introduction

This portfolio addresses employment, which is one of the most serious issues facing modern

society. Employment opportunities and the quality of employment and employment

determine the unique and socially graded characteristics of the social environment that

primarily affect the adult population. In addition to physical, chemical and biological hazards,

poor working conditions and a stressful psychosocial working environment contribute to poor

quality of work and employment. These characteristics are particularly prevalent in modern

societies, resulting in an uneven distribution of disease burden across the population. 3.4 The

'adverse' component of these 'non-essential' job characteristics has been identified through

theoretical models that emphasize the continuing importance of low control and autonomy,

and low pay and recognition for health and well-being alongside economic risks and a world

characterized by differences and huge technical challenges. Low control and low pay at work

result from social gradients that can serve as links between socioeconomic status and health.

Importantly, such experiences have been shown to extend to activities outside of paid work

(e.g., domestic and family work, caring, volunteer work and educational work), resulting in

cumulative social disadvantage over long periods of the life cycle. It is undoubtedly too early

to assess the importance of these psychological factors in explaining health disparities, but

their persistence in contemporary Western societies requires further research. Moreover,

through the use of readily available monitoring systems, these specific characteristics of

social environments and vulnerable populations can be easily identified so that targeted

interventions can be implemented.

e-Artefact 1: Employment conditions

The figure provides a basic conceptual framework for evaluating possible links between the

work environment and health disparities in various behavioral, psychological and

pathophysiological pathways. Potential exposures and risk factors fall into four broad

categories: physical, chemical, ergonomic and psychosocial, which include factors such as

exposure to physical or chemical hazards, repetitive movement, high work intensity, manual

work, shift work or lack of control. While each risk factor can lead to different health

outcomes through different complex pathways and specific mechanisms, it is important to

highlight the following key elements. First, the axes of socioeconomic class, gender, and

race/ethnicity are key relational processes that explain why workers and their families often

expose themselves in different ways. For instance, there is accumulating evidence that

manual labourers are far more exposed to physical and chemical risks than owners or

managers. Second, exploitation, dominance, and discrimination are three of the most

important unique social dynamics that underlie class, gender, and ethnicity/race .Thirdly,

these intersecting axes (i.e., socioeconomic class, gender, and ethnicity/race, as well as other

relevant factors such as age, migrant status, and geographical location) may be associated

with numerous disease outcomes through multiple risk factor processes. This indicates that

the fundamental axis of work-related health disparities might impact illness, despite the fact

that the profile of risk variables may differ considerably .

e-Artefact 2:Health,power,income and wealth inequalities

Employment that provides financial compensation has the ability to safeguard one's health

and contribute to the reduction of health disparities.The uneven distribution of money,

wealth, and power are essential factors that contribute to health disparities, and employment
is one of those fundamental factors. Raising the bar in terms of both the quality and amount

of labour performed may contribute to a reduction in health disparities. By providing better

wages and by satisfying social and psychological needs, paid labour has the ability to

promote health and eliminate health inequities.However, just having a job that pays is not

sufficient to ensure better health. It's possible for jobs to be just as hazardous to your health

as not having one are of low quality, provide little autonomy, and put people in a terrible

financial position.It is essential to in order to eliminate health disparities caused by work in

order to enhance the number of jobs that are available and encourage trade union

organisation.Raise the earnings of employees who are currently receiving poor pay.If people's

health is going to improve as a direct consequence of the labour, then the quality of the work

is also very crucial.

e-Artefact 3:Health inequalities

The environment in which we do our jobs has a significant impact on our health in the

following ways. Having high-quality work may be beneficial to one's health, while having

low-quality work can be detrimental to one's health. Due to their concentration at the lower

end of the socioeconomic gradient, occupations of poor quality are a contributing factor to

health disparities that exist.2 The unemployment rate was 5% before the financial crisis of

2008, but it rose to 8.4% in the third quarter of 2011, and it has been steadily declining ever

since, reaching 5.6% for the period between March and May 2015 in the United Kingdom.

Despite this, there is evidence to suggest that this trend has been connected with a rise in the

number of people working part-time jobs, an increase in the number of people using zero-
hours contracts and greater levels of poverty among those who are employed. As a result of

the fact that many of the newly generated occupations are not adequate to sustain a healthy

way of life, job growth that occurred after 2010 is likely to be the cause of health inequities.

As a result, promoting occupations of a high quality should be actively supported in order to

assist in reducing health disparities. Furthermore, research conducted in Europe and Oceania

demonstrates a consistent correlation between social hierarchy rank and mortality. 2In

addition, there are significant and persistent socioeconomic disparities in exposure to health-

adverse work settings inside the European Union, resulting in unfair job conditions

Employment patterns reflect and reinforce the social gradient of health, and access to labour

market possibilities is unequal.There is further evidence that ethnic minority groups and

handicapped workers are more likely to experience unfavourable working circumstances.

Self narrative

One of the primary concerns is that when employees enter their sixties and beyond, they may

start to encounter a range of different health conditions. I think this is the challenge for the

individual worker as well as the employer. It is an issue for the firm since it causes a drop in

profitability and efficiency if employees are often absent due to visits to the hospital or sick

days used by employees. The issue arises for the worker when they have the tendency to

believe that they are compelled to keep working until they reach retirement age, despite the

fact that their body is unable to do the duties any more. I think the fact that retirement is not

required for employees is another problem for the organisation. This indicates that a person

may keep their employment so long as they were able to execute the bare minimum that was

needed of them because of this, the company is prevented from hiring younger employees
who could be more productive than an older employee. Employees are also affected by the

non-mandatory retirement age since they may experience feelings of pressure to continue

working after reaching the age at which they are no longer required to do so. In general, the

age of retirement creates a number of problems in the job, and these problems affect both the

company and the employee.

Conclusion

The Organization places a high priority on taking measures to protect the well-being and

safety of its workforce. The organisation is dedicated to the provision of required safety

equipment, the upkeep of secure premises, and the administration of pertinent education and

training programmes. In addition, the Management and the Staff are Required to

Collaboratively Develop Appropriate Procedures and Regulations for Ensuring the Health

and Safety of the Employees, with a Particular Emphasis on the Handling of Potentially

Hazardous Equipment or Substances, as well as for Investigating and Reporting Any

Accidents and Mishaps that May Occur. The pre-employment physical test is going to be

mandatory for any and all newly hired staff members. Every employee is required to furnish,

on an annual basis at the very least, an up-to-date health history that details any current health

concerns. Work has significant effects on our physical and mental wellbeing. The health of

workers is improved by a healthy workplace environment. Having a job gives an income,

provides structure, often helps to a person's sense of self-worth, and may consequently lead to

improved health. Physical impairments tend to arise 5 to 7 years later on average in workers

who live a healthy lifestyle, and the number of unwell years towards the end of life is much

fewer. On the other hand, (new) working circumstances might be detrimental to employee
health.Flexible working, e-working, working longer hours, and the mix of a busy family life

and leisure time may all lead to greater pressure and stress at work.

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