CHAPTER > 09
Mechanical
Properties of Solids
KEY NOTES
Å The property of a body by virtue of which it tends to regain its
original size and shape when the applied force is removed, is
known as elasticity and the deformation caused is known as
elastic deformation.
Å Those substances which do not have a tendency to regain their
shape and hence gets permanently deformed are called plastic
and this property is called plasticity.
Elastic Behaviour of Solids
Å In solid, each atom or molecule is surrounded by neighbouring
atoms or molecules. These are bonded together by interatomic
or intermolecular forces and stay in a stable equilibrium
position.
Å When a solid is deformed, the atoms or molecules are displaced
from their equilibrium positions causing a change in interatomic
or intermolecular distances.
Å When the deforming force is removed, the interatomic force
tend to drive them back to their original position. Thus, the
body regains its original shape and size.
Stress
Å When a body is subjected to a deforming force, a restoring force
is developed in the body.
The restoring force per unit cross-sectional area set-up within a
body is called stress.
Restoring force ( F)
Stress =
Area of cross- section ( A)
Its SI unit is Nm −2 or Pascal (Pa) and dimensional formula of
stress is [ML−1 T −2 ].
Å Stresses are of three types as given below
(i) Longitudinal Stress When the stress is normal to the
surface of object, then it is known as longitudinal
stress. It is of two types
(a) Tensile Stress When an object is stretched by two
equal forces applied normal to its cross-sectional
area, then restoring force per unit area is called
tensile stress.
(b) Compressive Stress If an object is compressed
under the action of applied forces, the restoring
force per unit area is known as compressive stress.
(ii) Tangential or Shearing Stress The restoring force per
unit area developed due to the applied tangential force
is known as tangential or shearing stress.
(iii) Hydraulic or Volumetric Stress If the equal normal
forces are applied on an object all over its surfaces,
then its volume changes.
The internal restoring force per unit area in this case
is known as hydraulic or volumetric stress and in
magnitude is equal to the hydraulic pressure
(applied force per unit area).
Strain
Å When the size or shape of a body is changed under the
effect of an external force, the body is said to be strained.
The change occurred in the unit size of the body is called
strain.
Change in dimension ( ∆x)
i.e. Strain =
Original dimension( x)
It is a dimensionless quantity.
Å Strains are of three types as given below Metal have larger values of Young’s modulus than
(i) Longitudinal Strain The change in length ∆L to the alloys and elastomers.
original length L of the body is known as longitudinal (ii) Shear Modulus It is the ratio of shearing stress σ S to
strain. the corresponding shearing strain. It is also called
∆L modulus of rigidity.
Longitudinal strain =
L FL F
∴ η or G = =
(ii) Shearing Strain The ratio of relative displacement of A∆x Aθ
faces ∆x to the length of the cylinder L is called  F
or σS = G × θ Q σs =
shearing strain.  A 
∆x
F where, θ = shearing angle.
For most materials, Y > G and mostly G ≈ Y / 3.
L θ The Young’s modulus and shear modulus are relevant
only for solids, since only solids have lengths and
shape.
F (iii) Bulk modulus (B) It is the ratio of hydraulic stress to
the corresponding hydraulic strain.
∆x
Shearing strain = = tanθ − ∆p
L ∴ B=
 ∆V 
where, θ is the angular displacement of the cylinder  
 V 
from vertical. Usually θ is very small, i.e. tan θ ~
− θ.
−∆pV
(iii) Volume Strain The strain produced by a hydraulic or B=
pressure is called volume strain and is defined as the ∆V
ratio of change in volume ∆V to the original volume V. where, ∆p = change in pressure
∆V and ∆V = change in volume.
i.e. Volume strain =
V The negative sign indicates the fact that with increase in
pressure, a decrease in volume occurs.
Note The strain perpendicular to the applied force is known
as lateral strain. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called
compressibility. It is defined as the fractional change in
Hooke’s Law volume per unit increase in pressure.
1 − ∆V
It states that for small deformations, the stress and strain are Compressibility, K = =
proportional to each other, i.e. B V∆p
Stress ∝ Strain ⇒ Stress = k × Strain Bulk modulus is relevant for solids, liquids and gases.
where, k is the proportionality constant and is known as Bulk moduli for solids are much larger than for liquids,
modulus of elasticity. which are again much larger than the bulk modulus for
gases (air).
Elastic Moduli
Å The ratio of stress and strain, called modulus of elasticity Poisson’s Ratio
or elastic moduli is found to be a characteristic of the Å Within the elastic limit, the ratio of the lateral strain to the
material. longitudinal strain in a stretched wire is called Poisson’s
It has same units and dimensions as that of stress. ratio.
Depending on the types of stresses and strains, there are Lateral contraction strain
Poisson’s ratio, σ =
Å

three types of modulus of elasticity as given below Longitudinal elongation strain

(i) Young’s Modulus It is the ratio of tensile (or ∆d / D
compressive) stress σ to the longitudinal strain ε. =
∆l / l
σ FL Mg L
So, Y= = = where, ∆d = change in diameter, D = original diameter,
ε A ∆L πr 2 ∆L
∆l = change in length and l = original length.
where, M = mass of the body, A = area of the body, Å It is a pure number and has no dimensions or units. Its
∆L = change in the length due to the strain, value depends only on the nature of material.
g = acceleration due to gravity
For steels, its value is between 0.28 and 0.30 and for
and L = length of the body.
aluminium alloys, it is about 0.33.
Å Relations among Young’s modulus Y, bulk modulus B, The point B is known as yield point or elastic limit
shear modulus G and Poisson’s ratio σ are given as and the corresponding stress is known as yield
9 3 1 strength σ y of the material.
(i) Y = 2G (1 + σ) (ii) = +
Y G B (iii) If the load is increased further, the stress developed
3 B − 2G exceeds the yield strength and strain increases
(iii) σ =
2 (G + 3 B) rapidly even for small change in the stress.
When the load is removed, say at some point C
Elastic Potential Energy in a between B and D, the body does not regain its
Stretched Wire original dimension.
Å When a wire is put under a tensile stress, work is done In this case, even when the stress is zero and the
against the interatomic forces. This work is stored in the strain is non-zero, then the material is said to have a
wire in the form of elastic potential energy. permanent set. The deformation is said to be plastic
deformation.
Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire
(iv) The point D on the graph is ultimate tensile strength
1
= × Young’s modulus × (Strain) 2 × Volume of the wire or breaking stress of material. Beyond this point,
2
additional strain is produced even by reduced applied
1
= × Stress × Strain × Volume of the wire force and fracture occurs at point E.
2 Å The stress-strain behaviour varies from material to
Å Elastic potential energy per unit volume, material, e.g. rubber can be pulled to several times its
1 1 original length and still returns to its original shape.
U = × Stress (σ) × Strain ( ε) = σ ε
2 2 Å The material for which ultimate strength and fracture
points D and E are close, called brittle material.
Stress-Strain Curve Å The material for which ultimate strength and fracture
Å When a wire is stretched by an applied force, then a points D and E are far apart, called ductile material.
typical graph is obtained (especially in case of metals) as Å Substances which can be stretched to cause large strains
shown below are called elastomers.
Proportional limit D
σu Applications of Elastic Behaviour
Yield point
C
E
Fracture point of Materials
σy
B Å If a beam is fixed at its ends and loaded with weight at its
A middle (as shown below), then depression at the centre,
w l3
δ=
Stress

4bd 3 Y

Permanent set l
δ d
0 <1% Strain 30%

(i) Stress is found to be proportional to strain upto point

A. Thus, Hooke’s law is fully obeyed in this region, w
hence the point A is known as point of proportional
limit.
where, Y = Young’s modulus, w = weight of beam,
Hooke’s law is valid only in the linear part of
l = length of beam, b = breadth of beam
stress-strain curve.
and d = thickness of beam.
(ii) In the region from A to B, stress and strain are not
proportional. Nevertheless, the body still returns to
Å To reduce the bending for a given load, one should use a
its original dimension when the load is removed. material with a large Young’s modulus Y.
 Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Elastic Behaviour of Materials, Stress and Strain

1 Elasticity is the property of the body, in which and a weight w1 is suspended from its lower end. If S is
(a) it does not regain its original size the area of cross-section of the wire, the stress in the wire
(b) it regain its original size and shape at a height 3L / 4 from its lower end is
(c) its shape changed but size remains same w1 w1 + ( w / 4 )
(a) (b)
(d) None of the above S S
2 Elasticity is shown by materials because w1 + ( 3 w / 4 ) w1 + w
(c) (d)
interatomic or intermolecular force is S S
(a) increases when a body is deformed 8 A 2 m long rod is suspended with the help of two wires
(b) decreases when a body is deformed of equal length. One wire is of steel & its cross-sectional
(c) remains same when a body is deformed area is 0.1 cm 2 and another wire is of brass & its
(d) becomes non-zero when a body is deformed cross-sectional area is 0.2 cm 2 . If a load w is suspended
3 A uniform bar of square cross-section is lying from the rod and stress produced in both the wires is
along a frictionless horizontal surface. A same, then the ratio of tensions in them will be
horizontal force is applied to pull it from one of its
Steel Brass
ends, then
(a) the bar is under same stress throughout its length T1 T2
2m
(b) the bar is not under any stress because force has
been applied only at one end
(c) the bar simply moves without any stress in it w
(d) the stress developed gradually reduces to zero at the
(a) depend on the position of W
end of the bar where no force is applied
(b) T1 / T2 = 2
4 A and B are two wires and the radius of A is twice
that of B. They are stretched by the same load, (c) T1 / T2 = 1
then the stress on B is (d) T1 / T2 = 0.5
(a) equal to that on A (b) four times that on A
(c) two times that on A (d) half that on A
9 A wire is stretched to double of its length. The strain is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) zero (d) 0.5
5 A steel wire having a radius of 2.0 mm, carrying a
load of 4 kg, is hanging from a ceiling. Given that 10 The length of a wire increases by 1% by a load of
g = 3.1π ms −2 , what will be the tensile stress that 2 kg-wt. The linear strain produced in the wire will be
would be developed in the wire? JEE Main 2019 (a) 0.02 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.002
−2 −2
(a) 6.2 × 10 Nm
6
(b) 5.2 × 10 Nm
6
11 A cube of aluminium of side 0.1 m is subjected to a
. × 106 Nm −2
(c) 31 (d) 4.8 × 106 Nm −2 shearing force of 100 N. The top face of the cube is
6. On suspending a weight Mg, the length l of elastic displaced through 0.02 cm with respect to the bottom
wire having area of cross-section A, becomes face. The shearing strain would be
double the initial length. The instantaneous stress (a) 0.02 (b) 0.1 (c) 0.005 (d) 0.002
action on the wire is 12 A uniform cube is subjected to volume
(a) Mg / A (b) Mg / 2 A compression. If each side is decreased by 1%,
(c) 2Mg / A (d) 4Mg / A then bulk strain is
7. One end of a uniform wire of length L and of (a) 0.01 (b) 0.06
weight w is attached rigidly to a point in the roof (c) 0.02 (d) 0.03
TOPIC 2 ~ Hooke’s Law and Elastic Moduli
13 While studying the relationship between stress and (a) 360 πN (b) 36 N
strain in an experiment, it has been observed that the (c) 144 π × 103 N (d) 36π × 105 N
ratio of stress to strain is a constant quantity (for a 21 The following four wires of length L and radius r are
particular material), this constant is usually referred as made of the same material. When they are under same
(a) Poisson’s ratio (b) Reynold number tension, the largest extension is produced in
(c) Modulus of elasticity (d) Force (a) L = 200 cm, r = 0.5 mm (b) L = 150 cm, r = 0.3 mm
14 If F force is applied to a body, with in elastic limit, (c) L = 250 cm, r = 01
. mm (d) L = 400 cm, r = 0.2 mm
then it is proportional to (where, x is extension 22 A wire of length L and area of cross-section A is
produced in body) stretched by a load. The elongation produced in the
(a) 1/ x (b) 1/x2 (c) x (d) x2 wire is l. If Y be the Young’s modulus of the material
15 If stress on a body is increased, then as per Hooke’s of the wire, then force constant of the wire is
law of elasticity, the ratio of stress to strain is YL YA YA Yl
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) increases (b) decreases A L l A
(c) becomes zero (d) remain constant 23 One end of a nylon rope of length 45
. m and diameter
16 Within the limit of elasticity, which of the following 6 mm is fixed to a free limb. A monkey weighing
graph obey Hooke’s law? 100 N jumps to catch the free end and stay there. Find
the elongation of the rope (given, Young’s modulus
Extension

