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EFFECT OF IGNITION TIMING ON EMISSIONS OF

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Maris Gailis, Vilnis Pirs

Latvia University of Agriculture
maris.gailis@llu.lv; vilnis.pirs@llu.lv

Abstract
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injection spark ignition engine. The aim of this research was to evaluate the necessity of ignition timing correction
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G\QDPRPHWHULQVWHDG\VWDWHFRQGLWLRQVZKLFKUHVHPEOHGULYLQJDWNPK and 90 km h. The original engine
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.H\ZRUGV: ethanol, ignition timing advance, emissions.

,QWURGXFWLRQ emission gas components. Currently those emission

The biofuels are increasingly used as the energy
source in the light passenger vehicles. The biofuels are
considered as renewable energy source and contribute
to the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions
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as a suitable fuel for the spark ignition engines since
the 19th century. Currently all commercially available
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m·mYROXPHUDWLR2QHRIWKHEHQH¿WVRIHWKDQROXVH
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energy resources. By adding ethanol, oxygen is
blended into the fuel which favours the combustion of
the gasoline, reducing toxicity of the emissions. The
use of pure ethanol as the fuel is problematic due to
WKHHQJLQHFROGVWDUWGLI¿FXOWLHVEHORZƒ&*DVROLQH
RQUDWLRP·m is added to anhydrous ethanol to
facilitate cold starting and act as a denaturing agent.
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service stations in many parts of the world, including
Latvia. Due to the physiochemical differences of
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adaptation. Specially designed production vehicles
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(RUPL[WXUHRIERWKLQDQ\UDWLR,WLVSRVVLEOHWR
FRQYHUWUHJXODUJDVROLQHYHKLFOHIRUXVHRI(IXHO
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the fuel supply. Ignition parameters are usually left
unchanged.
Engine tailpipe emissions of the vehicle,
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and certainly within legal limits. Depending on the
vehicle production date, different standards apply
IRU DFFHSWDEOH OHYHO RI FHUWDLQ VRFDOOHG µUHJXODWHG¶
JDV FRPSRQHQWV DUH QLWURJHQ R[LGHV 12[  FDUERQ
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matter (PM). Ignition timing is known to be one
of the factors that affect engine emissions (Heywood,
 
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combustion chamber must occur in a certain
moment of engine operating phase, to push piston
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into mechanical energy. Due to the delay of ignition
and duration of the combustion, ignition spark must
be supplied with certain advance, depending on the
engine design and operating conditions. Peak cylinder
pressure and therefore temperature of combustion and
exhaust gases are affected by spark timing. Timing,
which provides maximal peak cylinder pressure, also
provides maximal brake torque (MBT) (Heywood,
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MBT may not provide optimally balanced emissions.
Usually in production engines ignition timing is
retarded from MBT. Retarded timing lowers burning
temperature and increases temperature of exhaust
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emissions. Increased exhaust gas temperature can
UHGXFHK\GURFDUERQHPLVVLRQV +H\ZRRG 
K. Silaipillayarputhur and S.A. Idem (2011)
found that combustion duration increases with the
engine speed. As combustion duration increases,
engine output power decreases, because the cycle
diagram further deviates from ideal Otto cycle. If
the combustion duration increases, ignition advance
must be also increased to maximize engine output

