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UP COLLEGE OF LAW TAXATION 1 TAXATION LAW
TAXATION LAW
TAXATION LAW 1
UP COLLEGE OF LAW TAXATION 1 TAXATION LAW
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[Valencia and Roxas, Income Taxation 6th Edition (2013-2014), Valencia Educational Supply, pp. 9-10]
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duties will, after the expiration of one (1) Double taxation, standing alone and not being
year, from the date of the final payment of forbidden by our fundamental law, is not a
duties, in the absence of fraud or protest or valid defense against the legality of a tax
compliance audit pursuant to the provisions measure (Pepsi Cola v. Mun. of Tanauan, G.R.
of this Code, be final and conclusive upon No. L-31156 February 27, 1976). But from it
all parties, unless the liquidation of the might emanate such defenses against taxation
import entry was merely tentative.” (Sec. as oppressiveness and inequality of the tax.
1603)
iii. Constitutionality of double taxation
(3) Local Government Code- prescribes There is no constitutional prohibition against
prescriptive periods for the assessment (5 double taxation in the Philippines. It is
years) and collection (5 years) of taxes. (see something not favored, but is permissible,
Sections 194 and 270, Rep. Act No. 7160). provided some other constitutional
requirement is not thereby violated.[Villanueva
I.4. DOUBLE TAXATION v. City of Iloilo, G.R. No. L-26521, December
Means taxing twice the same taxpayer for the 28, 1968]
same tax period upon the same thing or
activity, when it should be taxed but once, for If the tax law follows the constitutional rule on
the same purpose and with the same kind of uniformity, there can be no valid objection to
character of tax. taxing the same income, business or property
twice.[China Banking Corp. v. CA, G.R. No.
i. Strict sense (Direct Duplicate Taxation) 146749 (2003)]
(1) the same property must be taxed twice
when it should be taxed once; Double taxation in its narrow sense is
(2) both taxes must be imposed on the same undoubtedly unconstitutional but that in the
property or subject matter; broader sense is not necessarily so. (De Leon,
(3) for the same purpose; citing 26 R.C.L 264-265).Where double
(4) by the same State, Government, or taxing taxation (in its narrow sense) occurs, the
authority; taxpayer may seek relief under the uniformity
(5) within the same territory, jurisdiction or rule or the equal protection guarantee. (De
taxing district; Leon, citing 84 C.J.S.138).
(6) during the same taxing period; and
(7) of the same kind or character of tax. iv. Modes of eliminating double taxation
(1) Allowing reciprocal exemption either by law
ii. Broad sense (Indirect Duplicate or by treaty;
Taxation) (2) Allowance of tax credit for foreign taxes
There is double taxation in the broad sense or paid
there is indirect duplicate taxation if any of the (3) Allowance of deductions such as for foreign
elements for direct duplicate taxation is absent. taxes paid, and vanishing deductions in
estate tax
It extends to all cases in which there is a (4) Reduction of Philippine tax rate.
burden of two or more pecuniary impositions.
For example, a tax upon the same property
imposed by two different states.
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I.5. ESCAPE FROM TAXATION Incidence of taxation is that point on which the
tax burden finally rests or settles down. It takes
i. Shifting of tax burden place when shifting has been effected from the
Shifting - the transfer of the burden of a tax by statutory taxpayer to another.
the original payer or the one on whom the tax
was assessed or imposed to someone else. Relationship between Impact, Shifting, and
What is transferred is not the payment of the Incidence of a Tax
tax but the burden of the tax. The impact is the initial phenomenon, the
shifting is the intermediate process, and the
All indirect taxes may be shifted; direct taxes incidence is the result. Impact is the
cannot be shifted. imposition of the tax; shifting is the transfer of
the tax; while incidence is the setting or
Ways of shifting the tax burden coming to rest of the tax. (e.g impact in a sales
(1) Forward shifting - When the burden of the tax is on the seller who shifts the burden to the
tax is transferred from a factor of customer who finally bears the incidence of the
production through the factors of tax)
distribution until it finally settles on the
ultimate purchaser or consumer. Example: Tax avoidance (Tax Minimization)
VAT, percentage tax The exploitation by the taxpayer of legally
permissible alternative tax rates or methods of
(2) Backward shifting - When the burden of the assessing taxable property or income in order
tax is transferred from the consumer or to avoid or reduce tax liability. It is politely
purchaser through the factors of called “tax minimization” and is not
distribution to the factor of production. punishable by law.
Example: Consumer or purchaser may shift
tax imposed on him to retailer by Example: A person refrains from engaging in
purchasing only after the price is reduced, some activity or enjoying some privilege in
and from the latter to the wholesaler, and order to avoid the incidental taxation or to
finally to the manufacturer or producer. lower his tax bracket for a taxable year.
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the payment of a tax. It is also known as “tax subjected. It is strictly construed against the
dodging.” It is punishable by law. taxpayer.
Example: Deliberate failure to report a taxable Taxation is the rule; exemption is the exception.
income or property; deliberate reduction of He who claims exemption must be able to
income that has been received. justify his claim or right thereto, by a grant
expressed in terms “too plain to be mistaken
Elements of Tax Evasion and too categorical to be misinterpreted.” If
(1) The end to be achieved. Example: the not expressly mentioned in the law, it must at
payment of less than that known by the least be within its purview by clear legislative
taxpayer to be legally due, or in paying no intent.
tax when such is due.
(2) An accompanying state of mind described ii. Nature of tax exemption
as being “evil,” “in bad faith,” “willful” or (1) Mere personal privilege- cannot be
“deliberate and not accidental.” assigned or transferred without the consent
(3) A course of action (or failure of action) of the Legislature. The legislative consent to
which is unlawful. the transfer may be given either in the
original act granting the exemption or in a
Since fraud is a state of mind, it need not be subsequent law
proved by direct evidence but may be inferred (2) General rule: revocable by the government.
from the circumstances of the case. Thus: Exception: if founded on a contract which is
(1) The failure of the taxpayer to declare for protected from impairment. But the
taxation purposes his true and actual contract must contain the essential
income derived from his business for two elements of other contracts. An exemption
consecutive years has been held as an provided for in a franchise, however, may be
indication of his fraudulent intent to cheat repealed or amended pursuant to the
the government of its due taxes. (Republic v. Constitution (see Sec. 11, Art. XII). A
Gonzales, 13 SCRA 633 [1965]). legislative franchise is in the nature of a
(2) The substantial underdeclaration of income contract.
in the income tax returns of the taxpayer for (3) Implies a waiver on the part of the
four (4) consecutive years coupled with his government of its right to collect taxes due
intentional overstatement of deductions to it, and, in this sense, is prejudicial
justifies the finding of fraud. (Perez v. CTA thereto. Hence, it exists only by virtue of an
and Collector, 103 Phil. 1167 [1958]). express grant and must be strictly
construed.
I.6. EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION (4) Not necessarily discriminatory, provided it
has reasonable foundation or rational basis.
i. Meaning of exemption from taxation Where, however, no valid distinction exists,
The grant of immunity to particular persons or the exemption may be challenged as
corporations or to person or corporations of a violative of the equal protection guarantee
particular class from a tax which persons and or the uniformity rule.
corporations generally within the same state or
taxing district are obliged to pay. It is an
immunity or privilege; it is freedom from a
financial charge or burden to which others are
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I.7. COMPENSATION AND SET-OFF (3) There must be acceptance (by the
General rule: Internal revenue taxes cannot be Commissioner or the taxpayer, as the
the subject of set-off or compensation case may be) of the offer in settlement of
(Republic v. Mambulao Lumber, G.R. No. L- the original claim.
17725, February 28, 1962). (c) Generally, compromises are allowed and
enforceable when the subject matter
Reasons: thereof is not prohibited from being
(1) This would adversely affect the government compromised and the person entering into
revenue system (Philex Mining v. CA G.R. it is duly authorized to do so.
No. 125704. August 28, 1998). (1) In the National Internal Revenue Code,
(2) Government and the taxpayer are not the Commissioner of Internal Revenue is
creditors and debtors of each other. The expressly authorized to enter, under
payment of taxes is not a contractual certain conditions, into a compromise of
obligation but arises out of a duty to pay. both the civil and criminal liabilities of
[Republic v. Mambulao Lumber (1962)] the taxpayer (Sec. 204, NIRC).
(2) The power to compromise in respect of
Exception: If the claims against the customs duties is, at best, limited to
government have been recognized and an cases where potestive authority is
amount has already been appropriated for that specifically granted such as in the
purpose. Where both claims have already remission of duties by the Collector of
become due and demandable as well as fully Customs (Sec. 709, Tariff and Customs
liquidated, compensation takes place by Code) and cases involving imposition of
operation of law under Art. 1200 in relation to fines, surcharges and forfeitures which
Articles 1279 and 1290 of the NCC, and both may be compromised by the
debts are extinguished to the concurrent Commissioner subject to the approval of
amount.[Domingo v. Garlitos, G.R. No. L- the Secretary of Finance (Sec. 2316, Tariff
18994, June 29, 1963] and Customs Code).
(3) No provisions exist under the Local
Doctrine of Equitable Recoupment- a claim for Government Code, while the tax (not
refund barred by prescription may be allowed criminal) liability is not prohibited from
to offset unsettled tax liabilities. The doctrine being compromised (see Arts. 2034 and
FINDS NO application in this jurisdiction. 2035, Civil Code); there is no specific
authority, however, given to any public
I.8. COMPROMISE official to execute the compromise so as
(a) A contract whereby the parties, by making to render it effective. (Vitug, p. 48)
reciprocal concessions avoid litigation or
put an end to one already commenced. (Art. I.9. TAX AMNESTY
2028, Civil Code). It involves a reduction of
the taxpayer’s liability. i. Definition
(b) Requisites of a tax compromise: A tax amnesty partakes of an absolute
(1) The taxpayer must have a tax liability. forgiveness or waiver by the Government of its
(2) There must be an offer (by the taxpayer right to collect what otherwise would be due it,
or Commissioner) of an amount to be and in this sense, prejudicial thereto,
paid by the taxpayer. particularly to give tax evaders, who wish to
relent and are willing to reform a chance to do
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so and become a part of the new society with a No person or property is subject to taxation
clean slate.[Republic v. IAC (1991)] unless within the terms or plain import of a
taxing statute. (see72 Am.Jur. 2d 44).
A tax amnesty, much like a tax exemption, is
never favored nor presumed in law. If granted, Taxes, being burdens, they are not to be
the terms of the amnesty, like that of a tax presumed beyond what the statute expressly
exemption, must be construed strictly against and clearly declares. (Coll. v. La Tondena, 5
the taxpayer and liberally in favor of the taxing SCRA 665 [1962]). Thus, a tax payable by
authority. For the right of taxation is inherent “individuals” does not apply to “corporations.”
in government. The State cannot strip itself of
the most essential power of taxation by Tax statutes offering rewards are liberally
doubtful words. He who claims an exemption construed in favor of informers. (Penid v. Virata,
(or an amnesty) from the common burden 121 SCRA 166 [1983]).
must justify his claim by the clearest grant of
organic or state law. It cannot be allowed to
exist upon a vague implication. If a doubt Exceptions:
arises as to the intent of the legislature, that (1) The rule of strict construction as against the
doubt must be resolved in favor of the state. government is not applicable where the
(CIR v. Marubeni Corp.,372 SCRA 576 [2001]). language of the statute is plain and there is
no doubt as to the legislative intent. (see 51
ii. Distinguished from tax exemption Am.Jur.368). In such case, the words
Tax amnesty is immunity from all criminal and employed are to be given their ordinary
civil obligations arising from non-payment of meaning. Ex. Word “individual” was
taxes. It is a general pardon given to all changed by the law to “person”. This clearly
taxpayers. It applies to past tax periods, hence indicates that the tax applies to both
of retroactive application.(People v. natural and juridical persons, unless
Castañeda, G.R. No. L-46881, September 15, otherwise expressly provided.
1988). (2) The rule does not apply where the taxpayer
claims exemption from the tax.
Tax exemption is an immunity from all civil
liability only. It is an immunity or privilege, a Tax statutes are to receive a reasonable
freedom from a charge or burden of which construction or interpretation with a view to
others are subjected. (Greenfield v. Meer, 77 carrying out their purpose and intent. They
Phil. 394 [1946]). It is generally prospective in should not be construed as to permit the
application.(Dimaampao, 2005, p. 111) taxpayer easily to evade the payment of tax.
(Carbon Steel Co. v. Lewellyn, 251 U.S. 201).
I.10. CONSTRUCTION AND Thus, the good faith of the taxpayer is not a
INTERPRETATION OF: sufficient justification for exemption from the
payment of surcharges imposed by the law for
failing to pay tax within the period required by
i. Tax laws
law.
General Rule: Tax laws are construed strictly
against the government and liberally in favor
of the taxpayer. (Manila Railroad Co. v. Coll. of
ii. Tax exemption and exclusion
Customs, 52 Phil. 950 [1929]). Tax exemptions must be shown to exist clearly
and categorically, and supported by clear legal
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provisions. [NPC v. Albay, G.R. No. 87479, June (Comm. V. Arnoldus Carpentry Shop, Inc.,
4, 1990] 159 SCRA 19 [1988]).
General Rule: In the construction of tax iii. Tax rules and regulations
statutes, exemptions are not favored and are The Secretary of Finance, upon
construed strictissimi juris against the recommendation of the CIR, shall promulgate
taxpayer. (Republic Flour Mills v. Comm. & all needful rules and regulations for the
CTA, 31 SCRA 520 [1970]). effective enforcement of the provisions of the
NIRC. (Sec. 244)
(a) NPC v. Albay: Tax exemptions must be
shown to exist clearly and categorically, and It is an elementary rule in administrative law
supported by clear legal provisions. that administrative regulations and policies
(b) Floro Cement v. Gorospe: Claims for an enacted by administrative bodies to interpret
exemption must be able to point out some the law which they are entrusted to enforce
provision of law creating the right, and have the force of law and entitled to great
cannot be allowed to exist upon a mere respect. They have in their favor a presumption
vague implication or inference. of legality [Gonzales v. Land Bank, 183 SCRA
(c) CIR v. CA: Refunds are in the nature of 520(1990)]
exemption, and must be construed strictly
against the grantee/taxpayer. Requisites for validity and effectivity of
(d) Comm. V. Kiener Co. Ltd. (65 SCRA 142 regulations
[1975]): Taxation is the rule and exemption (1) Reasonable
the exception, and therefore, he who claims (2) Within the authority conferred
exemption must be able to justify his claim (3) Not contrary to law and the Constitution
or right thereto, by a grant expressed in (Art. 7, Civil Code)
terms “too plain to be mistaken and too (4) Must be published
categorical to be misinterpreted.”
There are two kinds of administrative
Exceptions: issuances: the legislative rules and the
(a) When the law itself expressly provides for a interpretative rules. A legislative rule is in the
liberal construction, that is, in case of doubt, nature of subordinate legislation, designed to
it shall be resolved in favor of exemption; implement a primary legislation by providing
and the details thereof. An interpretative rule, on
(b) When the exemption is in favor of the the other hand, is designed to provide
government itself or its agencies, or of guidelines to the law, which the administrative
religious, charitable, and educational agency is in charge of enforcing. An
institutions because the general rule is that administrative rule should be published if it
they are exempt from tax. substantially adds to or increases the burden
(c) When the exemption is granted under of those governed. When an administrative
special circumstances to special classes of rule is merely interpretative in nature, its
persons. applicability needs nothing further than its
(d) If there is an express mention or if the bare issuance for it gives no real consequence
taxpayer falls within the purview of the more than what the law itself has already
exemption by clear legislative intent, the prescribed. When, upon the other hand, the
rule on strict construction does not apply. administrative rule goes beyond merely
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providing for the means that can facilitate or and original jurisdiction of the Commissioner
render least cumbersome the implementation of Internal Revenue subject to review by the
of the law but substantially adds to or Secretary of Finance (Sec. 4, par.1, NIRC).
increases the burden of those governed, it
behooves the agency to accord at least to Revenue regulations are the formal
those directly affected a chance to be heard, interpretation of the provisions of the NIRC
and thereafter to be duly informed, before that and other laws by the Secretary of Finance
new issuance is given the force and effect of upon the recommendation of the
law. (Commissioner v. Court of Appeals, Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
G.R.No. 119761 [1996]).
The Commissioner has the sole authority to
Rep. of the Philippines v. Pilipinas Shell issue rulings but he also has the power to
Petroleum Corporation, G.R. No. 173918, April delegate said authority to his subordinates. He
8, 2008. cannot, however, delegate to any of his
Tax regulations (issued by the CIR/DOF subordinate officials the power to issue rulings
Secretary) whose purpose is to enforce or of first impression (i.e., question involved is
implement existing law must (a) be published new and important) or to reverse, revoke or
in a newspaper of general circulation (see Art. modify any existing ruling of the BIR (Sec. 7[B],
2 of the Civil Code), AND (b) filed with UP Law NIRC).
Center ONAR (per Chapter 2, Book VII of the
Admin Code of 1987 (EO 292) before they can v. Decisions of the Supreme Court and
become effective. Court of Tax Appeals
Decisions of the Supreme Court applying or
Such rules once established and found to be in interpreting existing tax laws are binding on all
consonance with the general purposes and subordinate courts and have the force and
objects of the law have the force and effect of effect of law. As provided for in Article 8 of the
law, and so they must be applied and enforced. Civil Code, they “form part of the law of the
(De Guzman v. Lontok, 68 Phil. 495 [1939]). land”. They constitute evidence of what the
They are, therefore, just as binding as if the law means. (People v. Licera, 65 SCRA 270
regulations had been written in the law itself. [1975]).
NOTE: Administrative rules and regulations The same is also true with respect to decisions
must always be in harmony with the provisions of the Court of Tax Appeals. However, by the
of the law. In case of conflict with the law or nature of its jurisdiction, the decisions of this
the Constitution, the administrative rules and court are still appealable to the Supreme Court
regulations are null and void. As a matter of by a petition for review on certiorari.
policy, however, courts will declare a
regulation or provision thereof invalid only vi. Penal provisions of tax laws
when the conflict with the law is clear and Penal provisions of tax laws must be strictly
unequivocal. construed. It is not legitimate to stretch the
language of a rule, however beneficent its
iv. Administrative interpretations and intention, beyond the fair and ordinary
opinions meaning of its language.
The power to interpret the provisions of the Tax
Code and other tax laws is under the exclusive
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A penal statute should be construed strictly although each advantage to individuals might
against the State and in favor of the accused. incidentally serve the public. [Pascual v.
The reason for this principle is the tenderness Secretary of Public Works (1960)]
of the law for the rights of individuals and the
object is to establish a certain rule by The protection and promotion of the sugar
conformity to which mankind would be safe, industry is a matter of public concern; the
and the discretion of the court limited.(People legislature may determine within reasonable
v. Purisima, 86 SCRA 524 [1978]). bounds what is necessary for its protection and
expedient for its promotion. [Lutz v Araneta
vii. Non-retroactive application of tax (1955)]
laws to taxpayers
General rule: Tax laws are prospective in The public purpose of a tax may legally exist
operation. The reason is that the nature and even if the motive which impelled the
amount of the tax could not be foreseen and legislature to impose the tax was to favor one
understood by the taxpayer at the time the industry over another. [Tio v. Videogram
transaction which the law seeks to tax was (1987)]
completed.
Tests in Determining Public Purpose:
Exception: Tax laws may be applied (1) Duty Test - Whether the thing to be
retroactively provided it is expressly declared or furthered by the appropriation of public
clearly the legislative intent. (Lorenzo v. revenue is something which is the duty of
Posadas, 64 Phil. 353 [1937]). the State as a government to provide.
(2) Promotion of General Welfare Test -
Exception to the exception: a tax law should Whether the proceeds of the tax will directly
not be given retroactive application when it promote the welfare of the community in
would be so harsh and oppressive for in such equal measure.
case, the constitutional limitation of due (3) Character of the Direct Object of the
process would be violated (Republic v. Expenditure – it is the essential character of
Fernandez,[1956]). the direct object of the expenditure which
must determine its validity as justifying a
J. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF tax and not the magnitude of the interests
to be affected nor the degree to which the
TAXATION
general advantage of the community, and
thus the public welfare, may be ultimately
J.1. INHERENT LIMITATIONS benefited by their promotion. Incidental
advantage to the public or to the State,
i. Public Purpose which results from the promotion of private
The proceeds of the tax must be used (a) for enterprises or business, does not justify
the support of the State or (b) for some their aid with public money. [Pascual v. Sec.
recognized objects of government or directly to of Public Works, G.R. No. L-10405,
promote the welfare of the community. December 29, 1960]
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1. Income Tax
Reasons:
(1) In par in parem non habet imperium. As
between equals there is no sovereign
(Doctrine of Sovereign Equality among
states under international law). One state
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cannot exercise its sovereign powers over impeded. (1 Cooley 263). (3) The practical
another.) effect of an exemption running to the benefit of
(2) In international law, a foreign government the government is merely to reduce the
may not be sued without its consent amount of money that has to be handled by
useless to impose a tax which could not be the government in the course of its operations:
collected. For these reasons, provisions granting
(3) Usage among states that when a foreign exemptions to government agencies may be
sovereign enters the territorial jurisdiction construed liberally in favor of non-tax liability
of another, there is an implied of such agencies. (Maceda v. Macaraig, Jr., 197
understanding that the former does not SCRA 771 [1991]).
intend to degrade its dignity by placing
itself under the jurisdiction of the other. Exception: When it chooses to tax itself.
(4) Rule in international law that a foreign Nothing can prevent Congress from decreeing
government may not be sued without its that even instrumentalities or agencies of the
consent so that it is useless to assess the tax government performing governmental
anyway since it cannot be collected. functions may be subject to tax. (Mactan Cebu
Airport v Marcos, G.R. No. 120082 September
vi. Exemption of Government Entities, 11, 1996) There is no constitutional prohibition
Agencies, and Instrumentalities against the government taxing itself. (Coll. v.
Bisaya Land Transportation, 105 Phil. 338
If the taxing authority is the National [1959]).
Government:
General Rule: Agencies and instrumentalities If the taxing authority is the local government
of the government are exempt from tax. unit: RA 7160 expressly prohibits LGUs from
levying tax on the National Government, its
Note: Unless otherwise provided by law, the agencies and instrumentalities and other
exemption applies only to government entities LGUs. [Local Government Code, Sec. 133 (o)]
through which the government immediately
and directly exercises its sovereign powers. J.2. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS
With respect to government-owned or
controlled corporations performing proprietary i. Provisions Directly Affecting Taxation
(not governmental) functions, they are
generally subject to tax in the absence of tax 1. Prohibition against imprisonment for non-
exemption provisions in their charters or the payment of poll tax
law creating them. Art III, Sec 20, 1987 Constitution- No person
shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment
Reasons for the exemption: (1) To levy a tax of a poll tax.
upon public property would render necessary
new taxes on other public property for the 2. Uniformity and equality of taxation
payment of the tax so laid and thus, the Art VI, Sec 28(1), 1987 Constitution- The rule of
government would be taxing itself to raise taxation shall be uniform and equitable.
money to pay over for itself. (2) This immunity Congress shall evolve a progressive system of
also rests upon fundamental principles of taxation.
government, being necessary in order that the (1) Uniformity- All taxable articles or properties
functions of government shall not be unduly of the same class shall be taxed at the same
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rate. (City of Baguio v. de Leon, 25 SCRA Taxation does not require identity or equality
938). (1) Uniformity of operation under all circumstances, or negate the
throughout tax unit - The rule requires the authority to classify the objects of taxation. –
uniform application and operation, without Classification to be valid, must, be reasonable
discrimination, of the tax in every place and this requirement is not deemed satisfied
where the subject of it is found. This means, unless:
for example, that a tax for a national (1) it is based upon substantial distinctions
purpose must be uniform and equal which make real differences;
throughout the country and a tax for a (2) these are germane to the purpose of the
province, city, municipality, or barangay legislation or ordinance;
must be uniform and equal throughout the (3) the classification applies, not only to
province, city, municipality or barangay. (2) present conditions, but, also, to future
Equality in burden – Uniformity implies conditions substantially identical to those of
equality in burden, not equality in amount the present; and
or equality in its strict and literal meaning. (4) the classification applies equally to all those
The reason is simple enough. If legislation who belong to the same class.
imposes a single tax upon all persons, (Pepsi-Cola v. Butuan City, 24 SCRA 789)
properties, or transactions, an inequality
would obviously result considering that not The progressive system of taxation would
all persons, properties, and transactions are place stress on direct rather than indirect
identical or similarly situated. Neither does taxes, on non-essentiality rather than
uniformity demand that taxes shall be essentiality to the taxpayer of the object of
proportional to the relative value or amount taxation, or on the taxpayer’s ability to pay.
of the subject thereof. Taxes may be Example is that individual income tax system
progressive. that imposes rates progressing upwards as the
(2) Equity – 1) Uniformity in taxation is effected tax base (taxpayer’s taxable income) increases.
through the apportionment of the tax A progressive tax, however, must not be
burden among the taxpayers which under confused with a progressive system of taxation.
the Constitution must be equitable.
“Equitable” means fair, just, reasonable and While equal protection refers more to like
proportionate to the taxpayer’s ability to treatment of persons in like circumstances,
pay. Taxation may be uniform but uniformity and equity refer to the proper
inequitable where the amount of the tax relative treatment for tax purposes of persons
imposed is excessive or unreasonable. (2) in unlike circumstances.
The constitutional requirement of equity in
taxation also implies an approach which 3. Grant by Congress of authority to the
employees a reasonable classification of the President to impose tariff rates
entities or individuals who are to be affected Delegation of Tariff powers to the President
by a tax. Where the “tax differentiation is under the flexible tariff clause [Art VI, Sec
not based on material or substantial 28(2), 1987 Constitution], which authorizes the
differences,” the guarantee of equal President to modify import duties. (Sec. 401,
protection of the laws and the uniformity Tariff and Customs Code)
rule will likewise be infringed.
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violence to the Constitutions and the law. This provision covers only non-stock, non-profit
Solely is synonymous with exclusively. [Lung educational institutions
Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City
(2004)] The exemption covers income, property, and
donor’s taxes, custom duties, and other taxes
Note: Lung Center did not necessarily overturn imposed by either or both the national
the case of Abra Valley College v. Aquino government or political subdivisions on all
(1988). Lung Center just provided a stricter revenues, assets, property or donations, used
interpretation. In Abra Valley, the court held: actually, directly and exclusively for
The primary use of the school lot and building educational purposes. (In the case of religious
is the basic and controlling guide, norm and and charitable entities and non-profit
standard to determine tax exemption, and not cemeteries, the exemption is limited to
the mere incidental use thereof. Under the property tax.)
1935 Constitution, the trial court correctly held
that the school building as well as the lot The exemption does not cover revenues
where it is built, should be taxed, not because derived from, or assets used in, unrelated
the second floor of the same is being used by activities or enterprise.
the Director and his family for residential
purposes (incidental to its educational Similar tax exemptions may be extended to
purpose), but because the first floor thereof is proprietary (for profit) educational institutions
being used for commercial purposes. However, by law subject to such limitations as it may
since only a portion is used for purposes of provide, including restrictions on dividends and
commerce, it is only fair that half of the provisions for reinvestment. The restrictions
assessed tax be returned to the school involved. are designed to insure that the tax-exemption
benefits are used for educational purposes.
5. Prohibition against taxation of non-stock,
non-profit educational institutions Lands, buildings, and improvements actually,
directly and exclusively used for educational
Art XIV, Sec 4, 1987 Constitution purposes are exempt from property tax (Sec.
(3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non- 28[3], Art. VI, 1987 Constitution), whether the
profit educational institutions used actually, educational institution is proprietary or non-
directly, and exclusively for educational profit.
purposes shall be exempt from taxes and
duties.
Art. VI, sec. 28, par. 3 Art. XIV, sec. 4, par. 3
Proprietary educational institutions, including Charitable institutions, Non-stock, non-
those cooperatively owned, may likewise be churches and profit educational
entitled to such exemptions subject to the parsonages or institutions.
limitations provided by law, including convents appurtenant
restrictions on dividends and provisions for
thereto, mosques, non-
reinvestment.
profit cemeteries, and
(4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all all lands, buildings,
grants, endowments, donations, or and improvements,
contributions used actually, directly, and actually, directly, and
exclusively for educational purposes shall be exclusively used for
exempt from tax. religious, charitable, or
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penalty imposed in relation thereto. 12. Exemption from real property taxes
Art Vi, Sec 28(3), 1987 Constitution
San Miguel Corp v. Avelino (G.R. No. L-39699 Charitable institutions, churches and
March 14, 1979): Even the legislative body personages or convents appurtenant thereto,
cannot deprive the SC of its appellate mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands,
jurisdiction over all cases coming from inferior buildings, and improvements, actually,
courts where the constitutionality or validity of directly, and exclusively used for religious,
an ordinance or the legality of any tax, impost, charitable, or educational purposes shall be
assessment, or toll is in question. exempt from taxation.
Art VI, Sec 30, 1987 Constitution. No law shall 13. No appropriation or use of public money for
be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction religious purposes
of the Supreme Court without its advice and Art Vi, Sec 29, 1987 Constitution
concurrence. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury
except in pursuance of an appropriation
made by law.
Scope of Judicial Review in taxation: limited
(2) No public money or property shall be
only to the interpretation and application of appropriated, applied, paid, or employed,
tax laws. Its power does not include inquiry directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or
into the policy of legislation. Neither can it support of any sect, church, denomination,
legitimately question or refuse to sanction the sectarian institution, or system of religion,
provisions of any law consistent with the or of any priest, preacher, minister, other
Constitution. (Bisaya Land Transportation Co v. religious teacher, or dignitary as such,
except when such priest, preacher, minister,
Collector, May 29, 1959) or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces,
or to any penal institution, or government
10. Grant of power to the local government orphanage or leprosarium.
units to create its own sources of revenue (3) All money collected on any tax levied for a
LGUs have power to create its own sources of special purpose shall be treated as a special
revenue and to levy taxes, fees and charges, fund and paid out for such purpose only. If
subject to such guidelines and limitations as the purpose for which a special fund was
created has been fulfilled or abandoned,
the Congress may provide which must be the balance, if any, shall be transferred to
consistent with the basic policy of local the general funds of the Government
autonomy. [Art X, Sec 5, 1987 Constitution]
ii. Provisions Indirectly Affecting Taxation
11. Flexible tariff clause
Delegation of Tariff powers to the President 1. Due process
under the flexible tariff clause [Art VI, Sec Art III, Sec 1, 1987 Constitution. No person
28(2), 1987 Constitution] shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law, nor shall any
Flexible tariff clause: the authority given to the person be denied the equal protection of the
President, upon the recommendation of NEDA, laws.
to adjust the tariff rates under Sec. 401 of the
Code in the interest of national economy, (1) Substantive Due Process – An act is done
general welfare and/or national security. under the authority of a valid law or the
Constitution itself.
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(2) Procedural Due Process – An act is done The doctrine does not require that persons or
after compliance with fair and reasonable properties different in fact be treated in laws as
methods or procedure prescribed by law. though they were the same. Indeed, to treat
them the same or alike may offend the
Due Process in Taxation requirements: Constitution. What the Constitution prohibits is
(1) public purpose class legislation which discriminates against
(2) imposed within taxing authority’s territorial some and favors others. As long as there are
jurisdiction rational or reasonable grounds for so doing,
(3) assessment or collection is not arbitrary or Congress may, therefore, group the persons or
oppressive properties to be taxed and it is sufficient “if all
of the same class are subject to the same rate
The due process clause may be invoked where and the tax is administered impartially upon
a taxing statute is so arbitrary that it finds no them.” (1 Cooley 608).
support in the Constitution, as where it can be
shown to amount to the confiscation of The equal protection clause is subject to
property. (Sison v. Ancheta, 130 SCRA 654 reasonable classification. Classification is valid
[1984])) as long as:
(1) Classification rests on substantial
Instances of violations of the due process distinctions which make real differences,
clause: (2) Classification is germane to achieve the
(1) If the tax amounts to confiscation of legislative purpose,
property; (3) The law applies, all things being equal, to
(2) If the subject of confiscation is outside the both present and future conditions, and
jurisdiction of the taxing authority; (4) The classification applies equally well to all
(3) If the tax is imposed for a purpose other those belonging to the same class.
than a public purpose;
(4) If the law which is applied retroactively 3. Religious freedom
imposes just and oppressive taxes. Art III, Sec 5, 1987 Constitution. No law shall
(5) If the law violates the inherent limitations be made respecting an establishment of
on taxation. religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof. (Non-establishment clause)
2. Equal protection The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
Art III, Sec 1, 1987 Constitution. No person profession and worship, without discrimination
shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property or preference, shall forever be allowed. (Free
without due process of law, nor shall any exercise clause)
person be denied the equal protection of the No religious test shall be required for the
laws. exercise of civil and political rights.
All persons subject to legislation shall be The free exercise clause is the basis of tax
treated alike under similar circumstances and exemptions.
conditions both in the privileges conferred and
liabilities imposed. (1 Cooley 824-825; See The imposition of license fees on the
Sison v. Ancheta,1984]). distribution and sale of bibles and other
religious literature by a non-stock, non-profit
missionary organization not for purposes of
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profit amounts to a condition or permit for the and how taxes are to be implemented (the
exercise of their right, thus violating the manner of imposing and collecting tax). It
constitutional guarantee of the free exercise also involves the granting of tax exemptions,
and enjoyment of religious profession and tax amnesties or tax condonation.
worship which carries with it the right to (2) ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION – This process
disseminate religious beliefs and information. involves the act of administration and
[American Bible Society v. City of Manila, L- implementation of tax laws by the executive
9637 April 30, 1957]It is actually in the nature through its administrative agencies such as
of a condition or permit for the exercise of the the Bureau of Internal Revenue or Bureau of
right. This is different from a tax in the income Customs.
of one who engages in religious activities or a (3) PAYMENT – this process involves the act of
tax on property used or employed in compliance by the taxpayer in contributing
connection with those activities. It is one thing his share to pay the expenses of the
to impose a tax on the income or property of a government. Payment of tax also includes
preacher. It is quite another thing to exact a tax the options, schemes or remedies as may be
for the privilege of delivering a sermon. legally open or available to the taxpayer.
(American Bible Society v. City of Manila) (4) REFUND – A claim for refund must first be
filed with the Commissioner of Internal
The Constitution, however, does not prohibit Revenue. A suit or proceeding may be filed
imposing a generally applicable tax on the sale within two years from the date of payment
of religious materials by a religious of the tax or penalty regardless of any
organization. (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supervening cause that may arise after
235 SCRA 630 [1994]) payment. The Commissioner may, even
without a written claim therefor, refund or
4. Non-impairment of obligations of contracts credit any tax, where on the face of the
Art III, Sec 10, 1987 Constitution. No law return, such payment appears clearly to
impairing the obligation of contracts shall be have been erroneously paid. [Sec. 229,
passed. NIRC]
The Contract Clause has never been thought as K. REQUISITES OF A VALID TAX
a limitation on the exercise of the State's (1) For a public purpose
power of taxation save only where a tax (2) Rule of taxation should be uniform
exemption has been granted for a valid (3) The person or property taxed is within the
consideration. [Tolentino v. Secretary of jurisdiction of the taxing authority
Finance (1994)] (4) Assessment and collection is in consonance
with the due process clause
STAGES OR PROCESS OF TAXATION (5) The tax must not infringe on the inherent
The exercise of taxation involves three stages, and constitutional limitations of the power
namely: of taxation
(1) LEVY OR IMPOSITION– This process involves
the passage of tax laws or ordinances
through the legislature. The tax laws to be
passed shall determine those to be taxed
(person, property or rights), how much is to
be collected (the rate and the base of tax),
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Importance of the distinctions taking into account not only the costs of
(1) It is necessary to determine whether a direct regulation but also its incidental
particular imposition is a tax or a license fee consequences as well.
because some limitations apply only to one
and not to the other, and for the reason that Note: Taxes may also be imposed for
exemption from taxes may not include regulatory purposes. It is called regulatory tax.
exemption from license fee.
(2) The power to regulate as an exercise of Fees may be properly regarded as taxes even
police power does not include the power to though they also served as an instrument of
impose fees for revenue purposes. The regulation. If the purpose is primarily revenue,
amount of tax bears no relation at all to the or if revenue is, at least, one of the real and
probable cost of regulating the activity, substantial purposes, then the exaction is
occupation, or property being taxed. (see properly called a tax.[PAL v. Edu (1988)]
Progressive Development Corp. vs. Quezon
City, 172 SCRA 629 [1989]) L.4. SPECIAL ASSESSMENT
(3) An exaction, however, may be considered
both a tax and a license fee. This is true in Taxes Special Assessment
the case of car registration fees which may
be regarded as taxes even as they also serve Levied not only on Levied only on land.
as an instrument of regulation. If the land.
purpose is primarily revenue, or if revenue, Imposed regardless Imposed because of
is, at least, one of the real and substantial of public an increase in value
purposes, then the exaction is properly improvements of land benefited by
called a tax. (Phil. Airlines, Inc. vs. Edu, 164 public improvement.