Extension

of nylon = 48. × 1011 Nm −2 and Poisson’s ratio of

(a) (b)
nylon = 02
. ).
(a) 0.332 µm (b) 0.521µm
(c) 0.285µm (d) 0.712µm
Load Load
24 Two wires of same material having radius in ratio
Extension

Extension

2 : 1 and lengths in ratio 1 : 2. If same force is applied

(c) (d) on them, then ratio of their change in length will be
JIPMER 2019
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
Load Load (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 8
17 A copper and a steel wire of the same diameter are 25 Two wires are made of the same material and have
connected end to end. A deforming force F is applied the same volume. The first wire has cross-sectional
to this composite wire which causes a total elongation area A and the second wire has cross-sectional area
of 1 cm. The two wires will have 3A. If the length of the first wire is increased by ∆l on
(a) the same stress and strain applying a force F , how much force is needed to
(b) the same stress but different strain stretch the second wire by the same amount?
(c) the same strain but different stress NEET 2018
(d) different strains and stress (a) 4F (b) 6F (c) 9F (d) F
18 On applying a stress of 20 × 10 8 Nm −2 , the length of a 26 If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Young’s moduli
perfectly elastic wire is doubled. Its Young’s modulus of steel and brass wires shown in the figure are p, q
will be and r, respectively. Then, the corresponding ratio of
(a) 40 × 108 Nm −2 (b) 20 × 108 Nm −2 increase in their lengths would be
(c) 10 × 108 Nm −2 (d) 5 × 108 Nm −2
19 A wire of length 2 m is made from 10 cm 3 of copper. Steel
A force F is applied so that its length increases by
2 mm. Another wire of length 8 m is made from the 2m
same volume of copper. If the force F is applied to it,
Brass
its length will increase by
(a) 0.8 cm (b) 1.6 cm (c) 2.4 cm (d) 3.2 cm
3m
20 The diameter of a brass rod is 4 mm and Young’s
modulus of brass is 9 × 1010 Nm −2 . The force required 3q 5q 3q 5q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
to stretch by 0.1% of its length, is 5 p2r 3 p2r 5pr 3p r
27 The Young’s modulus of steel is twice that of brass. stretched. The Young’s modulus of rubber is closest
Two wires of same length and of same area of to JEE Main 2019
cross-section, one of steel and another of brass are (a) 106 Nm −2 (b) 104 Nm −2
suspended from the same roof. If we want the lower (c) 108 Nm −2 (d) 103 Nm −2
ends of the wires to be at the same level, then the 33 The upper end of a wire of radius 4 mm and length
weight added to the steel and brass wires must be in 100 cm is clamped and its other end is twisted
the ratio of CBSE AIPMT 2015
through an angle of 30°. Then, angle of shear is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (a) 12° (b) 0.12° (c) 1.2° (d) 0.012°
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 1
34 For a perfectly rigid body,
28 Young’s moduli of two wires A and B are in the ratio
(a) Young’s modulus is infinite and bulk modulus is zero
7 : 4. Wire A is 2 m long and has radius R. Wire B is
(b) Young’s modulus is zero and bulk modulus is infinite
1.5 m long and has radius 2 mm. If the two wires
(c) Young’s modulus is infinite and bulk modulus is also
stretch by the same length for a given load, then the infinite
value of R is close to JEE Main 2019
(d) Young’s modulus is zero and bulk modulus is also zero
(a) 1.3 mm (b) 1.5 mm
35 When a pressure of 100 atmosphere is applied on a
(c) 1.9 mm (d) 1.7 mm
spherical ball of rubber, then its volume reduces to
29 A stone of mass m is tied to one end of a wire of 0.01%. The bulk modulus of the material of the
length L. The diameter of the wire is D and it is rubber in dyne cm −2 is
suspended vertically. The stone is now rotated in a (a) 10 × 1012 (b) 100 × 1012
horizontal plane and makes an angle θ with the
(c) 1 × 10 12
(d) 20 × 1012
vertical. If Young's modulus of the wire is Y , then the
increase in the length of the wire is 36 A solid sphere of radius R made of a material of bulk
4 mgL 4 mgL modulus B is surrounded by a liquid in a cylindrical
(a) (b)
πD Y2
πD Y sin θ
2 container. A massless piston of area A floats on the
4 mgL 4 mgL surface of the liquid. When a mass M is placed on the
(c) (d) piston to compress the liquid, the fractional change in
πD 2Y cos θ πD 2Y tan θ
δR
30 One end of a horizontal thick copper wire of length 2L the radius of the sphere is JEE Main 2018
R
and radius 2R is welded to an end of another Mg Mg Mg Mg
horizontal thin copper wire of length L and radius R. (a) (b) (c) (d)
BA 2BA 3BA 4 BA
When the arrangement is stretched by applying forces
at two ends, the ratio of the elongation in the thin 37 If compressibility of material is 4 × 10 −5 per atm,
wire to that in the thick wire is pressure is 100 atm and volume is 100 cm 3 , then find
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 2 (d) 4 ∆V . JIPMER 2018
(a) 0.4 cm 3 (b) 0.8 cm 3 (c) 0.6 cm 3 (d) 0.2 cm 3
31 At 40°C, a brass wire of 1 mm radius is hung from the
ceiling. A small mass M is hung from the free end of 38 The approximate depth of an ocean is 2700 m. The
the wire. When the wire is cooled down from 40°C to compressibility of water is 45.4 × 10 −11 Pa −1 and
20°C, it regains its original length of 0.2 m. The value density of water is 10 3 kg/m 3 . What fractional
of M is close to compression of water will be obtained at the bottom
[Coefficient of linear expansion and Young’s of the ocean? CBSE AIPMT 2015
modulus of brass are 10 −5 /°C and 1011 N/m 2 (a) 0.8 × 10−2 (b) 1.0 × 10−2
respectively, g =10 ms −2 ] (c) 1.2 × 10−2 (d) 1.4 × 10−2
JEE Main 2019
(a) 9 kg (b) 0.5 kg 39 If the volume of a wire remains constant when
(c) 1.5 kg (d) 0.9 kg subjected to tensile stress, the value of Poisson's ratio
32 A boy’s catapult is made of rubber cord which is of the material of the wire is
42 cm long, with 6 mm diameter of cross-section and (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
of negligible mass. The boy keeps a stone weighing
0.02 kg on it and stretches the cord by 20 cm by 40 A material has Poisson’s ratio 0.5. If a uniform rod
applying a constant force. When released the stone suffers a longitudinal strain of 2 × 10 −3 , then the
flies off with a velocity of 20 ms −1 . Neglect the percentage change in volume is
change in the area of cross-section of the cord while (a) 0.6 (b) 0.4
(d) 0.2 (d) zero
41 The Poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.4. If a force is 44 When the load on a wire is increased from 3 kg-wt to
applied to a wire of this material, there is a decrease 5 kg-wt, the elongation increases from 0.61 mm to
of cross-sectional area is 2%. The percentage increase 1.02 mm. The required work done during the
in its length is extension of the wire is
(a) 3% (b) 2.5% (c) 1% (d) 0.5% (a) 16 × 10−3 J (b) 8 × 10−2 J
42 A uniform cylindrical rod of length L and radius r, is (c) 20 × 10−2 J (d) 11 × 10−3 J
made from a material whose Young’s modulus of 45 If the work done in stretching a wire by 1 mm is 2 J,
elasticity equals Y . When this rod is heated by the necessary work for stretching another wire of
temperature T and simultaneously subjected to a net same material but with double radius of cross-section
longitudinal compressional force F , its length remains and half the length by 1 mm is
unchanged. The coefficient of volume expansion of (a) 16 J (b) 8 J (c) 4 J (d) (1 / 4 ) J
the material of the rod, is (nearly) equal to 46 When a block of mass M is suspended by a long wire
JEE Main 2019 of length L, the length of the wire becomes (L + l).
(a) 9F / ( πr2 YT ) (b) 6F / ( πr2 YT ) The elastic potential energy stored in the extended
(c) 3F / ( πr2 YT ) (d) F / ( 3πr2 YT ) wire is NEET 2019
1 1
43 Identical springs of steel and copper (Y steel > Y copper ) (a) MgL (b) Mgl (c) MgL (d) Mgl
2 2
are equally stretched. It implies,
47 Two wires of the same material and length but
(a) less work is done on copper spring
diameter in the ratio 1 : 2 are stretched by the same
(b) less work is done on steel spring
load. The ratio of elastic potential energy per unit
(c) equal work is done on both the springs
volume for the two wires is
(d) Data is incomplete
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 16 : 1

TOPIC 3 ~ Stress-Strain Curve and Applications of

Elastic Behaviour of Materials
48 The linear portion of a stress-strain curve obeys From the graph, we can see in the region from O to A,
Hooke’s law. The upper limit of this linear curve the curve is linear. In this region, Hooke’s law is obeyed.
represents Thus, from O to A, the solid body behaves as a/an
(a) yield point (b) permanent set (a) elastic body (b) partially elastic body
(c) fracture point (d) proportional limit (c) plastic body (d) inelastic body
49 Within the elastic limit, the corresponding stress is 51 The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are
known as shown in Figs. (i) and (ii) (given, θ < α).
(a) tensile strength (b) yield strength
D
(c) elastic fatigue (d) yield point D
Stress

Stress

50 A graph is plotted between the stress (which is equal θ α

A B
in magnitude to the applied force per unit area) and
the strain produced for a metal is shown in figure.
Strain Strain
Proportional limit (i) (ii)
D
σu
Yield point The graphs are drawn to the same scale.
E
C Fracture point Which of the two is the stronger material?
σy (a) A (b) B
B
A
(c) Both A and B (d) None of these
52 Over bridges are constructed with steel but not with
Stress

aluminium because steel is

(a) more elastic than aluminium
Permanent set (b) less elastic than aluminium
O
(c) more plastic than aluminium
<1% Strain 30%
(d) less plastic than aluminium
 53 Two steel wires having same length are suspended 57 The elastic limit of brass is 379 MPa. What should be
from a ceiling under the same load. If the ratio of the minimum diameter of a brass rod, if it is to
their energy stored per unit volume is 1 : 4, the ratio support a 400 N load without exceeding its elastic
of their diameters is JEE Main 2020 limit? JEE Main 2019
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 (a) 0.90 mm (b) 1.00 mm (c) 1.16 mm (d) 1.36 mm
54 A wire of diameter 1 mm breaks under a tension of 58 A beam of length l, breadth b and depth d supported at
1000 N. Another wire of same material as that of the its end is loaded at the centre by a load of weight w. If
first one, but of diameter 2 mm breaks under a Young’s modulus of beam is Y , then sagging of beam
tension of will be
(a) 500 N (b) 1000 N (c) 10000 N (d) 4000 N wd 3 wl 3
(a) 3
(b)
55 In steel, the Young’s modulus and the strain at the 4 bl Y 4 b 3 dY
−2
breaking point are 2 × 10 Nm and 0.15,
11
wl 3 wb 3
(c) (d)
respectively. The stress at the breaking point for steel 4 bd 3Y 4 l 3 dY
is
59 A metal bar is supported at two ends. If metal bar is
(a) 1.33 × 1011 Nm−2 (b) 1.33 × 1012 Nm−2
loaded at centre with a heavy load, the depression in
(c) 7.5 × 10− 13 Nm−2 (d) 3 × 1010 Nm−2 bar at the centre is proportional to [Y = Young’s
56 A uniform rod of length L and density ρ is being modulus of bar]
pulled along a smooth floor with a horizontal (a)
1
(b)
1
(c) Y (d) Y 2
acceleration α. The magnitude of the stress at the Y2 Y
transverse cross-section through the mid-point of the
60 If the load hanging from middle position of a metal
rod is JEE Main 2013
L beam is increased to double, then depression in the
α
bar at the centre is
Lρα (a) increased to four times
(a) Lρα (b) (b) decreased to four times
2
(c) increased to double
2
(c) Lρα (d) None of these (d) decreased to half
3

