11

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Respiration: Electron Transport Chain
and Chemiosmosis
Quarter 2- Week 7
General Biology 1 – Grade 11
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Respiration: Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Quarter 2- Week 7

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Guided Learning Activity Kit Development Team

Writer: Edna M. Padre
Editors: Rogelia L. Fastidio
Krizzia Leanne R. Beltran
Reviewers: Nena F. Domil
Argel Joseph C. Mayo
Krizzia Leanne R. Beltran
Pamie F. Malana MASE
Illustrator: Edna M. Padre
Layout Artist: John Paul C. Paje EdD
Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V
Michelle Ablian-Mejica EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
Evelyn D. Tarrayo EdD
Garry M. Achacoso
Rachelle C. Diviva

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education

Region III
Schools Division of Zambales
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedzambales.ph
 Respiration: Electron Transport
Chain and Chemiosmosis

Introduction

Have you experienced playing the “calamansi relay”? It is a game that

demands teamwork to carefully pass a calamansi fruit from one member to
the next. The concept of this game somewhat shows how electrons are
transported in the electron transport chain during respiration.
The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the two processes
that account for the production of the most number of ATP in aerobic
respiration. The two processes conclude the process of glucose metabolism
in the presence of oxygen.
Through this guided learning activity kit, you will be able to account
the total ATP yield of aerobic respiration as you go through the process of
oxidative phosphorylation—electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

Learning Competencies

• Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron.

transport system, and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8)

• Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP.

(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9)

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 Objectives

At the end of this Guided Learning Activity Kit, you are expected to:

1. identify the components of the electron transport chain;

2. describe the major features of electron transport chain; and
3. trace how ATP is produced during chemiosmosis.

Review

Directions: Choose the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate

answer sheet or answer notebook.

1. Which of the following parts of the cell does Krebs cycle take place?
a. Nucleus
b. Cytoplasm
c. Mitochondria
d. Cell membrane

2. Which of the following is formed during the oxidation of pyruvate?

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Oxaloacetate
c. Malate
d. Citrate

3. Which of the following is considered as an energy carrier molecule?

a. Pyruvate
b. CO2
c. NAD+
d. –SH

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4. Which of the following is a waste product of Krebs cycle?
a. Pyruvate
b. CO2
c. NAD+
d. –SH

5. Which of the following are the products of Krebs cycle?

a. 1 CO2, 8 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2 ATP
b. 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP
c. 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 ATP
d. 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

Discussion

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the last stage of aerobic cellular

respiration is produced through oxidative phosphorylation. The
electrochemical gradient formed along the electron transport chain is used to
synthesize ATP through chemiosmosis.
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the two connected
components of the ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

For eukaryotic organisms, the electron transport chain is located in

the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as cristae. It is made up of
mobile electron carriers surrounded with a series of multi-protein complexes.
In prokaryotic organisms, the electron transport chain is embedded in the
plasma membrane.

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 Mobile Electron
Carriers

Cyt c

I Q
III
I
V
I
V

Protein Complexes

Figure 1. Components of the Electron Transport Chain

Components of Electron Transport Chain

Components Descriptions
Complex I - also known as NADH
dehydrogenase complex
- contains Flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) and
iron-sulfur (Fe-S)-containing
proteins
Complexes Complex II - also known as succinate
dehydrogenase complex
- contains iron and succinate
Complex III - also known as cytochrome
reductase complex or
cytochrome b-c complex
- contains cytochrome b, Fe-S
protein, and cytochrome c1
proteins

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 Complex IV - also known as cytochrome
oxidase complex
- composed of cytochrome
proteins c1, a and a3
Complex V - also known as ATP Synthase
- an integral membrane
protein that contains a
channel for the flow of
protons across the
membrane
- a lipid soluble organic
Mobile Electron Ubiquinone (Q) molecule that freely moves
Carriers through the hydrophobic
part of the membrane
cytochrome C - a small protein composed of
(cyt C) one heme group.

Cytochrome proteins are similar to hemoglobin which contains a heme

group. But instead of oxygen, the heme group in cytochrome carries electrons.
The last component of the aerobic respiration, which uses atmospheric
oxygen as final electron acceptor to produce ATP, is called the electron
transport chain. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transported or passed
on from one component of the chain to the next, reaching to the reduction of
atmospheric oxygen to produce water molecules.