SCRA 320 [1988]) Contribution of a Contribution of a
(4) But a tax may have only a regulatory taxpayer for the person for the
purpose. The general rule, however, is that support of the construction of a
the imposition is a tax if its primary purpose government. public improvement
is to generate revenue, and regulation is It has general Exceptional both as
merely incidental; but if regulation is the application both as to to time and locality.
primary purpose, the fact that incidentally time and place.
revenue is also obtained does not make the
imposition a tax. (see Progressive A special assessment is not a personal liability
Development Corp. vs. Quezon City) of the person assessed, i.e., his liability is
limited only to the land involved. It is based
Progressive Development Corp v. QC (1989): To wholly on benefits (not necessity).
be considered a license fee (PRIMARY
PURPOSE TEST): A charge imposed only on property owners
(1) imposition must relate to an occupation or benefited is a special assessment rather than a
activity that so engages the public interest tax notwithstanding that the statute calls it a
in health, morals, safety and development tax. The rule is that an exemption from
as to require regulation for the protection taxation does not include exemption from
and promotion of such public interest; special assessment. But the power to tax
(2) imposition must bear a reasonable relation carries with it the power to levy a special
to the probable expenses of regulation, assessment.
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L.6. PENALTY
Note: The term "special levy" is the name used
in the present Local Government Code (RA. No. Taxes Penalty
7160). A province, city, or municipality, or the
National Government, may impose a special Violation of tax laws Any sanction imposed
levy on lands especially benefited by public may give rise to as a punishment for
works or improvements financed by it (see Sec. imposition of penalty. violation of law or
240, RA 7160). acts deemed injurious
Generally intended to Designed to regulate
L.5. DEBT raise revenue conduct
May be imposed only May be imposed by
Taxes Debt by the government the government or
private individuals or
Based on laws Generally based on entities
contract, express or Cannot be a subject Can be a subject of
implied. of set off or set off or
Generally cannot be Assignable compensation compensation (see
assigned Art. 1279, Civil Code)
Generally paid in May be paid in kind.
money M. KINDS OF TAXES
Cannot be a subject Can be a subject of
of set off or set off or M.1. AS TO OBJECT
compensation compensation (see (1) Personal, Poll or Capitation Tax – tax of a
Art. 1279, Civil Code) fixed amount imposed on persons residing
A person cannot be Imprisonment is a within a specified territory, whether citizens
imprisoned for non- sanction for non- or not, without regard to their property or
payment of debt payment of tax, the occupation or business in which they
(except when it arises except poll tax. may be engaged (e.g. community (formerly
from a crime), residence) tax). Taxes of a specified amount
Governed by the Governed by the imposed upon each person performing a
special prescriptive ordinary periods of certain act or engaging in a certain business
periods provided for prescription. or profession are not, however, poll taxes.
in the NIRC. (71 Am.Jur.2d 357).
Does not draw Draws interest when (2) Property Tax – tax imposed on property, real
interest except only it is so stipulated or or personal, in proportion to its value or in
when delinquent where there is accordance with some other reasonable
default. method of apportionment (e.g., real estate
Imposed only by Can be imposed by tax). The obligation to pay the tax is
public authority private individual absolute and unavoidable and is not based
upon the voluntary action of the person
A tax is not a debt in the ordinary sense of the assessed.
word. (3) Privilege/Excise Tax – any tax which does
not fall within the classification of a poll tax
or a property tax. Thus, it is said that an
excise tax is a charge imposed upon the
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performance of an act, the enjoyment of a (2) Ad Valorem Tax – a tax of a fixed proportion
privilege, or the engaging in an occupation, of the value of the property with respect to
profession, or business. The obligation to which the tax is assessed. It requires the
pay the tax is based on the voluntary action intervention of assessors or appraisers to
of the person taxed in performing the act or estimate the value of such property before
engaging in the activity which is subject to the amount due from each taxpayer can be
the excise. The term “excise tax” is determined. The phrase “ad valorem”
synonymous with “privilege tax” and the means literally, “according to value.” (e.g.
two are often used interchangeably (e.g., real estate tax, excise tax on automobiles,
income tax, value added tax, estate tax, non-essential goods such as jewelry and
donor’s tax). perfumes, customs duties (except on
cinematographic films)).
M.2. AS TO BURDEN OR INCIDENCE (3) Mixed
(1) Direct Taxes – taxes which are demanded
from persons who also shoulder them; taxes AS TO PURPOSES
for which the taxpayer is directly or (1) General or Fiscal Tax –levied for the general
primarily liable, or which he cannot shift to or ordinary purposes of the Government, i.e.,
another (eg. Income tax, estate tax, donor’s to raise revenue for governmental needs
tax, community tax) (e.g. income tax, value added tax, and
(2) Indirect Taxes – taxes which are demanded almost all taxes).
from one person in the expectation and (2) Special/Regulatory/ Sumptuary Tax –levied
intention that he shall indemnify himself at for special purposes i.e., to achieve some
the expense of another, falling finally upon social or economic ends irrespective of
the ultimate purchaser or consumer; taxes whether revenue is actually raised or not
levied upon transactions or activities before (e.g. protective tariffs or customs duties on
the articles subject matter thereof, reach imported goods to enable similar products
the consumers who ultimately pay for them manufactured locally to compete with such
not as taxes but as part of the purchase imports in the domestic market).
price. Thus, the person who absorbs or
bears the burden of the tax is other than the Tariff duties intended mainly as a source of
one on whom it is imposed and required by revenue are relatively low so as not to
law to pay the tax. Practically all business discourage imports.
taxes are indirect (e.g., VAT, percentage tax;
excise taxes on specified goods; customs M.4. AS TO SCOPE (OR AUTHORITY
duties). IMPOSING THE TAX)
(1) National – taxes imposed by the national
M.3. AS TO TAX RATES government (e.g. national internal revenue
(1) Specific Tax – a tax of a fixed amount taxes, customs duties, and national taxes
imposed by the head or number or by some imposed by laws).
other standard of weight or (2) Municipal or Local – taxes imposed by local
measurement. It requires no assessment governments (e.g. business taxes that may
(valuation) other than the listing or be imposed under the Local Government
classification of the objects to be taxed (e.g., Code; professional tax).
taxes on distilled spirits, wines, and
fermented liquors; cigars and cigarettes)
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M.5. AS TO GRADUATION
(1) Proportionate – The rate of tax is based on a
II. National Internal
fixed percentage of the amount of the Revenue Code of 1997 as
property, receipts or other basis to be taxed.
Example: real estate tax, value added tax, amended (NIRC)
and other percentage taxes.
(2) Progressive – The rate of tax increases as Income Taxation
the tax base or bracket increases. Income Tax is defined as a tax on all yearly
Example: income tax, estate tax, donor’s tax. profits arising from property, professions,
(3) Digressive – A fixed rate is imposed on a trades, or offices, or as a tax on the person’s
certain amount and diminishes gradually on income, emoluments, profits and the like
sums below it. The tax rate in this case is (Fisher v. Trinidad, 43 Phil. 981).
arbitrary because the increase in tax rate is
not proportionate to the increase of tax It may be succinctly defined as a tax on
base. income, whether gross or net, realized in one
(4) Regressive – The rate of tax decreases as taxable year.
the tax base or bracket increases. There is
no regressive tax in the Philippines. Income tax is generally classified as an excise
tax. It is not levied upon persons, property,
Regressive/Progressive system of taxation funds or profits but upon the right of a person
A regressive tax must not be confused with the to receive income or profits.
regressive system of taxation.
In the Philippines, income tax is imposed on
In a society where the majority of the people the net income of citizens, resident aliens,
have low incomes, regressive taxation system domestic corporations, and nonresident aliens
exists when there are more indirect taxes and foreign corporations engaged in trade or
imposed than direct taxes. Since the low- business within the Philippines (Sec. 24 (A),
income sector of the population as a whole Sec. 25 (A), Sec. 27 (A), Sec. 28 (A), NIRC). It is
buys more consumption goods on which the also imposed on the gross income of
indirect taxes are collected, the burden of nonresident aliens and foreign corporations-
indirect taxes rests more on them than on the not doing business in the Philippines (Sec. 25
more affluent groups. There should be no (B), (C), (D), Sec. 28 (B), NIRC). It is further
objection if indirect taxes are raised on luxury imposed as a final tax on certain passive
items consumed mainly by the higher income income (interests, royalties, prizes, and other
groups and reduced on basic commodities winnings), cash and property dividends, capital
consumed by the lower income segments of gains from the sale of domestic shares of stock
society. and real property classified as capital assets
located in the Philippines (Sec. 24 (B), Sec. 25
Studies reveal that the progressive elements of (A) (2), (3), Sec. 27 (D), Sec. 28 (A), NIRC).
the income and other direct taxes have not
sufficiently offset the regressive effects of the Income Tax Law aims to mitigate the evils
indirect taxes as a whole. arising from the inequalities of wealth by a
progressive scheme of taxation which places
A progressive tax is, therefore, also different the burden of on those best able to pay
from a progressive system of taxation.
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E.2. WHEN CALENDAR YEAR SHALL BE For income tax purposes, taxpayers are
USED IN COMPUTING TAXABLE INCOME: classified generally as follows:
(a) If the taxpayer's annual accounting period is (1) Individuals;
other than a fiscal year; or (2) Corporations;
(b) If the taxpayer has no annual accounting (3) Partnerships; and
period; or (4) Estates and Trusts.
(c) If the taxpayer does not keep books of
accounts; or
(d) If the taxpayer is an individual (Sec. 43,
NIRC).
Special Classes of
Minimum Wage Earner
Individuals
Domestic Corporations
Corporations Resident Corporations
Foreign Corporations
Non-resident Corporations
Estates and Trusts
General Business Partnership
Partnerships
General Professional Partnership
Co-ownerships
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(b) A mere increase in the value of property is (b) Matured interest coupons not yet
not income, but merely unrealized increase collected by the taxpayer
in capital. (1 Mertens, Sec. 5.06)The (c) Dividends applied by the corporation
increase in the value of property is also against the indebtedness of a
known as appraisal surplus or revaluation stockholder
increment. (d) Share in the profit of a partner in a
general professional partnership,
although not yet distributed, is regarded
ii. When is there INCOME? as constructively received; or
When there is a FLOW of wealth other than (e) Intended payment deposited in court
mere return of capital during the taxable (consignation).
period.
The doctrine of constructive receipt is
Income v. Capital (Madrigal v. Rafferty) designed to prevent the taxpayer using the
cash basis from deferring or postponing the
Income Capital actual receipt of taxable income. Without
the rule, the taxpayer can conveniently
Denotes a flow of Fund or property select the year in which he will report the
wealth during a existing at one income. (Dimaampao)
definite period of distinct point in time.
time. For a taxpayer using the accrual method, the
Service of wealth Wealth itself determinative question is, when do the facts
Subject to tax Return of capital is present themselves in such a manner that the
not subject to tax taxpayer must recognize income or expense?
Fruit Tree The accrual of income and expense is
permitted when the all-events test has been
met. This test requires: (1) fixing of a right to
iii. Realization of Income
income or liability to pay; and (2) the
availability of the reasonable accurate
Tests of Realization
determination of such income or liability [CIR
v. Isabela Cultural Corporation].
Actual vis-à-vis Constructive receipt
(1) Actual receipt – Income is actually reduced
The “As If” Theory of Constructive Income is
to possession. The realization of gain may
designed to prevent a cash basis taxpayer to
take the form of actual receipt of cash.
delay reporting of income. It also resumes the
(2) Constructive receipt– An income is
existence of income on transactions
considered constructively received when it is
supposedly not subject to tax. [Valencia and
credited to the account of, or segregated in
Roxas]
favour of a person. The person may
withdraw the said account credited in his
favor anytime without any substantial
limitations or conditions upon which
payment or enjoyment is to be made or
exercised. Examples of constructive receipt
of income are:
(a) Interest credited on savings bank deposit
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sale is subject to a capital gains tax of 6% (a) If the initial payments exceed 25% of the
based on the selling price or zonal value, selling price, the gain realized may be
whichever is higher. reported on a deferred payment method.
Note: Initial payments are the total payments (b) The taxable gain or income returnable
received in cash or property (other than during the year of sale is the difference
evidences of indebtedness such as promissory between the selling or contract price and
notes, mortgages given) by the seller upon or the cost of the property, even though the
before the execution of the instrument of sale entire purchase price has not been actually
during the taxable year of the disposition of the received in the year of sale.
real property. Considered as initial payments (c) The obligations of the purchaser received by
are the downpayment and all other payments the vendor are to be considered as
received by the seller during the year of sale, equivalent of cash.
including excess mortgage assumed by the
buyer over the basis or cost of the property sold.
It contemplates at least one other payment in Personal Property Real Property
addition to the initial payment. If the entire
purchase price is to be paid in a lump sum in a Dealer
later year, there being no payment during the Dealer in personal Installment method;
first year, the income may not be returned on property who Provided, initial
the installment basis. regularly sells in payments do not
installment plan: exceed 25% of selling
Installment method price
Selling price is the total amount or price of the
If exceeds 25%--
sale including the cash or property received *held as ordinary Deferred payment
and all notes of the buyer or mortgages assetregardless of method
assumed by him. amount of percentage
of initial payments *held as inventory
Contract price is the amount which the Casual Sale
purchaser contracts to pay the seller in cash. It Installment method;
includes the excess of the mortgages assumed Provided:
over the cost or other basis of the property sold. (1) Selling price
exceeds php1,000
Change from accrual to installment basis (2) Initial payments do
not exceed 25% of
A taxpayer entitled to the benefits of a dealer
selling price
in personal property may elect for any taxable
If either of 2 or both
year to report his taxable income on the conditions not met—
installment basis. In computing his income for Deferred payment
the year of change or any subsequent year, method
amounts actually received during any such
year on account of sales or other dispositions *personal property
of property made in any prior year shall not be not considered
excluded. [see Sec. 49(D), NIRC]. inventory
Sale by Individuals
Deferred Payment Installment method;
Provided, initial
payments do not
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In recognizing realized revenue for long-term (3) Economic benefit test, Doctrine of
construction contracts, accountants usually Proprietary Interest – any economic
follow two methods: benefit to the employee that increases his
net worth, whatever may have been the
(a) Completed contract method – requires mode by which it is effected, is taxable.
recognition of revenue only when the Thus, in stock options, the difference
contract is finally completed; and between the fair market value of the
(b) Percentage of completion method – requires shares at the time the option is exercised
recognition of income based on the and the option price constitutes additional
progress of work. compensation income to the employee at
the time of exercise (not upon the grant or
Long-term contracts are no longer allowed vesting of the right).
to be reported based on the completed
contract method basis beginning January 1, (4) Severance Test - Under the doctrine of
1998 pursuant to RA 8424; hence, all long- severance test of income, in order that
term contracts must be reported using the income may exist, is necessary that there
percentage of completion method. be a separation from capital of something
of exchangeable value. The income
Tests in determining whether income is earned required a realization of gain.
for tax purposes
(1) Realization test – no taxable income until (5) All Events Test
there is a separation from capital of Under the accrual method of accounting,
something of exchangeable value, thereby expenses are deductible in the taxable
supplying the realization or transmutation year in which: (1) all events have occurred
which would result in the receipt of which determine the liability; and (2) the
income (Eisner v Macomber). Thus, stock
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amount of liability can be determined with The term “gross income” whenever used
reasonable accuracy. without qualification, is comprehensive, as
defined above, and is different from the
limited meaning of gross income for
“All events test” requires: purposes of minimum corporate income tax
(a) Fixing a right to income or liability to or the gross income tax of corporations.
pay; and Gross income includes gross profit from
(b) The availability of reasonably accurate ordinary business and other income not
determination of such income or subject to passive income tax or final
liability. withholding tax.
Gross income means income, gain, or profit
All of the above tests are followed in the subject to income tax.
Philippines for purposes of determining
whether income is received by the taxpayer or It includes the compensation for personal
not during the year (Mamalateo). services, business income, profits, and
income derived from any source whatever
I. GROSS INCOME (whether legal or illegal)
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benefits earned without meeting the therein is not exempted. Services of the
conditions for exemption thereof, such as household nature in or about a private home
retirement of less than 50 years of age.) include services rendered by cooks, maids,
butlers, valets, laundresses, gardeners,
General Rule: every form of compensation chauffeurs of automobiles for family use. The
income is taxable regardless of how it is remuneration paid for the services which are
earned, by whom it is paid, the label by which performed in or about rooming or lodging
it is designated, the basis upon which it is houses, boarding houses, clubs, hotels,
determined, or the form in which it is received. hospitals or commercial officer or
The basis upon which remuneration is paid is establishments is considered as compensation.
immaterial. It may be paid on the basis of piece Remuneration paid for services performed as a
of work, percentage of profits, hourly, weekly, private secretary, even if they are performed in
monthly, or annually. the employer’s home is considered as
compensation.
Exception: The term wages does NOT include
remuneration paid: The term “casual labor” includes labor which is
(a) For agricultural labor paid entirely in occasional, incidental or regular. “Not in the
products of the farm where the labor is course of the employer’s trade or business”
performed, or includes labor that does not promote or
(b) For domestic service in a private home, or advance the trade or business of the employer.
(c) For casual labor not in the course of the
employer's trade or business, or The term “remuneration paid for services
(d) For services by a citizen or resident of the performed as an employee of a foreign
Philippines for a foreign government or an government or an international organization”
int’l organization. [Sec. 78(A)] includes not only remuneration paid for
services performed by ambassadors, ministers
Note: The term “agricultural labor” does not and other diplomatic officers and employees
include services performed in connection with but also remuneration paid for services
forestry, lumbering or landscaping. performed as consular or other officer or
employee of a foreign government or as a non-
The term “remuneration for domestic services” diplomatic representative of such government.
refers to remuneration paid for services of a
household nature performed by an employee Compensation income including overtime pay,
in or about the private home of the person holiday pay, night shift differential pay, and
whom he is employed. The services of hazard pay, earned by MINIMUM WAGE
household personnel furnished to an employee EARNERS (MWE) who has no other returnable
(except rank and file employees) by an income are NOT taxable and not subject to
employer shall be subject to the fringe benefits withholding tax on wages [RA 9504]. Provided,
tax pursuant to Sec. 33 of the Tax Code. A however, that an employee shall not enjoy the
private home is the fixed place of abode of an privilege of being a MWE and, therefore,
individual or family. If the home is utilized his/her entire earning are not exempt from
primarily for the purpose of supplying board or income tax and, consequently, from
lodging to the public as a business enterprise, withholding tax if he receives/earns additional
it ceases to be a private home and compensation such as commissions, honoraria,
remuneration paid for services performed fringe benefits, benefits in excess of the
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Forms of compensation and how they are If meals, living quarters, and other facilities
assessed and privileges are furnished to an employee for
(1) Cash – If compensation is paid in cash, the the convenience of the employer, and
full amount received is the measure of the incidental to the requirement of the
income subject to tax. employee’s work or position, the value of that
(2) Medium other than money – If services are privilege need not be included as
paid for in a medium other than money (e.g. compensation (Henderson v. Collector)
shares of stock, bonds, and other forms of
property), the fair market value (FMV) of the The amount of “de minimis” benefits
thing taken in payment is the amount to be confirming to the ceiling prescribed shall not
included as compensation subject to tax. If be considered in determining the P30,000
the services are rendered at a stipulated ceiling of “other benefits” excluded from gross
price, in the absence of evidence to the income under Section 32 (b)(7)(e) of the Tax
contrary, such price will be presumed to be Code, Provided, that the excess of the ‘de
the FMV of the remuneration received. minimis’ benefits over their respective ceilings
(3) Living quarters or meals - prescribed by these regulations shall be
General Rule: The value to the employee of considered as part of “other benefits” and the
the living quarters and meals given by the employee receiving it will be subject to tax
employer shall be added to his only on the excess over the P30,000 ceiling,
compensation subject to withholding. Provided, further, that MWEs receiving, ‘other
Exception: If living quarters/meals are benefits’ exceeding the P30,000 limit shall be
furnished to an employee for the taxable on the excess benefits, as well as on
convenience of the employer the value his salaries, wages, and allowances, just like
needed NOT be included as part of an employee receiving compensation income
compensation income. beyond the SMW. Any amount given by the
(4) Facilities and privileges of a relatively small employer as benefits to its employees, whether
value - Facilities and privileges (such an classified as “de minimis” benefits or fringe
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not subject to withholding tax) [RR NO. 2-98, (a) Connotes involuntariness on the part of the
Sec. 2.78.1] official or employee
(b) The separation from the service of the
Hazard or Emergency Pay – additional official or employee must not be asked for
payment received due to the workers’ exposure or initiated by him.
to danger or harm while working. It is normally (c) The separation was not of his own making.
added to the basic salary together with the (d) Such fact shall be duly established by the
overtime pay and night differential to arrive at employer by competent evidence which
gross salary. should be attached to the monthly return
for the period in which the amount paid due
Retirement Pay – a lump sum payment to the involuntary separation was made.
received by an employee who has served a (e) Amounts received by reason of involuntary
company for a considerable period of time and separation remain EXEMPT from income tax
has decided to withdraw from work into privacy. even if the official or the employee, at the
[RR 6-82, Sec. 2b] time of separation, had rendered less than
ten (10) years of service and/or is below fifty
In general, retirement pay is taxable except in (50) years of age.
the following instances: (f) Any payment made by an employer to an
(1) SSS or GSIS retirement pays. employer to an employee on account of
(2) Retirement pay (R.A. 7641) due to old age dismissal, constitutes compensation
provided the following requirements are regardless of whether the employer is
met: legally bound by contract, statute, or
(a) The retirement program is approved by otherwise, to make such payment.
the BIR Commissioner;
(b) It must be a reasonable benefit plan. (Its Pension – a stated allowance paid regularly to
implementation must be fair and a person on his retirement or to his dependents
equitable for the benefit of all on his death, in consideration of past services,
employees) meritorious work, age, loss, or injury. Pension
(c) The retiree should have been employed is taxable unless the law states otherwise, OR
for 10 years in the said company; unless the BIR approves the pension plan of a
(d) The retiree should have been 50 years private company.
old or above at the time of retirement;
and Vacation and sick leave – rules in determining
(e) It should have been availed of for the first whether money received for vacation and sick
time. leave is taxable or not:
(a) If paid or availed of as salary of an employee
Separation pay – taxable if VOLUNTARILY who is on vacation or on sick leave
availed of. It shall not be taxable if involuntary notwithstanding his absence from work, it
i.e. death, sickness, disability, constitutes TAXABLE compensation income.
reorganization/merger of company and [RR 6-82, 2d]
company at the brink of bankruptcy or for any (b) Monetized value of unutilized VACATION
cause beyond the control of the said official or leave credits of ten (10) days or less which
employee. were paid to private employees during the
year, and the monetized value of vacation
“For any cause beyond the control.” – and sick leave credits paid to government
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Beneficial Payments – such as where employer Managerial employee: one who is vested with
pays the income tax owed by an employee are the powers or prerogatives to lay down and
additional compensation income. execute management policies and/or to hire,
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transfer, suspend, lay-off, recall, discharge, (10) Life or health insurance and other non-
assign or discipline employees. life insurance premiums or similar amounts
on excess of what the law allows.[Sec.
Supervisory employees: those who, in the 33(B)]
interest of the employer, effectively
recommend such managerial actions if the Tax Rate and Tax Base
exercise of such authority is not merely (a) Tax base is based on the grossed-up
routinary or clerical in nature but requires the monetary value (GMV) of fringe benefits.
use of independent judgment. (b) Rate is generally 32%
(c) GMV represents: (a) the whole amount of
All employees not falling within any of the income realized by the employee which
above definitions are considered rank-and-file includes the net amount of money or net
employees. monetary value of property that has been
received; and (b) the amount of fringe
Fringe benefit tax is imposed on fringe benefits benefit tax due from the employee which
received by supervisory and managerial has been withheld and paid by the employer
employees. The fringe benefits of rank and file for and in behalf of his employee..
employees are treated as part of compensation
income subject to income tax and withholding How GMV is determined
tax on compensation. GMV is determined by dividing the actual
monetary value of the fringe benefit by 68%
Definition [100% - tax rate of 32%]. For example, the
Fringe benefit means any good, service, or actual monetary value of the fringe benefit is
other benefit furnished or granted by an P1,000. The GMV is equal to P1,470.59
employer, in cash or in kind, in addition to [P1,000 / 0.68]. The fringe benefit tax,
basic salaries, to an individual employee therefore, is P470.59 [P1470.59 x 32%].
(except rank and file employees) such as, but
not limited to the following:
(1) Housing Special Cases:
(2) Expense Account (a) For fringe benefits received by non-resident
(3) Vehicle of any kind alien not engaged in trade of business in the
(4) Household personnel, such as maid, driver Philippines (NRANETB), the tax rate is 25%
and others of the GMV. The GMV is determined by
(5) Interest on loan at less than market rate to dividing the actual monetary value of the
the extent of the difference between the fringe benefit by 75% [100% - 25%].
market rate and actual rate granted. (b) For fringe benefits received by alien
(6) Membership fees, dues and other expenses individuals and Filipino citizens employed
borne by the employer for the employee in by regional or area headquarters, regional
social and athletic clubs and similar operating headquarters, offshore banking
organizations units (OBUs), or foreign service contractor
(7) Expenses for foreign travel or by a foreign subcontractor engaged in
(8) Holiday and vacation expenses petroleum operations in the Philippines, or
(9) Educational assistance to the employee or by any of their Filipino individual employees
his dependents; and who are employed and occupying the same
positions as those occupied by the alien
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employees, the tax rate is 15% of the GMV. The exemption of any FB from the FBT shall
The GMV is determined by dividing the not be interpreted to mean exemption from
actual monetary value of the fringe benefit any other income tax imposed under the Tax
by 85% [100% - 15%]. Code except if the same is likewise expressly
(c) What is the tax implication if the employer exempt from any other income tax imposed
gives ‘fringe benefits’ to rank-and-file under the Tax Code or under any other existing
employees? Fringe benefits given to a rank- law. Thus, if the FB is exempted from the FBT,
and-file employee are treated as part of his the same may, however, still form of the
compensation income subject to normal tax employee’s gross compensation income which
rate and withholding tax on compensation is subject to income tax; hence, likewise
income, except de minimis benefits and subject to withholding tax on compensation
benefits provided for the convenience of the income payment.
employer.
De minimis benefits (exempt from income tax
Payor of Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT): The employer as well as withholding tax on compensation
withholds and pays the FBT but the law allows income of both managerial and rank and file
him to deduct such tax from his gross income. EEs) [Revenue Regulation No. 5-2011]:
(a) Monetized unused vacation leave credits of
Taxable and non-taxable fringe benefits private employees not exceeding ten (10)
Fringe Benefits NOT subject to Tax days during the year;
(1) Fringe benefits not considered as gross (b) Monetized value of vacation and sick leave
income – credits paid to government officials and
(a) if it is required or necessary to the employees;
business of employer (c) Medical cash allowance to dependents of
(b) if it is for the convenience or advantage employees, not exceeding P750 per
of employer employee per semester or P125 per month;
(2) Fringe Benefit that is not taxable under Sec. (d) Rice subsidy of P1,500 or one (1) sack of 50
32 (B) – Exclusions from Gross Income kg. rice per month amounting to not more
(3) Fringe benefits not subject to Fringe Benefit than P1,500;
Tax: (e) Uniform and Clothing allowance not
(a) Fringe Benefits which are authorized and exceeding P5,000 per annum (RR 8-2012)
exempted from income tax under the (f) Actual medical assistance, e.g. medical
Code or under special laws; allowance to cover medical and healthcare
(b) Contributions of the employer for the needs, annual medical/executive check-up,
benefit of the employee for retirement, maternity assistance, and routine
insurance and hospitalization benefit consultations, not exceeding P10,000.00
plans; per annum;
(c) Benefits given to the rank-and-file (g) Laundry allowance not exceeding P300 per
employees, whether granted under a month;
collective bargaining agreement or not; (h) Employees achievement awards, e.g., for
and length of service or safety achievement,
(d) Fringe benefits granted for the which must be in the form of a tangible
convenience of the employer; personal property other than cash or gift
(e) De minimis benefits certificate, with an annual monetary value
not exceeding P10,000 received by the
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employee under an established written plan ZV = Zonal Value = value of the land or
which does not discriminate in favor of improvement, as declared in the Real Property
highly paid employees; Declaration Form
(i) Gifts given during Christmas and major
anniversary celebrations not exceeding FMV = Fair Market Value = FMV as determined
P5,000 per employee per annum; and by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
(j) Daily meal allowance for overtime work and
night/graveyard shift not exceeding twenty- Non-taxable housing fringe benefit:
five percent (25%) of the basic minimum (1) Housing privilege of the Armed Forces of
wage on a per region basis; the Philippines (AFP) officials – i.e, those of
the Philippine Army, Philippine Navy, or
All other benefits given by employers which are Philippine Air Force
not included in the above enumeration shall (2) A housing unit, which is situated inside of
NOT be considered as "de minimis" benefits adjacent to the premises of a business or
and hence, shall be subject to withholding tax factory maximum of 50 meters from
on compensation (rank and file employees) perimeter of the business premises
and FBT (managerial/supervisory employees). (3) Temporary housing for an employee who
stays in housing unit for three months or
less
Housing
Fringe Benefit Tax Motor Vehicle
Housing Privilege Base (Monetary Fringe Benefit Tax
Value) Motor Vehicle
Base
(1) LEASE of residential MV= 50% of lease (1) Purchased in the MV= acquisition
property for the payments name of the employee cost
residential use of (2) Cash given to MV= cash received
employees where MV = employee to purchase by employee
monetary value of in his own name
the FB (3) Purchase on MV= acquisition
(2) Assignment of MV= [5% (FMV or installment, in the cost exclusive of
residential property ZV, whichever is name of employee interest
owned by employer for higher) x 50%] (4) Employee shoulders MV= amount
use of employees part of the purchase shouldered by
(3) Purchase of residential MV= 5% x price, ownership in the employer
property in installment acquisition cost name of employee
basis for the use of the exclusive of (5) Employer owns and MV= (AC/5) x 50%
employee interest x 50% maintains a fleet of
(4) Purchase of residential MV= FMV or ZV, motor vehicles for use
property and whichever is of the business and of
ownership is higher employees
transferred in the (6) Employer leases and MV= 50% of rental
name of the employee maintains a fleet for payment
the use of the
business and of
employees
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Professional Income
Refers to fees received by a professional from Net Capital
the practice of his profession, provided that Taxable Gains (other
Ordinary
there is NO employer-employee relationship Net = + than those
Net Income
between him and his clients. Income subject to final
CGT)
Income from Business
(a) Any income derived from doing business
(b) Doing business: The term implies a
Ordinary Asset Capital Asset
continuity of commercial dealings and
arrangements, and contemplates, to that Gain from sale, exchange or other disposition
extent, the performance of acts or works or Ordinary Gain (part of
Capital Gain
the exercise of some of the functions Gross Income)
normally incident to, and in progressive Loss from sale, exchange, or other disposition
prosecution of, the purpose and object of its Ordinary Loss (part of
organization. Allowable Deductions Capital Loss
from Gross Income)
Income from Dealings in Property Excess of Gains over Losses
Dealings in property such as sales or Part of Gross Income Net Capital Gain
exchanges may result in gain or loss. The kind Excess of Losses over Gains
of property involved (i.e., whether the property Part of Allowable
is a capital asset or an ordinary asset) Deductions from Net Capital Loss
determines the tax implication and income tax Gross Income
treatment, as follows:
Types of Properties
Capital v. Ordinary Asset
(1)Stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of Property held by the taxpayer, whether or not
a kind which would properly be included in the connected with his trade or business which is
inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close not an ordinary asset.
of the taxable year. Generally, they include:
(2) Property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale (1) stocks and securities held by taxpayers other
to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or than dealers in securities
business. (2) real property not used in trade or business,
(3) Property used in the trade or business of a such as residential house and lot, idle or
character which is subject to the allowance for vacant land or building
depreciation, or (3)investment property, such as interest in a
(4) Real property used in the trade or business of partnership, stock investment
the taxpayer, including property held for rent. (4)Personal or non-business properties, such as
family car, home appliances, jewelry.
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Types of Gains from dealings in property (2) Net ordinary loss is deductible from
(1) Ordinary income vis-à-vis Capital gain. – ordinary gain.
If the asset involved is classified as ordinary, (3) Capital losses are deductible only to the
the entire amount of the gain from the extent of the capital gain.
transaction shall be included in the (4) There is a net capital loss carry-over on the
computation of gross income [Sec 32(A)], and net capital asset’s loss in a taxable year
the entire amount of the loss shall be which may be deducted as a short-term
deductible from gross income. [Sec 34(D)]. capital loss from the net capital gain of the
(See Allowable Deductions from Gross Income subsequent taxable year; provided that the
- Losses) following conditions shall be observed:
(5) The taxpayer is other than a corporation;
If the asset involved is a capital asset, the rules (6) The amount of loss does not exceed the
on capital gains and losses apply in the income before exemptions at the year when
determination of the amount to be included in the loss was sustained; and
gross income. (See Capital Gains and Losses). (7) The holding period should not exceed 12
These rules do not apply to: (a) real property months. (Valencia)
with a capital gains tax (final tax), or (2) shares
of stock of a domestic corporation with a When a capital gain or capital loss is sustained
capital gains tax (final tax). Also, sale of shares by a corporation, the following rules shall be
of stock of a domestic corporation, held as observed:
capital assets, through the stock exchange by (1) There is no holding period; hence, there is
either individual or corporate taxpayers, is no net capital loss carry-over.
subject to ½ of 1% percentage tax based on (2) Capital gains and losses are recognized to
gross selling price. the extent of their full amount.
(3) Capital losses are deductible only to the
The following percentages of the gain or loss extent of capital gains.
recognized upon the sale or exchange of a (4) Net capital losses are not deductible from
capital asset shall be taken into account in ordinary gain or income but ordinary losses
computing net capital gain, net capital loss, are deductible from net capital gains.
and net income:
(a) If the taxpayer is an individual – Note: For sale, barter, exchange or other forms
100% if the capital asset has been held for of disposition of shares of stock subject to the
not more than 12 months; and 5%/10% capital gains tax on the net capital
50% of the capital asset has been held for gain during the taxable year, the capital losses
more than 12 months realized from this type of transaction during
(b) If the taxpayer is a corporation – the taxable year are deductible only to the
100%, regardless of the holding period of extent of capital gains from the same type of
the capital asset (Sec. 39(B), NIRC) transaction during the same period. If the
transferor of the shares is an individual, the
The tax rules for the gains or losses from sales rule on holding period and capital loss carry-
or exchanges of capital assets over ordinary over will not apply, notwithstanding the
assets are as follows: provisions of Section 39 of the Tax Code as
(1) Net capital gain is added to ordinary gain amended. (RR 6-2008, c.4)
but net capital loss is not deductible from
ordinary gain.
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(2) Actual gain vis-à-vis Presumed gain (3) Long term capital gain vis-à-vis Short term
Presumed Gain: In the sale of real property capital gain
located in the Philippines, classified as capital
asset, the tax base is the gross selling price or Long-term capital gain: Capital asset is held for
fair market value, whichever is higher. The law more than twelve months before it is sold. Only
presumes that the seller makes a gain from 50% of the gain is recognized.
such sale. Thus, whether or not the seller
makes a profit from the sale of real property, Short-term capital Gain: Capital asset is held
he has to pay 6% capital gains tax. In fact, her for less than 12 months. 100% of the gain is
has to pay the tax, even if he incurs an actual subject to tax.
loss from the sale thereof. (Note, however, that
where an individual sells his real property (4) Net Capital Gain vis-à-vis Net Capital Loss
classified as a capital asset to the government,
he has the option whether to be taxed at the Net Capital Gain is the excess of the gains over
graduated income tax rates or at 6% capital the losses on sales or exchange of capital
gains tax.) assets during the taxable year.
Net Capital Loss means the excess of the losses
Actual Gain: The tax base in the sale of real over the gains on sales or exchanges of capital
property classified as an ordinary asset is the assets during the taxable year. [Sec. 39A,
actual gain. If the seller incurs a loss from the NIRC]
sale, such loss may be deducted from his gross
income during the taxable year. The ordinary (5) Computation of the amount of Gain or Loss
gain shall be added to the operating income
and the net taxable income shall be subject to For income tax purposes the following rules
the graduated rates from 5% to 32% (if an should be observed regarding the cost and
individual) or to 30% corporate tax or to 2% expenses of the capital assets: (1) the costs and
MCIT (if a corporation). expenses of the acquisition are to be
capitalized, and (2) the expenses of disposition
Computation of the amount of gain or loss are to be treated as reduction from the selling
Amount realized from sale or other price. (Valencia)
disposition of property
Less: Basis or Adjusted Basis (1) Cost or basis of the property sold: In
NET GAIN (LOSS) computing the gain or loss from the sale or
other disposition of property, the BASIS shall
Note: Amount realized from sale or other be as follows:
disposition of property = sum of money (a) Property acquired by purchase – its
received + fair market value of the property acquisition cost, i.e., the purchase price plus
(other than money) received expenses of acquisition.
(b) Property which should be included in the
Note: When a taxpayer sells a real or personal inventory – its latest inventory value [RR-2
property, he should deduct its cost from its sec 136]
selling price to measure the gain or loss from (c) Property acquired by devise, bequest or
the sales transaction (Sec. 40, NIRC). inheritance – its fair market price or value as
of the date of acquisition (inheritance)
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(d) Property acquired by gift or donation – the (a) An individual, a shareholder, a security
basis is the same as it would be in the hands holder or a corporation receives not only
of the donor or at the last preceding owner stock or securities permitted to be received
by whom it was not acquired by gift, or the without the recognition of gain or loss, but
fair market value at the time the gift was also money and/or property.
made, whichever is lower
(e) Property acquired for less than an adequate The gain, if any, but not the loss, shall be
consideration in money’s worth – the recognized but in an amount not in excess
amount paid by the transferee for the of the sum of the money and the fair market
property value of such other property received.