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Therefore, using ignition advance parameters, which
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optimal operation on fuel with high ethanol content,
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C. Sayin (2012) evaluated the impact of varying
spark timing on the performance and emissions
of a gasoline engine. He found a decrease of brake
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consumption, emissions of CO and hydrocarbons
(HC), when gasoline with higher research octane
QXPEHU 521  WKDQ WKH UHTXLUHPHQW RI DQ HQJLQH
was used at a nominal spark timing. The increase
RI LJQLWLRQ DGYDQFH IRU JDVROLQH ZLWK KLJKHU 521
boosted engine power and decreased emissions of CO
and HC, and decreased fuel consumption.
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JDVROLQH DQG JDVROLQHHWKDQRO EOHQGV RQ D VLQJOH
cylinder spark ignition engine performance and
emissions. Experiments were conducted at a constant
speed in wide open throttle mode. They concluded
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by 4 degrees, comparing to the use of pure gasoline
E0, to achieve maximal brake torque. The increase of
ethanol content in the fuel led to a decrease of exhaust
gas temperature. CO emissions were reduced with
an increase of ethanol content. They found increase
of HC emissions with increase of ethanol content.
Slight decrease of HC emissions was found when the
ignition timing was retarded.
17UN|]HWDO  FRQGXFWHGH[SHULPHQWVRQ
F\OLQGHUFDUEXUHWWRU6,HQJLQHXVLQJ(IXHO7KH\
investigated the effect of ignition timing advance on
the engine performance and emissions. They reported
best engine performance and emissions when ignition
timing was advanced by 4 degrees, comparing to use
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increase of ignition advance, CO and CO2 emissions
were mainly unaffected and HC emissions increased
with ignition retarding.
From the literature review, the impact of the spark
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is not clearly studied. Some researchers are conducting
experiments with carburettor engines, in wide open
throttle mode. Wide open throttle operating conditions
are rarely used in real life. Results of optimal ignition
timing for high ethanol content fuel, comparing with
gasoline are contradictory. The authors of this study
investigated the effect of ignition timing advance on
modern SI engine emissions in conditions, which
resemble regular driving. The aim of this research is
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is investigated.
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Tests were performed using two different fuels,
purchased at the commercial fuel stations. Main
properties of the test fuels were obtained from the
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Conventional port injection SI engine was used.
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listed in Table 1. The original engine control module
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9WRPDLQWDLQWKHHQJLQHRSHUDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVZLWKLQ
the required limits. The original narrowband oxygen
sensor was replaced by a wideband sensor Bosch LSU
4.2. The original catalytic converter was retained.
Table 1
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Parameter 9DOXH
Model Renault Twingo
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Date of production 
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Engine
YDOYH
Displacement volume,
 1149
cm
Piston bore / stroke,

mm
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ratio
Gearbox 7\SH-%JHDUPDQXDO
)LQDOGULYH
Gear ratios 4th JHDU
WKJHDU
The engine was tested within the automobile. Load
conditions were simulated in the laboratory on the
edgy current roll type chassis dynamometer Mustang
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measured in engine exhaust manifold. Engine exhaust
emission gas samples were taken before the catalytic
converter and from the tailpipe. Composition of
exhaust gas was analysed with the Fourier transform
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of wide spectrum infrared light is passed through the
cooled and dried sample gas. The amount of energy
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Signatures of absorbed wavelength and relation of
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component was recorded during factory calibration
of the equipment. Composition and concentration of

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the sample gas is determined using matrix calculation
methods, comparing sample and calibration data.
Measurement system allows for simultaneous
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rate 1 Hz. Results of the testing were expressed as a
concentration timeline in volume unit share, parts per
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The results are not directly comparable to the results,
obtained using other methods.
Wheel speed, power and torque were recorded
using chassis dynamometer control software. The
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ratio were registered with ECU monitoring software
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Dynamometer was set at a constant speed mode,
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power and torque between different test conditions
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of chassis dynamometer measurement system.
Before testing, the ignition timing advance
was mapped for maximal break torque (MBT) at
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gasoline. Detonation limits were not reached at chosen
test conditions. Series of road tests were performed
WR¿QGHQJLQHORDGFRQGLWLRQVIRUWZRW\SLFDOGULYLQJ
PRGHVDWNPāK and 90 km·h steady driving on
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DLUIXHO UDWLR 7KUHH WHVW SRLQWV RI LJQLWLRQ WLPLQJ
advance, expressed in crank degrees before top dead
The vehicle was driven on the chassis dynamometer
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actual measuring started. Each test lasted 40 seconds
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Temperature of the exhaust gases depends on an
average temperature in the combustion chamber and
timing of combustion in the engine cycle. Decrease
of EGT is attributed to higher ignition timing
advance (Fig. 1). Higher ignition advance increases
maximal pressure and peak temperature in
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timing advance combustion starts earlier in the engine
cycle, larger part of oxidation reaction chain takes
place inside the cylinder, which causes decrease
of EGT. Ethanol has higher heat of evaporation
comparing to gasoline (Turner et al., 2011). It can be
attributed to the decrease of EGT when engine was
WHVWHGZLWK(IXHO

x Timing set by vehicle producer for gasoline

centre (CA BTDC), at both driving modes were used:

x 7LPLQJ IRU PD[LPDO EUDNH WRUTXH IRU (

(nominal timing);