The process of electron transport along the electron transport chain

happens in the following steps:

Step 1: Complex I
Complex I accepts two electrons and hydrogen ion (H+) from NADH,
oxidizing it to NAD+. The electrons pass through the FMN and Fe-S centers of
the Complex I and is loaded to ubiquinone (Q) while the hydrogen ion or
proton is pumped across the membrane. Complex I can pump four hydrogen
ions (protons) across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane
space to establish the hydrogen ion gradient.

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Step 2: Q and Complex II
Complex II directly receives electrons from FADH2, oxidizing FADH2 to
FAD. These electrons did not pass through Complex I and does not pump
protons across the membrane. That is why, fewer ATP molecules are formed
from FADH2.
Q is reduced to QH2 as it receives the electrons from NADH (Complex I)
and the electrons from FADH2 (Complex II). The electrons are delivered to
Complex III.

Step 3: Complex III

Complex III receives the electrons from QH2 and pumps the final batch
of protons through the membrane as it passes the electrons to cytochrome c
(cyt C). Cyt C carries electron to Complex IV.

Step 4: Complex IV
In Complex IV, the electrons are passed to oxygen molecule, splitting it
into two oxygen atoms. The oxygen is reduced by accepting two hydrogen ions
form the matrix, forming water.

CHEMIOSMOSIS

The reduction-oxidation (redox) processes in the complexes of electron

transport chain cause the pumping of protons (H+) across the membrane,
establishing an electrochemical gradient or hydrogen ion gradient. This
process is known as chemiosmosis.

Since the inner mitochondrial membrane contains hydrophobic regions

of the phospholipid bilayer, the hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space
can only diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane with the aid of
ATP synthase.

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 ATP synthase functions conceptually as a generator which is powered
by the exergonic flow of hydrogen ions to drive the phosphorylation of ATP.
As it is turned, it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from the addition of
phosphate group to ADP.

Inner
Mitochond
rial
III IV Membrane

II ATP
Synth
ase

Figure 2. Electron Flow in the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

ATP YIELD

As the products of glycolysis and Krebs cycle enters the electron

transport chain, the stored energy in the nucleotides (NADH and FADH2) is
converted to ATP.

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 The products and ATP yield during aerobic respiration is summarized
as follows:

Stage Products (net) ATP Yield

2 ATP 2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NADH 6 ATP through electron transport
Pyruvate Oxidation 2 NADH 6 ATP through electron transport
2 ATP/GTP 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle 6 NADH 18 ATP through electron transport
2 FADH2 4 ATP through electron transport
Electron Transport
Chain and 34 ATP
Chemiosmosis
Total Maximum of about 38 ATP

However, the number of ATP produced as glucose is metabolized can vary

due to the following reasons:

1. Not all species have the same number of hydrogen ions that the electron
transport chain complexes can pump through the membrane.

2. The NADH produced in the cytoplasm during glycolysis cannot easily

enter the mitochondria and needs to be transported by energy carriers.

3. More ATP can be converted from NAD+ than FAD+ in the electron
transport chain. Thus, there can be a difference in the number of ATP
production.

4. The intermediates from glucose metabolism can be diverted into the

production of other biological macromolecules such as lipids and
nonessential amino acids.

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 Activities

General Directions: Please write all your answers on a separate answer

sheet.

Guided Practice 1

Directions: Match the terms in column B with their descriptions on column

A. Write only the letter of the correct answer.

Column A Column B
1. A small protein composed of one heme
A. Complex I
group
2. A lipid soluble organic molecule that freely
moves through the hydrophobic part of B. Complex II
the membrane
3. An integral membrane protein that serves
as channel for protons across the C. Complex III
membrane
4. Contains a heme group that carries
D. Complex IV
electrons

5. Inner mitochondrial membrane E. ATP Synthase

6. Contains iron and succinate F. Ubiquinone

7. Contains Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
G. Cytochrome c
and iron-sulfur (Fe-S)-containing proteins
8. Contains cytochrome b, Fe-S protein, and
H. Cristae
cytochrome c1 proteins
9. Composed of cytochrome proteins c1, a
I. Cytochrome
and a3
10. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ATP by
J. Coenzyme
the exergonic flow of hydrogen ions

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Guided Practice 2

Directions: Using the names indicated in the picture below, identify which
component of the electron transport chain does each process occurs.