(2) Cost or basis of the property exchanged in As to the shareholder, if the money and/or
corporate reorganizations: Sales or exchanges other property received has the effect of a
resulting in non-recognition of gains or losses: distribution of a taxable dividend, there
shall be taxed as dividend to the
Exchange Solely in Kind - shareholder an amount of the gain
(1) If in pursuance of a plan of merger or recognized not in excess of his
consolidation, exchanges: proportionate share of the undistributed
(a) Between the corporations which are earnings and profits of the corporation.
parties to the merger or consolidation
(property solely for stocks); The remainder, if any, of the gain
(b) Between a stockholder of a corporation recognized shall be treated as a capital gain
party to a merger or consolidation and (Sec. 40 (C) (3) (a), NIRC).
the other corporation, which is a party to
the merger or consolidation (stock in a (b) The transferor corporation receives not only
corporation solely for the stock of stock permitted to be received without the
another corporation); recognition of gain or loss but also money
(c) Between a security holder of a and/or other property, then -
corporation party to a merger or (i) if the corporation receiving such money
consolidation and the other corporation, and/or other property distributes it in
which is a party to the merger or pursuance of the plan of merger or
consolidation (securities solely for consolidation, no gain to the corporation
securities) shall be recognized from the exchange,
(2) Transfer to a controlled corporation – a but
person transfers his property to a (ii) if the corporation receiving such other
corporation in exchange for stocks in such a property and/or money does not
corporation, resulting in acquisition of distribute it in pursuance of the plan of
corporate control by said person, alone or merger or consolidation, the gain, if any,
together with others not exceeding four (4). but not the loss to the corporation shall
be recognized.
Exchange Not Solely in Kind -Gain, but not the
loss, shall be recognized if, in connection with The gain shall be recognized in an
an exchange described in the above amount not in excess of the sum of such
exceptions: money and the fair market value of such
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other property so received, which is not as money received by the transferor on the
distributed (Sec. 40 (C) (3) (b), NIRC). exchange
(c) If the transferor receives several kinds of
If an individual, stockholder, security holder or stocks or securities, the Commissioner is
corporation receives on the exchange not only authorized to allocate the basis among the
stock or securities but also money and/ or several classes of stocks or securities
property (boot), the gain but not the loss shall received.
be recognized, in an amount not exceeding the
sum of the money and fair market value of the SUBSTITUTED BASIS OF PROPERTY
property received. TRANSFERRED:
The basis of the property transferred in the
If the money or other property received has the hands of the transferee shall be the same as it
effect of a distribution of a taxable dividend, would be in the hands of the transferor
there shall be taxed as dividend to the increased by the amount of the gain
stockholder an amount of the gain recognized recognized to the transferor on the transfer
not in excess of his proportionate share of the [Sec. 40 (C)(5), NIRC].
undistributed earnings and profits of the
corporation. Recognition of gain or loss in exchange of
property:
The remainder, if any, of the gain recognized General rule: Upon the sale or exchange of
shall be treated as a capital gain. property, the ENTIRE amount of the gain or
loss shall be recognized.
SUBSTITUTED BASIS OF STOCK OR
SECURITIES RECEIVED BY TRANSFEROR Exceptions: No gain or loss shall be
UPON THE EXCHANGE: recognized:
Original basis (cost) of the property, stock or (1) If in pursuance of a plan of merger or
securities exchanged/transferred consolidation:
LESS: (a) Money received, if any; and (a) A corporation, which is a party to a
(b) FMV of the other property received. merger or consolidation, exchanges
Balance property solely for stock in a corporation,
ADD: (a) The amount treated as dividend of the which is a party to the merger or
shareholder; and consolidation;
(b) The amount of any gain that was (b) A shareholder exchanges stock in a
recognized on the exchange. corporation, which is a party to a merger
Basis (Cost) of the stock received or consolidation, solely for the stock of
another corporation also a party to the
Notes: merger or consolidation; or
(a) The property received as “boot” shall have (c) A security holder of a corporation, which
as basis its FMV is a party to the merger or consolidation,
(b) If as part of the consideration to the exchanges his securities in such
transferor, the transferee of property corporation, solely for stock or securities
assumes a liability of the transferor or in another corporation, a party to the
acquires from the latter property subject to merger or consolidation.
a liability, such assumption or acquisition (2) If property is transferred to a corporation by
(in the amount of liability), shall be treated a person in exchange for stock or unit of
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(7) Dealings in real property situated in the Shares listed and traded through the stock
Philippines exchange other than sale by a dealer in
securities:
Persons Liable and Transactions Affected (1) ½ of 1% of the gross selling price of the
(a) Individual taxpayers, estates and trusts stock or gross value in money of the shares
(1) Sale or exchange or other disposition of of stock sold, bartered, exchanged or
real property considered as capital otherwise disposed which shall be assumed
assets. and paid by the seller or transferor through
(2) Includes "pacto de retro sale" and other the remittance of the stock transaction tax
conditional sale. by the seller or transferor’s broker.
(b) Domestic Corporation (2) Note: In the nature of percentage tax and
Sale or exchange or disposition of lands not income tax; exempt from income tax per
and/or building which are not actually used Section 127 (d):
in business and are treated as capital asset.
“Any gain derived from the sale, barter,
Rate and Basis of Tax exchange or other disposition of share of
A final withholding tax of 6% is based on the stock under this section shall be exempt
gross selling price or fair market value or zonal from taxes imposed in Sections 24(C),
value whichever is higher. 27(D)(2), 28(A)(8)(c), and 28(B)(5)(c) of this
Code and from the regular individual or
Note: Gain or loss is immaterial, there being a corporate income tax.”
conclusive presumption of gain. (3) Note: Percentage tax under Sec. 127 is NOT
DEDUCTIBLE for income tax purposes.
(8) Dealings in shares of stock of Philippine
corporations Shares not listed and traded through the stock
exchange
Persons Liable to the Tax: Net capital gains derived during the taxable
(a) Individual taxpayer, whether citizen or alien; year from sale, exchange, or transfer shall be
(b) Corporate taxpayer, whether domestic or taxed as follows (on a per transaction basis):
foreign; and
(c) Other taxpayers not falling under (a) and (b) Amount of Capital Tax Rate
above, such as estate, trust, trust funds and Gain
pension funds, among others. Not over P 100,000 - 5%
On any amount in - 10%
Persons not liable: excess of P 100,000
(a) Dealers in securities
(b) Investor in shares of stock in a mutual fund (9) Sale of principal residence
company Principal residence: the family home of the
(c) All other persons who are specifically individual taxpayer (RR 14-2000)
exempt from national internal revenue
taxes under existing investment incentives Disposition of principal residence (capital
and other special laws. asset) is exempt from Capital Gains Tax,
provided:
(a) Sale or disposition of the old principal
residence;
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year’s deduction, and the recovery is excluded Recovery of accounts previously written-off
to the extent that the prior year’s deduction did Bad debts claimed as a deduction in the
not provide a tax benefit. preceding year(s) but subsequently recovered
shall be included as part of the taxpayer’s
gross income in the year of such recovery to the
extent of the income tax benefit of said
deduction. There is an income tax benefit when
the deduction of the bad debt in the prior year
resulted in lesser income and hence tax
savings for the company. (Sec. 4, RR 5-99)
Illustration:
Case A Case B Case C
Year 1
Gross Income 500,000 400,000 500,000
Less: Allowable Deductions (200,000) (480,000) (495,000)
(before write-off of Uncollectible
Accounts/Debts)
Taxable Income (Net Loss) 300,000 (60,000) 5,000
before write-off
Deduction for Accounts (2,000) (2,000) (6,000)
Receivable written off
Taxable Income (Net Loss) after 298,000 (62,000) (1,000)
write-off
Year 2
Recovery of Amounts Written Off 2,000 2,000 6,000
In Case A, the entire amount recovered In Case C, only P5,000 of the P6,000
(P2,000) is included in the computation of recovered would be recognized as gross
gross income in Year 2 because the taxpayer income in Year 2. It was only to this extent that
benefited by the same extent. Prior to the the taxpayer benefited from the write-off. The
write-off, the taxable income was P300,000; taxpayer did not benefit from the extra P1,000
after the write-off, the taxable income was because at this point, the P1,000 was already a
reduced to P298,000. net loss.
In Case B, none of the P2,000 recovered would Receipt of tax refunds or credit
be recognized as gross income in Year 2. Note General rule: A refund of a tax related to the
that even without the write-off, the taxpayer business or the practice of profession, is
would not have paid any income tax anyway. taxable income (e.g., refund of fringe benefit
The “taxable income” before the write-off was tax) in the year of receipt to the extent of the
actually a net loss.
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income tax benefit of said deduction (i.e., the Ultimately, the situs of interest income is the
tax benefit rule applies). residence of the debtor.
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(a) They represent return of capital or are not Tax Credit refers to amounts subtracted from
income, gain or profit; the computed tax in order to arrive at taxes
(b) They are subject to another kind of internal payable.
revenue tax;
(c) They are income, gain or profit expressly (A) EXCLUSIONS UNDER THE
exempt from income tax under the CONSTITUTION
Constitution, tax treaty, Tax Code, or a (a) Income derived by the government or its
general or special law. [Mamalateo] political subdivisions from the exercise of
any essential governmental function
Taxpayers who may avail of the exclusions (b) Also, all assets and revenues of a non-
stock, non-profit private educational
institution used directly, actually and
Exclusion Taxpayer exclusively for private educational
purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
Return of capital All taxpayers since
there is no income. (B) EXCLUSIONS UNDER THE TAX CODE
Already subject to All taxpayers unless (SEC. 32, NIRC)
internal revenue tax provided that income (a) Proceeds of life insurance policies.—
is to be included. General rule: The proceeds of life insurance
Express exclusion As expressly provided. policies paid to his estate or to any beneficiary
(but not a transferee for a valuable
consideration), directly or in trust, upon the
Exclusions distinguished from deductions and death of the insured, are excluded from the
tax credit gross income of the beneficiary. However, if
Exclusions from gross income refer to flow such amounts are held by the insurer under an
of wealth to the taxpayer which are not agreement to pay interest thereon, the interest
treated as part of gross income for payments received by the insured shall be
purposes of computing the taxpayer’s included in gross income. The interest income
taxable income, due to the following shall be taxed at the graduated income tax
reasons: (1) it is exempted by the rates.
Constitution or a statute; or (2) it does not
come within the definition of income. (b) Return of premium paid.—
Deductions, on the other hand, are the General rule: The amount received by the
amounts which the law allows to be insured as a return of premiums paid by him
subtracted from gross income in order to under life insurance, endowment, or annuity
arrive at net income. contracts, either during the term or at the
Exclusions pertain to the computation of maturity of the term mentioned in the contract
gross income, while deductions pertain to or upon surrender of the contract is a return of
the computation of net income. capital and not income.
Exclusions are something received or This refers to the cash surrender value of the
earned by the taxpayer which do not form contract.
part of gross income while deductions are
something spent or paid in earning gross Exception: If the amounts received by the
income. insured (when added to the amounts already
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received before the taxable year under such whether by suit or agreement, on account of
contract) exceed the aggregate premiums or such injuries or sickness are excluded from
considerations paid (whether or not paid gross income.
during the taxable year), then the excess shall
be included in gross income. Examples of nontaxable and taxable damages
recoveries are:
(c) Amounts received under life insurance,
endowment or annuity contracts.— Amounts Nontaxable – Taxable –
received (other than amounts paid by reason of compensation for compensation for
the death of the insured and interest payments damages on account damages on account
on such amounts) under a life insurance, of of
endowment or annuity contracts are excluded Personal (physical) Actual damages for
from gross income, but if such amounts (when injuries or sickness loss of anticipated
added to amounts already received before the profits
taxable year under such contract) exceed the
Any other damages .Moral and exemplary
aggregate premiums of considerations paid
recovered on account damages awarded as
(whether or not paid during the taxable year),
of personal injuries or a result of break of
then the excess shall be included in gross
sickness contract
income. However, in the case of a transfer for
valuable consideration, by assignment or Exemplary and moral Interest for non-
otherwise, of a life insurance, endowment , or damages for out-of- taxable damages
annuity contract, or any interest therein, only court settlement, above
the actual value of such consideration and the including attorney’s
amount of the premiums and other sums fees
subsequently paid by the transferee are Alienation of affection, Any damages as
exempt from taxation. or breach of promise compensation for
to marry unrealized income
(d) Value of property acquired by gift, Any amount received
bequest, devise or descent.— Gifts, bequests as a return of capital
and devises (which are subject to estate or gift or reimbursement of
taxes) are excluded from gross income, BUT expenses
not the income from such property. If the
amount received is on account of services
(f) Income exempt under tax treaty.—
rendered, whether constituting a demandable Income of any kind, to the extent required by
debt or not, or the use or opportunity to use of
any treaty obligation binding upon the
capital, the receipt is income (Pirovano v.
Government of the Philippines.
Commissioner G.R. No. L-19865, July 31, 1965).
(g) Retirement benefits, pensions,
(e) Amount received through accident or gratuities, etc..—
health insurance (Compensation for
These are:
damages).— As a rule, amounts received (1) Retirement benefits under RA 7641,
through accident or health insurance or under
RA 4917, and Section 60(B) of the
workmen’s compensation acts, as
NIRC
compensation for personal injuries or sickness, (2) Terminal pay
plus the amount of any damages received,
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(3) Retirement Benefits from foreign A 'reasonable private benefit plan' means a
government agencies pension, gratuity, stock bonus or profit-sharing
(4) Veterans benefits plan maintained by an employer for the benefit
(5) Benefits under the Social Security Act of some or all of his employees wherein
(6) GSIS benefits contributions are made by such employer, or
employees, or both for the purpose of
Retirement benefits received under RA 7641(The distributing to such employees the earnings
Retirement Pay Law) and those received by and principal of the fund thus accumulated by
officials and employees of private firms under a the trust in accordance with such plan (trust
reasonable private benefit plan (RPBP) fund)
maintained by the employer under RA 4917 (now
Section 32(B)(6)(a) of NIRC) are excluded from Further, it should be provided in the plan that
gross income subject to income tax. at no time prior to the satisfaction of all
liabilities with respect to employees under any
trust, shall any part of the corpus or income of
RA 7641 RPBP the fund be used for, or be diverted to, any
purpose other than for the exclusive benefit of
Retiring employee Retiring official or his employees.
must be in the service employee must have
of same employer been in the service of Terminal pay/Separation pay
CONTINUOUSLY for the same employer for Any amount received by an employee or by his
at least five (5) years at least ten (10) years. heirs from the employer as a consequence of
Retiring employee Retiring official or separation of such official or employee from
must be at least sixty employee must be at the service of the employer because of death,
(60) years old but not least fifty (50) years sickness, other physical disability or for any
more than 65 years of old at the time of cause beyond the control of the employee. The
age at the time of retirement phrase “for any cause beyond the control of the
retirement said official or employee” means that the
Availed of only once, Retiring employee separation of the employee must be
and only when there shall not have involuntary and not initiated by him.
is no RPBP previously availed of
the privilege under a The separation must not be of his own making.
retirement benefit
plan of the same or Notes:
another employer Sickness must be life-threatening or one
Plan must be which renders the employee incapable of
reasonable. Its working
implementation must Retrenchment of the employee due to
be fair and equitable unfavorable business conditions or
for the benefit of all financial reverses is considered as
employees (e.g. from involuntary. However, resignation or
president to laborer) availment of an optional early retirement
Plan must be plan is voluntary and bars a claim under
approved by BIR this provision.
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BIR Ruling 143-98: The “terminal leave pay” whether held in the Philippines or
(amount paid for the commutation of leave abroad, AND
credits) of retiring government employees (2) sanctioned by their national sports
is considered not part of the gross salary, associations
and is exempt from taxes. The government shall not be included in gross income and
recognizes that for most public servants, shall be tax exempt. [Sec. 32 B7d, NIRC]
retirement pay is always less than
generous if not meager and scrimpy. Prizes and awards made primarily in
Terminal leave payments are given not recognition of charitable, literary,
only at the same time but also for the same educational, artistic, religious, scientific, or
policy considerations governing retirement civic achievement are not taxable, provided:
benefits. (Commissioner v. Castaneda, 203 (1) Recipient was selected without any
SCRA 72). action on his part to enter the contest
Retirement BENEFITS from foreign or proceeding; and
government agencies – The social security (2) Recipient is not required to render
benefits, retirement gratuities, pensions substantial future services as a
and other similar benefits received by condition to receiving the prize or
resident or non-resident citizens or aliens award
who come to reside permanently in the
Philippines from foreign government (C) UNDER SPECIAL LAWS
agencies and other institutions, private or
public; Personal Equity and Retirement Account
Payments of VETERANS benefits under U.S. (1) Under R.A. 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian
Veterans Administration – Payments of Reform Package Law), gain arising from the
benefits due or to become due to any transfer of agricultural property covered by
person residing in the Philippines under the law shall be exempt from capital gains
the laws of the United States administered tax.
by the United States Veterans (2) Under R.A. 6938 (Cooperative Code of the
Administration Philippines), as amended by R.A. 9520,
Social Security Act benefits – Payments of cooperatives transacting business with
benefits received under the Social Security both members and non-members shall not
Act of 1954 (RA 8282), as amended, e.g., be subject to tax on their transactions with
Maternity Benefits members. In relation to this, the
GSIS benefits – Benefits received from GSIS transactions of members with the
under the GSIS Act of 1937, as amended, cooperative shall not be subject to any
and the retirement gratuity received by taxes and fees, including but not limited to
government officials and employees are final taxes on members' deposits.
not taxable. [Sec. 32B6., NIRC; Sec. B1, RR (3) Under R.A. 7916 (PEZA Law), as amended,
2-98] PEZA-registered enterprises are given
Winnings, prizes and award, including those income tax holidays of six or four years
in sports competitions.—All prizes and from the date of commercial operations,
awards granted to athletes: depending on whether their activities are
(1) in local and intern ational sports considered pioneer or non-pioneer.
competitions and tournaments (4) Under R.A. 9178 (Barangay Micro Business
Enterprises Act of 2002), BMBEs shall be
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The purpose of deductions from gross income (a) Sale of inventory of goods by
is to provide the taxpayer a just and reasonable manufacturers and dealers of properties:
tax amount as the basis of income tax. It is In sales of goods representing inventory,
because many taxpayers spend adequate the amount received by the seller consists
expenditures in order to obtain a legitimate of return of capital and gain from sale of
income. goods or properties. That portion of the
receipt representing return of capital is not
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(3) Legitimately paid (not a BRIBE, accounting, expenses are deductible in the
kickback, or otherwise contrary to law, taxable year in which: (1) all events have
morals, public policy); occurred which determine the liability; and (2)
(4) If subject to withholding tax, the tax the amount of liability can be determined with
required to be withheld on the expense reasonable accuracy.
paid or payable is shown to have been
properly withheld and remitted to the KINDS OF BUSINESS EXPENSES
BIR on time; These are:
(5) Amount must be reasonable. (1) Salaries, wages and other forms of
compensation for personal services
Note: The expenses allowable to a non- actually rendered, including the grossed-
resident alien or a foreign corporation consist up monetary value of the fringe benefit
of only such expenses as are incurred in subjected to fringe benefit tax which tax
carrying on any business or trade conducted should have been paid (Compensation for
within the Philippines exclusively. [Sec. 77 RR (2) Travelling expenses
2] (3) Cost of materials
(4) Rentals and/or other payments for use or
COHAN Rule: This relief will apply if the possession of property
taxpayer has shown that it is usual and (5) Repairs and maintenance
necessary in the trade to entertain and to incur (6) Expenses under lease agreements
similar kinds of expenditures, there being (7) Expenses for professionals
evidence to show the amounts spent and the (8) Entertainment expenses
persons entertained, though not itemized. In (9) Political campaign expenses
such a situation, deduction of a portion of the (10) Training expenses
expenses incurred might be allowed even if (11) Others
there are no receipts or vouchers. Absence of
invoices, receipts or vouchers, particularly lack Salaries, wages and other forms of
of proof of the items constituting the expense compensation for personal services actually
is fatal to the allowance of the deduction rendered, including the grossed-up monetary
[Gancayco v. Collector, G.R. No. L-13325, April value of the fringe benefit subjected to fringe
20, 1961] benefit tax which tax should have been paid
Substantiation requirement – Sec. 34(A)(1)(b), Given for personal services must be actually
NIRC: No deduction from gross income shall be rendered and reasonable.
allowed unless the taxpayer shall substantiate
with sufficient evidence, such as official For income payment to be allowed as
receipts or other adequate records: (1) the deduction, the withholding tax must have been
AMOUNT of the expense being deducted, and paid [RR No. 12-2013].
(2) the DIRECT CONNECTION or relation of the
expense being deducted to the development, Bonuses are deductible when:
management, operation and/or conduct of the (a) made in good faith
trade, business or profession of the taxpayer. (b) given as additional compensation for
personal services actually rendered
When to ACCRUE expenses: “all–events test” (c) such payments, when added to the
states that under the accrual method of stipulated salaries, do not exceed a
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reasonable compensation for the services On the accrual basis, rent is deductible as
rendered expense when liability is incurred during the
period of use. On cash basis, rent is deductible
Traveling expenses when it is incurred and paid.
This include transportation expenses and
meals and lodging [Sections 65 and 66, Rev. If the advance payment is a prepaid rental,
Reg. No. 2] such payment is taxable income to the lessor in
(1) Expenses must be reasonable and the year when it was received. However, an
necessary. advance payment is not deductible expense of
(2) Must be incurred or paid “while away from the lessee until the period is used. [Valencia
home” and Roxas]
(3) Tax home is the principal place of business,
when referring to “away from home” Repairs and maintenance
(4) Incurred or paid in the conduct of trade or (a) Incidental or ordinary repairs are
business. deductible. Repairs which neither
materially add to the value of the property
Note: However, necessary transportation nor appreciably prolong its life, but keep it
expenses of the taxpayer (which are different in an ordinarily efficient working condition,
from the transportation expenses included in may be deducted as expenses, provided
the term “travel expenses”) in its “tax home” the plant or property account is not
are deductible. Thus, a taxpayer operating its increased by the amount of such
business in Manila is allowed transportation expenditure. The life of the asset referred
expenses from its office to its customers’ place to is the probable, normal, useful life for
of business and back. But the transportation the purpose of the allowance for the return
expenses of an employee from his residence to of the capital investment – not what the
its office and back are not deductible as they life that would have been if no repairs had
are considered personal expenses. been made after the property was
damaged by a casualty. Since the repairs
Cost of materials prolonged the lives of the said vessels of
Deductible only to the amount that they are petitioners, the disallowance must be
actually consumed and used in operation during sustained. [Visayan Transportation Co. v.
the year for which the return is made, provided CTA, CTA Case No. 1119, Sept. 30, 1964]
that their cost has not been deducted in
determining the net income for any previous (b) Extraordinary repairs are not deductible –
year. they are capital expenditures
(1) Repairs which add material value to
Rentals and/or other payments for use or the property or appreciably prolong its
possession of property life
(1) Required as a condition for continued use or (2) Repairs in the nature of replacement,
possession of property. to the extent that they arrest
(2) For purposes of trade business or profession. deterioration and appreciably prolong
(3) Taxpayer has not taken or is not taking title the life of the property, should be
to the property or has no equity other than charged against the depreciation
that of lessee, user, or possessor. reserves if such account is kept. [Sec.
68, Rev. Regs. 2]
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Entertainment/Representation expenses
All maintenance expenses on account of non- These are entertainment, amusement and
depreciable vehicles for taxation purposes are recreation (EAR) expenses incurred or paid
disallowed in its entirely. [RR No. 12-2012] during the year that are directly connected to
the development, management and operation
Expenses under lease agreements of the trade, business or profession of the
Requisites for deductibility: taxpayer.
(1) Required as a condition for continued use
or possession; Requisites for deductibility:
(2) For purposes of the trade, business or (a) Reasonable in amount.
possession; (b) Paid or incurred during the taxable period.
(3) Taxpayer has not taken or is not taking title (c) Directly connected to the development,
to the property or has no equity other than management, and operation of the trade,
that of lessee, user, or possessor. business or profession of the taxpayer, or
that are directly related to or in furtherance
Expenses for professionals of the conduct thereof.
Deductible in the year the professional services (d) Not to exceed such ceiling as the Secretary
are rendered, not in the year they are billed, of Finance prescribe (under RR 10-02, in
provided that the “all events” is present. no case to exceed 0.50% of net sales for
sellers of goods or properties or 1% of net
“All events test” requires: revenues for sellers of services, including
(a) Fixing a right to income or liability to pay; taxpayers engaged in the exercise of
and profession and use or lease of properties)
(b) The availability of reasonably accurate (e) Not incurred for purposes contrary to law,
determination of such income or liability. morals, public policy or public order.
(f) Must be substantiated with sufficient
The “all-events test” does not demand that the evidence such as receipts and/or adequate
amount of income or liability be known records.
absolutely; it only requires that a taxpayer has
at its disposal the information necessary to Exclusions from EAR expenses:
compute the amount with reasonable accuracy, (1) Expenses which are treated as
which implies something less than an exact or compensation or fringe benefits for
completely accurate amount. [Commissioner v. services rendered under an employer-
Isabela Cultural Corporation, GR. 172231, Feb. 12, employee relationship
2007] (2) Expenses for charitable or fund raising
events
A professional may claim as deductions the (3) Expenses for bona fide business meeting of
cost of supplies used by him in the practice of stockholders, partners or directors
his profession, expenses paid in the operation (4) Expenses for attending or sponsoring an
and repair of transportation equipment used in employee to a business league or
making professional calls, dues to professional professional organization meeting
societies and subscriptions to professional (5) Expenses for events organized for
journals. [Mamalateo] promotion marketing and advertising,
including concerts, conferences, seminars,
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of passive income for interest income); effective (2) Fiduciary of a trust and fiduciary of
January 1, 2009. another trust if the same person is a
grantor with respect to each trust; or
Non-deductible interest expense.— (3) Fiduciary and Beneficiary
(a) Interest paid in advance by the taxpayer
who reports income on cash basis shall INTEREST SUBJECT TO SPECIAL RULES.
only be allowed as deduction in the year Interest paid in advance
the indebtedness is paid. (1) No deduction shall be allowed if within the
(b) If the indebtedness is payable in periodic taxable year an individual taxpayer
amortizations, only the amount of interest reporting income on cash basis incurs an
which corresponds to the amount of the indebtedness on which an interest is paid
principal amortized or paid during the year in advance through discount or otherwise.
shall be allowed as deduction in such (2) But the deduction shall be allowed in the
taxable year. year the indebtedness is paid
(c) Interest payments made between related
taxpayers. Interest periodically amortized
(d) Interest on indebtedness incurred to If the indebtedness is payable in periodic
finance petroleum exploration. amortizations, the amount of interest which
corresponds to the amount of the principal
Related Taxpayers amortized or paid during the year shall be
(a) Between members of the family, i.e. allowed as deduction in such taxable year
brothers and sisters (whether by the whole
or half-blood), spouse, ancestor, and lineal Interest expense incurred to acquire property
descendants; or for use in trade/business/profession
(b) Except in case of distributions in At the option of the taxpayer, interest expense
liquidation, between an individual and a on a capital expenditure may be allowed as:
corporation, where the individual owns (1) A deduction in full in the year when
directly or indirectly more than 50% of the incurred;
outstanding stock of the corporation (2) A capital expenditure for which the
(c) Except in the case of distributions in taxpayer may claim only as a deduction
liquidation, between two corporations the periodic amortization of such
where: expenditure.
(1) Either one is a personal holding
company of a foreign personal holding Should the taxpayer elect to deduct the
company with respect to the taxable interest payments against its gross income, the
year preceding the date of the sale of taxpayer cannot at the same time capitalize the
exchange; and interest payments. In other words, the taxpayer
(2) More than 50% of the outstanding is not entitled to both the deduction from gross
stock of each is owned, directly or income and the adjusted (increased) basis for
indirectly, by or for the same individual; determining gain or loss and the allowable
or depreciation charge. [Paper Industries Corp. v.
(d) Between parties to a trust – Commissioner, 250 SCRA 434]
(1) Grantor and Fiduciary; or
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Other Losses:
(1) Abandonment lossesin petroleum General rule: Taxpayer must ascertain and
operation and producing well. demonstrate with reasonable certainty the
(2) Losses due to voluntary removal of uncollectibility of debt
buildingincident to renewal or
replacements are deductible from gross Exceptions:
income. (1) Banks as creditors – BSP Monetary Board
(3) Loss of useful value of capital assetsdue to shall ascertain the worthlessness and
charges in business conditions is uncollectibility of the debt and shall
deductible only to the extent of actual loss approve the writing off
sustained (after adjustment for (2) Receivables from an insurance or surety
improvement, depreciation and salvage company (as debtor) may be written off as
value) bad debts only when such company is
(4) Losses from sales or exchanges of property declared closed due to insolvency or
between related taxpayersare not similar reason
recognized, but the gains are taxable.
The taxpayer must show that the debt is
Losses of farmers incurred in the operation of indeed uncollectible even in the future. He
farm business are deductible. must prove that he exerted diligent efforts to
collect:
BAD DEBTS (1) Sending of statement of accounts
Debts resulting from the worthlessness or (2) Collection letters
uncollectibility, in whole or in part, of amounts (3) Giving the account to a lawyer for
due the taxpayer actually ascertained to be collection
worthless and the corresponding receivable (4) Filing the case in court [Phil. Refining Corp.
should have been written off or charged off v. CA, G.R. No. 118794, May 8, 1996]
within the taxable year.
In ascertaining the debt to be worthless, it is
Requisites for deductibility.— not enough that the taxpayer acted in good
(1) Valid and legally demandable debt due to faith. He must show that he had reasonably
the taxpayer investigated the relevant facts from which it
(2) Debt is connected with the taxpayer's trade, became evident, in the exercise of sound,
business or practice of profession; objective business judgment, that there
(3) Debt was not sustained in a transaction remained no practical, but only a vague
entered into between related parties; prospect that the debt would be paid [Collector
(4) Actually ascertained to be worthless and v. Goodrich, 1967]
uncollectible as of the end of the taxable
year (taxpayer had determined with Rev. Reg. No. 5-1999:
reasonably degree of certainty that the “Actually ascertained to be worthless” –
claim could not be collected despite the (1) Determination of worthlessness must
fact that the creditor took reasonable steps depend upon the particular facts and
to collect); and circumstances of the case. A taxpayer
(5) Actually charged off the books of accounts may not postpone a bad debt deduction
of the taxpayer as of the end of the taxable on the basis of a mere hope of ultimate
year collection or because of a continuance of
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type of deduction chosen by the GPP spouses is deriving gross income, only such
must be the same type of deduction spouse shall be allowed the personal
that can be availed of by the partners. exemption.
Accordingly, if the GPP claims itemized
deductions, all items of deduction Additional exemptions for taxpayer with
allowed under Sec. 34 can be claimed dependents
both at the level of the GPP and at the (1) An individual, whether single or married,
level of the partner in order to shall be allowed an additional exemption
determine the taxable income. On the of P25,000 for each qualified dependent
other hand, should the GPP opt to child (QDC), provided that the total
claim the OSD, the individual partners number of dependents for which additional
are deemed to have availed also of the exemptions may be claimed shall not
OSD because the OSD is in lieu of the exceed 4 dependents (depends on the
itemized deductions that can be number of qualified dependent children)
claimed in computing taxable income. (a) Married Individuals: Additional
(d) If the partner also derives other gross exemptions for QDC are claimed by
income from trade, business or only one spouse.
practice of profession apart and Generally, the spouse who is the gross
distinct from his share in the net compensation earner is the claimant of
income of the GPP, the deduction that the additional exemptions.
he can claim from his other gross (b) Where the husband and wife are both
income would follow the same compensation income earners: the
deduction availed of from his husband is the proper claimant of the
partnership income as explained in the additional exemptions EXCEPT if there
foregoing rules. Provided, however, is an express waiver by the husband in
that if the GPP opts for the OSD, the favor of his wife, as embodied in the
individual partner may still claim 40% application for registration (BIR Form
of its gross income from trade, No. 1902) or in the Certificate of
business or practice of profession but Update of Exemption and of
not to include his share from the net Employer’s and Employee’s
income of the GPP. (RR 2-2010) Information (BIR Form No. 2305),
whichever is applicable.
PERSONAL AND ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION (c) When the spouses have business and/or
(R.A. NO. 9504, MINIMUM WAGE EARNER professional income only: either may
LAW) claim the additional exemptions at the
end of the year.
Basic personal exemptions (d) The employed spouse shall be
According to RA 9504 (effective July 6, 2008) automatically entitled to claim the
basic personal exemption is Fifty thousand additional exemptions for children in
pesos (P50,000) for each individual taxpayer, the following instances:
regardless of status, i.e., whether single, (i) spouse is unemployed
married or head of the family. (ii) spouse is a non-resident citizen
deriving income from foreign
But note Sec 35(A) of NIRC – In the case of sources
married individuals where only one of the
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but not to exceed the amount fixed by NIRC.(In Commissioner, G.R. No. 106949-50, Dec. 1,
other words, whichever is lower) 1995]
(8) Non –deductible taxes
Items not deductible.— (9) Non-deductible losses
General rule: In determining deductions, one of (10) Losses on Wash Sales (except if by dealer in
the general rules (see above) is that deductions securities in ordinary course of
must be paid or incurred in connection with the
taxpayer’s trade, business or profession. EXEMPT CORPORATIONS
Capital expenditures (e.g. acquisition cost of a These are:
building) are also not deductible, because (1) Proprietary Educational Institutions
these are not expenses, but form part of assets. and hospitals
(2) Government owned and controlled
In computing taxable net income, no deduction corporations
shall be allowed in respect to: (3) Others
(1) Personal, living or family expenses (note:
they are not deductible from compensation Corporations & associations enumerated under
and business/professional income under Section 30 of the 1997 NIRC, as amended,
Section 24(A), NIRC) including those which have been issued tax
(2) Any amount paid out for new buildings or exemption rulings/certificates prior to June 30,
for permanent improvements (capital 2012, shall file their respective Applications for
expenditures), or betterments made to Tax Exemption/Revalidation with the Revenue
increase the value of any property or estate District Office (“RDO”) where they are
(3) Any amount expended in restoring property registered. If a corporation or association
(major repairs) or in making good the which has been issued a Tax Exemption Ruling
exhaustion thereof for which an allowance fails to file its annual information return, it
[for depreciation or depletion] is or has shall automatically lose its income tax-exempt
been made status beginning the taxable year for which it
(4) Premiums paid on any life insurance policy failed to file an annual information return, in
covering the life of any officer, employee, or addition to the sanctions imposed under
any person financially interested in the trade Section 250 of the NIRC, as amended. [RMO
or business carried on by the taxpayer, No. 20-2013]
individual or corporate, when the taxpayer
is directly or indirectly a beneficiary under PROPRIETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
such policy AND HOSPITALS
(5) Interest expense and bad debts between By way of exception, proprietary educational
related parties [See Sec. 36(B), NIRC)] institutions and hospitals are liable for net
(6) Losses from sales or exchanges of property income at a rate of only ten percent (10%).
between related taxpayers.
(7) Non-deductible interest – should the All hospitals and non-stock, non-profit
taxpayer elect to deduct interest payments organizations operating hospitals which were
against its gross income, he cannot at the issued tax exempt rulings prior to November 1,
same time capitalize such interest and 2012 shall submit a Request for Revalidation
claim depreciation on the undepreciated of their tax exemption. [Revenue Memorandum
cost which includes the interest. [PICOP v. Circular No. 4-2013]
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(1) BMBEs shall be exempt from income Recreational Clubs - RMC 35-2012 (August
tax for income arising from the 3, 2012) clarifies taxability of clubs
operations of the enterprise. organized exclusively for pleasure,
(2) BMBE is any business entity or recreation and other non-profit purposes
enterprise engaged in the production, (recreational clubs). Income from whatever
processing or manufacturing of sources including but not limited to
products or commodities, including membership fees, assessment dues, rental
agro-processing trading and services, income, and service fees are subject to
whose total assets including those income tax and VAT.
arising from loans but exclusive of land
on which the particular business
entity’s office, plant and equipment are
situated, shall not be more than P3M.
Summary Table for Taxation of Individuals (all individual taxpayers, including non-resident aliens)
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GENERAL RULE THAT RESIDENT CITIZENS employer abroad and is not borne
ARE TAXABLE ON INCOME FROM ALL by an entity or person in the
SOURCES WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE Philippines. They must be duly
PHILIPPINES registered with the Philippine
Overseas Employment
General rule: A Filipino resident citizen is Administration (POEA) with valid
taxable on income from all sources (within and Overseas Employment Certificate
without the Philippines) (OEC).
(ii.) An OCW’s income arising out of
(1) Non-resident citizens: A non-resident his overseas employment is
citizen is taxable only on income derived exempt from income tax.
from sources within the Philippines. (2) A resident alien or non-resident alien is
A non-resident citizen is a Filipino citizen taxable only on income from sources
who: WITHIN the Philippines.
(1) Establishes to the satisfaction of the (i.) A resident alien is an individual
CIR the fact of his physical presence whose residence is in the
abroad with a definite intention to Philippines and who is not a
reside therein Filipino citizen.