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Assertion and Reason
Direction (Q. Nos. 61-70) In the following questions,
a statement of Assertion is followed by a corresponding
statement of Reason. Of the following statements, choose
the correct one.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
61 Assertion For rubber, strain is more as compared to
steel.
Reason Rubber is less elastic than steel.
62 Assertion When a spring is loaded, then shearing
stress is produced in it.
Reason Shape of spring remains unchanged under
the application of tangential stress.
63 Assertion Spring balance shows incorrect readings
after using it for a long time.
Reason Spring in the spring balance loses its elastic
strength over the period of time.
64 Assertion When a solid sphere is placed in the fluid
under high pressure, then it is compressed uniformly
on all sides.
Reason The force applied by fluids acts in
perpendicular direction at each point of surface.
65 Assertion The strain produced by a hydraulic
pressure is volumetric in nature.
Reason It is a ratio of change in volume ∆V to the
original volume V .
66 Assertion Elongation produced in a body is directly
proportional to the applied force.
Reason Within the elastic limit, stress is inversely
proportional to the strain.
67 Assertion Young’s modulus for a perfectly plastic 2mg
IV. Strain in wire B =
body is zero. 3xY
Reason For a perfectly plastic body, restoring force is (a) Both I and II
zero. (b) Both II and III
68 Assertion Gases have large compressibility. (c) Both III and IV
(d) Both II and IV
Reason Compressibility is defined as the fractional
change in volume per unit decrease in pressure. 74 A typical experimental arrangement to determine the
69 Assertion Ropes are always made of a number of Young’s modulus of a material of wire under tension
thin wires braided together. is shown in figure. It consists of two long straight
Reason It helps to ease in manufacturing, flexibility wires of same length and equal radius suspended side
and strength. by side from a fixed rigid support. The wire A (called
the reference wire) carries a millimeter main scale M
70 Assertion Maximum height of a mountain on earth and a pan to place a weight.
is ~ 10 km.
Reason A mountain base is not under uniform A B
Reference Experimental
compression and provides some shearing stress to wire wire
rock under which it can flow.

II. Statement Based Questions M

V
(Vernier scale)
71 If a force is applied to a plastic substance, then (Meter scale)
I. they have no gross tendency to regain their original shape.
II. permanently deformed.
The wire B (called the experimental wire) of uniform
III. they have tendency to regain their original shape.
area of cross-section also carries a pan in which known
IV. not permanently deformed.
weights can be placed, vernier scale is attached to a
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
pointer at the bottom of experimental wire B and main
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II scale is fixed to the reference wire A.
(c) Only III (d) Both III and IV
With reference to the above description, which of the
72 Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct following statement is correct?
regarding to elastomers? I. The elongation of the wire is measured by the vernier
I. It can be elastically stretched to a large value of strain. arrangement.
II. These materials do not obey Hooke’s law. II. The reference wire is used to compensate for any
III. Young’s modulus of elastomers is very large. change in lengths.
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
73 Three blocks are connected with wires A and B of 75 The stress-strain curves of three wires of different
same cross-section area x and Young’s modulus Y . materials are shown in figure. P , Q and R are the elastic
All three blocks are of mass m each. limits of the wires.
A B Y P
m m
Q
Strain

R
m

With reference to the given situation, which of the Stress X

following statement is correct?
2
I. Tension in wire A = mg I. Elasticity of wire P is minimum.
3 II. Elasticity of wire Qis maximum.
2
II. Tension in wire B = mg III. Tensile strength of R is maximum.
3 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
2mg
III. Stress in wire A = (a) Only I (b) Both I and III
3x (c) Only II (d) None of these
76 Proportional limit D 81 In plotting stress versus strain
σu
Yield point
curves for two materials P and Q,
P

Strain
E a student by mistake puts strain on Q
C Fracture point
σy the Y-axis and stress on the X-axis
B
A as shown in the figure. Then,
which of the following Stress
statement(s) is/are correct?
Stress

(a) P has more tensile strength than Q.

Permanent set
(b) P is more ductile than Q.
(c) P is more brittle than Q.
0 <1% Strain 30% (d) The Young’s modulus of P is more than that of Q.

With reference to the above graph, which of the
following statement is correct?
I. The point E on the graph is the ultimate tensile strength
σ u of the material.
II. If the ultimate strength and fracture points D and E are
close to B, then the material is said to be brittle.
III. If points D and E are far apart, then material is said to
be ductile.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both II and III (d) Only III
77 I. The use of pillars or columns is very common in
building and bridges.
II. A pillar with rounded ends supports less load than that
with a distributed shape at ends.
III. Building has to take into account the conditions under
the cost and long period, reliability of usable materials,
etc.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Both II and III
(c) Only III (d) I, II and III
78 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) Young’s modulus and shear modulus are relevant only
for solids.
(b) Bulk modulus is relevant for liquids and gases.
(c) Metals have larger values of Young’s modulus than
elastomers.
(d) Alloys have larger values of Young’s modulus than
metals.
79 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) The bulk modulus for solid is much larger than for
liquids.
(b) Gases are least compressible.
(c) For a system in equilibrium, the value of bulk modulus
is always positive.
(d) The SI unit of bulk modulus is same as that of pressure.
80 Which of the following statement is correct regarding
Poisson’s ratio?
(a) It is the ratio of longitudinal strain to the lateral strain.
(b) Its value is independent of the nature of the material.
(c) It is a unitless and dimensionless quantity.
(d) The practical value of Poisson’s ratio lies between 0
and 1.
82 Two stress-strain graphs A and B are drawn by a
student (as shown below) but he forgets to specify
what are the conditions for A and B. Which of the
following statement shows the incorrect conditions
for A and B?
Load
A
B
60°
30°
Extension
(a) If A and B are made for two different wires of identical
dimensions, then Y A : YB = 3 : 1.
(b) If A and B are made for two different wires of equal length
and of same material, then wire A is more thicker than B.
(c) Extension of A is less than that of B .
(d) None of the above
83 Two blocks are tied with a wire and are
hanged over a pulley as shown. Masses
of blocks are 1 kg and 4 kg and pulley is
frictionless.
With reference to the above situation,
1 kg
which of the following is an incorrect
statement?
4 kg
(a) Tension in wire is 10 N.
(b) Tension in wire is 16 N.
(c) If breaking stress is 3.18 × 109 Nm −2 ,
then wire must be of 4 × 10− 5 m radius so that wire
does not break.
(d) None of the above
84 Wires A and B are connected with
mass m as shown in figure. Wires are A
of same material and have radii rA and
m
rB . End of B is pulled with a force of
mg / 3. With reference to the above B
situation, which of the following
F
statement is correct?
(a) A breaks before B when rA = rB
(b) A breaks after B when rA < 2rB
(c) Neither A nor B will break if rA = 2rB
(d) None of the above
85 A metal wire of length L is suspended vertically from a 88 A bar of cross-section A is subjected to equal and
rigid support. When a body of mass M is attached to the opposite tensile forces at its ends. Consider a plane
lower end of wire, the elongation of the wire is l, then section of the bar, whose normal makes an angle θ
Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect? with the axis of the bar.
(a) The loss of gravitational potential energy of mass m is mgl.
(b) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is mgl. θ
(c) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is F F
(1/ 2 ) mgl.
1 Match the Column I (stress) with Column II (value)
(d) Heat produced is mgl.
2 and select the correct answer from the codes given
below.
III. Matching Type Column I Column II
86 Match the Column I (stress) with Column II A. The tensile stress on this 1. 0
(characteristic) and select the correct answer from the plane will be
codes given below. B. The shearing stress on this 2. (F / A ) cos2 θ
plane will be
Column I Column II
C. The tensile strength will be 3.  F  sin 2θ
A. Longitudinal stress 1. Independent of area of maximum at θ =  
 2A 
cross-section of wire.
B. Shear stress 2. Change in pressure D. The shearing stress will be 4. 45°
maximum at θ =
C. Breaking stress 3. Length of wire increases or
decreases A B C D
D. Bulk stress 4. Shape changes (a) 3 2 4 1
A B C D (b) 2 3 1 4
(a) 3 4 2 1 (c) 2 3 4 1
(b) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 1 4
(c) 3 4 1 2 89 Match the Column I (elastic moduli) with Column II
(d) 1 2 3 4 (value) and select the correct answer from the codes
87 Match the Column I (quantity) with Column II (units) given below.
and select the correct answer from the codes given Column I Column II
below.
A. Young’s modulus for 1. Maximum
Column I Column II perfectly elastic body
A. Stress × Strain 1. J B. For most material, modulus 2. Minimum
B. YA / l 2. Nm −1 of rigidity
C. Yl3 3. Jm −3 C. Bulk modulus for solid 3. Y/3
D. Fl / AY 4. m D. Bulk modulus for gas 4. Infinite
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 3 4 (a) 4 1 2 1 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 4 3 (c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 3 4 1 2
 Master The NCERT > PHYSICS (Vol-I )

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT 93 Two wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one
made of steel and other made of brass are 1.5 m
90 Figure shows the strain-stress curve for a given Steel
material. What are (i) Young’s modulus and loaded as shown in figure. The unloaded
(ii) approximate yield strength for this material? length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of 4.0 kg
brass wire is 1.0 m. Young’s modulus of 1m
Brass
steel is 2.0 × 1011 Pa. The elongations of
300 steel and brass wires respectively are 6.0 kg
Stress (106 Nm–2)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
(a) 5 × 105 Nm−2 , 3 × 106 Nm−2
(b) 2 × 10− 6 Nm−2 , 4 × 104 Nm−2
(c) 7.5 × 1010 Nm−2 , 3 × 108 Nm−2
(d) 7.5 × 1010 Nm−2 , 3 × 106 Nm−2
91 The edge of an aluminium cube is 10 cm long. One
face of the cube is firmly fixed to a vertical wall. A
mass of 100 kg is then attached to the opposite face of
the cube. The shear modulus of aluminium is 25 GPa.
What is the vertical deflection of this face?
Cube
∆y L
(1 Pa = 1 Nm −2 ).
(a) 1.3 × 10–4 m, 1.5 × 10–4 m (b) 1.5 × 10–4 m, 1.3 × 10–4 m
(c) 2.4 × 10−5 m, 1.5 × 10–4 m (d) 3.5 × 10–6 m , 1.3 × 10–4 m
94 The Marina trench is located in the pacific ocean and
at one place, it is nearly 11 km beneath the surface of
water. The water pressure at the bottom of the trench
is about 1.1 × 10 8 Pa. A steel ball of initial volume
0.32 m 3 is dropped into the ocean and falls to the
bottom of trench. What is the change in the volume of
the ball when it reaches to the bottom?
(a) 2.2 × 10−4 m3 (b) 6.2 × 10−4 m3
(c) 4 × 10−2 m3 (d) 10−4 m3
95 A rod of length 1.05 m having negligible mass is
supported at its ends by two wires of steel (wire A)
and aluminium (wire B ) of equal lengths as shown in
figure. The cross-sectional areas of wires A and B are
1 mm 2 and 2 mm 2 , respectively.
At what point from A, along the rod should a mass to
be suspended in order to produce equal stress in both
steel and aluminium wires?

