ce.ufl.edu.
5. References......................................................................................................................22
Note: based on total unit weight of soil input, an effective unit weight of soil, i.e.,
γ'soil = γsoil - γwater, is calculated for effective overburden pressure, which is subsequently
used to compute a variable used in Equation G.4-3 of API RP2A LRFD.
Note: based on total unit weight of soil input, an effective unit weight of soil, i.e.,
γ'soil = γsoil - γwater, is calculated for effective overburden pressure, which is subsequently
used to compute the skin friction using Equation G.4-5 of API RP2A LRFD.
Note:
(1) Based on total unit weight of soil input, an effective unit weight of soil, i.e., γ'soil = γsoil
- γwater is computed and subsequently used to compute overburden pressure and ultimate
lateral resistance.
(2) For a case where static equilibrium has been reached under cyclic loading, the lateral
soil resistance-deflection (P-y curves) may be simulated using the cyclic loading option.
It is noted that a current FB-MultiPier modeling approach in soil-structure interaction
analysis is based on either cyclic loading (number of cycles is greater than zero) or static
loading (number of cycles is equal to zero).
Lateral soil response curves (P-y) obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
GROUP 7.0 are plotted for the API sand soil type and presented at three various
depths shown in Figure 1. Pile dimensions and soil properties are given in Section 3.
GROUP FB-Multipier
600.0
500.0
P (KN/m)
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
y (m)
GROUP FB-Multipier
12000.0
10000.0
P (KN/m)
8000.0
6000.0
4000.0
2000.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
y (m)
GROUP FB-Multipier
25000.0
20000.0
P (KN/m)
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
y (m)
Axial soil response curves (T-z, Q-z) obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
APILE 4.0 are plotted for API sand soils and presented at three various depths shown
in Figure 2. Pile dimensions and soil properties are given in Section 3.
It is assumed that the friction angle between the pipe wall and soil, δ, is determined in
FB-Multipier by subtracting 5° from the angle of internal friction in sand, δ = φ - 5°,
which is based on feedback from engineers at Exxon. For comparison purposes of
axial soil response, φ of 30.75° is used for FB-MultiPier T-z model whereas φ of 30°
is used for the APILE 4.0 T-z model. It is evident that the APILE 4.0 T-z model does
not use the relationship: δ = φ - 5°.
Although the two sets of Q-z curves are not identical, their general form is in good
agreement. Because the Q-z curve of FB-MultiPier has been developed using a
piecewise linear curve obtained from Section G.7.3 of API RP 2A LRFD with
fourteen significant figures in a double precision, the interpretation of the piecewise
linear relationship between the normalized displacement (abscissa) by pile diameter
and the corresponding end bearing load may cause this minor discrepancy at the early
stages of loading. However, the agreement shown in Figure 2 suggests a degree of
validity in the relationships presented by both FB-MultiPier and APILE.
APILE FB-Multipier
10.0
8.0
T (KPa)
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
Displacement, z (m)
(a) T-z plots at a depth of 2.2 m
Figure 2 Soil reaction for an axially loaded pile
APILE FB-Multipier
100.0
80.0
T (KPa)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
Displacement, z (m)
(b) T-z plots at a depth of 25.4 m
APILE FB-Multipier
100.0
80.0
T (KPa)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
Displacement, z (m)
(c) T-z plots at a depth of 37.5 m
APILE FB-Multipier
25000.0
20000.0
Q (KN)
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Displacement, z (m)
(d) Q-z plots at the tip of pile
Lateral soil response curves (P-y) obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
GROUP 7.0 are plotted for the API clay soil type and presented at three various
depths shown in Figure 3. Pile dimensions and soil properties are given in Section 3.
GROUP FB-Multipier
250
200
P (KN/m)
150
100
50
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
y (m)
GROUP FB-Multipier
500.0
400.0
P (KN/m)
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
y (m)
GROUP FB-Multipier
500
400
P (KN/m)
300
200
100
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
y (m)
2-4. Axial soil response curves (T-z, Q-z) of API clay soil model
Axial soil response curves (T-z, Q-z) obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
APILE 4.0 are plotted for the API clay soil type and presented at three various depths
shown in Figure 4. Pile dimensions and soil properties are given in Section 3. It is
noted that a value of 0.9 is used for the normalized residual shear stress (t/tres) in the
FB-Multipier for validation purpose. The end condition of a pile is assumed as
unplugged for Q-z validation. This takes into account the annulus of the pile tip for
the determination of the ultimate end bearing capacity.
Apile FB-Multipier
10.0
8.0
T (KPa)
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Displacement, z (m)
(a) T-z plots at a depth of 2.2 m
APILE FB-Multipier
25.0
20.0
T (KPa)
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Displacement, z (m)
(b) T-z plots at a depth of 25.4 m
APILE FB-Multipier
25.0
T (KPa) 20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Displacement, z (m)
(c) T-z plots at a depth of 37.5 m
API Clay Q-z Curves
Depth = 48.5 m
APILE FB-Multipier
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
Q (KN)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Displacement, z (m)
Lateral loads are incrementally applied to the head, ranging from 1,000 KN to 10,000 KN.
Lateral displacements at the pile head obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
GROUP 7.0 are plotted in Figure 6.