(2) Leaves the Philippines during the (ii.) A non-resident alien is an
taxable year to reside abroad (as individual whose residence and
immigrant or for employment on a citizenship is not in the Philippines.
permanent basis) (a) An alien actually present in
(3) Works and derives income from abroad the Philippine who is not a
and whose employment requires him mere transient or sojourner
to be present abroad most of the time is a resident of the
during the taxable year Philippines for purposes of
(4) Has been previously considered as a the income tax.
non-resident and arrives in the (b) Whether he is a transient
Philippines at any time during the or not is determined by his
taxable year to reside here intentions with regard to
permanently (only with respect to his the length and nature of
income from sources abroad until the his stay. A mere floating
date of his arrival in the country) intention indefinite as to
(2) Other considerations: time, to return to another
(1) A Filipino citizen working and deriving country is not sufficient to
abroad as an Overseas Contract constitute him a transient.
Worker is taxable only on income from (c) If he lives in the Philippines
sources WITHIN the Philippines. and has no definite
(i.) OCW refers to Filipino citizens in intention to stay, he is a
foreign countries, who are resident.
physically present in a foreign (d) One who comes to the
country as a consequence of their Philippines for a definite
employment in that country. Their purpose which, in its
salaries and wages are paid by an
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nature, may be promptly rank and file EEs and other forms of
accomplished is a transient. compensation.
(e) But if his purpose is of such
a nature that an extended INCLUSIONS
stay may be necessary for (1) Monetary compensation– If compensation
its accomplishment, and to is paid in cash, the full amount received is
that end the alien makes the measure of the income subject to tax.
his home temporarily in the (a) Regular salary/wage
Philippines, he becomes a (i) Salary – earnings received
resident, though it may be periodically for a regular work
his intention at all times to other than manual labor, such as
return to his domicile monthly salary of an employee
abroad when the purpose (ii) Wages – all remuneration (other
of which he came has been than fees paid to a public official)
consummated or for services performed by an
abandoned. [Sec. 5, RR No. employee for his employer,
2] including the cash value of all
(iii.) In general, a non-resident alien remuneration paid in any medium
individual who shall come to other than cash. [Sec. 78A, NIRC]
the Philippines and stay (b) Separation pay/retirement benefit not
therein for an aggregate period otherwise exempt
of more than 180 days during (i) Retirement pay – a lump sum
any calendar year shall be payment received by an employee
deemed a non-resident alien who has served a company for a
doing business in the considerable period of time and
Philippines. has decided to withdraw from work
Intended Stay in the into privacy. [RR 6-82, Sec. 2b]
Philippines: General rule: Retirement pay is
i. Up to 180 days – taxable
NRANETB Exceptions:
ii. More than 180 days up (1) SSS or GSIS retirement pays.
to 2 years – NRAETB (2) Retirement pay (R.A. 7641) due
iii. Greater than 2 years – to old age provided the
Resident alien following requirements are
met:
TAXATION ON COMPENSATION (1) The retirement program is
INCOME approved by the BIR
Income arising from an ER-EE relationship. It Commissioner;
means all remuneration for services performed (2) It must be a reasonable
by an EE for his ER, including the cash value of benefit plan. (fair and
all remuneration paid in any medium other equitable)
than cash. [Sec. 78(A)] It includes, but is not (3) The retiree should have
limited to salaries and wages, commissions, been employed for 10
tips, allowances, bonuses, Fringe Benefits of years in the said company;
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(b) share of an individual in the distributable the extent that it represents a distribution
net income after tax of a partnership of earnings or profits. [Sec. 73B, NIRC]
(except a general professional partnership) (1) In other words, stock dividends are
of which he is a partner generally not subject to tax as long
(c) share of an individual member or co- as there are no options in lieu of
venturer in the net income after tax of an the shares of stock.
association, a joint account, or a joint (2) On the other hand, a stock dividend
venture or consortium taxable as a constitutes income if it gives the
corporation shareholder an interest different
(d) RATE: from that which his former
(1) 10%for residents (RC, RA) and non stockholdings represented.
resident citizens (NRC);
(2) 20% for NRAETB(non-resident aliens PRIZES AND OTHER WINNINGS
engaged in trade or business) (1) Winnings, except Philippine Charity
(e) A stock dividend representing the transfer sweepstakes / lotto winnings – 20%
of surplus to capital account shall not be (2) Prizes exceeding P10,000 – 20%
subject to tax.
(f) However, if a corporation cancels or Prize, differentiated from winnings
redeems stock issued as a dividend at such A prize is the result of an effort made (e.g.,
time and in such manner as to make the prize in a beauty contest), while winnings are
distribution and cancellation or the result of a transaction where the outcome
redemption, in whole or in part, essentially depends upon chance (e.g., betting).
equivalent to the distribution of a taxable
dividend, the amount so distributed in
redemption or cancellation of the stock
shall be considered as taxable income to
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Citizens,
INTEREST, ROYALTIES, PRIZES AND OTHER WINNINGS NRAETB NRANETB
Residents
(a) Interest from any currency bank deposit 20% 20% 25%
(b) Yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit
20% 20% 25%
substitute
(c) Yield or any other monetary benefit from trust funds and
20% 20% 25%
similar arrangements
(d) Royalties, in general (other than royalties described in
20% 20% 25%
letter “e”)
(e) Royalties on books as well as other literary works and
10% 10% 25%
musical compositions
(f) Prizes exceeding P10,000 20% 20% 25%
(g) Other winnings (other than Philippine Charity
20% 20% 25%
Sweepstakes and Lotto winnings)
(h) Interest incomes received from a depositary bank under 7 1/2%
expanded foreign currency deposit system Note: NRC
– Exempt Exempt Exempt
(RR 1-
2011)
(i) Interest income from long-term deposit or investment Exempt Exempt 25%
evidenced by certificates prescribed by BSP. If
preterminatedbefore fifth year, a final tax shall be
imposed based on remaining maturity:
(1) 4 years to less than 5 years 5% 5% 25%
(2) 3 years to less than 4 years 12% 12% 25%
(3) Less than 3 years 20% 20% 25%
Citizens,
CASH AND/OR PROPERTY DIVIDENDS NRAETB NRANETB
Residents
Cash and/or property dividends actually or constructively
received from a domestic corp. or from a joint stock co.,
insurance or mutual fund companies and regional operating
10% 20% 25%
headquarters of multinational companies (beginning January
1, 2000)
Share of an individual in the distributable net income after tax
of a PARTNERSHIP (other than a general professional
10% 20% 25%
partnership) (beginning January 1, 2000)
Share of an individual in the net income after tax of an
ASSOCIATION, a JOINT ACCOUNT, or a JOINT VENTURE or
CONSORTIUM taxable as a corporation, of which he is a 10% 20% 25%
member or a co-venturer (beginning January 1, 2000)
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(a) For interest from foreign currency loans PASSIVE INCOME NOT SUBJECT TO TAX
granted by FCDUs to residents other than Interest income from long-term deposit or
Offshore Banking Units (OBUs) or other investment in the form of savings, common or
depository banks under the expanded individual trust funds, deposit substitutes,
system – tax rate is 10% if payors are investment management accounts and other
RESIDENTS, whether individuals or investments evidenced by certificates in such
corporations. form prescribed by the BSP shall be exempt
from tax
(b) For interest from foreign currency loans
granted by OBUs to residents other than But should the holder of the certificate pre-
OBUs or local commercial banks, including terminate the deposit or investment before the
branches of foreign banks that may be 5th year, a final tax shall be imposed on the
authorized by the BSP to transact business entire income and shall be deducted and
with OBUs - tax rate is 10% if payors are withheld by the depository bank from the
RESIDENTS, whether individuals or proceeds of the long-term deposit or
corporations. investment certificate based on the remaining
maturity thereof:
(c) Gross income from all sources within the (1) Four (4) years to less than five (5) years -
Philippines derived by non-resident 5%;
cinematographic film owners, lessors or (2) Three (3) years to less than four (4) years -
distributors – tax rate is 25% if payee is: (a) 12%; and
non-resident alien individual, or (b) non- (3) Less than three (3) years - 20%.
resident foreign corporation. The term
“cinematographic films” includes motion Any income of nonresidents, whether
picture films, films, tapes, discs and other individuals or corporations, from transactions
such similar or related products. with depository banks under the expanded
system shall be exempt from income tax.
(d) Informer’s reward given to persons who
voluntarily provide definite and sworn TAXATION OF CAPITAL GAINS
information that lead to or was
instrumental in the discovery of fraud or INCOME FROM SALE OF SHARES OF STOCK
violation of the provisions of the NIRC or OF A PHILIPPINE CORPORATION
special laws being administered by the BIR
and resulted in the actual recovery or Shares traded and listed in the stock exchange
collection of revenues, surcharges and fees – exempt
and/or the conviction of the guilty party or
parties, and/or the imposition of any fine The transaction is exempt from income tax
or penalty or the actual collection of a regardless of the nature of business of the
compromise amount, in case of amicable seller or transferor. However, it is subject to the
settlement, shall be subject to income tax, one-half of one percent (1/2 of 1%) stock
collected as a final withholding tax, at the transaction tax imposed under Sec. 127(A) of
rate of 10%, pursuant to Sec. 282 of the the Tax Code based on the gross selling price
NIRC [RR 16-2010] or gross value in money of the shares of stock
sold or transferred.
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Shares not listed and traded in the stock (b) Under Sec. 24(A), at the option of the
exchange – subject to final tax taxpayer.
On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition (2) In case of the sale of or disposition of their
of shares of stockof a domestic corporation not principal residence by natural persons
listed and traded through a local stock (a) Requirements:
exchange, held as a capital asset: (1) Sale or disposition by a natural
person of his principal residence,
On the net capital gain: (2) The proceeds of which is fully
Not over P100,000 = Final Tax of 5% utilized in acquiring/constructing a
On any amount in excess of P100,000 = plus new principal residence,
Final Tax of 10% on the excess (3) Such acquisition/construction
taking place within 18 calendar
Key Definitions months from the date of sale or
(a) Net capital gain: selling price less cost disposition,
(b) Selling price: consideration on the sale OR (4) The taxpayer notifies the
fair market value of the shares of stock at Commissioner within 30 days from
the time of the sale, whichever is higher the sale/disposition through a
(c) Cost: original purchase price prescribed return of his intention to
avail of the exemption,
INCOME FROM THE SALE OF REAL PROPERTY (5) The tax exemption can only be
SITUATED IN THE PHILIPPINES availed of once every 10 years.
(b) Tax treatment: Exempt from capital
What property covered gains tax (CGT). If there is no full
Property located in the PH classified as capital utilization of the proceeds of sale or
assets disposition, the portion of the gain
presumed to have been realized from
What transactions covered the sale or disposition shall be subject
Sales, exchanges, or other disposition of real to CGT.
property (classified as capital assets), including (c) How taxable portion and tax
pacto de retro sales and other forms of determined:
conditional sales of the following: citizens,
resident aliens, NRAETB, NRANETB, domestic 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
corporations. 𝑜𝑟 𝑥[ ]
𝐹𝑀𝑉 @ 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒
Tax rate
(1) The historical cost or adjusted
General rule: 6% of—whichever is higher
basis of the real property sold or
(a) Gross selling price, or
disposed shall be carried over to
(b) Fair market value (determined in
the new principal residence built
accordance with Sec. 6(E)).
or acquired.
Except
(2) Computation for the basis of new
(1) In case of sales made to the government,
principal residence:
any of its political subdivisions or agencies,
XXX
or to GOCCs, it can be taxed either:
Historical cost of old principal
(a) Under Sec. 24(C)(1) – 6% CGT, or
residence
Add: Additional cost to acquire XXX
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new principal residence* (2) At 30% corporate income tax, if the seller
Adjusted cost bases of the new XXX is a corporation.
principal residence Rule: Capital gain/loss is recognized in full.
*Additional cost to acquire new Capital assets shall refer to all real properties
principal residence: held by a taxpayer, whether or not connected
Cost to acquire new principal XXX with his trade or business, and which are not
residence included among the real properties considered
Less: Gross selling price of old (XXX) as ordinary assets under Section 39(A)(1) of the
principal residence NIRC.
Additional cost to acquire new XXX
principal residence Ordinary assets shall refer to all real properties
specifically excluded from the definition of
capital assets under Section 39(A)(1) of the
INCOME FROM THE SALE, EXCHANGE, OR NIRC, namely:
OTHER DISPOSITION OF OTHER CAPITAL (1) Stock in trade of a taxpayer or other real
ASSETS property of a kind which would properly be
Other properties shall be subject to income included in the inventory of the taxpayer if
tax— on hand at the close of the taxable year; or
(1) At the graduated income tax rates, if the (2) Real property held by the taxpayer
seller is an individual; primarily for sale to customers in the
(a) Long-term capital gains: only 50% is ordinary course of his trade or business; or
recognized. (3) Real property used in trade or business (i.e.,
(b) Short-term capital asset transactions: buildings and/or improvements) of a
100% subject to tax. (Sec. 39(B)) character which is subject to the allowance
for depreciation provided for under Sec.
Determination of whether short- or long- 34(F) of the Code; or
term: If held for <12 mos, then short-term. (4) Real property used in trade or business of
Otherwise, long-term. the taxpayer.
Section 24(C).Capital Gains Tax from Sale of Section 24(D).Capital Gains Tax from Sale of
Shares of Stock of a domestic corporation NOT Real Property Classified as Capital Asset
TRADED in the Stock Exchange RES/CIT NRAETB NRANETB
RES/CIT NRAETB NRANETB Tax base:
Tax base: Gross
Net Capital selling price
Gain or current
Tax rate: 5% 5% 5% fair market
Not over 10% 10% 10% value,
P100,000 whichever
is higher
Amount in Tax rate: 6% 6% 6%
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Resident Non-Resident
CITIZEN ALIEN CITIZEN NRAETB NRANETB
Category of Income Within the Within the Within the Within the
All sources
Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines
(1) Compensation / Business /
Based on Taxable (i.e, Net) Income
Profession
Schedular Income Tax Rates (Sec. 24, NIRC)
(2)
(i.e, 5% to 32%)
(3) Prizes of P10,000 or less
(4) Interest from any currency bank
deposit , etc., Royalties (other
than from books, literary works Gross Income Within the Philippines (GIW) – 20%
and musical compositions), Final Withholding Tax
Winnings / Prizes (except prizes
P10,000 and below)
(5) Royalties from books, literary
GIW – 10% Final Withholding Tax
works, musical compositions GIW – 25%
(6) Interest from long-term deposit EXEMPT; However:
or investment certificates, which In case of pre-termination, with remaining maturity
have a maturity of 5 years or of:
more 4 years to less than 5 years – 5% on entire income
3 years to less than 4 years – 12% on entire income
less than 3 years – 20% on entire income
(7) Cash / Property Dividends from a
domestic corporation, etc., OR
share in the distributable net
GIW – 10% Final Withholding Tax GIW- 20%
income after tax of a partnership
(except a general professional
partnership), etc.
(8) Interest (Expanded Foreign GIW – 7.5% Final
EXEMPT
Currency Deposit System) Withholding Tax
(9) Winnings on Philippine
EXEMPT
Sweepstakes / Lotto
(10) Capital Gains on Sale of Shares Net Capital Gains within:
of Domestic Corp. (not traded in Not Over P100,000 – 5% Final Tax
a domestic stock exchange) Amount in Excess of P100,000 – plus 10% Final Tax on the excess
(11) Capital Gains on Sale of Real Gross Selling Price or FMV, whichever is higher –
Property in the Philippines 6% Final Withholding Tax
(12) Sale of Shares of Domestic Corp. ½ of 1% of the Selling Price (Stock Transaction Tax)
(traded in a domestic stock Note: Stock Transaction Tax is not an income tax, but a business
exchange) (percentage) tax
(13) Sale of Real Property located
Abroad Schedular Income Tax Rates (Sec. 24 , NIRC)
(14) Sale of Shares of Foreign Corp (i.e, 5% to 32%)
(15) Passive Income from Abroad
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Computations
Pure Compensation Income TAXATION OF NON-RESIDENT
ALIENS ENGAGED IN TRADE OR
Gross Compensation Income xx
Less: Personal & Additional Exemptions BUSINESS
and hospitalization/health insurance (See above summary tables)
premium xx
Taxable Income xx GENERAL RULES
x Rate
Income Tax xx
Subject to an income tax in the same manner
Less: Creditable Withholding Tax on as an individual citizen and a resident alien
Compensation Income xx individual on taxable income from all sources
Tax Payable xx within the Philippines
Mixed-Income (i.e., compensation income and Nonresident alien doing business in the
business income/income from the practice of Philippines: a non-resident alien individual who
profession) shall come to the Philippines and stay therein
for an aggregate period of more than 180 days
Gross Compensation Income Xx during any calendar year
Less: Personal & Additional Exemptions
and hospitalization/health insurance
premium Xx CASH AND/OR PROPERTY DIVIDENDS
Taxable Compensation Income Xx The following shall be subject to an income tax
ADD: Gross Business Income &/or of twenty percent (20%) on the total amount
Income from Practice of Profession Xx
thereof:
Less: Allowable Deduction (itemized
or optional deduction) Xx
(a) Cash and/or property dividends from:
Taxable Income Xx (1) A domestic corporation;
x Rate (2) A joint stock company;
Income Tax Xx (3) An insurance or mutual fund company;
Less: Creditable Withholding Tax on (4) A regional operating headquarter of
Compensation Income/Other Allowable
Tax Credit Xx
multinational company;
Tax Payable Xx (5) The share of a nonresident alien
individual in the distributable net
Pure Business/Professional Income income after tax of a partnership
(except a general professional
Gross Business Income &/ partnership) of which he is a partner;
or Income from Practice of Profession Xx (6) The share of a nonresident alien
Less: Allowable Deduction individual in the net income after tax of
(itemized or optional deduction) xx an association, a joint account, or a
Personal & Additional Exemptions
and hospitalization/health insurance
joint venture taxable as a corporation
premium xx of which he is a member or a co-
Total Taxable Income Xx venturer;
x Rate (b) Interests
Income Tax Xx (c) Royalties (in any form); and
Less: Creditable Withholding Tax on
(d) Prizes (except prizes amounting to Ten
Compensation Income/Other Allowable
Tax Credit Xx thousand pesos (P10,000) or less which
Tax Payable Xx shall be subject to graduated tax) and
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other winnings (except Philippine Charity (1) Net over P100,000 – 5% of net capital
Sweepstakes and Lotto winnings); gains realized
(2) On any amount in excess of P100,000
EXCEPT: – 10% of net capital gains realized
(1) The following Royalties shall be subject to (b) Sale, barter or exchange of real properties
a final tax of ten percent (10%) on the total – 6% of gross selling price or current FMV
amount thereof: whichever is higher
(a) On books as well as other literary
works; and NON-RESIDENT ALIENS NOT
(b) On musical compositions ENGAGED IN TRADE OR BUSINESS
(2) Cinematographic films and similar works (1) Alien individuals employed by:
shall be subject to twenty-five percent (a) Regional or Area Headquarters
(25%) of the gross income (RAHQ) and Regional Operating
(3) Interest income from long-term deposit or Headquarters (ROHQ) established in
investment in the form of savings, common the Philippines by multinational
or individual trust funds, deposit companies
substitutes, investment management
accounts and other investments evidenced Multinational company, defined a
by certificates in such form prescribed by foreign firm or entity engaged in
the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) shall international trade with affiliates or
be exempt from the tax subsidiaries or branch offices in the
But should the holder of the certificate pre- Asia-Pacific Region and other foreign
terminate the deposit or investment before the markets
fifth (5th) year, a final tax shall be imposed on (b) Offshore Banking Units established in
the entire income and shall be deducted and the Philippines
withheld by the depository bank from the
proceeds of the long-term deposit or (2) Alien individuals who are permanent
investment certificate based on the remaining residents of a foreign country but who are
maturity thereof: employed and assigned in the Philippines
(i) Four (4) years to less than five (5) years - by a foreign service contractor or by a
5%; foreign service subcontractor engaged in
(ii) Three (3) years to less than four (4) years - petroleum operations in the Philippines
12%; and
(iii) Less than three (3) years - 20%.
Tax Rate and Base - 15% of gross income
CAPITAL GAINS received as salaries, wages, annuities,
Capital gains realized from sale, barter or compensation, remuneration and other
exchange of shares of stock in domestic emoluments, such as honoraria and
corporations not traded through the local stock allowances.
exchange, and real properties shall be subject
to the similar tax prescribed on citizens and The same tax treatment shall apply to Filipinos
resident aliens. employed and occupying the same positions as
(a) Sale, barter or exchange of Shares of stock those of aliens employed by these
in domestic corporation not traded – multinational companies, offshore banking
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units and petroleum service contractors and (b) Who are considered minimum wage
subcontractors. earners under RA 9504 (Sec. 4 (b) RA 7432,
as amended by RA 9994) and/or the
Note that the coverage of the special aggregate amount of gross income earned
classification (and the corresponding tax rate) by the senior citizen during the taxable
is limited to income received as wages. Hence, year does not exceed the amount of his
any income earned from all other sources within personal exemptions (BPE and APE).
the Philippines by the alien employees shall be
subject to the pertinent income tax (example: MINIMUM WAGE EARNERS
sale of real property in the Philippines is Rule: they shall be exempt from payment of
subject to 6% capital gain tax, imposed on the income tax on their taxable income
gross selling price or fair market value of the Limit: however, if he receives “other benefits”
property at the time of the sale, whichever is in excess of the allowable statutory amount of
higher) P30,000, then he shall be taxable on the
exceeds benefits as well as his salaries, wages,
INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERS EXEMPT and allowances, just like an employee
FROM INCOME TAX receiving compensation income beyond the
Individual Taxpayers exempt from income tax statutory minimum wage.
are:
(1) Senior Citizens EXEMPTIONS GRANTED UNDER
(2) Minimum wage earners INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (SEC.
(3) Exemptions granted under international 32(B))
agreements See RMC No, 31-2013, April 12, 2013 – taxation
of compensation income of Philippine
All individuals and entities claiming exemption nationals and alien individuals employed by
from imposition of taxes on income and, foreign governments/embassies/diplomatic
consequently, from withholding taxes are missions and international organizations
required to provide a copy of a valid, current situated in the Philippines
and subsisting tax exemption certificate or
ruling, as per existing administrative issuances TAXATION OF DOMESTIC
and any issuance that may be issued from time CORPORATIONS
to time, before payment of the related income.
The tax exemption certificate or ruling must
TAX PAYABLE
explicitly recognize the grant of tax exemption,
Taxes payable are:
as well as the corresponding exemption from
(1) Regular tax
imposition of withholding tax. Failure on the
(2) Minimum Corporate Income Tax
part of the taxpayer to present the said tax
exemption certificate or ruling as herein
REGULAR TAX
required shall subject him to the payment of
Normal Corporate Income Tax Rate: 30% of
appropriate withholding taxes due on the
Taxable Income (effective January 1, 2009)
transaction. [RMC No. 8=2014]
Gross Income XXX
SENIOR CITIZENS
Less: Allowable Deductions XXX
Who covered: any resident citizen—
Taxable Income XXX
(a) At least 60 years old, and
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is higher than the MCIT, then the corporation MCIT gross income differentiated from the
does not pay the MCIT. normal tax gross income
The latter would include other incidental
Who are covered by MCIT? income items, such as rent income, interest,
The MCIT covers domestic and resident foreign gain on sale of assets, certain tax refunds, etc.
corporations which are subject to the regular
income tax. The term “regular income tax” What amount of income tax is paid by the
refers to the regular income tax rates under the corporation to the BIR?
Tax Code. Thus, corporations which are subject Whichever is higher between the normal tax
to a special corporate tax system do not fall and the minimum corporate income tax
within the coverage of the MCIT.
Illustration:
These special corporations are: E Co., a domestic trading corporation, in its
(1) Corporations that are subject to ten percent fourth year of operations had a gross profit
(10%) preferential tax rate: Proprietary from sales of P300,000 and net taxable
educational institutions, nonprofit income of P100,000. How much was the
hospitals, Offshore Banking Units (OBUs) income tax paid by the corporation for the
on their income from foreign currency year?
transactions which has been subjected to a
final income tax at 10% of such income, MCIT (P300,000 x 2%) P6,000
and depository banks under the expanded Normal income tax
foreign currency deposit system on their (P100,000 x 30%) P30,000
income from foreign currency transactions Income Tax to be paid for the year
which has subjected to final income tax at (whichever is higher) P30,000
10%; RFCs engaged in business as
Regional Operating Headquarters Quarterly MCIT Computation.—
(2) Firms under special income tax regime The computation and the payment of MCIT
such as those under the PEZA law [RA shall likewise apply at the time of filing the
7916], the Bases Conversion Development quarterly corporate income tax. In the
Act [RA 7227] and forms enjoying Income computation of the tax due for the taxable
Tax Holiday (ITH) under EO No. 226; quarter, if the quarterly MCIT is higher than the
(3) International carriers subject to tax at 2 quarterly normal income tax, the tax due to be
½% of their gross Philippine billings; paid for such taxable quarter at the time of
filing the quarterly corporate income tax return
Note: For domestic corporations whose shall be the MCIT.
operations or activities are partly covered by
the regular income tax and partly covered Items allowed to be credited against quarterly
under a special income tax system, the MCIT MCIT due: (a) CWT, (b) Quarterly income tax
shall apply on operations covered by the payments under the normal income tax; and
regular corporate income tax system. (c) MCIT paid in the previous taxable quarter(s).
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Annual Income Tax Computation.— Excess MCIT from the previous taxable year/s
The final comparison between the normal shall not be allowed to be credited against the
income tax payable and the MCIT shall be annual MCIT due as the same can only be
made at the end of the taxable year. The applied against normal income tax.
payable or excess payment in the Annual Manner of Filing and Payment.—
Income Tax Return shall be computed taking The MCIT shall be paid in the same manner
into consideration corporate income tax prescribed for the payment of the normal
payment made at the time of filing of quarterly corporate income tax which is on a quarterly
corporate income tax returns whether this be and on a yearly basis.
MCIT or normal income tax.
CARRY FORWARD OF EXCESS MINIMUM TAX
In the computation of annual income tax due, Any excess of the minimum corporate income
if the normal income tax due is higher than the tax over the normal income tax shall be carried
computed annual MCIT, the following shall be forward on an annual basis. The excess can be
allowed to be credited against the annual credited against the normal income tax in the
income tax: (a) quarterly MCIT payments, (b) nextthree (3) succeeding taxable years. [Sec.
quarterly normal income tax payments, (c) 27(E)(2)] In the year to which carried forward,
excess MCIT in the prior year/s (subject to the the normal tax should be higher than the MCIT.
prescriptive period allowed for its creditability),
(d) CWTs in the current year, (d) excess CWTs Illustration.—
in the prior year. A domestic corporation had the following data
on computations of the normal tax (NT) and
If in the computation of annual income tax due, the minimum corporate income tax (MCIT) for
the computed annual MCIT due is higher than five years.
the annual normal income tax due, the
following may be credited against the annual
income tax: (a) quarterly MCIT payments of Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8
current taxable quarter, (b) quarterly normal MCIT 80K 50K 30K 40K 35K
income tax payments in current year, (c) CWTs NT 20K 30K 40K 20K 70K
in the current year, (d) excess CWTs in the prior
year. The excess MCIT over NT carry-forward is
shown as follows:
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From Year 5
From Year 7
Arrow pointing downward means that the (3) Legitimate business reverses (substantial
normal tax is higher so that there can be an losses due to fire, robbery, theft or other
excess MCIT carry-forward against it. economic reasons).
*Cannot carry forward an amount higher than OPTIONAL GROSS INCOME TAX (OGIT).—
the NT, hence the excess of 60K from Year 4 Section 27 (A) of the NIRC provides for an
was reduced to 40K. The unused P20,000 optional gross income tax of 15% based on
cannot be used in Year 8 because Year 8 was gross income. The President, upon the
beyond three years from Year 4. recommendation of the Secretary of Finance,
may, effective January 1, 2000, allow domestic
RELIEF FROM THE MCIT UNDER CERTAIN corporations the option to be taxed at fifteen
CONDITIONS (SEC. 27 (E), NIRC) percent (15%) of gross income as defined
The Secretary of Finance, upon the therein, after the following conditions have
recommendation of the Commissioner, may been satisfied:
suspend the imposition of the MCIT upon
submission of proof by the applicant- Tax effort ratio 20% of GNP
corporation that the corporation sustained Ratio of Income Tax collection 40%
substantial losses on account of the following to total tax revenues
(LMB): VAT tax effort 4% of GNP
(1) Prolonged labor dispute (losses from a Ratio of Consolidated Public 0.90%
strike staged by employees that lasts for Sector Financial Position
more than 6 months and caused the (CPSFP) to GNP
temporary shutdown of operations), or Ratio of the Corporation’s Does not
(2) Force majeure (acts of God and other Cost of Sales to Gross Sales exceed 55%
calamity; includes armed conflicts like war
or insurgency), or
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Gross Sales XXX Note: Words in regular letters are found in Sec.
Less: Sales Returns XXX 29(B)(2) of the NIRC. Words in italics are
SalesDiscounts& XXX additions made by the revenue regulation to
Allowances XXX XXX consolidate Sec. 29 with other pertinent laws.
Cost of Goods Sold
GI XXX APPLICABILITY OF THE MCIT WHERE A
CORPORATION IS GOVERNED BOTH UNDER
The election of the gross income tax option by THE REGULAR TAX SYSTEM AND A SPECIAL
the corporation shall be irrevocable for three INCOME TAX SYSTEM
(3) consecutive taxable years during which the For corporations whose operations or activities
corporation is qualified under the scheme. are partly covered by the regular income tax
and partly covered under special income tax
For purposes of gross income tax, gross system, the MCIT shall apply on operations by
income should be the same as gross income the regular income tax system
for purposes of MCIT in cases of trading,
merchandising and manufacturing concern ALLOWABLE DEDUCTIONS
business. However, for service enterprises,
gross income means gross receipts less sales
returns, discounts, allowances and cost of ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS
services. (1) Bad debts
(2) Expenses
Note: At present, the OGIT has not been (3) Losses
implemented in the Philippines. (4) Taxes
(5) Depreciation
CORPORATIONS EXEMPT FROM THE (6) Interest
MCIT: (BIPTENG) (7) Depletion of oil and gas wells and mines
(1) Banks and other non-bank financial (8) Charitable and other contributions
intermediaries; (9) Research and development
(2) Insurance companies; (10) Pension trusts
(3) Publicly-held corporations;
(4) Taxable partnerships; Optional standard deduction
(5) General professional partnerships; Before RA 9504, effective July 6, 2009, OSD
(6) Non- taxable joint ventures; and only applied to individuals except non-resident
(7) Enterprises that are registered: aliens.
(a) with the Philippine Economic Zone But by virtue of RA 9504, it now also applies to
Authority (PEZA) under R.A. 7916; corporations, except non-resident foreign
(b) pursuant to the Bases Conversion and corporation.
Development Act of 1992 under R.A. Moreover, the rate was increased from 10% to
7227; and 40%.
(c) under special economic zones declared
by law which enjoy payment of special TAXATION OF PASSIVE INCOME
tax rate on their registered operations
or activities in lieu of other taxes, PASSIVE INCOME SUBJECT TO TAX
national or local.
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Note: (1) and (5) below are more appropriate for Inter-corporate dividends
the next section. The SC Syllabus, however, Dividends received from another domestic
included both in this section corporation - exempt
Passive income subject to tax: Capital gains realized from the sale, exchange,
(1) Interest from deposits and yield or any or disposition of lands and/or buildings
other monetary benefit from deposit On the sale, exchange or disposition of lands
substitutes and from trust funds and and/or buildings which are not actually used in
similar arrangements and royalties the business of a corporation and are treated
(2) Capital gains from the sale of shares of as capital assets On the gross selling price,
stock not traded in the stock exchange or the current fair market value at the time of
(3) Income derived from depository bank the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6%
under the expanded foreign currency
deposit system Note: Tax treatment is the same as that of
(4) Inter-corporate dividends individuals.
(5) Capital gains realized from the sale,
exchange, or of lands and/or The capital gains tax is applied on the gross
buildings selling price, or the current fair market value at
the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any
Interest from deposits and yield or any other gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because
monetary benefit from deposit substitutes and there is a conclusive presumption by law that
from trust funds and similar arrangements and the sale resulted in a gain.
royalties
On any currency bank deposit, yield or any PASSIVE INCOME NOT SUBJECT TO TAX
other monetary benefit from deposit (1) Income derived by a depository bank under
substitutes, trust funds and similar the expanded foreign currency deposit
arrangements - 20% system from foreign currency transactions
with nonresidents, offshore banking units
Capital gains from the sale of shares of stock in the Philippines, local commercial banks,
not traded in the stock exchange including branches of foreign banks that
On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral
of shares of stockof a domestic corporation not ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business
listed and traded through a local stock with foreign currency depository system
exchange, held as a capital asset: units and other depository banks under the
expanded foreign currency deposit system
On the net capital gain: shall be exempt from
(1) First P100,000: Final Tax of 5% incomeexemptfromincome tax
(2) On any amount in excess of P100,000:
plus 10% Final tax on the excess Except: net income from transactions
specified by the Secretary of Finance upon
Income derived from depository bank under the recommendation by the Monetary Board
expanded foreign currency deposit system
Under the expanded foreign currency deposit BUT: Interest income from foreign currency
system (EFCDS) - 7.5% loans granted by such depository banks
under said expanded foreign currency
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deposit system to residents, other than there is a conclusive presumption by law that
offshore banking units in the Philippines, the sale resulted in a gain.
shall be subject to a final tax at the rate of
10%.
TAX ON PROPRIETARY
(2) Any income of nonresidents, whether EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND
individuals or corporations, from
NON-PROFIT HOSPITALS
transactions with depository banks under
Tax Rate and Base – 10% on net income
the expanded system shall be exempt
(except on income subject to capital gains tax
fromexemptfrom income tax.
and passive income subject to final tax) within
and without the Philippines
TAXATION OF CAPITAL GAINS
Caveat: If gross income from unrelated trade or
INCOME FROM SALE OF SHARES OF business or other activity exceeds 50% of total
STOCK gross income derived from all sources, the tax
On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition rate of 30% shall be imposed on the entire
of shares of stockof a domestic corporation not taxable income.
listed and traded through a local stock
exchange, held as a capital asset: Unrelated trade, business or other activity – any
trade, business or other activity, the conduct of
On the net capital gain: which is not substantially related to the
(1) First P100,000: Final Tax of 5% exercise or performance by such educational
(2) On any amount in excess of P100,000: institution or hospital of its primary purpose or
plus 10% Final tax on the excess function.
INCOME FROM THE SALE OF REAL Proprietary educational institution – any private
PROPERTY SITUATED IN THE school maintained and administered by private
PHILIPPINES individuals or groups with an issued permit to
operate from the DECS, CHED or TESDA. [Sec.
Philippine & (iii) Income from the sale, exchange, 27(B), NIRC]
or other disposition of other capital assets
On the sale, exchange or disposition of lands
and/or buildings which are not actually used in TAX ON GOVERNMENT-OWNED OR
the business of a corporation and are treated CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS,
as capital assets On the gross selling price,
AGENCIES OR INSTRUMENTALITIES
or the current fair market value at the time of
the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6%
FOR GOCCS:
General rule: GOCCs are taxable as any other
Note: Tax treatment is the same as that of
corporation engaged in similar business,
individuals.
industry or activity, except:
The capital gains tax is applied on the gross
(1) Government Service Insurance System
selling price, or the current fair market value at
(GSIS)
the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any
(2) Social Security System (SSS)
gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because
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(3) Philippine Health Insurance Corporation concept. Thus, the income from sources
(PHIC) within the Phils. of the foreign head office
(4) Local water districts (LWDs) shall thus be taxable to the Philippine
(5) Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office branch.