L A Steel Al B
F = mg 1.05 m
Wall
x
−5 −3 y
(a) 4.8 × 10 m (b) 6.2 × 10 m
m
(c) 3.92 × 10−7 m (d) 5 × 10−5 m F1 F2
mg
92 A rigid bar of mass 15 kg is supported symmetrically
by three wires each 2 m long. These at each end are of (a) 0.50 m (b) 0.95 m
(c) 0.70 m (d) 0.32 m
copper and middle one is of iron. Determine the ratio
of their diameters, if each is to have the same tension. 96 Anvils made of single crystals of diamond, with the
Young’s modulus of elasticity for copper and steel are shape as shown in figure, are used to investigate the
110 × 10 9 Nm −2 and 190 × 10 9 Nm −2 , respectively. behaviour of materials under very high pressures. Flat
(a) 1.31 : 1 (b) 2.4 : 5 faces at the narrow end of the anvil have a diameter of
(c) 1.2 : 3 (d) 3.2 : 1 0.5 mm and the wide ends are subjected to a
compressional force of 50000 N.
 What is the pressure at the tip of anvil? 102 Four identical hollow cylindrical columns of mild
steel support a big structure of mass 50000 kg. The
inner and outer radii of each column are 30 cm and
60 cm, respectively. Assuming the load distribution to
be uniform, calculate the compressional strain of each
column. Young’s modulus, Y = 2.0 × 1011 Pa.
Diamond
cones
Metal
(a) 4 × 10−6 (b) 9 × 10−3
gasket
(c) 8.2 × 10−4 (d) 7.22 × 10−7
103 Two strips of metal are riveted together at their ends
by four rivets, each of diameter 6 mm. What is the
maximum tension that can be exerted by the riveted
(a) 2.5 × 109 Pa (b) 7 × 105 Pa strip, if the shearing stress on the rivet is not to
(c) 2.5 × 1011 Pa (d) 4 × 106 Pa
exceed 6.9 × 10 7 Pa? Assume that each rivet is to
carry one-quarter of the load.
97 The fractional change in volume of glass slab, when (a) 9 × 102 N (b) 1.23 × 102 N
subjected to a hydraulic pressure of 10 atm, will be
(c) 7.8 × 103 N (d) 8 × 102 N
(a) 4 × 10−4 (b) 2.74 × 10−5
(c) 3 × 10−2 (d) 7 × 10−4
104 How much should the pressure on a litre of water be
changed to compress it by 0.10%? Bulk modulus of
98 A 14.5 kg mass, fastened to one end of a steel wire elasticity of water is 2.2 × 10 9 Nm −2 .
of unstretched length 1 m is whirled in a vertical
(a) 2.4 × 103 Nm−2 (b) 2.2 × 106 Nm−2
circle with an angular frequency of 2 revs −1 at the
bottom of the circle. The cross-sectional area of the (c) 4 × 104 Nm−2 (d) 6 × 105 Nm−2
wire is 0.065 cm 2 . The elongation of the wire when 105 What is the volume of contraction of a solid copper
the mass is at the lowest point of its path will be cube, 10 cm on an edge, when subjected to a
(a) 1.87 mm (b) 2.4 mm hydraulic pressure of 7 × 10 6 Pa?
(c) 6.7 mm (d) 9.2 mm B for copper = 140 × 10 9 Pa.
99 A steel wire of length 4.7 m and cross-sectional area (a) 5 × 10−6 m3 (b) 5 × 10−8 m3
−5 (c) 9 × 10−4 m3 (d) 3 × 10−6 m3
3.0 × 10 m stretches by the same amount as a
2

copper wire of length 3.5 m and cross-sectional area 106 A steel cable with a radius of 1.5 cm supports a chair
4.0 × 10 −5 m 2 under a given load. What is the ratio of lift. If the maximum stress is not to exceed 10 8 Nm −2 ,
the Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper? what is the maximum load that cable can support?
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.8 (a) 9 × 103 N (b) 7 × 103 N
(c) 3.2 (d) 4.6 (c) 7.1 × 104 N (d) 4 × 106 N
100 What is the density of water at a depth where pressure
is 80.0 atm? Given that its density at the surface is NCERT Exemplar
1.03 × 10 3 kg m −3 , the compressibility of water is 107 Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquid is
45.8 × 10 −11 Pa −1 . (a) infinity
−3 −3
(a) 1.034 × 10 kg m
2
(b) 1.034 × 10 kg m
6 (b) zero
(c) unity
(c) 1.034 × 103 kg m−3 (d) 2.42 × 105 kg m−3 (d) some finite small non-zero constant value
101 Compute the bulk modulus of water from the 108 The maximum load, a wire can withstand without
following data. breaking, when its length is reduced to half of its
Initial volume = 100 L, pressure increase = 100 atm original length, will
(1 atm = 1.013 × 10 5 Pa), (a) be double (b) be half
(c) be four times (d) remain same
Final volume = 100.5 L. The ratio of the bulk
109 A spring is stretched by applying a load to its free
modulus of water with that of air is
end. The strain produced in the spring is
(a) 4 × 10 9
(b) 2.026 × 10 4
(a) volumetric (b) shear
(c) 2.026 × 109 (d) 1 × 105 (c) longitudinal and shear (d) longitudinal
110 A rigid bar of mass M is supported symmetrically by 114 The stress-strain graphs for two materials are shown
three wires each of length l. Those at each end are of in figure, then (assume same scale)
copper and the middle one is of iron. The ratio of
Ultimate tension
their diameters, if each is to have the same tension, is Ultimate tension strength
equal to strength Fracture Linear
point limit Fracture
Ycopper Yiron Linear point
(a) (b)
Yiron Ycopper limit

Y 2 iron Yiron
(c) 2
(d)
Y copper Ycopper
Strain E Strain E
111 A mild steel wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area Material (i) Material (ii)
A is stretched, well within elastic limit, horizontally
between two pillars (figure). A mass m is suspended (a) material (ii) is more elastic than material (i) and hence
material (ii) is more ductile
from the mid-point of the wire, strain in the wire is
(b) material (i) and (ii) have the same elasticity and the
2L same brittleness
(c) material (ii) is elastic over a larger region of strain as
x
compared to (i)
(d) material (ii) is less brittle than material (i)
m 115 A wire is suspended from the ceiling and stretched
under the action of a weight F suspended from its
x2 x
(a) (b) other end. The force exerted by the ceiling on it is
2L2 L equal and opposite to the weight, then
(c) x 2 / L (d) x 2 / 2L F
(a) tensile stress at any cross-section A of the wire is
112 A rectangular frame is to be suspended symmetrically 2A
by two strings of equal length on two supports (figure). (b) tensile stress at any cross-section is zero
It can be done in one of the following three ways. (c) tensile stress at any cross-section A of the wire is 2F / A
(d) tension at any cross-section A of the wire is F
116 A rod of length l and negligible mass is suspended at its
two ends by two wires of steel (wire A) and
aluminium (wire B) of equal length (figure). The
(a) (b) (c) cross-sectional areas of wires A and B are 1.0 mm 2
The tension in the strings will be and 2.0 mm 2 , respectively. Then,
(a) same in all cases (b) least in (a)
(Y Al = 70 × 10 9 Nm −2 and Y steel = 200 × 10 9 Nm −2 )
(c) least in (b) (d) least in (c)
113 Consider two cylindrical rods of identical dimensions, A B
one of rubber and the other of steel. Both the rods are Steel Al
fixed rigidly at one end to the roof. A mass M is
attached to each of at the centre of the rods. Then,
m
(a) both the rods will elongate but there shall be no
perceptible change in shape (a) Mass m should be suspended close to wire A to have
(b) the steel rod will elongate and change shape but the equal stresses in both the wires
rubber rod will only elongate (b) Mass m should be suspended close to B to have equal
(c) only rubber rod will elongate stresses in both the wires
(d) the steel rod will elongate, without any perceptible (c) Mass m should be suspended at the middle of the wires
to have equal stresses in both the wires
change in shape, but the rubber rod will elongate with the
shape of the bottom edge tappered to a tip at the centre (d) Mass m should be suspended close to wire B to have
equal strain in both wires
117 A copper and a steel wire of the same diameter are
connected end to end. A deforming force F is applied
to this composite wire which causes a total elongation
of 1 cm. The two wires will have
(a) the same stress (b) the different stress
(c) the same strain (d) None of these
118 A wire of length L and radius r is rigidly fixed at one
end. On stretching the other end of the wire with a force
F , the increase in its length is l. If another wire of same
material but of length 2L and radius 2r is stretched with
a force of 2F , the increase in its length will be
(a) l (b) 2l
(c) l/ 2 (d) l/ 4
119 Two identical solid balls, one of ivory and the other
of wet clay are dropped from the same height on the
floor. After striking the floor,
(a) ivory ball will rise to a greater height than wet clay ball
(b) ivory ball will rise to a lesser height than wet clay ball
(c) both balls will rise to the same height
(d) Data is insufficient
120 To what depth must a rubber ball be taken in deep sea
so that its volume is decreased by 0.1%?
(Take, density of sea water =10 3 kgm −3 , bulk
modulus of rubber = 9 × 10 8 Nm −2 , g = 10 ms −2 )
(a) 9 m (b) 18 m
(c) 90 m (d) 180 m

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (d) 16 (c) 17 (b) 18 (b) 19 (d) 20 (a)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (d) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (c) 30 (c)
31 (a) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (c) 37 (a) 38 (c) 39 (d) 40 (d)
41 (b) 42 (c) 43 (b) 44 (a) 45 (a) 46 (b) 47 (d) 48 (d) 49 (b) 50 (a)
51 (b) 52 (a) 53 (a) 54 (d) 55 (d) 56 (b) 57 (c) 58 (c) 59 (b) 60 (c)

> Special Types Questions

61 (a) 62 (c) 63 (a) 64 (a) 65 (b) 66 (c) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (a) 70 (a)
71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (d) 74 (c) 75 (b) 76 (c) 77 (d) 78 (d) 79 (b) 80 (c)
81 (b) 82 (a) 83 (a) 84 (a) 85 (b) 86 (c) 87 (a) 88 (b) 89 (b)