Cyt c

I Q
III
I
V
II
ATP
Synthas

1. Two electrons and a hydrogen ion are stripped off from NADH and
passes through the FMN and Fe-S center.

2. establishes the hydrogen ion gradient by pumping four hydrogen ions

across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

3. receives electrons directly from FADH2

4. receives the electrons from NADH (Complex I) and the electrons from
FADH2 (Complex II)

5. passes the electrons to cytochrome c (cyt C)

6. carries electron to Complex IV one at a time

7. passes electrons to oxygen molecule

8. forms water as reduced oxygen picks up hydrogen ions from the matrix

9. Hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space flow across the inner
mitochondrial membrane to the matrix.

10. ADP combines with a phosphate group to form ATP.

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Independent Practice

Directions: Write the chemical equation for each of the processes involved in
the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).

Rubrics:
Points Description
3 Reactants and products in the reaction are complete.
1 Reactants and products in the reaction are incomplete.

1. Oxidation of NADH

2. Oxidation of FADH2

3. Formation of Water

4. Phosphorylation of ATP

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 Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following parts of the cell can electron transport chain be
found?
a. Nucleus
b. Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
c. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
d. Mitochondrial Matrix

2. Which of the following processes use atmospheric oxygen as final electron

acceptor to produce ATP?
a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs Cycle
c. Electron Transport Chain
d. Fermentation

3. Which of the following complexes directly receive electrons from FADH2

and deliver it to the electron transport chain?
a. Complex I
b. Complex II
c. Complex III
d. Complex IV

4. Which of the following complexes pump four hydrogen ions across the
membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space to establish the
hydrogen ion gradient?
a. Complex I
b. Complex II
c. Complex III
d. Complex IV

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5. Water is produced in which of the following complexes?
a. Complex I
b. Complex II
c. Complex III
d. Complex IV

6. Which of the following serves as the electron carriers in the electron

transport chain?
a. NADH and FADH2
b. CO2 and O2
c. ATP and ADP
d. Enzymes

7. What happens during chemiosmosis?

a. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
b. Water is produced.
c. ATP is synthesized by the flow of H+ across the membrane.
d. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.

8. Which of the following produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate?
a. NADH Dehydrogenase
b. ATP Synthase
c. Cytochrome Reductase
d. Cytochrome Oxidase

9. Which of the following connects Complex I and Complex II to Complex III

in the electron transport chain?
a. Ubiquinone
b. ATP Synthase
c. Cytochrome b
d. Succinate Dehydrogenase

10. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced
from one glucose molecule after aerobic respiration?
a. 38
b. 30
c. 28
d. 2

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 Reflection

Directions: Complete the sentences below. Write your answers on a separate

answer sheet or answer notebook.

I learned about _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

Knowing about this topic helps me___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

The part I know the most about is ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

The part that is the most confusing is________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

I would like to know more about_____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

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 References

Bayo-ang, Roly, Maria Lourdes Coronacion, Annamae Jorda and Anna

Jamille Restubog. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School,
Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Belardo, Gisselle, Yael Avissar, Jung Choi, Jean Desaix, Vladimir Jurukovski,
Robert Wise and Connie Rye. General Biology 1 Textbook for Senior
High School. Philippines: Vibal Group, Inc., 2016

Khan Academy. 2020. Oxidative Phosphorylation. Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-
energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-etc

Medrano, V. (n.d.) Atchara (Papaya). Retrieved from

https://panlasangpinoy.com/pickled-papaya-appetize-atsara-achara-
atchara-recipe/

National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2020. Oxygen. Retrieved

from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Oxygen

Olivar, Jose, and Anna Cherylle Ramos. Exploring Life Through Science
Series Senior High School Earth and Life Science. Philippines: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc, 2016

Postlethwait, John, and Janet Hopson. The World of Biology. Philippines:

Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2012.

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Review Independent Practice
1. c 1. NADH + H+ NAD+ 2H+
2. a 2. FADH2  FAD + 2H+
3. c 3. ½ O2 + 2H+  H2O
4. b 4. ADP + Pi  ATP
5. d
Assessment
1. c
2. c
Guided Practice 1 3. b
1. G 4. a
2. F 5. d
3. E 6. a
4. I 7. c
5. H 8. b
6. B 9. a
7. A 10. a
8. C
9. D
10. E
Guided Practice 2
1. I
2. I
3. II
4. Q
5. III
6. Cyt c
7. IV
8. IV
9. ATP Synthase
10. ATP Synthase
Key to Corrections
 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt gratitude
to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the successful
preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution of the
Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across grade
levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-appropriate,
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competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of guided learning
and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the writers
and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their best efforts
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delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning resources
for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination with

the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and for
their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the learners
the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the tasks and for
gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serving our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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