(PCSO)
[Sec. 27(C), NIRC] But, when the head office of a foreign
corporation independently and directly
FOR INSTRUMENTALITIES AND invested in a domestic corporation without the
AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT: funds passing through its Philippine branch,
General rule: The government is exempt from the taxpayer, with respect to the tax on dividend
tax. income, would be the non-resident foreign
corporation itself and the dividend income shall
Exception: When it chooses to tax itself. be subject to the tax similarly imposed on non-
Nothing can prevent Congress from decreeing resident foreign corporations.
that even instrumentalities or agencies of the
government performing governmental Definition of “doing business” under the Foreign
functions may be subject to tax. Where it is Investment Act of 1991
done precisely to fulfilfulfill a constitutional The phrase "doing business" shall include
mandate and national policy, no one can doubt soliciting orders, service contracts, opening
its wisdom. [Mactan Cebu Airport v Marcos, offices, whether called "liaison" offices or
1996] branches; appointing representatives or
distributors domiciled in the Philippines or who
If the taxing authority is the local gov’t unit in any calendar year stay in the country for a
RA 7160 expressly prohibits LGUs from levying period or periods totaling one hundred eighty
tax on the Nat’l Gov’t, its agencies and [180] days or more; participating in the
instrumentalities and other LGUs. management, supervision or control of any
domestic business, firm, entity or corporation
TAXATION OF RESIDENT FOREIGN in the Philippines; and any other act or acts
that imply a continuity of commercial dealings
CORPORATIONS
or arrangements and contemplate to that
extent the performance of acts or works, or the
GENERAL RULE exercise of some of the functions normally
A resident foreign corporation is a corporation incident to, and in progressive prosecution of
organized under the laws of a foreign country, commercial gain or of the purpose and object
which is engaged in trade or business in the of the business organization: Provided,
Philippines. however, That the phrase "doing business"
(a) A Philippine branch of a foreign shall not be deemed to include mere
corporation duly licensed by the SEC is investment as a shareholder by a foreign entity
considered a resident foreign corporation. in domestic corporations duly registered to do
Thus, only the income of the Philippine business, and/or the exercise of rights as such
branch from sources within the Philippines investor; nor having a nominee director or
is subject to Philippine income tax. officer to represent its interests in such
(b) Marubeni v. Commissioner: As general rule, corporation; nor appointing a representative or
the head office of a foreign corporation is distributor domiciled in the Philippines which
the same juridical entity as its branch in
the Philippines following the single entity
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transacts business in its own name and for its On any currency bank deposit, yield or any
own account; [Sec. 3 (d)] other monetary benefit from deposit
substitutes, trust funds and similar
WITH RESPECT TO THEIR INCOME FROM arrangements – Final tax of 20%
SOURCES WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES
Resident foreign corporations are subject to INCOME DERIVED FROM A DEPOSITORY
any or some of the following: BANK UNDER THE EXPANDED FOREIGN
(1) Capital Gains Tax CURRENCY DEPOSIT SYSTEM
(2) Final Tax on Passive Income Under the expanded foreign currency deposit
(3) Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate system (EFCDS) – Final tax of 7.5%
Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax
(GIT) CAPITAL GAIN FROM SALE OF SHARES OF
(4) Branch Profit Remittance Tax STOCK NOT TRADED IN THE STOCK
EXCHANGE
MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition
The discussion with respect to this topic of shares of stock ofstockof a domestic
(income subject to normal tax, MCIT, or GIT) corporation not listed and traded through a
under the subheading of domestic local stock exchange, held as a capital asset:
corporations is equally applicable to resident
foreign corporations, both as to concepts and On the net capital gain:
computations, except that RFCs are taxed only (a) First P100,000: Final Tax of 5%
on income from sources within the Philippines. (b) On any amount in excess of P100,000:
(a) Normal Corporate Income Tax Rate 30% plus 10% Final tax on the excess
of net taxable income from sources within
the Philippines [RA 9337] INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS
(b) Minimum Corporate Income Tax Dividends received from a domestic
(MCIT) 2% of MCIT Gross Income from corporation liable to tax under the NIRC-
sources within the Philippines. The MCIT is exempt
imposed on RFCs underRFCsunder the
same conditions as domestic corporations. Exclude:
[Sec. 28(A)(2)] (1) International carrier
(c) Gross Income Tax (GIT) The President, (2) Offshore banking units
upon the recommendation of the Secretary (3) Branch profits remittances
of Finance, may allow resident foreign (4) Regional or area headquarters and
corporations the option to be taxed at regional operating headquarters of
fifteen percent (15%) of gross income within multination companies
the Philippines, under the same conditions
as domestic corporations. [Sec. 28(A)(1)] (Note: Expressly excluded as indicated in the SC
Syllabus. The following discussion is for
information purposes)
TAX ON CERTAIN INCOME
INTERNATIONAL CARRIER
INTEREST FROM DEPOSITS AND YIELD OR
Tax Rate and Base – 2.5% on Gross Philippine
ANY OTHER MONETARY BENEFIT FROM
Billings (GPB)
DEPOSIT SUBSTITUTES, TRUST FUNDS AND
SIMILAR ARRANGEMENTS AND ROYALTIES
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with the conduct of its trade or business in the (2) business planning and coordination
Philippines. (3) sourcing and procurement of raw
materials and components
Income not treated as branch profits unless (4) corporate finance advisory services
effectively connected with the conduct of trade (5) marketing control and sales promotion
or business in the Philippines: (6) training and personnel management
(1) Interests, dividends, rents, royalties (7) logistic services
remuneration for technical services (8) research and development services
(2) salaries, wages premiums, annuities, and product development
emoluments (9) technical support and maintenance
(3) other fixed or determinable annual, (10) data processing and communications,
periodic or casual gains, profits, income and
(4) capital gains received during each taxable (11) business development.
year from all sources within the Philippines
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(a) Intercorporate Dividend – 15%, as long as (b) On any amount in excess of P100,000
the country in which the nonresident plus Final Tax of 10% on the excess
foreign corporation is domiciled allows a
tax credit for taxes “deemed paid” in the Exclude:
Philippines equivalent to at least 15% (1) Film rentals and other payments to non-
(b) 15% represents the difference between the resident cinematographic film owner,
regular income tax of 30% on corporations lessor or distributor
and the 15% tax on dividends (“tax sparing Final tax of 25% of gross income from all
credit”) sources within the Philippines
(c) If the country within which the NRFC is
domiciled does NOT allow a tax credit, a (2) Rental, lease and charter fees payable to
final withholding tax at the rate of30% is non-resident owner or lessor of vessels
imposed on the dividends received from a chartered by Philippine nationals
domestic corporation. Final tax of 4.5% of gross rentals, lease or
charter fees from leases or charters to
CAPITAL GAINS FROM SALE OF SHARES OF Filipino citizens or corporations, as
STOCK NOT TRADED IN THE STOCK approved by the Maritime Authority
EXCHANGE
On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition (3) Rentals, charter and other fees payable to
of real property or on shares of stock of a non-resident owner or lessor of aircraft
domestic corporation not listed and traded machineries and other equipment
through a local stock exchange, held as a Final tax of 7.5% of gross rentals or fees
capital asset:
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Tax
Type of Corporation Tax Base
Rate
Domestic Corporations
Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals
Taxable Income from all sources 10%
(Non-profit)
Depository Banks (Foreign Currency Deposit Units)
(1) With respect to income derived under the Exempt (except that net income
expanded foreign currency deposit system from from such transactions is subject -
certain foreign currency transactions to the regular income tax payable
(2) With respect to interest income from foreign by banks)
currency loans to residents other than offshore
units in the Philippines or other depository banks Amount of interest income 10%
under the expanded system
Resident Foreign Corporations
International Carriers Gross Philippine Billings 2.5%
Offshore Banking Units
(1) With respect to income derived by offshore Exempt (except that net income
banking units from certain foreign currency from such transactions is subject -
transactions to the regular income tax payable
(2) With respect to interest income derived from by banks)
foreign currency loans granted to residents other
than offshore banking units or local commercial Amount of interest income 10%
banks
Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit
Units) Exempt (except that net income
(1) With respect to income derived under the from such transactions is subject -
expanded foreign currency deposit system from to the regular income tax payable
certain foreign currency transactions by banks)
(2) With respect to interest income from foreign
currency loans to residents other than offshore
Amount of interest income 10%
units in the Philippines or other depository banks
under the expanded system
Regional or Area Headquarters Exempt -
Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Taxable Income from within the
10%
Companies Philippines
Non-resident Foreign Corporations [EXCLUDED]
Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or Gross Income from the
25%
distributors Philippines
Non-resident Owner or Lessor of Vessels Chartered by Gross Rentals, Lease and Charter
4.5%
Philippine Nationals Fees from the Philippines
Non-resident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machineries Gross Rentals, Charges and Fees
7.5%
and Other Equipment from the Philippines
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the direct correlation of anticipated needs to NPC in general is subject to income tax;
such accumulation of profits. Otherwise, such PAGCOR is not subject to income tax [RA
accumulation would be deemed to be not for 9337]
the reasonable needs of the business, and the
penalty tax would apply. QUALIFICATION FOR TAX EXEMPTION UNDER
SECTION 30 OF THE 1997 NIRC:
TAX EXEMPT CORPORATIONS (1) It must be a non-stock corporation or
(1) Government educational institutions. association organized and operated
(2) Non-stock and non-profit educational exclusively for religious, charitable,
institutions. scientific, athletic or cultural purposes, or
(3) Nonprofit labor, agricultural or for the rehabilitation of veterans.
horticultural organizations (2) It should meet the following tests:
(4) Associations of farmers, fruit growers, and (a) Organizational Test – requires that the
the like whose primary function is to corporation or association’s
market the product of their members constitutive documents exclusively
(5) Organizations with a purely local operation limit its purposes to one or more of
whose income is derived only from those described in paragraph (E) of
assessment, duties and fees collected from Section 30 of the 1997 NIRC.
their members to meet operational (b) Operational Test – mandates that the
expenses such as fire insurance company, regular activities of the corporation or
farmers’ or other mutual typhoon association be exclusively devoted to
associations, mutual ditch or irrigation the accomplishment of the purposes
company and mutual or cooperative specified in paragraph (E) of Section
telephone company 30 of the 1997 NIRC, as amended. A
(6) Non-stock corporation or association corporation or association fails to meet
organized and operated exclusively for this test if a substantial part of its
religious, charitable, scientific, athletic, or operations may be considered
cultural purposes or for the rehabilitation “activities conducted for profit”.
of veterans, provided that no individual (3) All the net income or assets of the
person owns its assets or no individual corporation or association must be devoted
person receives benefit on its earnings to its purpose/s and no part of its net
(7) Non-stock/ non-profit mutual savings income or asset accrues to or benefits any
bank or non-stock/ non-profit cooperative member or specified person.
bank (4) It must not be a branch of a foreign non-
(8) Non-profit civic league or organization stock, non-profit corporation.
operating exclusively for the promotion of [RMO No. 20-2013]
social welfare
(9) Cemetery company owned and operated TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS
exclusively for the benefit of its members
(10) Non-profit business league, chamber of CLASSIFICATION OF PARTNERSHIPS
commerce, or board of trade FOR TAX PURPOSES
(11) Associations, orders, beneficiary societies (1) General Professional Partnerships (GPP)–
operating for the exclusive benefits of their partnerships formed by persons for the
members. [Sec.30, NIRC] sole purpose of exercising their common
profession, no part of the income of which
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is derived from engaging in any trade or (2) When a donor makes a gift of an undivided
business. A GPP is exempt from income property in favor of two or more donees.
tax. It is, however, required to file a tax
return for its income for the purpose of When Co-ownership is not subject to tax
furnishing information as to the share in When the co-ownership’s activities are limited
the gains or profits that each partner shall merely to the preservation of the co-owned
include in his individual tax return. property and to the collection of the income
(2) Other Partnerships (or General Co- from the property. The income derived by a co-
partnerships) – partnerships wherein all or owner from the property shall be reported in
part of their income is derived from the his individual tax return regardless of whether
conduct of trade or business. An ordinary such income is actually or constructively
business partnership is considered as a received.
corporation and is thus subject to
corporate tax of 30%. When Co-ownership is subject to tax
The following circumstances would render a
Other Partnerships (or general co-partnerships) co-ownership subject to a corporate income
Rules: tax: (a) When a co-ownership is formed or
(1) The partnership is subject to the same rules established voluntarily, or upon agreement of
on corporations (capital gains tax, final tax the parties; (b) When the individual co-owner
on passive income, normal tax, minimum reinvested his share, and (c) When the
corporate income tax [MCIT] and gross inherited property remained undivided for
income tax [GIT]), but is not subject to the more than ten years, and no attempt was ever
improperly accumulated earnings tax [IAET]. made to divide to same among the co-heirs,
The partnership must file quarterly and nor was the property under administration
year-end income tax returns. proceedings nor held in trust, the property
(2) The taxable income of the partnership, less should be considered as owned by an
the normal corporate income tax (30%) unregistered partnership.
thereon, is the distributable net income of
the partnership. Automatically converted into an unregistered
partnership the moment the said common
The share of a partner in the partnership’s properties and/or the incomes derived from
distributable net income of a year shall be them are used as a common fund with intent to
deemed to have been actually or constructively produce profits for the heirs in proportion to
received by the partners in the same taxable their respective shares in the inheritance as
year and shall be taxed to them in their determined in a project partition either duly
individual capacity, whether actually executed in an extrajudicial settlement or
distributed or not. [Sec. 73(D)] Such share will approved by the court in the corresponding
be subjected to a final tax of 10% to be testate or intestate proceeding. [Ona v. CIR,
withheld by the partnership. [Sec. 24(B)(2)] May, 25 1972]
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material or money,; profits must be shared (3) For purposes of computing the distributive
among the parties; there must be a joint share of the partners, the net income of the
proprietary interest and right of mutual control GPP shall be computed in the same
over the subject matter of the enterprise; and manner as a corporation.
usually, there is single business transaction. (4) Each partner shall report as gross income
his distributive share, actually or
An unincorporated joint venture is taxed likes a constructively received, in the net income of
corporation. The share of the joint venture the partnership.
partners will no longer be taxable to them (5) The distributive share of a partner (actual or
because they partake of dividends if paid to a constructive) shall be subject to a
domestic or resident corporation. However, an creditable withholding income tax of 10% if
unincorporated joint venture formed for the the amount share is not more than
purpose of undertaking a construction project P720,000 and 15% if the amount of the
or engaging in petroleum operations pursuant share is more than P720,000. [RR 2- 1998]
to the consortium agreement with the (6) If the partnership sustains a net operating
Philippine Government is not subject to the loss, the partners shall be entitled to
corporate income tax. Only the joint venture deduct their respective shares in the net
partners will be taxed on their respective operating loss from their individual gross
shares in the income of the joint ventures. income.
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undistributed profits of GPPs. The payment [to In addition, the withholding tax that should
the partners] of such tax-paid profits in have been withheld and remitted to the BIR as
another year should no longer be liable to well as the penalties for non-, late or erroneous
income tax. [Mamalateo] payment of the withholding tax such as
surcharges and deficiency interest are
WITHHOLDING TAX assessed by the BIR. [Mamalateo]
The duty to withhold is different from the duty Duties and Obligations of the Withholding
to pay income tax. The revenue officers Agent
generally disallow the expenses claimed as (1) To Register - withholding agent is required
deduction from gross income, if no withholding to register within ten (10) days after
of tax as required by law or the regulations was acquiring such status with the Revenue
withheld and remitted to the BIR within the District office having jurisdiction where the
prescribed dates. business is located
(2) To Deduct and Withhold - withholding
agent is required to deduct tax from all
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Withholding of creditable tax (RR 2-98) employers to pay or deposit the taxes
(a) Under the creditable withholding tax deducted and withheld at more frequent
system, taxes withheld on certain income intervals, in cases where such requirement
payments are intended to equal or at least is deemed necessary to protect the interest
approximate the tax due of the payee on of the Government.
said income.
(b) The income recipient is still required to file TAXES AS SPECIAL FUND IN TRUST
an income tax return, to report the income The taxes deducted and withheld by employers
and/or pay the difference between the tax shall be held in a special fund in trust for the
withheld and the tax due on the income. Government until the same are paid to the said
(c) Taxes withheld on income payments collecting officers.
covered by the expanded withholding tax
and compensation income are creditable in RETURN AND PAYMENT IN CASE OF
nature. GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES
If the employer is the Government of the
WITHHOLDING OF VAT Philippines or any political subdivision, agency
(1) On gross payments for the purchase of or instrumentality thereof, the return of the
goods amount deducted and withheld upon any wage
(2) On gross payments for the purchase of shall be made by the officer or employee
services having control of the payment of such wage, or
(3) Payments made to government public by any officer or employee duly designated for
works contractors the purpose.
(4) Payments for lease or use of property or
property rights to non-resident owners STATEMENTS AND RETURNS
Every employer required to deduct and
FILING OF RETURN AND PAYMENT OF withhold a tax shall:
TAXES WITHHELD (1) Furnish to each such employee in respect
of his employment a written statement
WHERE TO FILE AND PAY: confirming the wages paid by the employer
(1) Authorized agent bank; to such employee during the calendar year,
(2) Collection Agent; and the amount of tax deducted and
(3) the duly authorized Treasurer of the city or withheld and such other information as the
municipality where the employer has his Commissioner may prescribe
legal residence or principal place of (a) During the calendar year, on or before
business, or in case the employer is a January thirty-first (31st) of the
corporation, where the principal office is succeeding yea; or
located; or (b) If his employment is terminated before
(4) As Commissioner otherwise permits. the close of such calendar year, on the
same day of which the last payment of
PERIOD FOR FILING AND PAYMENT: wages is made
(a) The return shall be filed and the payment (2) Submit to the Commissioner an annual
made within twenty-five (25) days from the information return on or before January
close of each calendar quarter. thirty-first (31st) of the succeeding year
(b) The Commissioner may, with the approval containing:
of the Secretary of Finance, require the (a) A list of employees;
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(b) The total amount of compensation tax under Sec. 25(A)(1) of the Tax
income of each employee; Code
(c) The total amount of taxes withheld (d) Winnings (except from Philippine
therefrom during the year, Charity Sweepstake Office and
accompanied by copies of the written Lotto)
statements furnished to employees, (e) Interest income on foreign currency
and such other information as may be deposit
deemed necessary. (f) Interest income from long term
deposit
The Commissioner may grant to any employer (g) Cash and/or property dividends
a reasonable extension of time to furnish and (h) Capital Gains presumed to have
submit the statements and returns required. been realized from the sale,
exchange or other disposition of
FINAL WITHHOLDING TAX AT SOURCE real property
Under the final withholding tax system, the (2) Income Payments to a Non-Resident Alien
amount of income tax withheld by the Engaged in Trade or Business in the
withholding agent is constituted as a full and Philippines
final payment of the income tax due from (a) On Certain Passive Income
payee on the said income (e.g., interest on (i) cash and/or property dividend
deposits, royalties, etc.). The liability for (ii) share in the distributable net
payment of the tax rests primarily on the payor income of a partnership
as a withholding agent. Thus, in case of the (iii) Interest on any bank deposits
withholding agent’s failure to withhold the tax (iv) Royalties
or in case of under-withholding, the deficiency (v) Prizes (except prizes
tax shall be collected from him. The payee is amounting to P10,000 or less
not required to file an income tax return for the which is subject to tax under
particular income, nor is he liable for the Sec. 25(A)(1) of the Tax Code.
payment of the tax. [Sec. 2.57, RR No. 2-98] (vi) Winnings (except from
Philippine Charity Sweepstake
The finality of the withholding tax is limited Office and Lotto)
only to the payee’s income tax liability on the (b) Interest on Long Term Deposits
particular income. It does not extend to the (c) Capital Gains presumed to have been
payee’s other tax liability on said income, such realized from the sale, exchange or
as when the said income is further subject to a other disposition of real property
percentage tax, such as gross receipts tax in (3) Income Derived from All Sources Within
the case of a bank. the Philippines by a Non-Resident Alien
Individual Not Engaged in Trade or
INCOME PAYMENTS SUBJECT TO FINAL Business
WITHHOLDING TAX: (a) On gross amount of income derived
(1) Income Payments to a Citizen or to a from all sources within the Philippines
Resident Alien Individual (b) On Capital Gains presumed to have
(a) Interest on any peso bank deposit been realized from the sale, exchange
(b) Royalties or disposition of real property located
(c) Prizes (except prizes amounting to in the Philippines
P10,000 or less which is subject to
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(4) Income Derived by Alien Individual royalties derived from sources within
Employed by a Regional or Area the Philippines
Headquarters and Regional Operating (d) Interest income on FCDU
Headquarters of Multinational Companies (e) Income derived by a depository bank
(5) Income Derived by Alien Individual under the expanded foreign currency
Employed by Offshore Banking Unit deposits system from foreign currency
(6) Income of Aliens Employed by Foreign transactions with local commercial
Petroleum Service Contractors and banks
Subcontractors (9) Income Derived from all Sources Within
(7) Income Payment to a Domestic the Philippines by a Non-Resident Foreign
Corporation Corporation
(a) Interest from any currency bank (a) Gross income from all sources within
deposits and yield or any other the Philippines such as interest,
monetary benefit from deposit dividends, rents, royalties, salaries,
substitutes and from trust fund and premiums (except re-insurance
similar arrangements derived from premiums), annuities, emoluments or
sources within the Philippines other fixed determinable annual,
(b) Royalties derived from sources within periodic or casual gains, profits and
the Philippines income or capital gains
(c) Interest income derived from a (b) Gross income from all sources within
depository bank under the Expanded the Philippines derived by a non-
Foreign Currency Deposit (FCDU) resident cinematographic film owner,
System lessor and distributor
(d) Income derived by a depository bank (c) On the gross rentals, lease and charter
under the FCDU from foreign fees derived by a non-resident owner or
transactions with local commercial lessor of vessels from leases or
banks charters to Filipino citizens or
(e) On capital gains presumed to have corporations as approved by the
been realized from the sale, exchange Maritime Industry Authority
or other disposition of real property (d) On the gross rentals, charter and other
located in the Philippines classified as fees derived by a non-resident lessor of
capital assets, including pacto de aircraft, machineries and other
retro sales and other forms of equipment
conditional sales based on the gross (e) Interest on foreign loans contracted on
selling price or fair market value as or after August 1, 1986
determined in accordance with Sec. (10) Fringe Benefits Granted to the Employee
6(E) of the NIRC, whichever is higher (except Rank and File)
(8) Income Payments to a Resident Foreign
Corporation Goods, services or other benefits furnished
(a) Offshore Banking Units or granted in cash or in kind by an
(b) Tax on branch Profit Remittances employer to an individual employee
(c) Interest on any currency bank deposits (except rank and file) such as but not
and yield or any other monetary benefit limited to the following:
from deposit substitute and from trust (a) Housing
funds and similar arrangements and (b) Vehicle of any kind
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(19) Income payments by government offices medical practitioner and his patient. [RR No.
on their purchase of goods and services, 14-2013]
from local/resident suppliers
(20) Tolling fees paid to refineries
(21) Payments made by pre-need companies to WITHHOLDING TAX ON COMPENSATION
funeral parlors The tax withheld from income payments to
(22) Payments made to embalmers by individuals arising from an employer-
funeral parlors employee relationship.
(23)Income payments made to suppliers of
agricultural products Compensation is any remuneration received for
(24) Income payments on purchases of services performed by an employee from his
mineral, mineral products and quarry employer under an employee-employer
resources relationship.
Income payments to RESPs (i.e., real estate The different kinds of compensation are:
consultants, real estate appraisers and real (1) Regular compensation - includes basic
estate brokers) who passed the licensure salary, fixed allowances for representation,
examination given by the Real Estate Service transportation and others paid to an
under the Professional Regulations employee
Commission (PRC) are classified as (2) Supplemental compensation - includes
professional fees subject to 10%/15% EWT. payments to an employee in addition to
the regular compensation such as but not
On the other hand, income payments to RESPs limited to the following:
(i.e., real estate consultants, real estate (a) Overtime Pay
appraisers and real estate brokers) who failed (b) Fees, including director's fees
or did not take up the licensure examination (c) Commission
given by the Real Estate Service under the PRC (d) Profit Sharing
are classified as commission/brokerage fees (e) Monetized Vacation and Sick Leave
subject to 10% EWT. [RR No. 10-2013] (f) Fringe benefits received by rank & file
employees
It shall be the duty and responsibility of the (g) Hazard Pay
hospitals, clinics, HMOs and similar (h) Taxable 13th month pay and other
establishments to withhold and remit taxes benefits
due on the professional fees of their respective (i) Other remunerations received from an
accredited medical practitioners, paid by employee-employer relationship
patients who were admitted and confined to
such hospitals and clinics. [RR No. 14-2013] Exemptions from Withholding tax on
compensation:
The withholding tax on professional fees paid Remuneration as an incident of employment
to medical practitioners shall not apply (a) Retirement benefits received under RA
whenever there is proof that no professional 7641 (Retirement Pay Law) and those
fee has in fact been charged by the medical received by officials and employees of
practitioner and paid by his patient, as shown private firms, under a reasonable private
in a sworn declaration jointly executed by the benefit plan.
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(b) Any amount received by an official or (n) Compensation for injuries or sickness –
employee or by his heirs from the employer amounts received through accident or
due to death, sickness or other physical health insurance or under Workmen’s
disability or for any cause beyond the Compensation Acts, as compensation for
control of the said official or employee personal injuries or sickness, plus the
such as retrenchment, redundancy or amount of any damages received whether
cessation of business by suit or agreement on account of such
(c) Social security benefits, retirement injuries or sickness.
gratuities, pensions and other similar (o) Income exempt under Treaty
benefits (p) Thirteenth (13th) month pay and other
(d) Payment of benefits due or to become due benefits (not to exceed P 30,000)
to any person residing in the Philippines (i) Mandatory 1 month basic salary
under the law of the US administered US received after the twelfth *12th) month
Veterans Administration pay
(e) Payment of benefits made under the SSS (ii) Other benefits such as Christmas
Act of 1954, as amended bonus, productivity incentives, loyalty
(f) Benefits received from the GSIS Act of 1937, award, gift in cash or in kind and other
as amended, and the retirement gratuity benefits of similar nature actually
received by the government employee received by officials and employees of
(g) Remuneration paid for agricultural labor both government and private offices
(h) Remuneration for domestic services including the Additional Compensation
(i) Remuneration for casual labor not in the Allowance (ACA) granted and paid to
course of an employer's trade or business all officials and employees of the
(j) Compensation for services by a citizen or Nations Government (NGAs) including
resident of the Philippines for a foreign State Universities and Colleges (SUCs),
government or an international Government-Owned-or-Controlled
organization Corporations (GOCCs), Government
(k) Payment for damages – actual, moral, Financial Institutions (GFIs) and Local
exemplary damages received by an Government Units (LGUs)
employee or his heirs pursuant to a final (a) De minimis benefits, given in
judgment or compromise agreement excess of the ceilings prescribed in
arising out of or related to an employer- regulations, shall be taxable to the
employee relationship. recipient –employee only if such
(l) Proceeds of Life Insurance – the proceeds excess is beyond the P30,000
of life insurance policies paid to the heirs or threshold.
beneficiaries upon the death of the insured, (q) GSIS, SSS, Medicare and other
whether in a single sum or otherwise; contributions – GSIS, SSS, Medicare and
provided however, that interest payments Pag-Ibig contributions, and union dues of
agreed under the policy for the amounts individual employees
which are held by the insured under such (r) Compensation income of MWEs who work
an agreement shall be INCLUDED in the in the private sector and being paid the
gross income. statutory minimum wage (SMW), as fixed
(m) Amount received by the insured as a return by Regional Tripartitie Wage and
of premium Productivity Board (RTWPB)/National
Wages and Productivity Commission
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(NWPC), applicable to the place where or asset, whichever is applicable, in the payor’s
he/she is assigned books, whichever comes first. The term
(s) Compensation income of employees in the “payable” refers to the date the obligation
public sector with compensation income of becomes due, demandable or legally
not more than the SMW in the non- enforceable.
agricultural sector, as fixed by
RTWPB/NWPC, applicable to the place Where income is not yet paid or payable but
where he/she is assigned. the same has been recorded as an expense or
asset, whichever is applicable, in the payor’s
TIMING OF WITHHOLDING books, the obligation to withhold shall arise in
The obligation of the payor to deduct and the last month of the return period in which the
withhold the tax arises at the time an income same is claimed as an expense or amortized
payment is paid or payable, or the income for tax purposes. [Mamalateo]
payment is accrued or recorded as an expense
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TAXATION LAW
TAXATION LAW 2
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the tax and thus contributes to (2) The statute that governs estate taxation.
government income. (3) The accrual of the estate tax.
(4) Redistribution of wealth theory – Receipt of
inheritance is a contributing factor to the Art. 777, Civil Code. The rights to the
inequalities in wealth and income. The succession are transmitted from the moment
of the death of the decedent.
imposition of estate tax reduces the
property received by the successor, which Sec. 3, RR 2-2003. THE LAW THAT GOVERNS
helps promote a more equitable THE IMPOSITION OF ESTATE TAX. It is a well-
distribution of wealth in society. The tax settled rule that estate taxation is governed by
base is the value of the property and the the statute in force at the time of death of the
progressive scheme of taxation is precisely decedent. The estate tax accrues as of the
death of the decedent and the accrual of the
motivated by the desire to mitigate the
tax is distinct from the obligation to pay the
evils of inheritance in the present form. The same. Upon the death of the decedent,
taxes paid by rich people are programmed succession takes place and the right of the
for disbursement by Congress for the State to tax the privilege to transmit the estate
benefit of the poor in terms on social vests instantly upon death.
services, education, health, etc.
Taxable Transfers
Taxable transfers are complete when the
E. TIME AND TRANSFER OF transferor divested himself of all economic
PROPERTIES beneficial interest in himself or his estate.
Decedent’s interest is to its extent at the time (1) Transfers Mortis Causa – Gratuitous
of his death. (Sec. 85(A)) transfers that take effect after death, either
testate or intestate. A donation which
Estate taxation is governed by the statute in purports to be one inter vivos but withholds
force at the time of death of the decedent. from the donee the right to dispose of the
Estate tax accrues as of the death of the donated property during the donor's
decedent and the accrual of the tax is distinct lifetime is in truth one mortis causa. In a
from the obligation to pay the same. Upon the donation mortis causa "the right of
death of the decedent, succession takes place disposition is not transferred to the donee
and the right of the State to tax the privilege to while the donor is still alive." The requisites
transmit the estate vests instantly upon death. of a testamentary disposition should be
(Sec. 3, RR 2-2003) fulfilled.
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Donation Mortis Causa is subject to Estate Tax. Situs of Intangible Personal Properties
General Rule: Mobilia Sequuntur Personam
(2) Transfers Inter Vivos Gratuitous transfers Principle: Taxation of intangible personal
that take effect after death, either testate properties (such as credits, bills, bank deposits
or intestate. (See Donor’s Tax for promissory notes, and corporate stocks)
requisites) follows the residence/domicile of owner
thereof. Situs is the domicile or residence of
General Rule: Donation Inter Vivos are the owner. (Collector v Fisher)
subject to Donor’s Tax. Exceptions:
(1) When it is inconsistent with express
Exceptions: (subject to estate tax) when provisions of law
inter vivos is treated by law as substitutes (2) When justice does not demand that it
for testamentary dispositions (i.e., should be, as where the property in
transfers which are inter vivos in form but fact has a situs elsewhere
mortis causa in substance)i.e. transfers in Intangible Properties which are considered
contemplation of death [Sec. 85(B), NIRC] situated in the Philippines (Sec 104)
(a) Transfer with retention or reservation (1) Franchise which must be exercised in
of certain rights [Sec. 85(B), NIRC] the Philippines
(b) Revocable transfers [Sec. 85(C), NIRC] (2) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by
(c) Transfers of property arising under any corporation or sociedad anonima
general power of appointment [Sec. organized or constituted in the
85(D), NIRC] Philippines in accordance with its laws
(d) Transfers for insufficient consideration (3) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by
[Sec. 85(G), NIRC] any foreign corporation 85% of the
business of which is located in the
Note: see further discussion in the valuation of Philippines
Gross Estate (4) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by
any foreign corporation if such shares,
F. CLASSIFICATION OF DECEDENT obligations or bonds have acquired a
business situs in the Philippines
Estate Tax applies only to individuals. The decedent
may be classified into: (5) Shares or rights in any partnership,
(1) Citizen (RC/NRC) business or industry established in the
(2) Resident alien (RA); or Philippines
(3) Non-resident alien (NRA).
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property of citizens of the Philippines not If there is reciprocity, the intangible personal
residing in that foreign country; OR property of an NRA shall not be included in his
(b) Allowed a similar exemption from transfer gross estate. If there is no reciprocity, such
tax in respect of intangible personal intangible personal property will be included.
property owned by citizens of the
Philippines not residing in that country
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RC/NRC/RA NRA
Note: If there is reciprocity, intangible assets are
excluded from gross estate
Exclusions from GROSS Estate(Sec 85H and Sec 87)
a. GSIS proceeds/ benefits
b. Accruals from SSS
c. Proceeds of life insurance where the beneficiary is irrevocably appointed
d. Proceeds of life insurance under a group insurance taken by employer
e. War damage payments and Benefits received from US Veterans Administration
f. Transfer by way of bona fide sales
g. Transfer of property to the National Government or to any of its political subdivisions
h. Separate property of the surviving spouse
i. Merger of usufruct in the owner of the naked title
j. Properties held in trust by the decedent. Transmission of inheritance or legacy by fiduciary
heir or legatee to the fideicommissay
k. Transmission from the first heir, legatee, or done in favour of another beneficiary, in
accordance with the desire of their predecessor
l. Acquisition and/or transfer expressly declared as not taxable
m. Bequests, devises, legacies or transfers to social welfare, cultural and charitable institutions
Deductions from GROSS estate to arrive at the NET estate
Ordinary deductions Ordinary deductions1
(1) Expenses, losses, indebtedness, taxes. (ELIT) (1) Proportionate deductions for expenses, losses,
(a) Funeral expenses indebtedness, taxes. (ELIT)2
(b) Judicial expenses (a) Funeral expenses
(c) Claims against the estate (b) Judicial expenses
(d) Claims against insolvent persons (c) Claims against the estate
(e) Unpaid mortgage and debt (d) Claims against insolvent persons
(f) Taxes (e) Unpaid mortgage and debt
(g) Losses (f) Taxes
(2) Vanishing deductions (g) Losses
(3) Transfers for public use (2) Vanishing deductions
(4) Amounts received under R.A. 4917 (3) Transfers for public use
No Amounts received under R.A. 4917
Special deductions No special deductions
(a) Family home Share in conjugal property
(b) Standard deduction
(c) Medical expenses
Share in conjugal property
1 No deduction shall be allowed for NRA, if the executor, administrator, or anyone of the heirs, DID NOT include in the return required to be
filed under Section 90 of the Code the value at the time of the decedent’s death of that part of his gross estate NOT situated in the
Philippines. [Sec. 86 (D), NIRC; Sec 7, RR 2-2003]
2
Formula for Proportionate Deductions of NRA: Allowable Deduction = 𝑥 ELIT
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Valuation of Gross Estate (Sec 88) (1) Probable life of the beneficiary in
General Rule: Gross Estate = FMV at the time accordance with the latest basic standard
of the decedent’s death mortality table shall be taken into account.
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those transferred by the decedent at the time (2) The enjoyment thereof was subject at the
of his death. date of his death to any change through
Note: When decedent had relinquished his the exercise of a power (in whatever
interest BEFORE his death, he could not be capacity exercisable) by:
deemed to have transmitted interest in such (a) The decedent alone;
property at his death. (b) The decedent in conjunction with any
other person without regard to when or
Transfers in Contemplation of Death (Sec. from what source the decedent
85(B)) acquired such power, to alter, amend,
The term “in contemplation of death”, as used revoke, or terminate; or
in estate taxation, does not refer to the general (c) Where any such power is relinquished
expectation of death. The words mean that it is in contemplation of the decedent
the thought of death, as a controlling motive, death.
which induces the disposition of the property
for the purpose of avoiding the tax. The Exception: Bona fide sale for an adequate
decedent’s motive is a question of fact. Thus, and full consideration in money or money’s
the imminence of death may afford convincing worth
evidence of the impelling cause of transfer.
However, it is a contemplation of death and Note: The power to alter, amend or revoke
not necessarily contemplation of imminent shall be considered to exist on the date of the
death to which the statute refers. These decedent’s death EVEN THOUGH:
transfers should be without or with insufficient (a) The exercise of the power is subject to a
considerations. precedent giving of notice, or
(b) The alteration, amendment or revocation
The law does not specify the number of years takes effect only on the expiration of a
prior to a decedent’s death within which a stated period after the exercise of the
transfer can be considered in contemplation of power, whether or not on or before the
death. (De leon) date of the decedent’s death notice has
been given or the power has been
Transfers with retention or reservation of exercised.
certain rights
These are transfers with retention or If notice has not been given or the power has
reservation of certain rights that result to the not been exercised before the date of his death,
incapacity of transferee to freely enjoy and such notice shall be considered to have been
dispose of the property until the transferor’s given, or the power exercised, on the date of
death, and the transfer may be regarded as his death.
having been intended to take effect in
possession or enjoyment at the transferor’s Transfer of property under general power of
death. These does not include bona fide sale appointment (Sec. 85(D))
for an adequate and full consideration. Power of Appointment – the right to designate
the person or property who shall enjoy and
Revocable Transfers (Sec. 85(C)) possess certain property from the estate of a
General Rule: A transfer is a revocable transfer prior decedent. (Domondon)
where: (i) General Power of Appointment: when it
(1) There is a transfer by trust or otherwise, gives to the decedent the power to appoint
any person he pleases including himself.
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The decedent holds the appointed property consideration in money or money’s worth, but
with all the attributes of ownership. He had is NOT a bona fide sale for an adequate and
a power exercisable in favor of himself, his full consideration in money or money’s worth.
creditors or creditors of his estate (AmJur)
(ii) Special Power of Appointment: when the The value to be included in the gross estate is
decedent can appoint only among a the excess of the fair market value of the
designated class of persons other than property at the time of the decedent’s death
himself, his estate, the creditors of his over the consideration received.
estate, or if it the power of appointment
expressly not exercisable in favor of the Example:
decedent, his estate, his creditors, or Case A: If bona fide sale – no value shall be
creditors of his estate. included in the gross estate
Case B: If not a bona fide sale - the excess of
General Rule: Property over which the the fair market value at the time of death over
decedent held a power of appointment is the value of the consideration received by the
excluded in his gross estate decedent shall form part of his gross estate.