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90 (c) 91 (c) 92 (a) 93 (b) 94 (a) 95 (c) 96 (c) 97 (b) 98 (a) 99 (b)
100 (c) 101 (b) 102 (d) 103 (c) 104 (b) 105 (b) 106 (c) 107 (b) 108 (d) 109 (c)
110 (b) 111 (a) 112 (c) 113 (d) 114 (c) 115 (d) 116 (b) 117 (a) 118 (a) 119 (a)
120 (c)
 Hints & Explanations
3 (d) When a horizontal force is applied on uniform bar to 9 (b) If a wire is stretched to double its length, then
pull it, then an acceleration is produced in the each Change in length 2L − L
cross-section of rod. Hence, each section of rod Strain = = =1
Original length L
experiences a tension which is zero at other end.
Therefore, stress in the rod developed gradually reduces Change in length 1% of L L / 100
10 (c) Strain = = = = 0.01
to zero at the end of the bar where no force is applied. Original length L L
4 (b) If radius for wires A and B are rA and rB , then 11 (d) Given, length of cube, L = 0.1 m,
rA = 2rB (given) Shearing force, F = 100 N
Force F
Now, Stress = = 2 and displaced distance, x = 0.02 cm = 0.02 × 10−2 m
Area πr
x 0.02 × 10−2
∴ Stress ∝ 2
1 Shearing strain, φ = = = 0.002
r L 0.1 m
Then, ratio of stress for wire A and B is 12 (d) Volume of cube,V = L3
2
(Stress)B  rA  ∴ Percentage change inV = 3 × (percentage change in L)
=   = ( 2 )2
(Stress) A  rB  = 3(1%) = 3%
⇒ (Stress)B = 4 × (Stress) A (as, F = constant) ∴ ∆V = 3% ofV
∆V 3
Thus, stress in B is four times that on stress in A. ⇒ Volumetric strain = = = 0.03
V 100
5 (c) Given, radius of wire, r = 2 mm = 2 × 10−3 m, weight
of load, m = 4 kg and g = 31. π ms−2 15 (d) The ratio of stress to strain is equal to the modulus of
elasticity, which is the characteristic property of the
Force ( F ) mg
∴ Tensile stress = = body and depends on nature of material. So, the ratio
Area ( A ) πr2 will remain same, as for an increased stress an
4 × 31. ×π equivalent strain will compensate it.
=
π × ( 2 × 10−3 )2 16 (c) According to Hooke’s law,
−2 within the limit of elasticity, stress is directly
= 31
. × 10 Nm
6
proportional to strain.
6 (c) When the length of wire becomes doubled, its area i.e. Stress ∝ Strain
of cross-section will become half because volume of Load Extension
wire is constant (V = AL ). or ∝
Area Original dimension
force Mg 2Mg
So, the instantaneous stress = = = or Load ∝ Extension
area A/2 A
Hence, graph given in option (c) obeys Hooke’s law.
3L
7 (c) Let P be the point at a height Force
4 17 (b) Stress =
P Area
from its lower end of wire. As, the
wire is uniform, so the weight of wire Since each wire is of same diameter, hence the area of
L 3L
3w cross-section is same for both the wires. As both the
below point P is . 4
4 wires have the same deforming force F and same area of
cross-section A, therefore stress is same for both the
3w
∴ Total force at point P = w1 + and wires.
4 w1 Stress Stress
area of cross-section = S But Young’s modulus, Y = or Strain =
3w Strain Y
w1 + Since Y is different for both the wires, therefore strain is
Force 4
Stress at point P = = different for both the wires.
Area S
18 (b) Given, stress F = 20 × 108 Nm−2
8 (d) Given, cross-sectional area of steel, A1 = 0.1 cm2 ,
Stress
Cross-sectional area of brass, A2 = 0.2 cm2 Young’s modulus =
Strain
Now, according to the question, stress produced in both
the wire is same, hence stress will be constant, i.e. As the length of wire gets doubled, therefore strain = 1
Tension  change in length 2L − L 
Stress = = constant Q strain = original length = L = 1
Area of cross -section  
T1 T T A 0.1 1 ∴ Y = stress = 20 × 108 Nm−2
∴ = 2 ⇒ 1 = 1 = = = 0.5
A1 A2 T2 A2 0.2 2
19 (d) Given, change in length of wire, l1 = 2 mm, l2 = ?, Fl Fl 100 × 4.5
⇒ ∆l = = =
length of wire, L1 = 2 m and length of another . ( 3 × 10−3 )2 × 4.8 × 1011
AY πr2Y 314
wire, L2 = 8 m
= 3.32 × 10−5 m = 0.332 µm
FL FL2
Change in length, l = = 24 (d) Given, ratio of radius of two wires, r1 : r2 = 2 : 1
AY VY
r1 2
where, Y is Young’s modulus. ⇒ =
∴ l∝L 2 r2 1
(asV, Y and F are constants) and ratio in their lengths, l1 : l2 = 1 : 2
l1 1
l2  L2 
2 2 ⇒ =
=   = 16
8
= l2 2
l1  L1   2
When same force is applied on them, then ratio of
⇒ l2 = 16l1 = 16 × 2 mm ∆l
change in their length 1 = ?
= 32 mm = 3.2 cm ∆l2
20 (a) Given, diameter of a brass rod, d = 4 mm, then Fl
We know that, Young’s modulus, Y =
radius, r = 2 × 10− 3 m, A∆l
Young’s modulus, Y = 9 × 1010 Nm −2,
Fl
Change in length, l = 0.1% L ⇒ ∆l =
AY
l
⇒ = 0.001 l
L ∆l ∝
F L A
Young’s modulus, Y = ⋅ ∆l1 l1 A2
A l ∴ =
l ∆l2 l2 A1
∴ F = YA
L ∆l1 l1 r22
⇒ = .
= 9 × 1010 × π × ( 2 × 10− 3 )2 × 0.001 ∆l2 l2 r12
= 360 πN 2
= .   =
1 1 1
[Q A = πr2 ]
21 (c) Young’s modulus, Y =
FL
=
TL 2  2 8
A ∆ L π r2 ∆ L
25 (c) According to the question,
TL
⇒ ∆L = 2 For wire 1
πr Y
From the relation of Young’s modulus of elasticity,
As wires are of same material, so Y is same for all. Also Fl
L Y1 = 1 1 …(i)
T is same, so ∆L ∝ 2 . A1 ∆l
r
L For wire 2
Thus, 2 is maximum for length, L = 250 cm F2 l2
r Y2 = …(ii)
and radius, r = 01
. mm, i.e. 25 × 107 m, so its extension is A 2 ∆l
largest. V
Q Volume,V = Al or l =
22 (b) Young’s modulus of a wire is A
F/A YAl Substituting the value of l in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Y = ⇒ F = FV FV
l/ L L Y1 = 21 and Y2 = 22
F YA A1 ∆l A 2 ∆l
Force constant, k = =
l L As it is given that the wires are made up of same
material, i.e. Y1 = Y2
23 (a) Given, length of nylon rope, l = 4.5 m,
F1V FV
Radius, r =
6
mm = 3 × 10−3 m. ⇒ = 22
2 A1 ∆l A2 ∆l
2

According to the question, F = w = 100 N F1 A2 A2 1

⇒ = 12 = =
and Young’s modulus, Y = 4.8 × 1011 Nm −2 F2 A2 9 A 2 9
As, Y =
Fl (Q A1 = A and A2 = 3 A )
A∆l or F2 = 9F1 = 9F (given, F1 = F )
26 (b) F A lA YB 2
⇒ rA2 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ rB
Steel FB lB Y A
2 4
2m = 1× × × 4 × 10−6 m = 3. 04 × 10−6 m
1. 5 7
Brass
or rA = 1. 7 × 10−3 m
3m or rA = 17
. mm
FL 4 FL
As, Young’s modulus, Y = = 29 (c) The situation is as shown in the figure
A∆L πD 2 ∆L
 πD 2
Q A = 
 4  θ
where, the symbols have their usual meanings. L T Tcosθ
4 FL
∴ ∆L = θ
π D2 Y
O Tsinθ
∆Ls Fs Ls Db2 Yb
∴ = …(i)
∆Lb Fb Lb Ds2 Ys mg
where, subscripts s and b refer to steel and brass For vertical equilibrium of stone,
respectively.
mg
Here, according to the question, T cosθ = mg or T = ...(i)
Fs = ( 2m + 3m ) g = 5mg cosθ
where, T is tension in the wire.
Fb = 3mg TL
Ds L Y As, Y =
Q = p, s = q, s = r (given) A∆L
Db Lb Yb TL
⇒ ∆L =
From Eq. (i), we get AY
2 [using Eq. (i)]
∆Ls  5 mg   1   1 5q
∴ =  (q )     = mgL 4 mgL
∆Lb  3 mg   p   r 3 p 2 r = =
cos θ ( πD 2 / 4 )Y πD 2Y cos θ
27 (b) Given, relation between Young’s modulus,
Ys = 2Yb , between lengths, Ls = Lb and between areas, 30 (c) The length and radius of thick copper and thin
As = Ab copper wires are 2L & L and 2R & R respectively.
FL FL
where, subscripts s and b refer to steel and brass, Q Elongation in the wire, ∆l = =
respectively. AY ( πr2 )Y
wL L
As we know that, ∆L = [where, force F = w] ∴ ∆l ∝ 2
AY r
w L w L Ratio of elongation in the thin wire to that in the thick
As ∆Ls = ∆Lb ⇒ s s = b b
AsYs AbYb wire.
∆l1 L / R2
ws Ys 2Yb 2
= = = = =2
wb Yb Yb 1 ∆l2 2L / ( 2R )2

Thus, weight added to the steel and brass wires must be 31 (a) Given, T1 = 40º C and T2 = 20º C
in the ratio of 2 : 1. ⇒ ∆T = T1 − T2 = 40 − 20 = 20º C
28 (d) When a wire is stretched, then change in length of Also, Young’s modulus,
wire is Y = 1011 N/m 2
Fl
∆l = , where Y is its Young’s modulus. Coefficient of linear expansion,
πr2Y
α = 10−5 /ºC
Here, for wires A and B,
Area of the brass wire, A = π × (10−3 )2 m2
l A = 2 m, lB = 15
. m,
YA 7 F Now, expansion in the wire due to rise in temperature is
= , rB = 2 mm = 2 × 10−3 m and A = 1 ∆l
YB 4 FB ∆ l = l α∆ T ⇒ = α∆ T …(i)
l
As, it is given that ∆l A = ∆lB We know that, Young’s modulus is defined as
F A lA F l YA∆l
⇒ = BB Y =
Mgl
⇒ M = …(ii)
πrA2Y A πrB2YB A∆l gl
 Using Eq. (i), we get ∴ On differentiating,
YA 1011 × 22 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 20 δV = 4 πR 2δR …(iii)
M = × α∆ T =
g 7 × 10 On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (ii). we get
22 × 20 44 δV 3δR
⇒ M = = = 6.28 kg ∴ =
7 × 10 7 V R
δR Mg
which is closest to 9, so option (a) is nearly correct. ∴ = [using Eq. (i)]
R 3BA
32 (a) When rubber cord is stretched, then it stores 1
potential energy and when released, this potential 37 (a)Q Compressibility, | K | =
energy is given to the stone as kinetic energy. |Bulk modulus of elasticity|
pV 1 ∆V
Bulk modulus, | B | = ⇒K = =
∆V  pV  pV
m  
Rubber v  ∆V 
cord L Given, compressibility of material, K = 4 × 10−5 per
atm, pressure, p = 100 atm and volume,V = 100 cm3 .
∴ ∆V = K ( p ⋅V ) = 4 × 10−5 (100 × 10−6 × 100 )
So, potential energy of stretched cord = 0.4 × 10−6 m3 = 0.4 cm 3
= kinetic energy of stone
2
38 (c) Given, depth of ocean, d = 2700 m,
1  ∆L 1
⇒ Y   A ⋅ L = mv2 Density of water, ρ = 103 kg/m 3
2  L 2
and compressibility = 45.4 × 10−11 Pa −1 .
Here, ∆L = 20 cm = 0.2 m, L = 42 cm = 0.42 m,
The pressure at the bottom of ocean is given by
v = 20 ms −1 , m = 0.02 kg, d = 6 mm = 6 × 10−3 m
2 p = ρgd = 103 × 10 × 2700 = 27 × 106 Pa
 6 × 10−3 
2
A = πr = π   = π 
d So, fractional compression = compressibility × pressure
∴ 2

 2  2  = 45.4 × 10−11 × 27 × 106 = 1.2 × 10−2
= π( 3 × 10−3 )2 = 9π × 10−6 m 2 39 (d) Let L be the length and r be the radius of the wire,
On substituting values, we get then volume of the wire, V = πr2 L.
mv2 L 0.02 × ( 20 )2 × 0.42 Differentiating on both sides, we get
Y = = ≈ 3.0 × 106 Nm −2
A ( ∆L )2
9π × 10−6 × ( 0.2 )2 ∆V = π ( 2r∆r )L + πr2 ∆L
So, the closest value of Young’s modulus is 106 Nm −2 . As the volume of the wire remains unchanged when it
−3 gets stretched, so ∆V = 0.
33 (b) Given, radius of wire, r = 4 mm = 4 × 10 m ,
twisted angle, θ = 30° and length of wire, L = 100 cm Hence, 0 = 2πrL∆r + πr2 ∆L
= 1m ∆r / r 1
∴ =−
Lφ = rθ ∆L / L 2
rθ 4 × 10− 3 × 30° Lateral strain ∆r / r 1
∴ φ= = = 0.12° Poisson’s ratio = = = = 0.5
L 1 Longitudinal strain ∆L / L 2
35 (c) We know that, 1 atm = 105 Nm −2 [neglecting negative sign]

∴ 100 atm = 107 Nm −2 and ∆V = 0.01%V 40 (d) As, on stretching volume remains constant, so there
is no change in volume. Thus, percentage change in
∆V volume is zero.
∴ = 0.0001
V ( ∆d / d )
41 (b) Poisson’s ratio, σ = 0.4 =
p 107 ( ∆l / l )
|B | = =
∆V / V 0.0001 2
πd 2
Area, A = πr2 = π   =
d
= 1 × 1011 Nm −2  2 4
…(i)