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x Timing for maximal brake torque for gasoline
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Testing was conducted in steady state conditions,
listed in Table 2.
Table 2
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Parameter Settings 1 Settings 2 ignition timing: ȃ«ȏ«ȃ«
:KHHOVSHHGNPîK  90
Engine speed, min   Hydrocarbon emissions consist of unburned fuel
Gear 4th WK in gaseous state. HC emissions are largely caused
:KHHOEUDNHWRUTXH1îP   E\ SDUWLDO RU FRPSOHWH PLV¿UH (PLVVLRQV RI +& DUH
Wheel brake power, kW   known to increase in light load, low engine speed
Ignition timing advance, conditions (Sayin, 2012). Chain of oxidation reactions
nominal setting, degrees CA   of hydrocarbons continues during exhaust stroke and
BTDC outside of the cylinder. Therefore variations of HC
Ignition timing advance, MBT
  emissions are related to variations of EGT (Heywood,
(GHJUHHV&$%7'&
 +&HPLVVLRQVZHUHLQVLJQL¿FDQWO\DIIHFWHGE\
Ignition timing advance, MBT
  changing of ignition timing at selected test conditions
gasoline, degrees CA BTDC
IRUERWKIXHOV )LJ)LJ 

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54
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Testing Mode Testing Mode
Figure 2. HC volume share:
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a
10 070

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the tested ignition timing range. Slight increase of

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exhaust gas temperature with ignition timing retard ZLWKLQ WKH WHVWHG UDQJH )LJ  )LJ  7KH DPRXQW
did not have effect on the reduction of HC emissions. RI&2HQJLQHRXWHPLVVLRQVZHUHUHGXFHGE\
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EGT, engine speed and load in 90 km h test mode
were attributed to the reduction of HC emissions.
CO formation is one of the steps of burning of
hydrocarbons. Oxidation of CO to CO2 requires
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temperature in the combustion chamber falls as a result
of advancement of expansion stroke, some amount of
CO is not oxidised and forms part of exhaust gases
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7KH SULQFLSDO VRXUFH RI 12 DQG 122 (which are
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the peak temperature phase at the beginning of the
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product of fuel combustion but rather a side effect.
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combustion temperature.
If the timing is retarded, ignition places combustion
in a later point of engine cycle, when the piston has

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already started downward movement. Peak pressure LQVWHDG RI JDVROLQH DW RULJLQDO VSDUN WLPLQJ 
and temperature is therefore reduced (Heywood, DQGGHJUHHV&$%7'&DFFRUGLQJO\ ZDVQRWHG
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RI 12x emissions on the spark timing (Fig. 4; Fig. emissions.
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Aldehydes in the engine combustion chamber

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of hydrocarbons at high temperatures and partial

instead of gasoline. This can be explained by lower R[LGDWLRQRIHWKDQRO :DJQHUDQG:\V]\QVNL 
peak temperature in the combustion chamber. The The amount of acetaldehyde is known to raise with
original ignition timing, tuned for lower emissions increase of ethanol content in fuel (Kumar et al.,
XVLQJ JDVROLQH ZDV DOVR HIIHFWLYH ZKHQ ( ZDV 2011). Test results demonstrated agreement with that
XVHG 7KH UHGXFWLRQ RI 12[ HPLVVLRQV XVLQJ ( LQHQJLQHRXWHPLVVLRQV )LJ 

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Testing Mode Testing Mode

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100
98
90 a 100 b
80 90
73
68 80
Reduction by volume, %

70 63 69
Reduction by volume, %

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60
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50 50
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30 22 21 30
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11 20 11
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NOx HC CO NOx HC CO
Emission Gas Components Emission Gas Components

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DWLPLQJIRU0%7IRU(DQGQRPLQDOWLPLQJIRUJDVROLQHEQRPLQDOWLPLQJIRU(DQGJDVROLQH
test conditions: ȃNPuhHQJLQHRXWȃNPuh tailpipe,
ȃ 90 km uhHQJLQHRXWȏ 90 km uh tailpipe.

Analysis of tailpipe emissions showed high emissions in 90 km h WHVW PRGH )LJ   ,W FDQ EH
HI¿FLHQF\ RI R[LGLVLQJ FDWDO\WLF FRQYHUWHU LQ WKH explained with a higher average temperature in the
removal of acetaldehyde emissions. Emission levels combustion chamber and exhaust gases due to higher
DW WDLOSLSH GLG FRUUHODWH GLUHFWO\ ZLWK HQJLQHRXW speed and load. When the exhaust gas temperature is
emissions of acetaldehyde. From the results it was high enough for oxidation of ethanol, the variation of
concluded, that the ignition timing has no statistically temperature, caused by ignition timing, takes effect.
VLJQL¿FDQWHIIHFWRQHPLVVLRQVRIDFHWDOGHK\GH Retarding of the ignition timing moves the start of
Emissions of unburned ethanol were tested only ignition later in engine cycle, exhaust gas temperature
ZLWK ( IXHO 5HWDUGHG LJQLWLRQ WLPLQJ DWWULEXWHG is higher, and the amount of unburned ethanol is
WR WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI HWKDQRO HQJLQHRXW DQG WDLOSLSH reduced in emissions.