Case C: If inter vivos transfer is proven
Exception: (included, if) the power of fictitious/simulated – total value of the
appointment is GENERAL. Among those to be property at the time of death included in the
included in the gross estate is property arising gross estate.
under a general power of appointment
exercised by the decedent:
(1) By will; or Case Case Case
Over
(2) By deed executed in contemplation of or A B C
intended to take effect in possession or FMV, transfer 2,000 1,500 2,500
enjoyment at or after his death; or
(3) By deed under which he has retained for FMV, death 2,500 2,000 2,000
his life or any period not ascertainable Consideration received 2,000 800 0
without reference to his death or for any Value included in the 0 1,200 2,000
period which does not in fact end before Gross Estate
his death –
(a) The possession or enjoyment of, or the
right to the income from the property; The transfer for insufficient consideration must
or fall under any of the following:
(b) The right either alone or in conjunction (1) Transfer in contemplation of death;
with any person, to designate the (2) Revocable transfer, or
persons who shall enjoy or possess the (3) Property passing under a GPA.
property or the income therefrom. - Otherwise, the tax imposed is donor’s tax.
Transfers for insufficient consideration (Sec. Proceeds of life insurance (Sec. 85(E))
85(G)) Inclusion of proceeds of life insurance to the
Transfers, trusts, interests, rights, or powers gross estate depends on i) designated
(denominated as transfer in contemplation of beneficiary; ii) revocability of the insurance; iii)
death, revocable transfer and property passing period and source of funds used in premiums.
under general power of appointment) made,
created, exercised or relinquished for a
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When taxable (included in the Gross Estate) employees , which are exempt from all
Proceeds of life insurance taken out by the taxes; (PD 1146)
decedent on his own life shall be included in (5) Benefits accruing under the SSS law (RA
the gross estate in the following cases: 1161)
(1) Beneficiary is the estate of the deceased, (6) Proceeds of life insurance payable to heirs
his executor or administrator, irrespective of deceased members of military personnel
of whether or not the insured retained the (RA 360)
power of revocation; or
(2) Beneficiary is other than the decedent’s To determine the conjugal or separate character
estate, executor or administrator, when of proceeds, the following factors are considered:
designation of beneficiary is not expressly (1) Policy was taken before marriage – Source
made irrevocable. of funds determines ownership of the
Note: Under the Insurance Code of 1978, if not proceeds of life insurance
clear or silent, the designation of the (2) Policy was taken during marriage
beneficiary is presumed to be revocable; hence, (a) Beneficiary is estate of the insured –
includible in the decedent’s gross estate. Proceeds are presumed conjugal;
hence, one-half share of the surviving
When not taxable spouse is not taxable
(1) Accident insurance proceeds as the Tax (b) Beneficiary is third person – Proceeds
Code specifically mentions only life are payable to beneficiary even in
insurance policies premiums were paid out of the
(2) Proceeds of a group insurance policy taken conjugal
out by a company for its employees
(3) Amount receivable by any beneficiary Claims Against Insolvent Persons
irrevocably designated in the policy of For estate tax purposes, an insolvent is a
insurance by the insured. The transfer is person whose properties are not sufficient to
absolute and the insured did not retain any satisfy, whether fully or partially, his debts. A
legal interest in the insurance judicial declaration of insolvency is not
(4) Proceeds of insurance policies issued by required but the incapacity of the debtor
the GSIS to government officials and
should be proven. As a rule, regardless of the Deductions and/or losses already deducted
amount the debtor is unable to pay, the full from gross income can no longer be deducted
amount of the claim against the insolvent from gross estate. Further, deductions should
person should be included in the gross estate not be compensated for any insurance or
of the decedent. The portion of the claim extrajudicial settlement. Otherwise, they are
which is not collectible should be allowed as a not valid deductions.
deduction from the gross estate.
K.1 ORDINARY DEDUCTIONS
Capital of the Surviving Spouse[Sec.85(H),
NIRC] 1.A. EXPENSES, LOSSES,
It is NOT part of the gross estate of the INDEBTEDNESS AND TAXES, ETC. (ELIT)
deceased spouse. (See Exclusions)
i. Funeral Expenses (Sec. 86 (A)(1)(a))
K. DEDUCTIONS FROM ESTATE Actual funeral expenses shall mean (i) those
which are actually incurred (ii) in connection
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with, and before the interment or burial of the expenses borne or defrayed by relatives and
deceased and (iii) must be paid out of the friends of the deceased are not deductible. (iii)
estate and not by another person or out of Medical expenses as of the last illness will not
contributions from friends and relatives. These form part of funeral expenses but should be
must be (iv) duly supported by receipts or claimed as medical expenses. (Sec. 6, RR 2-
invoices or other evidence to show that they 2003)
were actually incurred. They include:
(a) The mourning apparel of the surviving Illustrations
spouse and unmarried minor children of (a) If five percent (5%) of the gross estate is
the deceased bought and used on the P220,000 and the amount actually
occasion of the burial; incurred is P215,000, the maximum
(b) Expenses for the deceased’s wake, amount that may be deducted is only
including food and drinks; P200,000;
(c) Publication charges for death notices; (b) If five percent (5%) of the gross estate is P
(d) Telecommunication expenses incurred in 100,000 and the total amount incurred is
informing relatives of the deceased; P150,000 where P20,000 thereof is still
(e) Cost of burial plot, tombstones, monument unpaid, the only amount that can be
or mausoleum but not their upkeep. In claimed as deduction for funeral expenses
case the deceased owns a family estate or is P100,000. The entire P50,000 excess
several burial lots, only the value amount consisting of P30,000 paid
corresponding to the plot where he is amount and P20,000 unpaid amount can
buried is deductible; no longer be claimed as FUNERAL
(f) Interment and/or cremation fees and EXPENSES. Neither can the P20,000
charges; and unpaid portion be deducted from the gross
(g) All other expenses incurred for the estate as CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE.
performance of the rites and ceremonies
incident to interment.
ii. Judicial Expenses of Testamentary and
Intestate Proceedings (Sec. 86 (A)(1)(b))
Limitation: Allowable deduction is not to Expenses allowed as deduction under this
exceed P200,000 and whichever is lower of: category are (i) those incurred in the inventory-
(a) The actual funeral expenses (whether or taking of assets comprising the gross estate,
not paid) up to the time of interment, or their administration, the payment of debts of
(b) An amount equal to 5% of the gross the estate, as well as the distribution of the
estate. estate among the heirs. In short, these
The unpaid portion of the funeral expenses deductible items are expenses (ii) incurred
incurred which is in excess of the P200,000 during the settlement of the estate but not
threshold is NOT allowed to be claimed as a beyond the last day prescribed by law, or the
deduction under “claims against the estate”. extension thereof, for the filing of the estate
(Sec. 6(A)(1), RR 02-200) tax return. (Sec. 86 (A)(2), RR 2-2003). These
expenses must be (iii) for the benefit of the
Not included are: (i) Expenses incurred after estate, and (iv) substantiated by recipts OR if
the interment, such as for prayers, masses, unpaid, should be supported by a sworn
entertainment, or the like are not deductible. statement of account issued and signed by the
(ii) Any portion of the funeral and burial creditor.
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- In case the creditor is a bank or other creditor of his capacity to lend at the
financial institutions, the Certification shall time when the loan was granted,
be executed by the branch manager of the authenticated or certified to as such by
bank/financial institution which monitors the tax authority of the country where
and manages the loan of the decedent- the non-resident creditor is a resident;
debtor.
- If the creditor is an individual, the sworn (4) A statement under oath executed by the
certification should be signed by him. In administrator or executor of the estate
any of these cases, the one who should reflecting the disposition of the proceeds of
certify must not be a relative of the the loan if it was contracted within 3 years
borrower within the fourth civil degree, prior to the death of the decedent.
either by consanguinity or affinity, except
when the requirement below is complied If the unpaid obligation arose from purchase of
with. goods or services:
When the lender, or the (1) Pertinent documents evidencing the
President/Vice-president/principal purchase of goods or service, such as sales
officer of the creditor-corporation, or invoice/delivery receipt (for sale of goods),
the general partner of the creditor- or contract for the services agreed to be
partnership is a relative of the debtor in rendered (for sale of services), as duly
the degree mentioned above, a copy of acknowledged, executed and signed by
the promissory note or other evidence decedent-debtor and creditor, and
of the indebtedness must be filed with statement of account given by the creditor
the RDO having jurisdiction over the as duly received by the decedent-debtor
borrower within 15 days from the
execution thereof. (2) Duly notarized certification from the
creditor as to the unpaid balance of the
(3) Proof of financial capacity of the creditor to debt, including interest as of the time of
lend the amount at the time the loan was death.
granted, as well as its latest audited
balance sheet with a detailed schedule of (3) Certified true copy of the latest audited
its receivable showing the unpaid balance balance sheet of the creditor with a
of the decedent-debtor detailed schedule of its receivable showing
- In case the creditor is an individual the unpaid balance of the decedent-debtor.
who is no longer required to file Moreover, a certified true copy of the
income tax returns with the Bureau, a updated latest subsidiary ledger/records of
duly notarized declaration by the the debtor-decedent, should likewise be
creditor of his capacity to lend at the submitted.
time when the loan was granted
without prejudice to verification that Where the settlement is made through the
may be made by the BIR to Court in a testate or intestate proceeding,
substantiate such declaration of the pertinent documents filed with the Court
creditor. If the creditor is a non- evidencing the claims against the estate,
resident, the executor/ administrator and the Court Order approving the said
or any of the legal heirs must submit a claims, if already issued, in addition to the
duly notarized declaration by the
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NOTE: See Formula for computing Ordinary determined and paid by the prior decedent
Deductions of NRA above. or by the donor, as the case may be.
(5) No previous vanishing deduction on the
1. B. PROPERTY PREVIOUSLY property – No such deduction on the
TAXED/PPT (SEC. 86(A)(2)) property, or the property given in exchange
ALSO CALLED AS VANISHING therefor, was allowed in determining the
DEDUCTIONS value of the net estate of the prior
decedent. This is intended to preclude the
This is an amount allowed to reduce the application of the vanishing deduction on
taxable estate of a decedent where property: the same property more than once.
(1) Received by him from a prior decedent by
gift, bequest, device, or inheritance Limitations
(2) Transferred to him by gift, has been the (1) Value of property – The deduction is
object of previous transfer transaction limited by the value of property previously
taxed or the aggregate value of such
Conditions property if more than one item, as finally
(1) There must be 2 deceased persons and the determined for the purpose of the prior
first one is the donor estate tax (or gift tax) or the value of such
(2) The second decedent dies within 5 years property in present decedent’s gross estate,
after the death of a prior decedent, or in whichever is lower.
case of gift, the decedent-donee dies (2) Deduction for mortgage or lien – The initial
within the same period after the date of the value (in number 1 above) shall be reduced
gift. by the total amount paid, if any, by the
present decedent on any mortgage or
Requisites other lien on the property where a
(1) Death – The present decedent died within deduction was allowed, by reason of the
5 years from the date of the prior decedent payment, of such mortgage or other lien
OR date of gift. from the gross estate of the prior decedent,
(2) Identity of the property– The property with or gift or donor, in determining the estate
respect to which deduction is sought can tax of the prior decedent or the donor’s tax.
be identified as the one who received from (3) Deductions for expenses, etc. – The value
prior decedent, or from the donor, or as the as reduced in #2 shall be further reduced
property acquired in exchange for the by an amount which bears the same ratio
original property so received. to the amounts allowed as deductions for:
(3) Inclusion of the property – The property (a) Expenses, losses, indebtedness, and
must have formed part of the gross estate taxes (ordinary deductions), and
situated in the Philippines of the prior (b) Transfers for public use as the amount
decedent, or have been included in the otherwise deductible for property
total amount of the gifts of the donor made previously taxed bears to the value of
within 5 years prior to the present the decedent’s gross estate; and
decedent’s death. (4) Percentage of deductions – The vanishing
(4) Previous taxation of property – The estate deduction shall be the value (final basis) in
tax on the prior succession, or the donor’s #3 multiplied by the ff. percentages:
tax on the gift must have been finally
VD If received by inheritance or gift
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40% More than three years but not more 1.D. AMOUNTS RECEIVED BY HEIRS
than four years prior to the death of UNDER RA 4917
the decedent (An Act Providing that Retirement Benefits of
20% More than four years but not more Employees of Private Firms shall not be subject
than five years prior to the death of the to attachment, levy, execution, or any tax
decedent whatsoever. (Sec. 86(A)(7))
FORMULA FOR VANISHING DEDUCTIONS: Any amount received by the heirs from the
(please take note of the limitations above) decedent’s employer as a consequence of the
death of the decedent-employee in accordance
Value Taken of Property with RA 4917, provided that such amount is
Less: Mortgage debt paid, if any
included in the gross estate of the decedent.
= Initial Basis These include:
Less: Proportionate Deduction** (1) Retirement benefits from private firms with
private benefit plan, if the retiring
= Final Basis employee is 50 years old or older. This can
Multiplied by Deduction Rate only be once availed.
(2) Benefits granted in case of separation
VANISHING DEDUCTION
beyond the control of the employee.
**Proportionate Deduction RA 4917 provides that retirement benefits of
private employees shall not be subject to
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔
𝒙 (𝑬𝑳𝑰𝑻 + 𝑻𝑷𝑼) attachment, levy execution or any tax.
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝑬 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕
SPECIAL DEDUCTIONS
(A) Family Home (Sec. 86(A)(4))
Note: Amount of Vanishing Deductions is NOT It is the dwelling house, including the land on
subtracted from the value of the CPG to which it is situated, where the husband and
determine the share of surviving spouse. It is wife, or a head of the family, and members of
deducted from the exclusive property of the their family reside, as certified to by the
decedent. Barangay Captain of the locality. It is deemed
constituted on the house and lot from the time
1. C. TRANSFERS FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE it is actually occupied as the family residence
(SEC. 86(A)(3)) and considered as such for as long as any of its
These are (i) dispositions in a last will and beneficiaries actually resides therein. (Arts. 152
testament or transfers to take effect after and 153, Family Code)
death (ii) in favor of the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines, or any political
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from the gross estate under “Claims against interest in the estate is taxed. Net share of the
the estate”. (RR 2-2003, Sec. 6-F) surviving spouse is neither an ordinary nor a
special deduction.
NET SHARE OF THE SURVIVING spouse in the
conjugal partnership property (Sec. 86(C),
L. EXCLUSIONS FROM ESTATE
NIRC; Sec. 6(H), RR 2-2003)
Capital of the Surviving Spouse (Sec. 85(H))
The amount deductible is the net share of the Capital: property of the spouses brought into
surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership marriage. Strictly speaking, capital under the
property. The net share is equivalent to ½ of Civil Law refers to the property brought by the
50% of the conjugal property after deducting husband to the marriage while that brought
the obligations chargeable to such property. into the marriage by the wife known is as
The share of the surviving spouse must be paraphernal property. (Domondon)
removed to ensure that only the decedent’s
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To each spouse shall belong all earnings from his or her profession, business or industry, and all
fruits, natural, industrial, or civil, due or received during the marriage from his or her separate
property. (Art. 145, Family Code)
Exemptions:
(1) Where net estate does not exceed P200,000. (Sec. 84)
(2) The following transmissions shall not be taxed:
(a) Merger of the usufruct in the owner of the naked title
(b) Transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heir or legatee to the
fideicomissary
(c) The transmission from the first heir, legatee, or done in favor of another beneficiary in
accordance with the desire of the predecessor
(d) All bequests, devises, legacies, or transfers to social welfare, cultural and charitable
institutions, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any individual, and
provided that not more than 30% of the said bequests, etc shall be used by such institution
for administration purposes.
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(1) Benefits received by members from the GSIS and the SSS by reason of death
(2) Amounts received from the Philippines and US governments for damages suffered during the last
war.
(3) Benefits received by beneficiaries residing in the Philippines under laws administered by the US
Veteran Administration
(4) Bequests, legacies, or donations mortis causa to social welfare, cultural, or charitable
organizations. Bequests to be used actually, directly and exclusively for educational purposes are
also exempt from tax.
(5) Grants and donations to the Intramuros Administration
It is a remedy against international double Who may claim: RC/NRC/RA. Only the estate
taxation. To minimize the onerous effect of of a decedent who was a citizen or a resident of
taxing the same property twice, tax credit the Philippines at the time of his death can
against Philippine estate tax is allowed for claim tax credit for any estate tax paid to a
estate taxes paid to foreign countries. foreign country.
General Rule
The estate tax imposed by the NIRC shall be
credited with the amounts of any estate tax
imposed by the authority of a foreign country.
Limitations on Credit
A. For Estate Taxes paid to one foreign country (Specific Country Limitation)
The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any country shall not exceed the same proportion
of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the decedent's net estate situated within such
country taxable under the tax code bears to his entire net estate.
( )
𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥
( )
𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥
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Compare the tax credit allowed under Limitation A and Limitation B. The lower of the two amounts is
the final allowable tax credit. In this case, the amount computed under Limitation A (4,400) is lower,
thus it becomes the final allowable tax credit.
If there is only one foreign country involved, both Limitations will yield the same answer.
The resulting amount will be compared to the actual tax paid to the foreign country. The lower
amount will be the final allowable tax credit.
Illustration:
Net taxable estate is P500,000 (1,050,000 + 300,000 + 150,000 – 1,000,000 standard deduction).
The Philippine estate tax on P500,000 is P15,000
Solution – Limitation A
(1) Apply Formula A. The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid
for each foreign country.
(2) The lower of the two amounts for each foreign country will be added to get the total tax credit
allowed under Limitation A.
Solution – Limitation B:
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(1) Apply Formula B. The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid
in total to foreign countries.
(2) The lower of the two amounts will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation B.
N. EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN from tax, the value of the gross estate exceeds
ACQUISITIONS AND P20,000.
TRANSMISSIONS
Period of sending notice: A written Notice of
Death must be given to the BIR.
(1) Merger of usufruct in the owner of the
(a) Within 2 months after the death of the
naked title
decedent or
(2) Transmission or delivery of the inheritance
(b) Within 2 months after the executor or
or legacy by the fiduciary heir (1st heir) to
administrator or executor qualifies as such.
the fideicomissary (2ndheir). Pending
transmission of the property, the fiduciary
Who will file: executor, administrator, or any of
is entitled to all the rights of a usufructuary,
the legal heirs, as the case may be.
although the fideicomissary is entitled to
all the rights of a naked owner.
P. ESTATE TAX RETURN
(3) Transmission from the first heir, legatee or
(Section 90 – 91)
done in favour of another beneficiary, in
accordance with the desire of the When Required (Copies in duplicate)
predecessor. (1) When the estate is subject to estate tax,
(4) All bequests, devises, legacies or transfers OR
to social welfare, cultural and charitable (2) When, though exempt from tax, the gross
institutions, no part of the net income of value of the estate exceeds Two hundred
which inures to the benefit of any thousand pesos (P200,000), OR
individual; provided, however, that not (3) Regardless of the gross value of the estate,
more than 30% of said bequest, devises, when the said estate consists of registered
legacies or transfers shall be used by such or registrable property such as real
institutions for administration purposes. property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or
other similar property for which a
O. FILING OF NOTICE OF DEATH clearance from the Bureau of Internal
(Section 89) Revenue is required as a condition
precedent for the transfer of ownership
Notice of Death
thereof in the name of the transferee.
When needed: (i) in all cases of transfers
subject to tax or (ii) where, though exempt
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Payment: Pay as you file date of the expiration of the period of the
At the time the return is filed by the executor, extension
administrator or the heirs. (2) Suspension of the running of statute of
The executor or administrator means the limitations for deficiency assessment for
executor or administrator of the decedent, or if the period of any extension
there is none appointed, qualified, and acting (3) Any amount paid after the statutory due
within the Philippines, then any person in date of the tax, but within the extension
actual or constructive possession of any period, shall be subject to interest but not
property of the decedent. The estate tax shall to surcharge.
be paid by the executor or administrator before
the delivery of the distributive share in the Can estate tax be paid in installments? Yes!
inheritance to any heir or beneficiary. In case the available cash of the estate is not
sufficient to pay its total estate tax liability, the
Exception: In meritorious cases, the estate may be allowed to pay the tax by
Commissioner grant reasonable extension not installment and a clearance shall be released
exceeding 30 days from filing. only with respect to the property the
corresponding/computed tax on which has
Extension of Payment (Sec. 9(E), RR 2-2003) been paid. (Sec. 9(F), RR 2-2003)
The Commissioner may allow an extension of
payment, if he finds that the payment on the Who are liable for the payment of estate taxes
due date of the estate tax or of any part thereof Primarily, the estate, through the executor or
would impose undue hardship upon the estate administrator.
or any of the heirs: (1) Payment shall be made before the delivery
(1) Extension not to exceed 5 years, in case the of the distributive share in the inheritance
estate is settled judicially, or to any heir or beneficiary.
(2) 2 years in case the estate is settled (2) If there are two or more executors or
extrajudicially. administrators, all of them are severally
liable for the payment of the tax.
Where the taxes are assessed by reason of (3) The estate tax clearance issued by the
negligence, intentional disregard of rules and Commissioner or the RDO having
regulations, or fraud on the part of the jurisdiction over the estate, will serve as
taxpayer, no extension will be granted by the the authority to distribute the remaining
Commissioner. properties/share in the inheritance to the
If extension granted, the Commissioner may heir or beneficiary.
require the executor, or administrator, or
beneficiary, as the case may be, to furnish a Subsidiarily, heirs or beneficiaries, for the
bond in such amount, not exceeding double payment of that portion of the estate which his
the amount of the tax and with such sureties as distributive share bears to the value of the total
the Commissioner deems necessary, net estate.
conditioned upon the payment of the said tax The extent of his liability, however, shall in
in accordance with the terms of the extension. no case exceed the value of his share in the
inheritance.
Effects of granting an extension Claims for taxes, whether assessed before
(1) Payment of the amount in respect of which or after the death of the deceased, can be
the extension is granted on or before the collected from the heirs even after the
distribution of the properties of the decedent,
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xxx. The heirs shall be liable therefor, in (1) Sue all the heirs and collect from each of
proportion to their share in the inheritance. them the amount of tax proportionate to
Marcos v. CA (1997) the inheritance received
(2) By virtue of a lien created under Sec 219,
Note: When there is income tax deficiency of sue only one heir and subject the property
the estate and the estate has been distributed he received from the estate to the payment
to the heirs, the remedies are: of estate tax. Such heir may go against the
other heirs.
Tax Rates:
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the Philippines, and on (ii) sales/exchanges of (1) Donative intent of the donor3
properties, other than real property (defined in (2) Capacity of the donor
Sec 24D) classified as capital asset within the (3) Delivery of the donated property
(4) Acceptance of the donee
Philippines, for less than adequate and full
(5) Donation must be in the proper form
consideration in money or money’s worth. (a) Movable: orally or in writing if value is
equal to or less than P5,000.
C. NATURE Otherwise, it shall be in writing.
(b) Immovable: must be made in a public
Donor’s tax is not a property tax but a tax document.
imposed on the transfer of property by way of
gift inter vivos. [Sec 11, RR 2-2003 citing Lladoc In order that the donation of an immovable
v. CIR (1965)] may be valid, it must be made in a public
document specifying therein the property
D. PURPOSE OR OBJECT donated. The acceptance may be made in the
same Deed of Donation or in a separate public
(1) To supplement estate tax; document, but it shall not take effect unless it
(2) To prevent avoidance of income tax is done during the lifetime of the donor. If the
through the device of splitting income acceptance is made in a separate instrument,
among numerous donees, who are usually the donor shall be notified thereof in an
members of a family or into many trusts, authentic form, and this step shall be noted in
with the donor thereby escaping the effect both instruments. (Sec. 11, RR 2-2003)
of the progressive rates of income tax.
A gift that is incomplete because of reserved
Taxable transaction/object/event powers becomes complete when either:
: gratuitous transfer of property between two (a) the donor renounces the power OR
or more persons who are living at the time of (b) his right to exercise the reserved power
the transfer, whether the transfer is in trust or ceases because of the happening of
otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect some event or contingency or the
and whether the property is real or personal, fulfillment of some condition, other
tangible or intangible than because of the donor’s death.
[Sec. 11, RR 2-2003]
NB: If donor is RC/NRC/RA = liable for donor’s
tax REGARDLESS of where the gift was made F. TRANSFERS WHICH MAY BE
or where property is located CONSTITUTED AS DONATION
NRA = liable for donor’s tax only if the property (1) Sale, exchange or transfer of property for
donated is w/in the Phil. insufficient consideration
(2) Condonation or remission of debt where
E. REQUISITES OF VALID DONATION the debtor did not render service in favor of
(Art 725, NCC) the creditor
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Condonation or remission of debt is capital gains tax under Sec. 24 (D) and 2) the
defined as an act of liberality, by virtue of transfer was for less than an adequate and full
which, without receiving any equivalent, consideration in money or money’s worth.
the creditor renounces the enforcement of
the obligation, which is extinguished in its In this case, the amount by which the fair
entirety or in that part or aspect of the market value of the property exceed the value
same to which the remission refers. It is an of the consideration shall be considered a gift.
essential characteristic of remission that it
be gratuitous, that there is no equivalent H. CLASSIFICATION OF DONOR
received for the benefit given; once such
equivalent exists, the nature of the act Donor’s Tax applies to individuals and
changes. It may become dation in payment corporations (in their secondary purpose). They
when the creditor receives a thing different may be classified into:
from that stipulated; or novation, when the (a) Residents (RC/RA/DC/RFC)
object or principal conditions of the (b) Non-Residents (NRC/NRA/NRFC)
obligation should be changed; or Such classification is important in determining
compromise, when the matter renounced the deductions from the gross gift of the donor,
is in litigation or dispute and in exchange and in filing the return.
of some concession which the creditor
receives. (Dizon v CTA, 2008) Situs of Intangible Personal Properties
(3) Renunciation in favor of other heirs (Sec 11, General Rule: Mobilia Sequuntur Personam
RR 2-2003) Principle: Taxation of intangible personal
(a) Renunciation by the surviving spouse of properties (such as credits, bills, bank deposits
their share in the ACP/CPG after the promissory notes, and corporate stocks)
dissolution of the marriage in favor of follows the residence/domicile of owner
heirs of the deceased spouse or any thereof. Situs is the domicile or residence of
other person/s the owner. (Collector v Fisher)
(b) Renunciation by an heir, specifically Exceptions:
and categorically in favor of identified (1) When it is inconsistent with express
heir/s to the exclusion or disadvantage provisions of law
of the other co-heirs in the hereditary (2) When justice does not demand that it
estate should be, as where the property in fact
However, general renunciation by has a situs elsewhere
an heir, including the surviving spouse, Intangible Properties which are considered
of their share in the hereditary estate situated in the Philippines (Sec 104)
left by the decedent is NOT subject to (1) Franchise which must be exercised in the
DT Philippines
(2) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any
G. TRANSFER FOR LESS THAN corporation or sociedad anonima organized
ADEQUATE AND FULL or constituted in the Philippines in
CONSIDERATION accordance with its laws
(3) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any
In order for the rule to apply, there must be 1) a foreign corporation 85% of the business of
transfer of property, other than real property which is located in the Philippines
classified as a capital asset and subject to
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(4) Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any (1) Did not impose a transfer tax of any
foreign corporation if such shares, character, in respect of intangible personal
obligations or bonds have acquired a property of citizens of the Philippines not
business situs in the Philippines residing in that foreign country; OR
(5) Shares or rights in any partnership, (2) Allowed a similar exemption from transfer
business or industry established in the tax in respect of intangible personal
Philippines property owned by citizens of the
Philippines not residing in that country
Rule of Reciprocity
There is reciprocity if the foreign country of If there is reciprocity, the intangible personal
which the decedent was a citizen and resident property of an NRA shall not be included in his
at the time of his death: gross estate. If there is no reciprocity, such
intangible personal property will be included.
Resident Nonresident
Composition and Determination of GROSS Estate
Gifts made by donor who is either a resident or Gifts made by donor who is non-resident alien at
citizen at the time of the donation: the time of the donation:
(a) Real property wherever situated (a) Real property located in the Phil.
(b) Tangible personal property wherever situated, (b) Tangible personal property located in the
and Phil., and
(c) Intangible personal property wherever (c) Intangible personal property with a situs in
situated the Phil. (subject to the rule of reciprocity)
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Resident Nonresident
Deductions (These are exempt donations but are Deductions (These are exempt donations but are
deductible from, and not treated as exclusions deductible from, and not treated as exclusions
from the gross gift) from the gross gift)
(1) Dowries or donations made: (1) Gifts made to or for the use of the National
(a) On account of marriage Government or any entity created by any of its
(b) Before its celebration or within one year agencies which is not conducted for profit, or
thereafter to any political subdivision of the said
(c) By parents to each of their legitimate, Government.
recognized natural, or adopted children (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or
(d) To the extent of the first P10,000 charitable, religious, cultural or social welfare
(2) Gifts made to or for the use of the National corporation, institution, accredited
Government or any entity created by any of its nongovernment organization, trust or
agencies which is not conducted for profit, or philanthropic organization or research
to any political subdivision of the said institution or organization, provided not more
Government. than 30% of said gifts will be used by such
(3) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or donee for administration purposes.
charitable, religious, cultural or social welfare
corporation, institution, accredited Common Exemptions
nongovernment organization, trust or (1) Encumbrances on the property donated if
philanthropic organization or research assumed by the donee in the deed of
institution or organization, Provided not more donation.
than 30% of said gifts will be used by such (2) 2. Donations made to entities exempted under
donee for administration purposes. special laws.
Common Exemptions
(1) Encumbrances on the property donated if
assumed by the donee in the deed of
donation.
(2) Donations made to entities exempted under
special laws
Note:
NOT SUBJECT TO DONOR’S TAX SUBJECT TO DONOR’S TAX
(1) Contributions to candidate or political Gratuitous Donations to Homeowners’
party for campaign purposes duly reported Association
to COMELEC
(2) Gift to Parish Priest or Church (applies only J. VALUATION OF GIFTS MADE IN
to real property tax) PROPERTY
(3) Onerous Donations or Donations in
exchange for goods/services (since they Taxable Base:
are subject to income tax)
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Net gifts i.e. net economic benefit from the Thus, what the seller avoids in
transfer that accrues to the done AT THE TIME the payment of the donor’s tax, it pays
OF DONATION for in the capital gains tax.
(1) If gift is personal property = FMV at the
time of donation (3) If there is an improvement = construction
(2) If gift is real property = whichever is cost (based on the building permit and/or
HIGHER occupancy permit ) + 10% per year after the
(a) FMV as determined by the year of construction; or the FMV based on
Commissioner of Internal Revenue the latest tax declaration.
(Zonal Value) or (4) If unlisted stocks = Adjusted Net Asset
(b) FMV in the latest schedule of values Method shall be used whereby all assets
fixed by the provincial and city assessor and liabilities are adjusted to fair market
(MV per Tax Declaration) values. The net of adjusted asset minus the
NOTE: Real property adjusted liability value is the indicated
considered as capital assets under the value of the equity.
Tax Code are excepted from this rule
because the taxable value taken into Note:
account in the computation of tax is Where property is transferred for less than an
the higher of either the zonal value or adequate and full consideration in money or
the assessor’s value; not the money’s worth, then the amount by which the
consideration. Therefore, the FMV of the property at the time of the
insufficiency and inadequacy of the execution of the Contract to Sell or execution
consideration paid would not affect the of the Deed of Sale which is not preceded by a
computation of the tax due and Contract to Sell exceeded the value of the
payable [Sec. 100 in relation to Sec. agreed or actual consideration or selling price
24(d), NIRC] shall be deemed a gift, and shall be included in
Under Section 24(d), the fair computing the amount of gifts made during
market value itself, if higher than the the calendar year. [Sec. 11, RR 2-2003]
gross selling price, is the basis for
However, where the consideration is fictitious,
computing the capital gains tax
the entire value of the property shall be subject
imposed upon the sale of such capital
to donor’s tax.
assets.
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2. Worldwide Limit
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Tax Rate
(1) IF NOT A STRANGER
Of the Excess
Net Gift Over But not Over The Tax Shall be Plus
Over
100,000.00 Exempt
100,000.00 200,000.00 0 2% 100,000.00
200,000.00 500,000.00 P 2,000.00 4% 200,000.00
500,000.00 1,000,000.00 14,000.00 6% 500,000.00
1,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 44,000.00 8% 1,000,000.00
3,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 204,000.00 10% 3,000,000.00
5,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 404,000.00 12% 5,000,000.00
10,000,000.00 and over 1,004,000.00 15% 10,000,000.00
(1) Rate applicable shall be based on the law prevailing at the time of donation.
(2) When the gifts are made during the same calendar year but on different dates, the donor's tax
shall be computed based on the total net gifts during the year.
Donation made to a stranger is subject to 30% of the net gift. A stranger is a person who is not a:
Brother, sister (whether by whole or half blood), spouse, ancestor and lineal descendants; or
Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the fourth degree of relationship.
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Non-resident
(1) The Philippine Embassy or Consulate in the country
where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or
(2) Directly with the Office of the Commissioner.
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Net Taxable Estate (before share of surviving spouse) Estate Tax Credit = 𝑥 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥
Less: Share of Surviving Spouse
OR actual estate tax paid to foreign country
Net Taxable Estate
Multiply by Tax Rate If two or more countries are involved: (whichever is lower)
4
DO NOT INCLUDE: EXEMPTIONs
5 Amount included in the GE = FMV at the time of death – consideration amount
6
Accrued before his death but only received after his death, e.g. dividends declared on/before, and received after death; partnership’s profit
earned on/before and received after, accrued interest and rents on/before and collected after death
7 Beneficiary must be the estate of the decedent, Eor/Aor or a third person. If premiums are paid using conjugal funds, part of conjugal
funds.
8 Full amount of the receivable. However, the uncollectible amount may be deducted from GE under ELIT.
9 If NRA, Allowable Deduction wrt ELIT = 𝑥 𝐸𝐿𝐼𝑇
10
These are not allowable deductions when TP is NRA.
11
Applies only to RC/NRC/RA
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DONOR’S TAX
ON FIRST DONATION
12
Applies only to RC/NRC/RA
13
Applies only to RC/NRC/RA
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ESTATE TAX
DONOR’S TAX
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EXCEPTIONS:
(a) The service is performed in the Philippines;
(b) The service falls under any of the
categories provided in Section 102(b) of the
Tax Code; and
(c) It is paid for in acceptable foreign currency
that is accounted for in accordance with
14 Sec 106
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(a) The output tax exceeds the input tax, the (2) the service falls under any of the
excess shall be paid by the VAT-registered categories provided in Section 102(b) of
person the Tax Code; and
(b) The input tax exceeds the output tax, the (3) it is paid for in acceptable foreign
excess shall be carried over to the currency that is accounted for in
succeeding quarter or quarters accordance with the regulations of the
BSP.
F. DESTINATION PRINCIPLE
G. PERSONS LIABLE
This provides that the destination of goods
determines the taxation or exemption from Transactions subject to VAT:
VAT. (1) Sale, Barter or Exchage of Goods or
Properties
CIR v. American Express International (2005): (2) Sale of Services, including Lease or use of
As a general rule, goods and services are taxed Properties
only in the country where they are consumed. (3) Importation of Goods.
(Deoferio Jr. and Mamalateo. The Value Added
Tax in the Philippines, p. 43) Persons Liable:
Any persons who sells, barters, exchanges, or
Corollarily, the Cross Border Doctrine leases goods or properties, or who renders
mandates that no VAT shall be imposed to services, in the course of trade or buesiness,
form part of the cost of the goods destined for and any person who imports goods, whether or
consumption outside the territorial border of not in the course of business, is liable to pay
the taxing authority. either VAT or 3% percentage tax.
Atlas Consolidated Mining & Dev. Corp. v. CIR The term “person” refers to any individual,
(2007): Hence, actual export of goods and trust, estate, partnership, corporation, joint
services from the Philippines to a foreign venture, cooperative or association (Sec. 4.105-
country must be free of VAT, while those 1, RR 16-2005).
destined for use or consumption within the
Philippines shall be imposed with 12% VAT. The following are liable to pay VAT:
[Deoferio Jr. and Mamalateo, p. 422] (1) Any person who sell, barters, exchange or
leases goods or properties
CIR v. American Express (2005): If real property: persons engaged in
The court enumerated the exceptions to the real estate business:
destination principle. (i) Any person who SBE of real
properties ICT/B
As a general rule, the value-added tax (VAT) (ii) Real estate lessors/ sub-lessors
system uses the destination principle. (iii) NRA/NRC lessors when RP is in
However, our VAT law itself provides for a Phil
clear exception, under which the supply of (iv) non-stock, non-profit corp
service shall be zero-rated when the following engaged in SBE of real properties
requirements are met: ICT/B, regardless of disposition of
(1) The service is performed in the income
Philippines; (v) Gov’t inc GOCCs in SBEL of RP
ICT/B
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(1) Who renders services Rate: 12% VAT beginning 1 February 2006
(2) Who imports goods [RMC No. 7-06]
If importer is tax-exempt/VAT-exempt Transactions: Every sale, barter or exchange, or
AND goods are subsequently SBE to non- transactions “deemed sale” of taxable goods or
exempt persons, purchasers/recipients will properties (RR 16-2005)
be deemed the importer Basis: Gross selling price or gross value in
If the Philippine branch of an NRFC money of the goods or properties sold,
“imported”, first local buyer will be bartered or exchanged.
deemed the importer Who Pays: Paid by SELLER/TRANSFEROR.