= 1 × 1012 dyne cm −2 [Q 1 N = 105 dyne] 4A

or d =
2
Mg / A π
36 (c) We know that, B =
δV / V On differentiating both sides, we get
δV Mg 4
⇒ = …(i) 2 d ⋅ ∆d = ⋅ ∆A
V BA π
2π d ⋅ ∆d πd ⋅ ∆d
Now,
4
V = πR 3 …(ii) So, ∆A = = …(ii)
3 4 2
 On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
d 1 Wsteel Ycopper
π ⋅ ⋅ ∆d W ∝ ⇒ =
∆A 2 ∆d Y Wcopper Ysteel
= = 2⋅ …(iii)
A π⋅d2/4 d
As, Ycopper < Ysteel ⇒ Wsteel < Wcopper
∆A
Given, × 100% = 2% …(iv) So, less work is done on steel spring.
A
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), 44 (a) Work done in stretching the wire through 0.61 mm
∆d ∆d under the load of 3 kg-wt,
⇒ 2% = 2 ⋅ or = 1% 1
d d W1 = × stretching force × extension
∆d / d 2
Given, Poisson’s ratio, σ = = 0.4
∆l / l 1
= × 3 × 9.8 × 0.61 × 10−3 = 8.967 × 10−3 J
∆d ∆l 1 ∆d ∆l 2
or = 0.4   ⇒ ⋅ =
d  l  0.4 d l Work done in stretching the wire through 1.02 mm
under the load of 5 kg-wt.
Percentage increase in its length,
1
 ∆l  × 100% = 2.5 × 1% = 2.5% W2 = × 5 × 9.8 × 1.02 × 10−3 = 24.99 × 10−3 J
i.e.   2
 l
Hence, the work done in stretching the wire from
42 (c) As length of rod remains unchanged, 0.61 mm to 1.02 mm is
∆W = W2 − W1 = ( 24.99 − 8.961) × 10−3
F F
−3
∆ ∆ ∆ − 16 × 10 J
~

Strain caused by compressive forces is equal and Y π r2 ∆ L

opposite to the thermal strain. 45 (a) Stretching force, F =
L
Now, compressive strain is obtained by using formula
Both the wires are of same material, so Y will be equal and
for Young’s modulus,
extension in both the wires is same, so ∆L will be equal.
F
r2
Y = A ∴ F ∝
∆l L
l If F ′ is the force on another wire of radius 2r and length
L
Compressive strain, . Then,
∆l F F 2
⇒ = = …(i) F′ ( 2r )2 L
l AY πYr2 ∴ = × = 8 or F ′ = 8F …(i)
Also, thermal strain in rod is obtained by using formula F ( L / 2 ) r2
for expansion in rod, Work done in stretching a wire,
∆l = l α ∆T 1
W = × F × ∆L
∆l 2
⇒ Thermal strain, = α ∆T …(ii)
l For same extension,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get W ∝F
F W′ F′
=αT [Q ∆T = T ] ∴ = =8 [using Eq. (i)]
πr2Y W F
F W ′ = 8W = 8 × 2 J = 16 J
⇒ α= 2
πr YT 46 (b) In stretching a wire, the work done against internal
Hence, coefficient of volumetric expansion of rod is restoring force is stored as elastic potential energy in
wire and given by
3F
γ = 3α = 2
πr YT
1 L L
43 (b) Work done, W = × F × ∆L
2
For a given F, W ∝ ∆L …(i)
FL l
and ∆L =
AY
M
As force F , area A and length L are constants, so
1
∴ ∆L ∝ …(ii) Mg
Y
 U =W =
1
× Force ( F ) × Elongation ( l ) 54 (d) Given, d1 = 1 mm, d 2 = 2 mm and F = 1000 N
2
Breaking force or tension ∝ area of cross-section
1 1 1
= Fl = × Mg × l = Mgl
2
F2  d 2 
2 2 2 = 
F1  d1 
47 (d) Elastic potential energy per unit volume is
Q F ∝ r2 , where r is radius 
1 (stress )2 ∴ F ∝ d 2 , where d is diameter
u= ⇒ u ∝ (stress )2
2 Y 2
=  
F2 2
u1 (stress )12 ( F1 / A1 )2  F ⇒
∴ = = Q = stress 1000  1
u2 (stress)22 ( F2 / A2 )2  A 
⇒ F2 = 1000 × 4 = 4000 N
As both the wires are stretched by the same load, therefore
55 (d) Given, Young’s modulus = 2 × 1011 Nm−2 ,
F1 = F2
2 2 4 4
Strain = 0.15
u1  A2   D2  D 
=   =
2 16 Stress
∴ =   =  22  =  2  Q Y =
u2  A1   D1   D1   1 1 Strain
∴ Stress = Y × Strain = 2 × 1011 × 0.15 = 0.3 × 1011
50 (a) From O to A, Hooke’s law is obeyed, i.e. the body
regains its original dimensions when the applied force is = 3 × 1010 Nm−2
removed. So, the solid body behaves as an elastic body. 56 (b) Given, length of rod = L, density of rod = ρ
51 (b) From the given figure, we can say that, the slope of and horizontal acceleration = α
the linear portion of the stress-strain curve is greater for
material B. Hence, Young’s modulus of B is greater than The force at the transverse cross-section through the
that of material A. Material B can withstand more load mid-point of the rod is
without breaking. So, it is stronger than material A and Force, F = mass × acceleration
its ulimate stress is higher. Q density , ρ = m 
52 (a) A bridge has to be designed such that it can = ρVα  V 
withstand the load of flowing traffic, the force of winds ∴ mass , m = ρV 
and its own weight. Since, steel is more elastic than Q Volume (V ) = Area ( A ) × Length ( L )
aluminium. So, it can withstand the load of traffic. Thus,
over bridges are constructed with steel but not with L Q For mid point of 
aluminium. ∴ F = ρA α the rod, length = L 
2  2 
53 (a) Elastic potential energy stored in a loaded wire,
L
1 F= Aρα
U=
(Stress × Strain × Volume) 2
2 F 1
∴ Energy stored per unit volume, ∴ Stress = = Lρα
2
A 2
= × Stress × Strain =   × = minimum diameter of brass.
U 1 1 F 1 57 (c) Let d min
u=
Volume 2 
2 A  Y Then, stress in brass rod is given by
Here, both wires are of same material and under same F 4F  πd 2 
load, so the ratio of stored energies per unit volume, for σ= = Q A = 4 
both the wires will be A πd 2min  
1 F2 For stress not to exceed elastic limit, we have
⋅
uA 2Y A 2A AB2 σ ≤ 379 MPa
= = 4F
uB 1 F2 A 2A ⇒ ≤ 379 × 106
⋅ 2 πd 2min
2Y AB
uA d4  d2 Here, F = 400 N
⇒ = B4 Q A = π  1600
uB dA  4 ∴ d 2min =
π × 379 × 106
uA 1
Here, = ⇒ d min = 1.16 × 10−3 m = 1.16 mm
uB 4
d B4 1 d 1 59 (b) A beam of length l, breadth b and depth d when
So, = or B = loaded at the centre by a load w depresses by an amount
d 4A 4 dA 2
given by
dA wl 3
⇒ = 2 :1 δ= ; i.e. δ ∝
1
dB 3
4 bd Y Y
60 (c) Since, depression δ in the bar at centre is directly
proportional to load.
i.e. δ∝w
δ 2 w2 2w1
= = =2
δ1 w1 w1
∴ δ 2 = 2δ1
Hence, depression in the bar at the centre is increased to
double.
61 (a) The elasticity of a material is the ratio of stress and
strain. In given case, the strain produced in the rubber is
more than that in steel.
As, rubber is less elastic than steel.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
62 (c) When a spring is loaded, then shearing stress is
produced, which changes the shape of spring.
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
63 (a) Spring balance shows incorrect reading after using it
for a long time as with time the spring in it loses its
elastic strength.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
64 (a) If a solid sphere placed in the fluid under high
pressure, then it is compressed uniformly on all sides.
The force applied by the fluids acts in perpendicular
direction at each point of the surface and the body is
said to be under hydraulic compression.
This leads to decrease in its volume without any change
of its geometrical shape.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
65 (b) The strain produced by a hydraulic pressure is called
volumetric strain as pressure creates a normal force on
every point and is defined as the ratio of change in
volume ∆V to the original volumeV .
∆V
i.e. volume strain =
V region for them is very large but they do not obey
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
66 (c) According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit,
stress is directly proportional to the strain.
i.e. Stress ∝ Strain
F ∆l
⇒ ∝ ⇒ F ∝ ∆l
A l
Hence, elongation produced in a body is directly
proportional to the applied force.
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Stress
67 (a) Young’s modulus of a material, Y =
Strain
Restoring force F
∴ Stress =
Area A
As, restoring force is zero for a plastic body.
∴ Y =0
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
68 (a) Molecules in gases are very poorly coupled to their
neighbours molecules.
Since, compressibility is defined as the fractional change
in volume per unit increase or decrease in pressure.
K = 1/ B = − (1/ ∆p ) × ( ∆V /V )
where, B is bulk modulus and ∆p change in pressure.
So, in gases, fractional change in volume with per unit
increase or decrease in pressure is not very prominent.
Thus, they have large compressibility.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
69 (a) A single wire of a radius would practically be a
rigid rod. So, the ropes are always made of a number of
thin wires braided together, like in pigtails, for ease in
manufacturing flexibility and strength.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
70 (a) The maximum height of a mountain on earth is
~ 10 km.
As a mountain base is not under uniform compression
and this provides some shearing stress to the rocks under
which they can flow.
Thus, mathematically, it has been calculated that under
the elastic limit, maximum height of a mountain is
~ 10 km.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
71 (b) When we apply a force to a plastic substance, then
they have no gross tendency to regain their original
shape and they get permanently deformed, this property
of plastic substance is called plasticity.
So, statements I and II are correct but III and IV are
incorrect.
72 (a) Elastomers are those materials which can be
elastically stretched to a large value of strain. Elastic
Hooke’s law.
Thus, Young’s modulus of elastomers is very small.
So, statements I and II are correct but III is incorrect.
73 (d) Given, cross-section area of wires A and B = x
Young’s modulus of wires = Y
m ⋅ (m + m)
Tension in wire B =
2
⋅ g = mg …(i)
m + (m + m) 3
where, g is gravitational acceleration
[Q tension = force = mass × acceleration]
Force
Q Stress =
Area
Stress in B =
Force (tension)
=
2mg
…(ii)
Cross -section area of wire B 3x
[using Eq. (i)]
Stress
Young’s modulus, Y =
Strain
 Stress 2mg 78 (d) Statement given in option (d) is incorrect and it can
∴ Strain in wire B = = [using Eq. (ii)]
Y 3xY be corrected as,
m⋅ m mg Metals have larger values of Young’s modulus than
Tension in wire A = g=
m + (m + m) 3 alloy and elastomers.
mg Rest statements are correct.
Similarly, stress in wire A =
3x 79 (b) Statement given in option (b) is incorrect and it can
So, statements II and IV are correct but I and III are be corrected as,
incorrect. Gases are about a million times compressible than
74 (c) The weights placed in the pan exert a downward solids. So, solids are least compressible.
force and stretch the experimental wire under a tensile Rest statements are correct.
stress. So, the elongation of the wire (increase in length) 80 (c) Statement given in option (c) is correct, rest are
is measured by the vernier arrangement. incorrect and these can be corrected as
The reference wire is used to compensate for any The ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is
change in length that may occur due to change in room called Poisson’s ratio σ.
temperature, since any change in length of the
reference wire due to temperature change will be Its value depends only on the nature of the material.
compensate by an equal change in experimental wire. It is the ratio of two similar quantities, so it is unitless
So, both statements are correct. and dimensionless quantity.
1 The practical value of Poisson’s ratio lies between 0 and
75 (b) In strain-stress curve, slope of curve = 0.5.
Y
1 1 1 81 (b) From given graph, P has more strain for same stress
From the given diagram we can write, > > as on Q, so P is more ductile than Q.
YP YQ YR
Thus, the statement given in option (b) is correct, rest
Therefore, elasticity of P or YP is minimum and that of are incorrect.
R is maximum. 82 (a) If A and B are prepared for identical wires of two
Elasticity of Q lies between them (between P and R). different materials, then
As elasticity of R is maximum, which means it can bear Young’s modulus,
maximum stress, so its tensile strength is maximum. Fl YA F YA
So, statements I and III are correct but II is incorrect. Y = ⇒ F= ⋅ ∆l ⇒ =
A∆l l ∆l l
76 (c) The point D on the graph is the ultimate tensile F YA
strength σ u of the material. Beyond this point, additional So, slope of load-extension graph = =
∆l l
strain is produced even by a reduced applied force and As wires are identical,
fracture occurs at point E.
(Slope) A tan θ A tan 60° Y A
If the ultimate strength and fracture points D and E are = = =
close to yield point B, the material is said to be brittle (Slope)B tan θ B tan 30° YB
and if points D and E are far apart, the material is said to [θ A = 60° and θ B = 30° ]
be ductile.
⇒ Y A : YB = 3 : 1
So, statements II and III are correct but I is incorrect. Fl 1
As, extension, ∆l = ⇒ ∆l ∝
77 (d) Use of pillars or columns is very common in AY Y
buildings and bridges. A pillar with rounded ends as then for wire A and B
shown in Fig. (i) supports less load than that with a
∆lB Y A 3
distributed shape at ends [Fig. (ii)]. = = ∴ ∆lB > ∆l A
∆l A Y B 1
As extension for wire A is less than that of B,
so A is more thicker than B.
Thus, the statements given in option (a) is incorrect, rest
are correct.
83 (a) Given, mass of blocks, m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 4 kg
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii) 2m1 m2 2 × 1× 4
Q Tension, T = ×g= × 10 = 16 N
The precise design of a bridge or a building has to take m1 + m2 1+ 4
into account to the conditions under which it will (Q g = 10 ms −2 )
function, the cost and long period, reliability of usable
materials, etc. . × 109 Nm −2 , then
If breaking stress is 318
So, all statements are correct. Breaking force = Breaking stress × Area
 ⇒ 16 = 3.18 × 109 × πr2 C. Yl 3 = Nm −2 × m 3 = Nm = J
16 N× m
⇒ r= = 4 × 10− 5 m D. Fl/ AY = =m
3.18 × 10 × 3.14
9
m × Nm−2
2