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Ignition timing for maximal brake torque using  1LWURJHQR[LGHHPLVVLRQVZHUHUHGXFHGE\

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do not occur, have to be retarded, comparing to similar XVLQJ(IXHODWQRPLQDOVSDUNWLPLQJFRPSDULQJ
JDVROLQHVHWXS5HJXODWHGHPLVVLRQVXVLQJ(ZHUH to maximal brake torque timing.
found to be reduced, comparing to gasoline use in the 4. 8QEXUQHG HWKDQRO HQJLQHRXW HPLVVLRQV ZHUH
tested steady state conditions. When adapting regular UHGXFHGE\LQNPK test mode at nominal
JDVROLQHYHKLFOHIRUWKHXVHRI(WKHLJQLWLRQWLPLQJ spark timing comparing to maximal brake torque
for steady state operation can be left unchanged, at timing.
least from the emission analysis point. The impact of  The emissions of the unburned hydrocarbons,
the ignition timing on the output parameters of cold carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides were
VWDUWDQGG\QDPLFGULYLQJXVLQJ(LVDVXEMHFWIRU UHGXFHGLQVWHDG\VWDWHWHVWFRQGLWLRQVXVLQJ(
future work. fuel, comparing to the gasoline use.
 The amount of acetaldehyde was increased up to
Conclusions  LQ WKH HQJLQHRXW HPLVVLRQV XVLQJ ( IXHO
1. 9ROXPHWULF VKDUH RI WKH XQEXUQHG K\GURFDUERQV when compared with the gasoline use.
carbon monoxide and acetaldehyde emissions  Ignition timing, adjusted by the test vehicle’s
ZDVLQVLJQL¿FDQWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHYDULDWLRQRIWKH manufacturer for gasoline use, was found suitable
ignition timing within the tested range. IRU(IURPWKHHPLVVLRQDQDO\VHVSRLQW
2. The exhaust gas temperate increased with ignition
timing retard and was higher when the gasoline
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References
1. &RVWDJOLROD0$'H6LPLR/,DQQDFFRQH63UDWL09  &RPEXVWLRQHI¿FLHQF\DQGHQJLQHRXW
emissions of a S.I. engine fueled with alcohol/gasoline blends. Applied EnergySS±
2. +DUD77DQRXH.  /DPLQDUÀDPHVSHHGRIHWKDQROQKHSWDQHLVRRFWDQHDLUPL[WXUHV$YDLODEOH
DWKWWSZZZ¿VLWDFRPHGXFDWLRQFRQJUHVVVFSDSHUVIVFSGI)HEUXDU\
 +H\ZRRG-%  Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals0F*UDZ+LOO1HZ<RUNS
4. .XPDU61D\HN0.XPDU$7DQGRQ$0RQGDO3  $OGHK\GHNHWRQHDQGPHWKDQHHPLVVLRQV
from motor vehicle exhaust. American Chemical Science JournalSS±
 Sayin C. (2012) The impact of varying spark timing at different octane numbers on the performance and
emission characteristics in a gasoline engine. FuelSS±
 Silaipillayarputhur K., Idem S.A. (2011) Spark advance effects in spark ignition engines. Journal of
Applied Global ResearcheSS±
 7RSJO7<FHVX+6dLQDU&.RFD$  7KHHIIHFWVRIHWKDQRO±XQOHDGHGJDVROLQHEOHQGVDQG
ignition timing on engine performance and exhaust emissions. EnergySS±
 7XUQHU';X+&UDFNQHOO5)1DWDUDMDQ9&KHQ;  &RPEXVWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHRIELRHWKDQRODW
various blend ratios in a gasoline direct injection engine. FuelSS±
9. 7UN|]1(UNXú%øKVDQ.DUDPDQJLO06UPHQ$$UVODQR÷OX1  ([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
RIWKHHIIHFWRI(RQHQJLQHSHUIRUPDQFHDQGHPLVVLRQVXQGHUYDULRXVLJQLWLRQWLPLQJVFuelSS
±
10. :DJQHU7:\V]\QVNL0  $OGHK\GHVDQGNHWRQHVLQHQJLQHH[KDXVWHPLVVLRQV±DUHYLHZJournal
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