(Sec. 106, NIRC)
Additional Requirements to be subject to VAT:
(1) As regards person who sells, barters or Goods or properties – all tangible and
exchanges goods or properties, or sale of intangible objects which are capable of
services, is required to register for VAT pecuniary estimation, including:
when: (i)such act is done in the course of (1) Real properties held primarily for sale to
trade or business, and (ii) if his gross sales customers or held for lease in the ordinary
or receipts for the past 12 months or the course of trade or business;
next 12 months exceed P1,919,500; (2) The right or the privilege to use patent,
(2) As regards person who imports, it is not copyright, design, or model, plan, secret
necessary that such importation is made in formula or process, goodwill, trademark,
the course of trade or business. trade brand or other like property or right;
(3) Any person who elects to register for VAT (3) The right or the privilege to use in the
(cf Optional VAT Registration) Philippines of any industrial, commercial or
scientific equipment;
Persons NOT LIABLE to pay VAT: (4) The right or the privilege to use motion
(1) Any person whose gross sales or receipts picture films, films tapes and discs;
are less than P,1919,500 AND is not VAT (5) Radio, television, satellite transmission
registered. (subject to OPT) and cable television time.
(2) Is exempt under Section 109;
(3) Marginal income earners are not subject to
business taxes because they are not
considered as engaged in trade or business.
A marginal income earner is an individual Requirements
deriving gross sales or receipts of not (1) Done in the course of trade or business
exceeding P100,000 during any 12-month (w/n profit-oriented): rule of regularity +
period (Rev. Reg. 11-2000) incidental thereto (including isolated
transactions)
General Rule: VAT and Percentage Tax cannot (2) Gross sales or receipts for the past 12
be charged together. It’s either the transaction months or the next 12 months >
is under VAT or Other Percentage Tax. 1,919,500php
Exception: When one erroneously declares OR there are reasonable grounds to
himself to VAT registered. believe that gross sales or receipts for the
past 12 months or the next 12 months will
G. VAT ON SALE OF GOODS OR exceed 1,919,500php.
PROPERTIES (3) Additional Requirements depending on the
nature of property:
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House and IF SP ≤ 3,199,200.00 = VAT-exempt RP sold (except excess when mortgage exceeds the cost of the
Lot property), notes and other evidence on=f indebtedness issued by
the purchaser at the time of the sale
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(5) Lease (rental per unit < 12,800/month and (b) The value of goods or properties sold
total rental from all units < P1,919,500/ and subsequently returned or for which
year) allowances were granted by a VAT-
(6) Transmission to a trustee (Except: registered person may be deducted
transmission is deemed sale transaction) from the gross sales or receipts for the
General Rule: Transmission of property quarter in which a refund is made or a
to a trustee shall NOT be subject to VAT if credit memorandum is issued.
the property is to be merely held in trust for
the trustor and/or beneficiary. (2) Sales Discounts – bona fide or regular
Exception: However, if the property discounts given to purchasers, which are
transferred is originally intended for sale, ascertainable and definitely agreed upon
lease or use in the ordinary course of trade between the vendor and the vendee at the
or business AND the transfer constitutes a time of sale are deductible from the GSP.
completed gift, the transfer is subject to (a) If given after the sale or are in the
VAT as a deemed sale transaction. The nature of a rebate or partial remission
transfer is a completed gift if the transferor of indebtedness, they will not be
divests himself absolutely of control over allowed as a deduction from the GSP.
the property, i.e., irrevocable transfer of (b) Furthermore the discuont must be
corpus and/or irrevocable designation of expressly indicated in the sales invoice
beneficiary. and the amount forming part of the
(7) Transfer to corporation in exchange of gross sales duly recorded in the books
shares of stocks (see Sec. 40, NIRC for Tax- fo accounts.
free exchange) (c) Credits for allowances to cover roll
(8) Advance payment by the lessee back in prices and other adjustments
(9) Security deposits for lease agreements.23 are not deductible.
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related to such zero-rated sale, shall be the transport of goods and passengers
available as tax credit or refund. from a port in the Phil. directly to a
(1) Export Sales foreign port without docking or
(2) Foreign Currency Denominated Sales stopping at any other port in the Phil.
(3) Sales of Goods or Property to perons or (b) If any portion of such fuel, goods, or
entites who are tax-exempt/Effectively supplies is used for purposes other
Zero-Rated Sales than that mentioned, such portion of
fuel, goods, and supplies shall be
Export Sales [Sec. 106(A)(2)(a), NIRC] subject to 12% VAT. (RR 16-2005)
(6) Those considered export sales under the
(1) The (i) sale and actual shipment of goods Omnibus Investment Code of 1987, and
from the Philippines to a foreign country other special laws (ex. Bases Conversion &
AND (ii) paid for in acceptable foreign Development Act of 1992)
currency or its equivalent in goods or
services, AND (iii) accounted for in Under Omnibus Investment Code (EO 226):
accordance with the rules and regulations Considered Export Sales
of the BSP (1) Phil. port FOB value of export products
(2) 2.(i) Sale of raw materials or packaging exported directly by a registered export
materials to a nonresident buyer (ii) for producer; OR
delivery to a resident local export-oriented (2) Net selling price of export products
enterprise (iii) to be used in manufacturing, sold by a registered export producer to
processing, packing or repacking in the another export producer, or to an
Philippines of the said buyer's goods AND export trader that subsequently
(iv) paid for in acceptable foreign currency exports the same (only when actually
AND (v) accounted for in accordance with exported by the latter) evidenced by
the rules and regulations of the BSP. landing certificates.
(3) (i) Sale of raw materials or packaging
materials (ii) to export-oriented enterprise Constructive Exports (without actual
(iii) whose export sales exceed seventy exportation):
percent (70%) of total annual production. (1) Sales to bonded manufacturing
(a) Any enterprise whose export sales warehouses of export-oriented
exceed 70% of the total annual manufacturers;
production of the preceding taxable (2) Sales to export processing zones (RA
year shall be considered an export- 7916);
oriented enterprise upon accreditation (3) Sales to registered export traders
under the rules & regulations of Export operating bonded trading warehouses
Development Act, RA 7844 (RR 7-95) supplying raw materials in the
(4) Sale of gold to the Bangko Sentral ng manufacture of export products (RA
Pilipinas (BSP) 7227)
(5) The sale of goods, supplies, equipment (4) Sales to diplomatic missions and other
and fuel to persons engaged in agencies and/or instrumentalities
international shipping or international air granted tax immunities, of locally
transport operations (RA 9337) manufactured, assembled or repacked
(a) Limited to goods, supplies, equipment products, whether paid for in foreign
and fuel pertaining to or attributable to currency or not.
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(5) Sales by a VAT-registered supplier to a (2) (i) The local sale of goods and properties
manufacturer/producer whose (ii) by a VAT-registered person (iii) to a
products are 100% exported are person or entity who was granted indirect
considered export sales. A certification tax exemption under special laws or
to this effect must be issued by the international agreement. (RR 16-2005)
Board of Investment which shall be
good for 1 year unless subsequently re- ECOZONES
issued. (RR 16-2005) shall be managed and
operated by the PEZA as separate customs
Export sales of registered export territory. (Sec. 8, RA 7916 “Special Economic
traders shall include commission Zone Act of 1995”). Consequently, sales made
income, and that exportation of goods by a person in the customs territory to a PEZA-
on consignment shall not be deemed registered entity are considered exports to a
export sales until the export products foreign country and thus, zero-rated.
consigned are in fact sold by the Conversely, sales by a PEZA-registered entity
consignee. to a person in the customs territory are
deemed imports from a foreign country.
Foreign Currency Denominated Sale (FCDS)
(1) (i) Sale to a nonresident of goods (except Tax treatment of sales to & by PEZA-registered
those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 enterprise within & without the ecozone [rmc 74-
i.e.automobiles and non-essential goods 99]:
like jewelry, perfume, and yachts), (ii) (1) Any sale of goods, property or services
assembled or manufactured in the made by a VAT registered supplier from
Philippines (iii) for delivery to a resident in the Customs Territory** to any registered
the Philippines (iv) paid for in acceptable enterprise operating in the ecozone,
foreign currency AND (v) accounted for in REGARDLESS of the class or type of the
accordance with the rules and regulations latter’s PEZA registration, is actually
of the BSP. qualified and thus LEGALLY ENTITLED TO
(2) (i) Sales of locally manufactured or THE 0% VAT.
assembled goods (ii) for household and
personal use (iii) to Filipinos abroad and **“Customs Territory” shall mean the
other non-residents of the Philippines as national territory of the Philippines outside
well as returning Overseas Filipinos under of the proclaimed boundaries of the
the Internal Export Program of the ECOZONES except those areas specifically
government (iv) paid for in convertible declared by other laws and/or presidential
foreign currency AND (v) accounted for in proclamations to have the status of special
accordance with the rules and regulations economic zones and/or free ports. [Sec.
of the BSP shall also be considered export 2(g), Rule 1, Part I, RA 7916-IRR]
sales. (RR 16-2005)
(2) By a VAT-Exempt Supplier from the
Effectively Zero-Rated Sales Customs Territory to a PEZA registered
(1) Sales to persons or entities whose enterprise
exemption under special laws or
international agreements to which the Sale of goods, property and services by
Philippines is a signatory effectively VAT-Exempt supplier from the Customs
subjects such sales to zero rate. Territory to a PEZA registered enterprise
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shall be treated EXEMPT FROM VAT, the goods or properties, whichever is lower. In
regardless of whether or not the PEZA the case of a sale where the gross selling price is
registered buyer is subject to taxes under unreasonably lower than the fair market value,
the NIRC or enjoying the 5% special tax the actual market value shall be the tax base.
regime. The gross selling price is unreasonably lower
(3) By a PEZA Registered Enterprise than the actual market value if it is lower by
(a) Sale of Goods by a PEZA registered more than 30% of the actual market value of
enterprise to a buyer from the Customs the same goods of the same quantity and
Territory (ie domestic sales) -- this case quality sold in the immediate locality on or
shall be treated as a technical nearest the date of sale. (RR 16-2005)
IMPORTATION made by the buyer.
Such buyer shall be treated as an Transactions Deemed Sale
IMPORTER thereof and shall be (1) Transfer, use or consumption not in the
imposed with the corresponding VAT. course of business of goods or properties
(b) Sale of Services by a PEZA registered originally intended for sale or for use in the
enterprise to a buyer from the Customs course of business.
Territory – this is NOT embraced by the (2) Distribution or transfer to shareholders,
5% special tax regime, hence, such investors or creditors
seller shall be SUBJECT TO 12% VAT. (a) Shareholders or investors as share in
(c) Sale of Goods by a PEZA registered the profits of the VAT-registered
enterprise to Another PEZA registered persons;
enterprise (ie Intra-ECOZONE Sales of (b) Creditors in payment of debt;
Goods) – this shall be EXEMPT from (3) Consignment of goods if actual sale is not
VAT. made within 60 days following the date
(4) Sale of Services by ECOZONE enterprise, such goods were consigned
to Another ECOZONE enterprise (Intra- (4) Retirement from or cessation of business,
ECOZONE enterprise Sale of Service) with respect to inventories of taxable
(a) if PEZA registered seller is subject to goods existing as of such retirement or
5% special tax regime - EXEMPT from cessation
VAT
(b) if PEZA registered seller is subject to Not in the course of business of goods or
taxes under NIRC (ie not subject to 5% properties originally intended for sale or for use
special tax regime) – subject to 0% in the course of business
VAT pursuant to “cross border doctrine” cf Sec 40 (C) (2) regarding capital assets
Example: when a VAT-registered person
J. TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE withdraws goods from his business for his
(SEC. 106 (B) personal use. (RR 16-2005)
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retained earnings on or after Jan. 1, 1996 and Subject to output VAT (RR 16-2005 sec. 4.106
distributed by the company to its shareholders (b))
shall be subject to VAT based on the zonal 12%VAT is applicable to goods/properties
value or FMV at the time of the distribution, originally intended for sale or use in business
whichever is applicable. (RR 16-2005) and capital goods which are existing as of the
occurrence of the following:
Consignment of goods (1) Change of business activity from VAT
Consigned goods returned by the consignee taxable status to VAT-exempt status
within the 60-day period are not deemed sold. Example: A VAT-registered person
(RR 16-2005) engaged in a taxable activity like
wholesaler or retailer who decides to
Retirement from or cessation of business discontinue such activity and engages
With respect to ALL goods on hand, whether instead in life insurance business or in any
capital goods, stock-in-trade, supplies or other business not subject to VAT.
materials, as of the date of such retirement or (2) Approval of request for cancellation of a
cessation, whether or not the business is registration due to reversion to exempt
continued by the new owner or successor ARE status
CONSIDERED DEEMED SALES (3) Approval of request for cancellation of
registration due to desire to revert to
Examples: change of ownership of the business exempt status after lapse of 3 consecutive
(e.g. when a sole proprietorship incorporates, years from the time of registration by a
or the proprietor sells his entire business) and person who voluntarily registered despite
dissolution of a partnership and creation of a being exempt under Sec. 109 (2)
new partnership which takes over the business. (4) Approval of request for cancellation of
(RR 16-2005) registration of one who commenced
business with the expectation of gross
K. CHANGE OR CESSATION OF sales/receipts exceeding P1,919,500 (per
STATUS AS VAT-REGISTERED RR 16-2011) but who failed to exceed this
PERSON (SEC 106 C) amount during the first 12 months of
operation
Rate: 12% VAT
Basis: the acquisition cost or the current Not Subject to Output Vat – goods or properties
market price of the goods or properties, existing as of the occurrence of the following:
whichever is LOWER. (1) Change of control of a corporation by the
acquisition of the controlling interest of
VAT shall apply to goods disposed of or such corporation by another stockholder
existing as of a certain date if under the (individual or corporate) or group of
circumstances to be prescribed in rules and stockholders.
regulations to be promulgated by the Note: Exchange of goods or properties
Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of including the real estate properties used in
the Commissioner, the status of a person as a business or held for sale or for lease by the
VAT-registered person changes or is transferor, for shares of stocks, whether
terminated. resulting in corporate control or not, is
SUBJECT TO VAT (RR 10-11)
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(2) Change in the trade or corporate name of Note: Importation of goods to bonded
the business warehouse for processing is not importation.
(3) Merger or consolidation of corporations. Importation connotes permanency and gain.
The unused input tax of the dissolved Thus, if goods are only for exhibit, such goods
corporation, as of the date of merger or are VAT-exempt.
consolidation, shall be absorbed the
surviving or new corporation. Customs duty – amount of customs duty
Note: The INPUT VAT of the dissolved legally due and paid by the importer. Therefore,
corporation will be absorbed by the if importer is entitled to 90% customs duty
surviving corporation exemption, the 10% duty paid should be the
(4) Inventory used for promotions and Office base in computation of the VAT.
Supplies
Other similar chargers – specific charges which
an importer has to pay.
L. VAT ON IMPORTATION OF GOODS (a) Other taxes (special import tax)
(b) Bank charges
Rate: 12% VAT (c) Arrastre charges
Basis: total value used by the Bureau of (d) Wharfage dues
Customs in determining tariff and customs (e) Brokerage fees
duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if (f) All other charges or expenses
any, and other charges (such as postage,
commission). Landed Cost - invoice amount including costs
Where the customs duties are determined on of loading, shipping and unloading, customs
the basis of the quantity or volume of the duties, freight, insurance, other charges, excise
goods, the value-added tax shall be based on tax (if any)
the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any. Expenses incurred after the release of
Landed Cost = invoice amount + customs the goods such as those incurred in
duties + freight + insurance + other charges + delivering goods do not form part of the
excise tax (if any) landed cost.
Who Pays: IMPORTER prior to the release of
such goods from customs custody (Sec. 107 Transfer of goods by tax exempt persons:
(A), NIRC) (1) If importer is tax-exempt, the subsequent
Importer: any person who brings goods into the purchasers, transferees or recipients of
Philippines, whether or not made in the course such imported goods shall be considered
of his trade or business, including non-exempt as importers who shall be liable for the tax
persons or entities who acquire tax-free on importation.
imported goods from exempt persons, entities (2) The tax due on such importation shall
or agencies (RR 16-2005) constitute a lien on the goods superior to
all charges or liens on the goods,
Importation of goods BEGINS when the irrespective of the possessor thereof. (as
carrying vessel/aircraft enters the Philippine amended by RA 9337)
jurisdiction with an intention to unload its
cargoes. It ENDS when there is already
M. VAT ON SALE OF SERVICE AND
paymentof duties/taxes/other charges and
issuance of permit to withdraw. USE OR LEASE OF PROPERTIES
[Sec 108]
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(9) The lease or the use of or the right to use outside the Philippines which goods are
radio, television, satellite transmission and subsequently exported, where the services
cable television time are paid for in acceptable foreign currency
AND accounted for in accordance with the
Additional services subject to VAT: rules and regulations of the BSP
(1) Services performed in the exercise or (2) Services other than those mentioned in the
practice of profession or calling by preceding paragraph rendered to a person
individuals subject to professional tax engaged in business conducted outside the
under the LGC, and professional services Philippines or a nonresident person not
rendered by general professional engaged in business who is outside the
partnerships (GPPs); Philippines when the services are
(2) Services performed by actors/actresses, performed, the consideration for which is
talents, singers, emcees, radio/television paid for in acceptable foreign currency
broadcasters, choreographers, AND accounted for in accordance with the
musical/radio/movie/television/stage rules and regulations of the BSP
directors, and professional athletes; The services referring to ‘processing,
(3) Services rendered by customs, real estate, manufacturing, repacking’ and ‘services
stock, immigration and commercial other than those in (1)’ both require
brokers; (i) payment in foreign currency;
(4) Services rendered by doctors, and lawyers. (ii) inward remittance;
(5) Association dues or membership fees and (iii) accounted for by the BSP;
other assessment or charges for the (iv) AND that the service recipient is
beneficial services of the homeowner’s doing business outside the
association (RMC No. 9-2013) Philippines.
(6) Lease/use of sports facilities and If this is not the case, taxpayers can
equipment (RA 6847) circumvent just by stipulating payment in
foreign currency. (CIR v. Burmeister)
The performance of the services should not be (3) Services rendered to persons or entities
in pursuit of an employer-employee whose exemption under special laws or
relationship between the service-provider and international agreements to which the
the service-recipient. Philippines is a signatory effectively
subjects the supply of such services to zero
N. ZERO-RATED SALE OF SERVICES percent (0%) rate (as amended by RA
9337)
A zero-rated sale by a VAT-registered person is
(4) Services rendered to persons engaged in
a taxable transaction for VAT purposes, but
international shipping or international air
shall not result in any output tax. However, the
transport operations, including leases of
input tax on purchases of goods, properties or
property for use thereof [as amended by
services related to such zero-rated sale shall
RA 9337];
be available as tax credit or refund.
Provided, however, that the services
The following services performed in the referred to herein shall not pertain to those
Philippines by VAT-registered persons are made to common carriers by air and sea
effectively 0% VAT sales of services: relative to their transport of passengers,
(1) Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods or cargoes from one place in the Phil.
goods for other persons doing business
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to another place in the Phil. (the same (a) Sale of goods or properties and/or services
being subject to 12% VAT under Sec. 108) and the use or lease of properties that is
(5) Services performed by subcontractors NOT subject to VAT (output tax) and the
and/or contractors in processing, seller is not allowed any tax credit of VAT
converting, or manufacturing goods for an (input tax) on purchases.
enterprise whose export sales exceed (b) The person making the exempt sale of
seventy percent (70%) of total annual goods, properties or services shall not bill
production. any output tax to his customers. (RR 16-
(6) Transport of passengers and cargo by air 2005)
or sea vessels from the Philippines to a (c) But, the VAT-registered person may elect
foreign country (as added by RA 9337) and; that the exemption not apply to its sale of
(7) Sale of power or fuel generated through goods or properties or services; provided
renewable sources of energy such as, but that the election made shall be irrevocable
not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, for a period of three (3) years from the
hydropower, geothermal, ocean energy, quarter the election was made (Sec. 109(2),
and other emerging energy sources using NIRC).
technologies such as fuel cells and
hydrogen fuels. (as added by RA 9337) Exempt Transactions Enumerated
Zero-rating shall apply strictly to the (1) Sale/import of agricultural, marine food
sale of power or fuel generated through products in original state; of livestock and
renewable sources of energy, and shall not poultry; breeding stock and genetic
extend to the sale of services related to the materials
maintenance or operation of plants Original state even if they have
generating said power. undergone the simple processes of
preparation or preservation for the
Effectively zero-rated sale of service – a local market, such as freezing, drying,
sale of services by a VAT-registered person to a salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or
person or entity granted indirect tax exemption stripping. Also includes preservation
under special laws or international agreement. using advanced technological means
The taxpayer must seek prior approval or of packaging, such as shrink wrapping
prior confirmation from the appropriate in plastics, vacuum packing, tetra-pack,
offices of the BIR so that a transaction is and other similar packaging methods
qualified for effective zero-rating except in (RR 16-2005)
export sales and foreign denominated Polished and/or husked rice, corn grits,
sales. raw cane sugar and molasses, ordinary
RR 4-2007 removed the distinction salt, AND COPRA shall be considered
between automatic and effectively zero- in their original state
rated transactions found in prior Revenue Livestock or poultry do not include
Regulations (inc. RR 16-2005) with respect fighting cocks, race horses, zoo
to prior application from the BIR. animals and other animals generally
considered as pets.
(2) Sale/ import of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings
O. VAT EXEMPT TRANSACTIONS
and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and
Vat Exempt Transactions, in general poultry feeds (including ingredients)
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(3) Import of personal and household effects Region and do not earn or derive income
of Phil resident returning from abroad and from the Philippines
nonresident citizens coming to resettle in (11) Transactions which are exempt under
the Philippines international agreements to which the
(4) Import of professional instruments and Philippines is a signatory or under special
implements, wearing apparel, domestic laws, except those under PD No. 529
animals, and personal household effects [Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires
belonging to persons coming to settle in under the Petroleum Act of 1949]
the Philippines, for their own use and not (12) Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly
for sale, barter or exchange registered with the Cooperative
Does not include vehicles, vessels, Development Authority to their members
aircrafts, machineries, and other goods as well as sale of their produce to non-
for use in manufacturing in commercial members. Exemption includes importation
quantities) of direct farm inputs, machineries and
(5) Services subject to percentage tax equipment, including spare parts thereof,
(6) Services by agricultural contract growers to be used directly and exclusively in the
and milling for others of palay into rice, production and/or processing of their
corn into grits and sugar cane into raw produce.
sugar Sale by agricultural cooperatives to
(7) Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary non-members can only be exempted
services except those rendered by from VAT if the producer of the
professionals: agricultural products sold is the
Laboratory services are exempted. If cooperative itself. If the cooperative is
the hospital or clinic operates a not the producer (e.g., trader), then
pharmacy or drug store, the sale of only those sales to its members shall
drugs and medicine is subject to VAT. be exempted from VAT. [RR 16-2005]
[RR 16-2005] (13) Gross receipts from lending activities by
(8) Educational services rendered by private credit or multi-purpose cooperatives duly
educational institutions, duly accredited by registered with the Cooperative
DEPED, CHED, TESDA, and those rendered Development Authority
by government educational institutions; (14) Sales by non-agricultural, non- electric and
“Educational services” does not non-credit cooperatives duly registered
include seminars, in-service training, with the Cooperative Development
review classes and other similar Authority are exempt BUT their
services rendered by persons who are importation of machineries and equipment,
not accredited by the DepED, CHED, including spare parts thereof, to be used by
and/or TESDA. [RR 16-2005] them are SUBJECT to VAT.
(9) Services rendered by individuals pursuant (15) Export sales by persons who are not VAT-
to an employer-employee relationship registered
(10) Services rendered by regional or area (16) Sale of real properties – the ff. sales are
headquarters established in the exempt:
Philippines by multinational corporations (a) Sale of real properties NOT primarily
which act as supervisory, communications held for sale to customers or held for
and coordinating centers for their affiliates, lease in the ordinary course of trade or
subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific business.
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dwellings to one buyer, whether (b) The gross receipts from rentals
from the same or from different exceeding P12,800 per month per
sellers shall be considered one unit shall be subject to VAT IF the
single transaction. Hence, the sale aggregate annual gross receipts
of the adjacent lots shall be subject from said units only (not including
to VAT if the aggregate value the gross receipts from units
exceeds P1,919,500 for residential leased for not more than
lots and P3,199,200 for residential P12,800 ) exceeds P1,919,500 .
house lots or residential dwellings, Otherwise, the gross receipts will
notwithstanding that the value of be subject to the 3% tax imposed
the individual properties do not under Section 116 of the Tax Code.
exceed the VAT exemption The term 'residential units' shall refer
thresholds. to apartments and houses & lots used
Sale/purchase of parking lots shall for residential purposes, and buildings
not be considered a sale of or parts or units thereof used solely as
residential lot/dwelling. Hence, it dwelling places (e.g., dormitories,
shall be subject to VAT regardless rooms and bed spaces) except motels,
of its selling price. [RR 13-2012] motel rooms, hotels and hotel rooms.
(17) Lease of residential units with a monthly The term 'unit' shall mean an
rental per unit not exceeding P12,800, apartment unit in the case of
regardless of the amount of aggregate apartments, house in the case of
rentals received by the lessor during the residential houses; per person in the
year. case of dormitories, boarding houses
Lease of residential units where the and bed spaces; and per room in case
monthly rental per unit exceeds of rooms for rent. [RR 16-2005]
P12,800 but the aggregate of such (18) Sale, importation, printing or publication
rentals of the lessor during the year do of books and any newspaper, magazine
not exceed One Million Five Hundred review or bulletin which appears at regular
Pesos P1,919,500 shall likewise be intervals with fixed prices for subscription
exempt from VAT, however, the same and sale and which is not devoted
shall be subjected to three percent principally to the publication of paid
(3%) percentage tax. advertisements;
In cases where a lessor has several (19) Transport of passengers by international
residential units for lease, some are carriers (Added by RA 10378)
leased out for a monthly rental per unit (20) Sale, importation or lease of passenger or
of not exceeding P12,800 while others cargo vessels and aircraft, including
are leased out for more than P12,800 engine, equipment and spare parts
per unit, his tax liability will be as thereof for domestic or international
follows: transport operations [added by RA 9337];
(a) The gross receipts from rentals The exemption from VAT on the
not exceeding P12,800 per month importation and local purchase of
per unit shall be exempt from VAT passenger and/or cargo vessels shall
regardless of the aggregate be limited to those of 150 tons and
annual gross receipts. above, including engine and spare
parts of said vessels;
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the local stock exchange or through initial (2) Purchase of real properties for which VAT
public offering. has actually been paid
(3) Purchase of services in which VAT has
P. INPUT TAX AND OUTPUT TAX, actually been paid
DEFINED (4) Transactions deemed sale
(5) Presumptive Input Tax
Output tax – the VAT due on the sale or lease (6) Transitional Input Tax
of taxable goods or properties or services by
any person registered or required to register Presumptive Input Tax (Sec. 111(B))
under Section 236 of the Code. (Sec 110 A) Persons or firms engaged in the processing of
sardines, mackerel and milk, and in
Input tax – the VAT due on or paid by a VAT- manufacturing refined sugar and cooking oil
registered person on importation of goods or and packed noodle based instant meals, shall
local purchases of goods, properties, or be allowed a presumptive input tax, creditable
services, including lease or use of properties, in against the output tax, equivalent to FOUR
the course of his trade or business. PERCENT (4%) of the gross value in money of
(1) It includes the transitional input tax and their purchases of primary agricultural
the presumptive input tax as determined in products which are used as inputs to their
accordance with Section 111 of the Code. production.
(2) It includes input taxes which can be
directly attributed to transactions subject “Processing” means pasteurization, canning
to the VAT plus a ratable portion of any and activities which through physical or
input tax which cannot be directly chemical process alter the exterior texture or
attributed to either the taxable or exempt form or inner substance of a product in such
activity. manner as to prepare it for special use to which
(3) Input tax must be evidenced by a VAT it could not have been put in its original form
invoice or official receipt issued by a VAT- or condition.
registered person in accordance with Secs.
113 and 237 of the Code. [RR 16-2005] Claiming of input Tax on motor vehicles
subject to the ff conditions:
Q. SOURCES OF INPUT TAX (1) Purchase of vehicle must be substantiated
(1) Purchase or importation of goods with official receipts and other records;
(evidenced by VAT invoice/receipt) (2) Taxpayer has to prove the direct
(a) For sale; or connection of the motor vehicle to the
(b) For conversion into or intended to form business;
part of a finished product for sale (3) Only one vehicle for land transport is
including packaging materials; or allowed for the use of an official/employee
(c) For use as supplies in the course of with value not exceeding P2.4 million;
business; or (4) No depreciation shall be allowed for yachts,
(d) For use as materials supplied in the helicopters, airplanes
sale of service; or
Transitional Input Tax (Sec 111)
(e) For use in trade or business for which
deduction for depreciation or Who may avail: (i) By a person who becomes
amortization is allowed under the Code. VAT-liable for the 1st time, or (ii) any person
who elects to be a VAT-registered person
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Note: A real estate dealer is entitled to claim Input tax on purchase of services, lease or use
transitional input VAT based on the value of of properties shall be creditable:
the entire (including the value of the land and (1) To the purchaser upon payment of the
the improvements thereon) real property sold compensation, royalty or fee
regardless of whether there was in fact actual (2) To lessee or licensee upon payment of the
payment of VAT on the purchase of the real compensation, royalty or fee
property. At the time the purchase was made,
Transitional tax
there was still no VAT imposed. (Fort Bonifacio
The following persons shall be allowed INPUT
Development Corp. v. CIR)
TAX in his beginning inventory of goods,
R. PERSONS WHO CAN AVAIL OF materials and supplies an equivalent to TWO
PERCENT (2%) of the value of such inventory;
INPUT TAX CREDIT OR the actual VAT paid on such goods,
Input tax on domestic purchase or importation materials and supplies, whichever is HIGHER,
of goods or properties shall be creditable: which shall be creditable against the OUTPUT
(1) To the purchaser upon consummation of TAX.
sale and on importation of goods or (1) Any person liable for VAT or
properties; and (2) who elects to be a VAT-registered person
(2) To the importer upon payment of the VAT
prior to the release of the goods from the Presumptive input tax
There shall be allowed a presumptive input tax,
custody of the Bureau of Customs.
creditable against the output tax, equivalent to
(a) The input tax on goods purchased or
imported in a calendar month for use 4% of the gross value in money of their
purchases of primary agricultural products
in trade or business for which
deduction for depreciation is allowed which are used as inputs to their production.
under the Code, shall be spread evenly Persons or firms engaged in the
over the month of acquisition and the processing of sardines, mackerel and milk,
fifty-nine (59) succeeding months if the and in manufacturing refined sugar and
aggregate acquisition cost for such cooking oil and packed noodle based
goods, excluding the VAT component instant meals
thereof, exceeds One million pesos
25 Please refer below for the example.
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Example regarding the input tax on goods where deduction for depreciation is allowed from RR 16-
2005
Illustration: LBH Corporation sold capital goods on installment on October 1, 2005. It is agreed
that the selling price, including the VAT, shall be payable in five (5) equal monthly installments. The
data pertinent to the sold assets are as follows:
Selling Price
Passed-on VAT
Original Cost of Asset - P 5,000,000.00 (exclusive of VAT)
Accumulated Depreciation - 500,000.00
- 3,000,000.00
at the time of sale - 1,000,000.00
Unutilized Input Tax (Sold Asset) - 100,000.00
Accounting:
SELLER BUYER
Oct. 1, 2005 Oct. 1, 2005
Cash P 1,100,000.00 Asset P 5,000,000.00
Installment Receivable 4,400,000.00 Input Tax 500,000.00
Accumulated Depreciation 1,000,000.00
Output Tax 500,000.00 Cash 1,100,000.00
Asset 3,000,000.00 Installment Payable 4,400,000.00
Gain on sale of asset 3,000,000.00
* The input tax of P 500,000.00 on the bought capital goods worth P 5,000,000.00 shall be
spread evenly over a period of 60 months starting the month of purchase.
If the depreciable capital good is sold/transferred within a period of five (5) years or prior to the
exhaustion of the amortizable input tax thereon, the entire unamortized input tax on the capital
goods sold/transferred can be claimed as input tax credit during the month/quarter when the sale
or transfer was made but subject to the limitation prescribed under Sec. 4.110-7 of these Regulations.
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Example regarding the allocation of input tax on mixed transactions from RR 16-2005
Illustration: ERA Corporation has the following sales during the month:
Sale to private entities subject to 10% - P100,000.00
Sale to private entities subject to 0% - 100,000.00
Sale of exempt goods - 100,000.00
Sale to gov’t. subjected to
5% final VAT Withholding
Total sales for the month - 100,000.00
- P400,000.00
A. The creditable input tax for the month shall be computed as follows:
Taxable sales (0% and 12%) X Amount of input tax not directly attributable
Total Sales
B. The input tax attributable to sales to government for the month shall be computed as follows:
Taxable sales to the government X Amount of input tax not directly attributable
Total Sales
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C. The input tax attributable to VAT-exempt sales for the month shall be computed as
follows:
The table below shows a summary of the foregoing transactions of ERA Corporation:
Excess
Input VAT not Credit- Unrecove
Input
Output directly able Net VAT rable
VAT for VAT for
VAT Attributable Input Payable
carry- refund
to any Activity VAT VAT
over/
Sale Subject to 10%
VAT 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0
Sale Subject to 0%
VAT 0 3,000 5,000 8,000 8,000 0 0 8,000 0
Sale of Exempt
Goods 0 2,000 5,000 7,000 0 0 0 0 7,000*
Sale to Government
subject to 5% Final
withholding VAT
* These amounts 10,000 4,000 for input5,000
are not available tax credit9,000 5,000
but may 5,000*** as cost0or expense.
be**recognized 0 **4,000*
Standard input VAT of 5% on sales to Government as provided in SEC. 4.114-2(a)
*** Withheld by Government entity as Final Withholding VAT
The input tax attributable to VAT-exempt sales shall not be allowed as credit against the output
tax but should be treated as part of cost or expense.
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, for persons engaged in both zero-rated sales under Sec.
108(B)(6) of the Tax Code and non-zero rated sales, the aggregate input taxes shall be allocated
ratably between the zero-rated sale and non-zero-rated sale.
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input tax which may be used in from the receipt of said denial or
payment of his other internal revenue inaction.
taxes.
(b) He shall be entitled to a refund if he Manner of giving refund
has no internal revenue tax liabilities Revenue Memorandum Circular no.
against which the tax credit certificate 57-2013 (August 23, 2013): Unutilized
may be utilized. creditable input taxes attributed to zero-rated
sales can only be recovered through the
Period to file claim/apply for issuance of tax application for refund or tax credit. There is no
credit certificate other mode of recovering unapplied input
This period must be distinguished from normal taxes aside from an application for refund or
tax refunds for erroneous payments where an tax credit. The Memorandum Circular also
administrative claim and judicial claim may be instructed the disallowance of unutilized
made together, and the reckoning point of the creditable input taxes attributable to VAT zero-
2 years is from the date of the erroneous rated sales that is claimed as a deduction for
payment. income tax purposes.
(1) Application for issuance of tax credit
certificate or refund of creditable input tax Refunds shall be made upon warrants drawn
(except transitional input tax) by the Commissioner or by his duly authorized
w/in 2 years after the close of the representative without the necessity of being
taxable quarter when the sale was countersigned by the Chairman, Commission
made. on Audit, the provisions of the Administrative
If the VAT registration has been Code of 1987 notwithstanding: provided that
cancelled due to retirement or refunds shall be subject to post audit by the
cessation of business, or change of Commission on Audit. (Sec. 112(D), NIRC)
status, the 2 year period shall be after
Destination principle or cross-border doctrine
the date of cancellation
(see above)
(2) Administrative Claim
The CIR shall grant the tax V. INVOICING REQUIREMENTS
credit/refund within 120 days from the (Sec 113)
date of submission of complete
documents in support of the Invoicing requirements in general
application A VAT-registered person shall issue:
“Complete Documents” is determined (1) A VAT invoice for every sale, barter or
by taxpayer himself. exchange of goods or properties; and
Taxpayer may only resort to a Judicial (2) A VAT official receipt for every lease of
Claim either after the end of the 120 goods or properties, and for every sale,
day period or after a decision is made barter or exchange of services
by the Commission, whichever comes
first. Only VAT-registered persons are required to
(3) Judicial Claim print their TIN followed by the word “VAT” in
In case of denial of the application or their invoice or ORs. Said documents shall be
the expiry of the 120 days, the taxpayer considered as a “VAT Invoice” or VAT official
may appeal to the CTA within 30 days receipt. All purchases covered by
invoices/receipts other than VAT Invoice/VAT
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OR shall not give rise to any input tax. [RR 16- (d) If the sale involves goods, properties or
05] services some of which are subject to
and some of which are VAT zero-rated
Note: VAT component of all transactions shall or VAT-exempt, the invoice or receipt
be separately indicated in the VAT invoice or shall clearly indicate the breakdown of
receipt. (RR 18-2011) the sale price between its taxable,
exempt and zero-rated components,
Information Contained in the VAT Invoice or and the calculation of the value-added
VAT Official Receipt: tax on each portion of the sale shall be
(1) A statement that the seller is a VAT- shown on the invoice or receipt. The
registered person, followed by his seller has the option to issue separate
taxpayer's identification number (TIN); invoices or receipts for the taxable,
(2) The total amount which the purchaser pays exempt, and zero-rated components of
or is obligated to pay to the seller with the the sale.
indication that such amount includes the (3) The date of transaction, quantity, unit cost
VAT: and description of the goods or properties
(a) The amount of the tax shall be shown or nature of the service; and
as a separate item in the (4) In the case of sales in the amount of one
invoice/receipt; thousand pesos (P1,000) or more where
(b) If the sale is exempt from VAT, the the sale or transfer is made to a VAT-
term "VAT-exempt sale" shall be registered person, the name, business style,
written or printed prominently on the if any, address and taxpayer identification
invoice or receipt; number (TIN) of the purchaser, customer or
(c) If the sale is subject to zero percent client.