Thus, the statement given in option (a) is incorrect, rest Hence, A → 3, B → 2, C → 1 and D → 4.
are correct.
88 (b) The resolved part of F along the normal is the
84 (a) Given, radii of wires A and B are rA and rB , tensile stress on this plane and the resolved part parallel
respectively. to the plane is the shearing stress on the plane as shown
mg below.
Force, F = Fcosθ
3
P
Force
Q Stress =
Area A θ
F
mg 90°−θ
∴ Stress in B = [Q Area of wire B = πrB2 ]
3πrB2 R Q
mg Fsinθ
+ mg
F + mg 3 Given, cross-section area of bar = A
Similarly, stress in A = =
πrA2 πrA2 Let cross-section area of plane = A ′
When rA = rB , then, from ∆PQR
mg 4 mg A
Stress in B = and stress in A = Q = sin ( 90° − θ ) = cos θ
3πrB2
3 πrA2 A′
∴ Stress in A > Stress in B ∴ Area, A ′ =
A
= Asec
So, wire A will break earlier. cosθ
If rA = 2rB , then stress in A = stress in B, it means either Force F cos θ F
A. Tensile stress = = = cos 2 θ
A or B may breaks. Area A sec θ A
If rA < 2rB , then stress in A is more than that of B. (area of plane section = A sec θ )
∴ A may break earlier. Force F sin θ
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest B. Shearing stress = =
Area A sec θ
are incorrect.
F F
85 (b) Loss in gravitational potential energy of mass m = = sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ
A 2A
mgl
Elastic potential energy stored in wire = Work done C. Tensile stress or strength will be maximum when
1 1 cos 2 θ is maximum, i.e. cos θ = 1or θ = 0°.
= × Stretching force × Extension = mgl
2 2 D. Shearing stress will be maximum when sin 2θ is
1 maximum, i.e. or 2 θ = 90°, i.e. θ = 45°.
∴ Heat produced = mgl
2 Hence, A → 2, B → 3, C → 1 and D → 4.
Thus, the statement given in option (b) is incorrect, rest 90 (c) The slope of straight line portion of strain-stress
are correct. curve for a given material represents its Young’s
86 (c) modulus.
A. Longitudinal stress can be a tensile or compressive. (i) Young’s modulus of the given material (Y )
During tensile stress, length of wire increases and = Slope of strain-stress curve
during compressive stress, length of wire decreases. 150 × 106
Y = = 75 × 109
B. When deforming force is applied tangentially to a 0.002
surface of the body, then tangential or shear stress is = 7.5 × 1010 Nm−2
produced and shape of the body changes.
(ii) Yield strength of the given material
C. Breaking stress is independent of area of
= Maximum stress that material can sustain
cross-section of wire.
= 300 × 106 = 3 × 108 Nm−2
D. Bulk stress is equal to change in pressure.
Hence, A → 3 , B → 4 , C → 1 and D → 2 . 91 (c) Given, side of an aluminium cube,
87 (a) l = 10 cm = 0.1 m
A. Stress × Strain = N m −2 = (Nm)m −3 = Jm−3 Area of its each face,
A = l 2 = (0.1)2 = 0.01 m2
YA Nm−2 × m2
B. = = Nm−1 Load, m = 100 kg
l m
 Tangential force acting on one face of the cube, Length of brass wire, l2 = 10
. m
F = mg = 100 × 9.8 = 980 N Young’s modulus, Y2 = 0.91 × 1011 Pa
Shearing stress acting on this face = F ×l
F 980 ∴ Change in length, ∆l2 = 2 2
= = 9.8 × 104 Nm−2 A2 × Y1
A 0.01
58.8 × 10
.
Shear modulus of aluminium, η = 25 GPa = −3 2
. × (125
314 . × 10 ) × 0.91 × 1011
= 25 × 109 Nm−2
. × 10−4 m
= 13
Shearing stress
Shear modulus, η = 94 (a) Depth of pacific ocean, h = 11 km = 11 × 103 m
Shearing strain
∆x Pressure at the bottom of the trench, p = 1.1 × 108 Pa
Shearing strain   =
Shearing stress
 l  Shearing modulus Initial volume of the ball, V = 0.32 m3
9.8 × 104 Q Bulk modulus for steel, B = 1.6 × 1011 Nm−2
−7
⇒ ∆x = × 01
. = 3.92 × 10 m p pV
25 × 109 Bulk modulus of steel, | B | = =
( ∆V /V ) ∆V
92 (a) Given, Young’s modulus of copper,
Change in the volume of the ball when it reaches to
Y1 = 110 × 109 Nm −2 the bottom,
Young’s modulus of steel, Y2 = 190 × 109 Nm −2 pV 1.1 × 108 × 0.32
∆V = = = 2.2 × 10− 4 m3
As tension in each wire is same, hence each wire has B 1.6 × 1011
same strain. 95 (c) Let length of each wire be L and their area of
Stress F/A
Young's modulus, Y = = cross-section be A 1 and A 2 , respectively.
Strain Strain Given, A 1 = 1 mm2 = 1 × 10− 6 m2
F 4F
Y = = A2 = 2 mm2 = 2 × 10− 6 m2
 πd 2  πd 2 × strain
  strain Ysteel = 2 × 1011 Nm−2
 4 
where, d is diameter of the wire. ⇒ YAl = 7.0 × 1010 Nm−2
1 1 Let F1 and F2 be the tensions in the two wires,
⇒ Y ∝ 2 or d 2 ∝ respectively. When equal stresses are produced, then
d Y
F1 F
Then ratio of diameter of copper wire with steel wire is = 2
d12 Y2 Y2 A1 A 2
∴ = ⇒
d22
Y Y1 F1 A 1 1 × 10− 6
1
or = =
d1 190 × 109 19 F2 A 2 2 × 10− 6
= = F1 1
d2 110 × 109
11 or = …(i)
F2 2
= 1.73 = 131.
Let mass m be suspended at a distance x from steel wire A.
d1 : d 2 = 1.31 : 1 Taking moment of forces about the point of suspension
93 (b) Diameter of wires ( 2r ) = 0.25 cm of mass from the rod, we get
∴ r = 0125
. . × 10−3 m
cm = 125 F1 × x = F2 × (1.05 − x )
F1 (1.05 − x )
For steel wire (from given figure) ⇒ = …(ii)
Load, F1 = ( 4 + 6 ) kgf = 10 × 9.8 N = 98 N F2 x
Length of steel wire, l1 = 1.5 m From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Young's modulus, Y1 = 2.0 × 1011 Pa 1 (1.05 − x )
= ⇒ x = 2.10 − 2x
F ×l 2 x
Q Young's modulus, Y1 = 1 1 ⇒ 3x = 2.10 ⇒ x = 0.70 m
A1 × ∆l1
So, the mass m must be suspended at a distance 0.70 m
F ×l
∴ Change in length, ∆l1 = 1 1 from steel wire A.
A1 × Y1
96 (c) Given, compressional force, F = 50000 N
98 × 15
.
= −3 2
. × 10−4 m
= 15 Diameter, D = 0.5 mm = 5 × 10− 4 m
. × (125
314 . × 10 ) × 2.0 × 1011
D
For brass wire ∴ Radius, r = = 2.5 × 10−4 m
2
Load, F2 = 6 kgf = 6 × 9.8 N = 58.8 N
 Force F × l1
Pressure at the tip of the anvil, p = For steel, Young’s modulus, Ys = …(i)
Area A 1 × ∆l
F 50000 F × l2
∴ p= = = 2.5 × 1011 Pa For copper, Young’s modulus, Yc = …(ii)
πr 2
3.14 × (2.5 × 10− 4 )2 A 2 × ∆l
97 (b) Given, pressure, p = 10 atm = 10 × 1.013 × 105 Pa On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
(Q1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa) Ys F × l1 A 2 × ∆l
= ×
= 1.013 × 106 Pa Yc A 1 × ∆l F × l2
Bulk modulus for glass, B = 37 × 109 Nm−2 l1 A 2 4.7 4.0 × 10− 5
= × = ×
(Using value from table given in book) l2 A 1 3.5 3.0 × 10− 5
∆V 
Fractional change in volume   =? 18.8
= = 1.79 = 1.8
 V  10.5
Bulk modulus, | B | =
p
=
pV 100 (c) Density of water at the surface, ρ = 1.03 × 103 kgm−3
∆V /V ∆V Pressure, p = 80.0 atm = 80.0 × 1.013 × 105 Pa
∆V p 1.013 × 106 101.3 (Q 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa)
∴ = = = × 10− 5
V B 37 × 109 37 Compressibility of water = 45.8 × 10− 11 Pa −1
−5
= 2.74 × 10 LetV and V ′ be the volumes of certain mass of water at
98 (a) Given, mass, m = 14.5 kg the surface and at a given depth. The density of water at
the given depth be ρ′.
Length of wire, l = 1m
Volume of water at the surface, V = m/ρ
Angular frequency, ν = 2 revs −1 O
[Q where, m = mass]
Angular velocity, ω = 2πν = 2π × 2 T At the given depth, V ′ = m/ρ′
= 4 π rads −1
1 1
Area of cross-section of wire, ∴ Change in volume, ∆V = V − V ′ = m  − 
 ρ ρ′ 
A = 0.065 cm2 = 6.5 × 10− 6 m2 mg
∆V 1 1 ρ  ρ
Young’s modulus for steel, Y = 2 × 1011 Nm−2 Volumetric strain = = m  −  × = 1 − 
V  ρ ρ′  m  ρ′ 
At lowest point of the vertical circle,
…(i)
T − mg = mlω 2
1 1 ∆V
⇒ T = mg + mlω 2 |Compressibility| = = =
| Bulk modulus B | ∆p ∆pV
= (14.5 × 9.8) + [14.5 × 1 × (4π )2 ] ∆V /V
= 14.5 (9.8 + 16π 2 ) where, ∆p is per unit increase in pressure.
∆V
= 14.5 (9.8 + 16 × 9.87) (Q π = 9.87)
2
On putting the value of from Eq. (i)
V
= 14.5 × 167.72 N = 2431.94 N
 ρ 1
Stress T / A Tl 45.8 × 10−11 = 1 −  ×
Young’s modulus, Y = = =  ρ ′  80 × 1013
. × 105
Strain ∆l / l A∆l
2431.94 × 1 1.03 × 103
∴ ∆l =
Tl
= 45.8 × 10−11 × 80 × 1.013 × 105 = 1 −
AY 6.5 × 10− 6 × 2 × 1011 ρ′
1.03 × 103
= 1.87 × 10− 3 m = 1.87 mm ⇒ 3.712 × 10−3 = 1 −
ρ′
99 (b) Given, for steel wire
1.03 × 103
Length, l1 = 4.7 m ⇒ = 1 − 3.712 × 10−3
ρ′
Area of cross-section, A 1 = 3.0 × 10−5 m2
1.03 × 103
For copper wire, length, l2 = 3.5 m ∴ ρ′ = = 1.034 × 103 kgm−3
1 − 0.003712
Area of cross-section, A2 = 4.0 × 10− 5 m2
101 (b) Given, initial volume, V1 = 100 L
Let F be the given load under which steel and copper
wires be stretched by the same amount ∆l. Final volume,V2 = 100.5 L
Young’s modulus, ∴ Increase in volume, ∆V = V2 − V1 = 100.5 − 100.0
F/A F ×l = 0.5 L = 0.5 × 10− 3 m3
Y = =
∆l / l A × ∆l (Q1L = 10− 3 m3 )
 Increase in pressure, ∆p = 100.0 atm 0.10
104 (b) Given, change in volume, ∆V = V ×
= 100.0 × 1.013 × 105 Pa 100
∆V 0.10
(Q 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa) or = = 1 × 10− 3
V 100
= 1.013 × 107 Pa
Bulk modulus of water, B = 2.2 × 109 Nm−2
∆p ∆pV
Bulk modulus of water, | Bw | = = ∆p
( ∆V /V ) ∆V Q Bulk modulus of water, | B | =
∆V /V
1013
. × 107 × 100 × 10− 3 ∆V
= or pressure on water, ∆p = | B | ×
0.5 × 10− 3 V
10.13 = 2.2 × 109 × 1 × 10−3
= × 109 = 2.026 × 109 Pa
5 = 2.2 × 106 Nm−2
Bulk modulus of air, | Ba | = 1.0 × 105 Pa
105 (b) Given, each side of cube, l = 10 cm = 0.1m
Bulk modulus of water | Bw |
∴ Hydraulic pressure, p = 7 × 106 Pa
Bulk modulus of air | Ba |
Bulk modulus for copper, B = 140 × 109 Pa
2.026 × 109
= = 2.026 × 104
Volume of contraction, ∆V = ?
1.0 × 105
Volume of the cube,
102 (d) Given, total mass supported by cylindrical columns,
V = l 3 = (0.1)3 = 1 × 10−3 m3
m = 50000 kg
Total weight supported by cylindrical columns = mg Q Bulk modulus for copper,
p pV pV
= 50000 × 9.8 = 490000 N |B | = = or ∆V =
∴ Load acting on each cylindrical support, ∆V /V ∆V |B |
mg 490000 Contraction of a solid copper cube,
F = = = 122500 N
4 4 7 × 10 6 × 1 × 10−3 1
∆V = = × 10− 6 m3
Area of cross-section of each cylindrical column, 140 × 109 20
A = π r22 − π r12 = π ( r22 − r12 ) = 0.05 × 10− 6 m3 = 5 × 10− 8 m3
where, r1 and r2 are the inner and outer radius of each 106 (c) Given, radius of steel cable
column, respectively.
r = 1.5 cm = 1.5 × 10− 2 m
∴ . [( 0.6 )2 − ( 0.3 )2 ]
A = 314
Maximum stress = 108 Nm−2
[Q r1 = 0.3 cm, r2 = 0.6 cm] Area of cross-section of steel cable, A = πr2
= 314
. × 0.27 m2
= 3.14 × (1.5 × 10−2 )2 m2
Young's modulus, Y = 2 × 10 Pa 11
= 3.14 × 2.25 × 10−4 m2
Compressional stress F
Compressional strain = = Maximum force or load
Young's modulus AY Maximum stress =
Area of cross -section
122500
= = 7.22 × 10−7 Maximum force or load = Maximum stress × Area of
. × 0.27 ) × 2 × 1011
( 314
cross-section
103 (c) Given, diameter of each rivet, D = 6 mm = 108 × (3.14 × 2.25 × 10−4 )
D
∴ Radius, r = = 3 mm = 3 × 10− 3 m = 7.065 × 104 = 7.1 × 104 N
2 Breaking force
Maximum shearing stress on each rivet = 6.9 ×107 Pa. 108 (d)Q Breaking stress =
Area of cross -section
Let w be the maximum load that can be subjected to the
riveted strip. As each rivet carry one-quarter of the load, When length of the wire changes, area of cross-section
therefore remains same. Hence, breaking force will be same.
Load on each rivet (maximum shearing force) = w / 4 Thus, when the length of the wire is reduced to half of
Maximum shearing force its original length, then the maximum load it can
Maximum shearing stress = withstand without breaking remains same.
Area
w /4 109 (c) Consider the diagram shown
∴ 6.9 × 10 =
7
⇒ w = 6.9 × 10 × 4 πr2
7
alongside, where a spring is stretched
π r2 by applying a load to its free end.
. × ( 3 × 10−3 )2
= 6.9 × 107 × 4 × 314 Clearly the length and shape of the Load
= 6.9 × 4 × 3.14 × 9 × 10−6 × 107 spring changes.
= 7.8 × 103 N
 Thus, the change in length corresponds to longitudinal From above figure,
strain and change in shape corresponds to shearing Balancing vertical forces 2T sin θ − mg = 0
strain. (T is tension in the string)
Stress FL ⇒ 2T sin θ = mg
110 (b) As, Young’s modulus, Y = = ...(i)
Strain A∆L Now, total horizontal force = T cos θ − T cos θ = 0
F L 4 FL
= × = Now, from Eq. (i), T =
mg
π ( D / 2 )2 ∆L πD 2 ∆L 2sin θ
where, D is the diameter of wire. 1
So, T∝
D2 =
4 FL
⇒ D=
4 FL sin θ
π∆LY π∆LY As sin θ in maximum in case (b) (given in question), so
1 L tension is minimum in (b).
Hence, D ∝ (because F and are constants)
Y ∆L 113 (d) Consider the diagram,
Then, ratio of diameters of copper and iron is A mass M is attached at the centre of the two cylindrical
Dcopper Yiron rods as shown below. As the mass is attached to both the
= rods, both rods will be elongated, but due to different
Diron Ycopper elastic properties of material, there is no change in shape
of steel rod, while for rubber rod, the shape of the
111 (a) Consider the diagram below
bottom edge tappered to a tip at the centre.
L L
B D C
90°−θ 90°−θ