12000
10000
8000
Load (kN)
Group 7.0
6000
FB-Multipier
4000
2000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Pile Head Displacement (m)
Axial loads are incrementally applied to the pile head, ranging from 2,500 KN to 42,500
KN. Vertical displacements at the pile head obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and
APLIE 4.0 are plotted in Figure 8. The agreement in results is reasonable, but differences
are observed and shown in Figure 8a. Particularly, predicted axial behavior of API sand
soil can vary noticeably with respect to the values of the dimensionless coefficient of
lateral earth pressure (i.e., ratio of horizontal to vertical normal effective stress). In order
to demonstrate, two different values of the coefficient, i.e., 0.8 and 1.0, are used in both
FB-MultiPier and APILE simulations. Results obtained from FB-MultiPier simulations
show that full displacement piles (plugged) or open-ended piles (unplugged) can be
modeled using a value of either 1.0 or 0.8, which is according to Equation G.4-5 of API
RP 2A-LRFD 93, whereas no significant differences are observed in simulations using
APILE 4.0 (Figure 8b).
40000
35000
30000
25000
Load (kN)
APILE 1.0
20000 FB-Multipier K = 1.0
FB-Multipier K = 0.8
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Pile Head Displacement (m)
35000
30000
25000
Load (kN)
20000
K= 1.0 K = 0.8
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Pile Head Displacement (m)
Lateral loads are incrementally applied to the head, ranging from 250 KN to 2,500
KN. Lateral displacements at the pile head obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12
and GROUP 7.0 are plotted in Figure 10.
3500
3000
2500
API Clay
Load (kN)
2000 FB-Multipier
Soft Clay Submerged
Group 7.0
1500
Soft Clay < WT
FB-MultiPier
1000
500
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Pile Head Displacement (m)
It is noted that the lateral behavior of the API clay soil is modeled as piecewise linear
P-y curves in FB-MultiPier whereas the same type of clay model is not available in
GROUP 7.0. Instead, a hyperbolic P-y curve model (submerged soft clay) of GROUP
7.0 is used (Also see Section 2-4 for the difference in soil reaction predicted by FB-
Axial loads are incrementally applied to the head, ranging from 600 KN to 6,000 KN.
Axial displacements at the pile head obtained from FB-MultiPier beta V4.12 and APILE
4.0 are plotted in Figure 12.
7000
6000
5000
Axial Load (kN)
4000
APILE
FB-Multipier
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Displacement, z (m)
Case 5 represents an extreme lateral load for the soft upper clay layer. The 7500 kN
load is possible because of the strong sand layer located beneath the clay. This
loading develops the plastic bending moment in the pipe pile equal to 130,591 kN-m
at 26.5 meters below the soil surface. The near equal lateral displacements of the
cantilever pile, 1.33m for FB-Multipier beta Version 4.12 and 1.29m for GROUP
Version 7.0, demonstrates that the soil-pile lateral stiffness modeled by the two
computer programs compare very well. The difference in displacement prediction is
believed to be due to a different numerical solution procedure and a tolerance used in
convergence checks in the programs. Additional simulations are conducted using
different tolerances and results are presented in the table given below.
Loads and corresponding displacements of the pile head are investigated and presented in
the table below. Although minor discrepancies are observed, it is considered mainly due
to numerical issues related to convergence (tolerance). Additional simulations using
different tolerances and results are compared in three different load cases. Displacements
predicted by FB-Multipier beta Version 4.12 and by GROUP Version 7.0 demonstrate
that both the soil-pile lateral/axial stiffness modeled by the two computer programs is in
good agreement.
Six soil curves that represent the behaviors of the API sand and clay soils have been
implemented and validated. Using FB-MultiPier, soil-pile interaction has been
investigated in connection with the development of the API sand and clay soil models.
The numerical model presented here also accounts for three important factors involved in
load transfer of piles: (1) pile end condition, (2) the concept of equivalent depth, and (3)
effects of effective vertical stress on soil behavior of sub-layer soils in determination of
ultimate resistance of sub-layer soil in vicinity of the interface.
The new soil models presented here offer an improved tool for studying multidimensional
soil-pile interaction subjected to various loading conditions. In addition, it serves as a
basis for developing improved FB-MultiPier soil models. For example, one factor
influencing soil behavior under dynamic loading, i.e., soil gap forming, is currently being
investigated for the application of the FB-MultiPier soil models to seismic analysis. In the
future, an enhanced soil model incorporating such effects may be implemented once
additional experimental data become available.
Hoit, M., McVay, M., Hays, C., (2007) FB-MultiPier Version 4.11 User’s manual,
Bridge Software Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida.
Bowles, J.E., (1996) Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill
Company, New York, NY.
Reese, L.C., Wang, S.T., Vasquez, L., (2006) Analysis of a Group of piles Subjected to
Axial and Lateral Loading, GROUP Version 7.0 Technical manual, Ensoft, Inc.,
Austin Texas.
Reese, L.C., Wang, S.T., Vasquez, L., (2004) A Program for the Analysis of the Axial
Capacity of Driven Piles, APILE Plus Version 4.0 Technical manual, Ensoft, Inc.,
Austin Texas.
The soil properties provided by Mr. Patrick Wong are used to develop the model.
Comparison is made between results obtained from the new API soil models and
existing soil models “Sand (Reese)” and “Soft Clay (below water table)” of FB-
MultiPier. In general, the lateral soil resistance of the API sand soil model seems
greater than that of an existing sand model “Sand (Reese)” of FB-MultiPier. The pile
head displacements in lateral and vertical directions are given in the table.
Enter properties for each soil Model. To do this, click on the soil model,
then click the edit button. (The Soil Table can also be used to enter all soil
properties)