x M M
θ θ

O
Steel
Rubber
m
114 (c) It is clear from the two graphs, the ultimate tensile
Given, length of wire = 2L
strength for material (ii) is greater, hence material (ii) is
Cross-section area of wire = A elastic over larger region as compared to material (i).
Length, DO = x For material (ii) fracture point is nearer, so it is more
Hence, change in length, brittle.
∆L = BO + OC − ( BD + DC ) 115 (d) A wire is suspended from the ceiling and
= 2BO − 2BD (Q BO = OC , BD = DC ) stretched under the action of a weight F
suspended from its other end. As shown in
= 2 ( BO − BD ) = 2[( x + L ) 2 2 1/ 2
− L] A
the diagram,
[Q In ∆ABDO, BO = BD + DO and BD = L]
2 2 2
Clearly, force at cross-section is F.
 x2 
1/ 2
 Stress =
Tension F
=
= 2L1 + 2  − 1 Area A F
 L  where, A is cross-section area of the wire.
 1 x2  x2 Tension at any cross-section A of the wire
= 2L1 + 2 − 1 = (Q x << L ) = Applied force = F
 2L  L
116 (b) Let the mass m is placed at x from the end B.
∆L x2 / L x2
∴ Strain = = = 2
2L 2L 2L
B
112 (c) Consider the FBD diagram of the rectangular frame. Aluminium
T sin θ T sin θ A
T T TB
Steel TA x

θ θ
T cos θ T cos θ l−x
m
m
Let TA and TB be the tension in wire A and wire B,
respectively.
For the rotational equilibrium of the system,
mg
 Στ = 0 (total torque = 0) where, F is tension in each wire and A is cross-section
TB l−x area of each wire.
⇒ TB x − TA ( l − x ) = 0 ⇒ = As F and A are same for both the wires, hence stress
TA x
will be same for both the wires.
T
Stress in wire A, SA = A Stress Stress
aA (Strain)steel = , (Strain)copper =
Ysteel Ycopper
TB
Stress in wire B, SB = As, Ysteel ≠ Ycopper
aB
Hence, the two wires will have different strains.
where, a A and aB are cross-sectional areas of wire A
and B, respectively. 118 (a) Given, length of wires, L1 = L and L2 = 2L
According to question, aB = 2a A Radius of wires, r1 = r and r2 = 2r
Now, for equal stress, S A = S B Force on the wires, F1 = F and F2 = 2F
TA TB T a FL
⇒ = ⇒ B = B =2 Young’s modulus, Y =
a A aB TA a A Al
[where, F = force, L = length, A = area and
l−x l = expansion in length]
⇒ =2
x FL
l= 2
l  TB l − x πr Y
⇒ −1= 2 Q T = x 
x  A  Ratio of expansion for both the wires
2
l l2 F2 L2  r1 
⇒ x= =  
3 l1 F1 L1  r2 
2l 2
∴ l−x = l−l/ 3=
= 2 × 2 ×   = 1
1
3  2
Hence, mass m should be placed closer to wire B.
∴ l2 = l1 , i.e. the increament in length will be same,
For equal strain, (strain) A = (strain)B
i.e. l.
S A SB
⇒ = 119 (a) As the ivory ball is more elastic than wet clay ball,
YA YB therefore it will tend to regain its shape instantaneously
(where, Y A and YB are Young’s moduli) after the collision. Hence, there will be a large energy
TA / a A TB / aB and momentum transfer compared to the wet clay.
⇒ = Thus, the ivory ball will rise higher after the collision.
Ysteel YAl
∆V
Ysteel TA a  x   2a A  120 (c) Given, decreament in volume = 0.1 %
⇒ = × B =    V
YAl TB AB  l − x   a A  Density of sea water = 103 kg m−3
200 × 109 2x 20 2x Bulk modulus of rubber = 9 × 108 Nm−2
⇒ = ⇒ =
70 × 10 9
l−x 7 l−x
Gravitational acceleration, g = 10 ms −2
10 x
⇒ = ⇒ 10l − 10x = 7x Let h be the depth at which the rubber ball be taken,
7 l−x then p = hρg ...(i)
10l
⇒ 17x = 10l ⇒ x = By definition of bulk modulus,
17 p
B=−
l−x=l−
10l 7l
= ∆V / V
17 17 The negative sign shows that with increase in pressure, a
Hence, mass m should be placed closer to wire A. decrease in volume occurs.
∆V
117 (a) Consider the diagram where a deforming force F is ∴ p =| B |
applied to the combination. V
∆V | B | ∆V
Using Eq. (i), we get hρg =| B | or h =
V ρg V
F
Copper Steel Substituting the given values, we get
wire wire 9 × 108 Nm−2  01
. 
h= 3   = 90 m
For steel wire, Ysteel =
Stress
=
F/A 10 kgm−3 × 10 ms −2  100
Strain Strain