(0%) value-added tax, the term "zero- (5) Name of buyer and seller
rated sale" shall be written or printed
prominently on the invoice or receipt;
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Retirement from or cessation of business An inventory shall be prepared and submitted to the
with respect to all goods on hand RDO who has jurisdiction over the taxpayer’s principal
place of business not later than 30 days after
retirement or cessation from business. An invoice shall
be prepared for the entire inventory, which shall be the
basis of the entry into the subsidiary sales journal. The
invoice need not
enumerate the specific items appearing in the
inventory regarding the description of the goods. If the
business is to be continued by the new owners or
successors, the entire amount of output tax on the
amount deemed sold shall be allowed as input taxes.
Consequences of issuing erroneous vat invoice (1) the transaction shall become taxable and
or vat official receipt the
(2) issuer shall be liable to pay VAT thereon.
Issuance of a VAT Invoice or VAT Receipt by a (3) The purchaser shall be entitled to claim an
non-VAT person input tax credit on his purchase. [RR 16-
If a person who is not a VAT-registered 05]
person issues an invoice or receipt showing his
Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), followed W. FILING OF RETURN AND
by the word "VAT", the erroneous issuance PAYMENT
shall result to the ff: (Sec 114)
(1) The non-VAT person shall be liable to:
Percentage taxes applicable to his VAT returns - VAT paid on a monthly basis.
transactions; Payments in the monthly VAT declarations
VAT due on transactions under Section shall be credited in the quarterly VAT return to
106 or 108 of the Code, without the arrive at the net VAT payable or excess input
benefit of any input tax credit; and tax/over-payment as of the end of a quarter.
A 50% surcharge under Section 248 (1) Filed by person liable to pay the VAT
(B) of the code; (2) Quarterly return of the amount of his gross
(2) The VAT shall, if the other requisite sales or receipts within twenty-five (25)
information required is shown on the days after the close of each taxable quarter
invoice/receipt, be recognized as an input prescribed for each taxpayer.
tax credit to the purchaser. (3) The monthly VAT Declarations of taxpayers
whether large or non-large shall be filed
Issuance of a VAT Invoice or VAT Receipt on an and the taxes paid not later than the 20th
Exempt Transaction by a VAT-registered Person day following the end of each month.
If a VAT-registered person issues a VAT
Note: VAT paid on a monthly basis. Payments in the
invoice or VAT official receipt for a VAT-exempt
monthly VAT declarations shall be credited in the
transaction, but fails to display prominently on quarterly VAT return to arrive at the net VAT payable or
the invoice or receipt the term "VAT-exempt excess input tax/over-payment as of the end of a
Sale: quarter.
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MONTHLY RETURN
Gross Sales/Receipts for the Month xxx
Multiplied by VAT rate 12%
Output VAT xxx
Less Input Taxes:
Transitional/Presumptive Input Tax xxx
On taxable goods/services xxx xxx
Net VAT Payable xxx
Add Penalties:
Surcharge xxx
Interest xxx
Compromise xxx xxx
Total Amount Payable xxx
INVOLVING GOVERNMENT
When Actual Input VAT > Standard Input VAT: excess forms part of seller’s expense/cost
When Actual Input VAT < Standard Input VAT: difference is treated as taxable other income
Sales xxx
Output VAT (Sales x 12%) xxx
Purchases xxx
Input VAT (Purchases x 12%) xxx
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Real Properties28:
(i) Seller (w/n natural) executes contract to SBE of RP
(ii) RP is in the Phil
(iii) Seller is engaged in sale or exchange of RP or real estate (dealer, developer, lessor)
(iv) RP is held primarily for sale/lease ICT/B or an ordinary asset used in T/B as an incident to
his vatable activity (NOT a capital asset)
not exempt from VAT (NIRC, special law, special agreement)
(2) S of Services29
(i) for a valuable consideration (actually/constructively received)
(ii) performed ICTB in the Phil.
(iii) not exempt from VAT (NIRC, special law, special agreement)
(iv) person rendering service is VAT-liable
(v) no ee-er relationship
(3) I of Goods
27 Sec 106
28
29
Sec 108
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o IF ON INSTALLMENT:
GSP = down payments received + interests + penalties + other charges – amount of
mortgage (paid)
NB: If zonal/FMV, tax base =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑇)
𝑥 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑀𝑉, ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑇)
Upon full collection, if a difference is uncovered because the zonal value or market
value at the date of sale is higher than the total receipts or collections based on the agreed
consideration, the additional VAT shall be paid accordingly (RMC 03-96)
o IF DEFERRED
GSP = entire selling price or zonal/FMV, whichever is higher
NB: CIR has the power to determine the appropriate tax base in 1) SBE in deemed
sales and 2) when GSP is unreasonably lower than AMV32
(3) Gross Receipts derived from transaction: total amount of money/equivalent = contract price +
compensation + service fee + rental fee + royalties + amount charged for materials supplied with
the services + deposits and advanced payments actually or constructively received + costs items of
30 It should be determined at the time of the sale, indicated in the invoice and granting does not depend on the happening of a future event
31Initial payments does not include the amount of mortgage on RP sold (except excess when mortgage exceeds the cost of the property),
notes and other evidence on=f indebtedness issued by the purchaser at the time of the sale
32 GSP is unreasonably lower than the actual market value if it is lower than 30% of AMV of the same goods of the same quantity or quality
sold in the immediate locality or the nearest date of sale.
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construction projects – (VAT + amounts earmarked for payments to unrelated 3rd party + amounts
received as reimbursement + monies/receipts held in trust w/c do not redound to the benefit of
taxpayer + universal charge passed on and collected by distribution companies and electric coop (if
sale of electricity) + receivables + local taxes)
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Rates of VAT
(A) Output Tax (Sale/Barter/Exchange/Lease)
(1) 12% standard rate: applied directly to TB
(2) 0%: applied directly to TB
(B) Input Tax (Purchase from VAT-registered businesses/Importation of goods)
(1) 12% standard rate: applied directly to TB
(2) 0%: applied directly to TB
(3) 2% transitional VAT (: applied to the (inventory on hand) value of goods (exc. VAT-exempt
good) existing at the date a person commences business and/or becomes liable to VAT) or
12% actual input tax rate, higher
(4) 4% presumptive input tax rate: applies to purchases of VAT-exempt goods used as inputs by a
VAT-registered person in manufacturing or processing certain food products
(5) 7% FWT (standard input VAT, when government), 5% withholding
( )
Untraceable Input VAT x Input VAT Credit, eligible for tax refund or TCC
( )
Untraceable Input VAT x Cost of Sales or Operating Expense
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SALE OF SERVICES
VAT-Exempt 0% VAT
NB: There are 31 VAT-exempt sales of (1) Processing, manufacturing, repacking goods to
services (Sec 109 and special laws) non-resident (5)
(2) Processing, manufacturing, repacking goods to
(1) wrt lease of property =exempt export-oriented (3)
if advance payment = loan, option (3) Services other than processing, manufacturing,
money, security deposit repacking (4)
NB: if security deposit is applied to (4) Services to exempted persons (3): effectively 0-
rental = VAT rate
(2) wrt persons engaged in milling, (5) Sale of power/fuel-generated through renewable
processing, manufacturing or repacking resources (3)
goods = exempt (6) Services rendered to int’l shipping/air transport
if palay rice; corn corn grits; (2)
sugar cane raw sugar (7) Transport of passengers and cargo by air from Phil
(3) wrt franchise grantees of electric utilities, to Foreign (3)
telephone and telegraph, radio and/or (8) Transactions of VAT-reg person to foreign
television broadcasting = exempt embassies (2)
if annual gross receipts <= 10M;
franchise grantees of gas and
water utilities;
of telephone & telegraph
services, amounts received
for overseas dispatch from
Phil.
(4) wrt PREMIUMS of non-life insurance
companies = exempt
if life and disability insurance;
crop insurance;
health and accident insurance
(included are only those with exceptions) Exceptions to the Exemptions (Subject to VAT)
(5) sale/import of agricultural & marine food (1) wrt livestock and poultry DOES NOT INCLUDE
products in their original state; livestock fighting cocks, race horses, zoo animals and pets
and poultry (used/yield for human (2) DOES NOT INCLUDE vehicles, vessels, aircrafts,
consumption); breeding stock and machineries, and other goods for use in
genetic materials manufacturing in commercial quantities
(6) import of professional instruments, (3) DOES NOT INCLUDE those under Petroleum
implements, wearing apparel, domestic Exploration Concessionaires under Petroleum Act
animals, and personal household effects of 1949
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(7) Transactions exempt pursuant to special (4) Wrt sale by agricultural coops to non-members, if
laws seller is the member = VAT
(8) Cooperatives Wrt sale by non-agri, non-electric and non-credit,
(9) Residential lots ≥ 1,919,500 & lot & importation of machineries and equipment = VAT
dwellings ≥ 3,199,200 (5) DOES NOT INCLUDE parking lot
(10) lease of residential units, (6) If any portion of such goods are used for purposes
if ≤ 12,800/unit/month (regardless of other than those stated = VAT
aggregate amount);
if ≥ 12,800/unit/month (AND
aggregate amount is ≥ 1,919,500)
(11) importation of fuels, goods, supplies by
international shipping or air transport
Importation of Services
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SALE OF GOODS
VAT-Exempt 0% VAT
Real Property Actual Export Sales (3)
(i) Not primarily held ICT/B
(ii) Low-cost or socialized housing Deemed Export Sales
(iii) Residential lot <= 1,919,500 (i) Internal or constructive export sales
(iv) House and/or other residential dwellings <= (a) Raw/Packaging materials to non-resident buyer
3,199,200 (5)
(v) Lease (12,800/unit/year or total (b) Raw/Packaging materials to export-oriented (3)
1,919,500/year) (c) Phil. Port FOB value of export products (2)33
(vi) Transmission to a trustee (d) Net selling price of export products (4)34
E: if transmission is deemed sale (e) sales to bonded manufacturing warehouses (2)35
(vii) Transfer to corporation in exchange of SoS (f) sales to export processing zones36
(viii) Advance payments/Security Deposits in (g) sales to enterprises duly accredited by Subic Bay
lease Metropolitan Authority (2)
E: if applied to the rent (h) sales to registered export traders (3)
(i) sales to diplomatic missions etc. (2)
As regards ecozones and PEZA-registered (j) sale by VAT-supplier to manufacturer/producer
entities whose products are 100% exported (3)
(i) Made by VAT-exempt supplier from customs (ii) Sale of gold to BSP
territory to any registered enterprise inside (iii) Sale of goods/supplies/equipment/fuel to persons
ecozone engaged in int’l shipping/air transport (4)
(ii) Intra-ecozone enterprise sale of service, if (iv) Docking/Undocking services to foreign vessels
PEZA registered seller is subject to 5%
special tax regime Foreign currency denominated goods
(iii) Intra-ecozone sales of goods (i) To a NRC/NRA of goods (5)
(ii) To a NRC/NRA of goods locally manufactured for
household and personal use (2)
E: automobiles and non-essential goods
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(1) Once registered as a VAT person, the taxpayer shall be liable to output tax and be entitled to input
tax credit beginning on the first day of the month following registration.
(2) The cancellation for registration will be effective from the first day of the following month the
cancellation was approved.
(3) What is the treatment for Withholding of VAT on Government Money Payments?
The government or any of its political subdivisions, instrumentalities or agencies, including
government-owned or controlled corporations (GOCCs) shall, before making payment on
account of each purchase of goods and/or services taxed at twelve percent (12%) VAT
pursuant to Sections 106 and 108 of the Tax Code, deduct and withhold a Final VAT due at the
rate of five percent (5%) of the gross payment.
The five percent (5%) final VAT withholding rate shall represent the net VAT payable of the
seller. The remaining seven percent (7%) effectively accounts for the standard input VAT for
sales of goods or services to government or any of its political subdivisions, instrumentalities
or agencies including GOCCs in lieu of the actual input VAT directly attributable or ratably
apportioned to such sales. Should actual input VAT attributable to sales to government
exceeds seven percent (7%) of gross payments, the excess may form part of the sellers'
expense or cost. On the other hand, if actual input VAT attributable to sale to government is
less than seven percent (7%) of gross payment, the difference must be closed to expense or
cost.
The government or any of its political subdivisions, instrumentalities or agencies including
GOCCs, as well as private corporation, individuals, estates and trusts, whether large or non-
large taxpayers, shall withhold twelve percent (12%) VAT with respect to the following
payments:
(i) Lease or use of properties or property rights owned by non-residents; and
(ii) Other services rendered in the Philippines by non-residents.
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Before start of business or VAT-registered
VAT-Exempt Person within 10d before the
Person
(cannot be cancelled w/in beginning of taxable quarter
VAT AND NON-VAT REGISTRATION (w/ TIN)
3years; franchise of
radios/tv broadcasting,
Compliance activities after registration:
irrevocable) Optional Registration Registration Fee (500php) to
1. Registration of books of accounts (3) of the
authorized bank agent, Certificate of business/occupation/calling including practice
RDOfficer, Rev Collection Registration of profession, before using the same.
Before start of business Officer, authorized
and every year
Register to 2. Registration of sales invoices and official
thereafter (on/before RDO for every city/municipal treasurer receipts (If there are transactions not subject to
Jan 31) separate and VAT, registration of non-VAT invoices or non-
distinct EXEMPT from 500php VAT official receipts)
Person 1. if aggregate gross APPROVE 3. Annual Registration: Pay registration fee for
establishment
every place of business that generates sales
Liable for sales/receipts ≤ 100,000;
after updating the registration records.
VAT 2. cooperative; 4. Filing of the Monthly VAT Declaration and
3. individuals earning pure Quarterly VAT Return to be submitted to
Did not register: compensation income; RTO/LTDO
Still liable for VAT 4. overseas workers DENY
No input credit
CANCELLATION/UPDATE OF VAT REGISTRATION
(registration of a taxpayer of a franchise grantee of radio and/or tv
broadcasting whose gross annual receipts≤ 10,000,000 =
irrevocable)
VAT- registered
cancelling their
w/in 2 years after close registration (regardless of
of the taxable quarter the source of input tax)
when sales are made
Input Tax wrt Zero-rated and Application for w/in 2 years after
Effectively zero-rated Sales refund or TCC to close of the
Direct Tax CIR + taxable quarter
Credit supporting docs when sales are
VAT-registered made
Taxpayer Presumptive Input Tax
w/in 120 days
Transitional Input Tax w/in 120 days
Carry-over from
If VAT-exempt Actual Input Tax not related from submission
Tax Credit
changes his to zero-rated sales submission
status to VAT-
registered = GRANTED
transitional
VAT-exempt Transactions DENIED INACTION
input tax
DENIED GRANTED
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E. Tax delinquency and tax deficiency (1) Period during which the commissioner is
Prohibited from making the assessment or
(ii) Power of the Commissioner to make beginning distraint or levy or a proceeding
assessments and prescribe additional in court, and for sixty (60) days thereafter
requirements for tax administration and (2) When the taxpayer requests for a
enforcement Reinvestigation which is granted by the
(a) Power of the Commissioner to obtain Commissioner
information, and to summon/examine, (3) When the taxpayer Cannot be located in
and take testimony of persons the Address given by him in the return filed
(b) upon which a tax is being assessed or
collected, BUT if the taxpayer informs the
(iii) When assessment is made
Commissioner of any change in address,
Prescriptive period for assessment (Sec. 203,
the running of the statute of limitations
NIRC)
shall not be suspended
General Rule: 3 years
(4) When the warrant of distraint or levy is
If the taxpayer filed a return: internal
duly served upon the taxpayer, his
revenue taxes shall be assessed within
authorized representative, or a member of
three years after the last day prescribed by
his household with sufficient discretion,
law for the filing of the return.
and No Property is located
If a return is filed beyond the period (5) When the taxpayer is Out of the Philippines
prescribed by law: the three-year period
shall be counted from the day the return (iv) General provisions on additions to the tax
was filed. (a) Civil penalties
(b) Interest
Exception: (i) False return, (ii) Fraudulent (c) Compromise penalties
return with intent to evade tax, (iii) Failure to
file a return (Sec. 222, NIRC) (v) Assessment process
(a) Tax audit
NB: Waiver
(b) Notice of informal conference
The taxpayer and the Commissioner may agree
(c) Issuance of preliminary assessment
in writing, before the expiration of the time
notice
prescribed in Sec. 203, to extend the period of
(d) Notice of informal conference
assessment (Sec. 222(b), NIRC)
(e) Issuance of preliminary assessment
(1) The waiver of prescription must be
notice
executed properly, otherwise, invalid and
(f) Exceptions to issuance of
results to prescription of the right to
preliminary assessment notice
assess/collect. (Philippine Journalists Inc.
(g) Reply to preliminary assessment
vs. CIR, December 16, 2004)
notice
(2) Requirements for a valid waiver under
RMO 20-90: i) definite agreed date, ii) date (h) Issuance of formal letter of demand
of acceptance indicated, and iii) taxpayer and assessment notice/final
must be furnished with a copy of the waiver. assessment notice
(a) Prescriptive period for assessment (i) Disputed assessment
(1) False, fraudulent, and non-filing of returns (j) Administrative decision on a
(b) Suspension of running of statute of disputed assessment
limitations
(vi) Protesting assessment
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(a) Protest of assessment by taxpayer the tax fraud division of the Enforcement
(1) Protested assessment Services, and Policy cases under audit by
(2) When to file a protest the special teams in national offices
(3) Forms of protest
(4) Content and validity of (2) Issuance of Preliminary Assessment Notice
protest (PAN) - The Assessment Division issues
(b) Submission of documents within 60 PAN if it determines that there exists
days from filing of protest sufficient basis to assess the taxpayer for
(c) Effect of failure to protest any deficiency tax. It shall show in detail
(d) Period provided for the protest to the facts and the law on which the
be acted upon proposed assessment is based.
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(a) Facts, the applicable law, rules and In case personal service is not practicable,
regulations or jurisprudence on which the notice shall be served by substituted
such decision is based, service or by mail.
(b) That the same is his final decision
(2) SUBSTITUTED SERVICE – substituted
(8) Raising the issue to the CTA service can be resorted to when the party is
not present at the registered or known
Remedy if the taxpayer is not satisfied with the address under the following
CTA Division’s ruling: circumstances:
FIRST, he may file a motion for May be left at the party’s registered
reconsideration before the same Division of address, with his clerk or with a person
the CTA within fifteen (15) days from notice having charge thereof.
thereof. (Sec. 11, RA 1125 as amended by May be left in place where business
RA 9282 [2004]) activities of the party are conducted
THEN, a party adversely affected by a with his clerk or person having charge
resolution of a Division of the CTA on a thereof.
motion for reconsideration may file a May be left in the place of residence
petition for review with the CTA en banc. with a person of legal age residing
(Sec. 18, RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 therein.
[2004]) If no person is found, the revenue
officers concerned shall bring a
Remedy if the taxpayer is not satisfied with the barangay official and 2 disinterested
decision of the CTA en banc: witnesses to the address so that they
A party adversely affected by a decision or may personally observe and attest to
ruling of the CTA en banc may file with the such absence. The notice shall then be
Supreme Court a verified petition for given to said barangay official.
review on certiorari pursuant to Rule 45 of Should party be present but refuses to
the 1997 Rules of Court. (Sec. 19, RA 1125 receive the notice, the revenue officers
as amended by RA 9282 [2004]) shall bring a barangay official and 2
disinterested witnesses in the presence
Modes of Service - The notices to the taxpayer of the party so that they may
required may be served by the Commissioner personally observe and attest such act
or his duly authorized representative through of refusal. The notice shall then be left
the following modes: with the barangay official.
(1) PERSONAL SERVICE – the notice shall be (3) SERVICE BY MAIL – Service by mail is done
served through personal service by by sending a copy of the notice by
delivering personally a copy thereof to the registered mail to the registered or known
party at his registered or known address or address of the party with instruction to the
wherever he may be found. A known Postmaster to return the mail to the sender
address shall mean a place other than the after 10 days if undelivered. A copy of the
registered address where business notice may also be sent thorugh reputable
activities of the party are conducted or his professional courier service. If no registry or
place of residence. reputable professional courier service is
available, service may be done by ordinary
mail
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When the government may avail of the Distraint – remedy enforced on the goods,
remedies of collection chattels, or effects, and other personal
General Rule: When the assessment shall have property of whatever character including
become final, executory and demandable. stocks and other securities, debts, credits,
Exception: In case of false or fraudulent return bank accounts, and interest in and rights to
with intent to evade tax or of failure to file a personal property (Sec. 205(a), NIRC)
return, a proceeding in court for collection may
be filed without assessment within 10 years Kinds of Distraint:
from discovery of falsity, fraud or omission. (1) Constructive Distraint
(Sec. 222(a), NIRC) (2) Actual Distraint
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In case the taxpayer or the person having Government. (NOTE: distraint of bank
the possession and control of the property accounts is called GARNISHMENT)
refuses or fails to sign the receipt, the
revenue officer effecting the constructive Summary remedy of distraint of personal
distraint shall proceed to prepare a list of property
such property and, in the presence of two (1) Purchase by the government at sale upon
(2) witnesses, leave a copy thereof in the distraint
premises where the property distrained is (2) Report of sale to the Bureau of Internal
located (Sec. 206, NIRC) Revenue (BIR)
Note: In constructive distraint, the property (3) Constructive distraint to protect the
is not actually confiscated or seized by the interest of the government
revenue officer.
Actual distraint - placed on a person who owes Procedure for Actual Distraint
any delinquent tax or delinquent revenue (see (1) Commencement of Distraint Proceedings
Sec. 207, NIRC); involves actual seizure of the Who issues the warrant of distraint:
property (a) Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative – where the amount
Garnishment – taking of personal properties, involved is more than P1M
usually cash or sums of money, owned by a (b) Revenue District Officer – where the
delinquent taxpayer which is in the possession amount involved is P1M or less (Sec.
of a third party 207(A), NIRC)
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condition for the cancellation of the proceed with the levy on the taxpayer’s
warrant. (Sec. 207(A), NIRC) real property. (Sec. 207(B), NIRC)
(5) Notice of Sale of Distrained Properties (7) Release of the Properties from Distraint
The Revenue District Officer or his duly If at any time prior to the consummation of
authorized representative (not the the sale all proper charges are paid to the
officer who served the warrant), shall officer conducting the sale, the goods or
cause a notification of the public sale effects distrained shall be restored to the
to be posted in not less than two (2) owner. (Sec. 210, NIRC)
public places in the municipality or city
(one of which is the Office of the (8) Purchase by the government at sale upon
Mayor) where the distraint was made. distraint
The notice shall specify the time and If the amount offered by the highest bidder
place of the sale. The time of sale shall is not equal to the amount of the tax or is
not be less than twenty (20) days after very much less than the actual market
notice to the owner and the publication value of the articles offered for sale, the
or posting of such notice. (Sec. 209, Commissioner or his deputy may purchase
NIRC) the same in behalf of the National
Government for the amount of taxes,
(6) Sale at Public Auction penalties and costs due. The property so
(a) At the time of the public sale, the purchased may be resold by the
revenue officer shall sell the goods, Commissioner or his deputy. (Sec. 212,
chattels, or effects, or other personal NIRC)
property, including stocks and other
securities so distrained at a PUBLIC (9) Report of sale to BIR
AUCTION, to the HIGHEST BIDDER for Within two (2) days after the sale, the
CASH or with the approval of the officer making the same shall make a
Commissioner, through a DULY report of his proceedings in writing to the
LICENSED COMMODITY or STOCK Commissioner and shall himself preserve a
EXCHANGES. copy of such report as an official record.
(b) Any residue over and above what is (Sec. 211, NIRC)
required to pay the entire claim,
including expenses of sale and Summary remedy of levy on real property
distraint, shall be RETURNED to the
owner of the property sold. Expenses (1) Release of the Properties from Distraint
shall be limited to actual expenses of If at any time prior to the consummation of
SEIZURE and PRESERVATION of the the sale all proper charges are paid to the
property pending the sale, no charge officer conducting the sale, the goods or
shall be imposed for the services of the effects distrained shall be restored to the
local internal revenue officer or his owner. (Sec. 210, NIRC)
deputy. (Sec. 209, NIRC)
(c) If the proceeds from the sale of the (2) Purchase by the government at sale upon
distrained properties are not sufficient distraint
to satisfy the tax delinquency, the If the amount offered by the highest bidder
Commissioner or his duly authorized is not equal to the amount of the tax or is
representative shall within thirty (30) very much less than the actual market
days after execution of the distraint, value of the articles offered for sale, the
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the time and manner of sale as are whichever is higher, pursuant to Sec. 6(E)
prescribed for sales of personal property of the Tax Code.
distrained for the non-payment of taxes (5) Anyone could bid except foreign nationals,
(2) Distilled spirits, liquors, cigars, cigarettes, corporate or otherwise, and those qualified
other manufactured products of tobacco under existing laws, rules and regulations,
and all apparatus used in or about the including employees of the Bureau of
illicit production of such articles: destroyed Internal Revenue.
by the order of the Commissioner when (6) Bidders shall be required to post a bond in
the sale or use would be injurious to cash or manager’s check in an amount
public health pr prejudicial to the representing 10% of the minimum bid price
enforcement of the law at least one day before the scheduled
(3) All other articles subject to excise tax public auction.
manufactured or removed in violation of (7) Unless the Commissioner allows extension
the Code, dies for the printing or making of of time to pay, in meritorious cases, the
internal revenue stamps and labels: sold winning bidder shall pay the full amount of
or destroyed in the discretion of the his bid cash or manager’s check within two
Commissioner days after receipt of notice of award.
(4) Forfeited property shall not be destroyed (8) All taxes and expenses relative to the
until at least 20 days after seizure. (Sec. issuance of title shall be borne by the
225, NIRC) winning bidder.
(9) The winning bidder shall be responsible at
Resale of real estate taken for taxes (RR No. his own expense for the ejectment of
22-2002) squatters and/or occupants, if any, of the
(1) All acquired/forfeited properties auctioned property.
transferred in the name of the Republic of (10) Negotiated or private sale shall be resorted
the Philippines, having passed the one- to as a consequence of failed public
year redemption period, shall be converted bidding for two consecutive times.
into cash from the date of acquisition or (11) Negotiated or private sale shall in all cases
forfeiture. be approved by the Secretary of Finance.
(2) The sale of acquired/forfeited real (12) Public auction sale shall be approved by
properties shall be by sealed bids in a the Commissioner or his authorized
public auction to be witnessed by a representative.
representative of the COA. (13) The Government reserves the right to reject
(3) The Notice of Sale of the acquired real or cancel any or all bids.
properties shall be published once a week
for two (2) consecutive weeks in a Disposition of funds recovered in legal
newspaper of general circulation in the proceedings or obtained from forfeiture
Philippines which must be completed at All judgments and monies recovered and
least 20 days prior to the date of such received for taxes, costs, forfeitures, fines and
public auction. penalties shall be paid to the Commissioner or
(4) Unless the Commissioner of Internal his authorized deputies as the taxes
Revenue provides otherwise, the Minimum themselves are required to be paid, and except
Bid Price/Floor Price shall be the latest fair as specially provided, shall be accounted for
market value as determined by the and dealt within the same way. (Sec. 226,
Commissioner or the fair market value NIRC)
shown in the latest tax declaration issued
by the provincial, city or municipal assessor,
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JUDICIAL REMEDIES
Suit to recover tax based on false or fraudulent
A. Civil Action returns
A proceeding in court for the collection of the
Two ways by which civil liability is enforced: tax assessed may be filed without assessment
(1) By filing a civil case for the collection of at any time within ten (10) years after the
sum of money with the proper regular discovery of the falsity, fraud or omission.
court; and Provided, that in a fraud assessment which has
(2) By filing an answer to the petition for become final and executor, the fact of fraud
review filed by the taxpayer with the Court shall be judicially taken cognizance of in the
of Tax Appeals. (Mamalateo, 2008) civil or criminal action for the collection thereof.
(Sec. 222, NIRC)
B. Criminal Action
False Return v. Fraudulent Return
Any person convicted of a crime under the
A false returns is due to mistakes, carelessness
Code shall:
or ignorance and a fraudulent return is filed
(1) Be liable for the payment of the tax, and
with intent to evade taxes.
(2) Be subject to the penalties imposed under
the Code. (Sec. 253(A), NIRC)
The fraud contemplated by law is actual and
not constructive, and must amount to
Form and Mode of Proceeding:
intentional wrongdoing with the sole object of
Civil and criminal action and proceedings
avoiding the tax. (Aznar v. CTA, 1974)
instituted in behalf of the Government under
the authority of this Code or other law enforced
Payment of tax not defense
by the BIR:
Payment of the tax due after a case has been
(1) Shall be BROUGHT IN THE NAME OF THE
filed shall not constitute a valid defense in any
GOVERNMENT of the Philippines; and
prosecution for violation of the provisions
(2) Shall be CONDUCTED BY LEGAL
under the Code. (Sec. 253(A), NIRC)
OFFICERS OF THE BIR
(3) Shall be filed in court with the approval of
Liability of person who aids or abets:
the Commissioner. (Sec. 220, NIRC)
Any person who wilfully aids or abets in the
commission of a crime penalized under the
Criminal action as a collection remedy
Code or who causes the commission of any
The judgment in the criminal case shall impose
such offense by another shall be liable in the
the penalty; and order payment of the taxes
same manner as the principal. (Sec. 253(B),
subject of the criminal case as finally decided
NIRC)
by the Commissioner. (Sec. 205, NIRC)
Refund
Assessment not necessary before filing a
criminal charge for tax evasion
Grounds and requisites for refund
An assessment is not necessary before a
criminal charge can be filed. The criminal
Requirements for refund as laid down by cases
charge need only be proved by a prima facie
(a) Necessity of written claim for refund
showing of a wilful attempt to file taxes, such
(b) Claim containing a categorical demand
as failure to file a required tax return. (CIR v.
for reimbursement
Pascor Realty, June 29, 1999)
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(c) Filing of administrative claim for 3. Forfeiture to the government for want of
refund and the suit/proceeding before bidder
the CTA within 2 years from date of 4. Further Distraint or Levy
payment regardless of any supervening 5. Tax Lien
cause 6. Compromise and Abatement
7. Penalties and Fines
Legal basis of tax refunds
Judicial
Statutory basis for tax refund under the tax 1. Civil
code 2. Criminal
(a) Scope of claims for refund 3. Statutory offenses and penalties
(b) Necessity of proof for claim or refund
(c) Burden of proof for claim of refund Civil Penalties
(d) Nature of erroneously-paid 1. Surcharge
tax/illegally assessed collected 2. Interest
(e) Tax refund vis-à-vis tax credit
(f) Essential requisites for claim of refund CIVIL PENALTIES
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(3) A taxpayer who receives an adverse and the manner in which the labelling,
ruling from the Commissioner may, branding or marking shall be effected;
within thirty (30) days from the date of (c) The conditions under which and the
receipt of such ruling, seek its review manner in which goods intended for export,
by the Secretary of Finance, either by which if not exported would be subject to
himself/itself or though his/its duly an excise tax, shall be labelled, branded or
authorized representative. marked;
(4) A reversal or modification of the BIR (d) The conditions to be observed by revenue
ruling shall terminate its effectivity officers respecting the institutions and
upon conduct of legal actions and proceedings;
(9) The receipt by the taxpayer or the BIR (e) The conditions under which goods
of written notice of reversal or intended for storage in bonded
modification, whichever came earlier. warehouses shall be conveyed thither, their
manner of storage and the method of
**The Secretary of Finance may now also keeping the entries and records in
review the rulings MOTU PROPRIO. (DOF connection therewith, also the books to be
ORDER 7-02) kept by Revenue Inspectors and the reports
to be made by them in connection with
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF their supervision of such houses;
THE BIR (f) The conditions under which denatured
alcohol may be removed and dealt in, the
RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY OF THE character and quantity of the denaturing
SECRETARY OF FINANCE material to be used, the manner in which
the process of denaturing shall be effected,
AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY OF FINANCE TO so as to render the alcohol suitably
PROMULGATE RULES AND REGULATIONS denatured and unfit for oral intake, the
(Sec. 244, NIRC) bonds to be given, the books and records
The Secretary of Finance, upon to be kept, the entries to be made therein,
recommendation of the Commissioner, shall the reports to be made to the
promulgate all needful rules and regulations Commissioner, and the signs to be
for effective enforcement of the provisions of displayed in the business ort by the person
the Code. for whom such denaturing is done or by
whom, such alcohol is dealt in;
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS TO BE CONTAINED IN (g) The manner in which revenue shall be
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Sec. 245, NIRC) collected and paid, the instrument,
(a) The time and manner in which Revenue document or object to which revenue
Regional Director shall canvass their stamps shall be affixed, the mode of
respective Revenue Regions for the cancellation of the same, the manner in
purpose of discovering persons and which the proper books, records, invoices
property liable to national internal revenue and other papers shall be kept and entries
taxes, and the manner in which their lists therein made by the person subject to the
and records of taxable persons and taxable tax, as well as the manner in which
objects shall be made and kept; licenses and stamps shall be gathered up
(b) The forms of labels, brands or marks to be and returned after serving their purposes;
required on goods subject to an excise tax,
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Tax Delinquency v. Tax Deficiency Delinquency – failure of the taxpayer to pay the
Tax Delinquency Tax Deficiency tax due on the date fixed by law or indicated in
It is when: It is when: the assessment notice or letter of demand.
Self-assessed The amount of tax
taxpayer filed his tax imposed by law is Powers of the Commissioner:
return but did not pay greater than the
or only partially paid amount shown in the (A) To make assessments and prescribe
the tax tax return additional requirements for tax
Deficiency Tax If no amount is shown administration and enforcement (Sec. 6,
assessed by the BIR in the return, or if NIRC)
became final and there is no return, (1) Examination of Returns and
executory amount by which the Determination of Tax Due
tax as determined by (b) After a return has been filed, the
the CIR exceeds the CIR may authorize the examination
amount previously of any taxpayer and the
assessed as a assessment of the correct amount
deficiency of tax.
CAN be collected CANNOT be (c) Failure to file a return shall not
IMMEDIATELY immediately prevent the CIR from authorizing
through collected. CAN be the examination.
1. Administrative collected only AFTER (2) Best evidence obtainable
Actions (warrant of the process of protest The CIR shall assess the proper tax on
distraint or levy) the best evidence obtainable when:
2. Judicial Actions Thus, a civil action for The taxpayer fails to submit the
collection to ordinary required returns, statements
Thus, civil action for courts pending reports and other documents
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In relation to the manner of (C) Interpret Tax Laws and to Decide Tax cases
compliance of any requirement in (Sec. 4, NIRC; RMC 44-01)
connection with the submission or (1) Shall be under the exclusive and
preparation of financial statements original jurisdiction of the
accompanying the tax returns. Commissioner, subject to review by
the Secretary of Finance.
(B) To obtain information and to summon, (2) A ruling by the BIR Commissioner
examine, and take testimony of persons shall be presumed valid unless
(Sec. 5, NIRC) modified, reversed or superseded by
(a) Authorizing the examination of any the Secretary of Finance.
taxpayer and the assessment of (3) A taxpayer who receives an adverse
the correct amount of tax, WON a ruling from the Commissioner may,
return has been filed by such within thirty (30) days from the date of
taxpayer. receipt of such ruling, seek its review
by the Secretary of Finance, either by
Note: Any return filed with the Commissioner himself/itself or though his/its duly
shall not be withdrawn, BUT the taxpayer may authorized representative.
MODIFY, CHANGE or AMEND such return (4) A reversal or modification of the BIR
within three (3) years from the date of filing, ruling shall terminate its effectivity
provided that no notice for audit or upon
investigation of such return has been actually (5) The receipt by the taxpayer or the BIR
served on the taxpayer. of written notice of reversal or
modification, whichever came earlier.
(b) Access Letter (Sec. 5(B), NIRC)
Obtaining on a regular basis, from Note: DOF Order 7-02 added that the
any person other than the person Secretary of Finance may review the rulings
whose tax liability is subject to MOTU PROPRIO.
audit or investigation, or from any
office or officer of the national and
local governments, government When Assessment is Made
agencies or instrumentalities,
including BSP and GOCCs; Prescriptive period for assessment (Sec. 203,
Any information such as, but not NIRC)
limited to, costs and volumes of If the taxpayer filed a return: internal revenue
production, receipts or sales and taxes shall be assessed (FAN) within three
gross incomes of taxpayers, and years after the last day prescribed by law for
the names addresses, and the filing of the return.
financial statements of
corporations, mutual fund If a return is filed beyond the period prescribed
companies, insurance companies by law: the three-year period shall be counted
etc. from the day the return was filed.
Note: This is known as the Third
Party Information Rule. Exception:
(1) False return;
(2) Fraudulent return with intent to evade tax;
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(3) Failure to file a return (Sec. 222, NIRC) newly-discovered evidence that a taxpayer
These exceptions have a prescriptive intends to present in the reinvestigation. It
period of 10 years from the discovery of the may also involve a question of fact or law or
fraudulent act or discovery of omission. both.
Waiver of Period for Assessment Note: A request for reconsideration does not
The taxpayer and the Commissioner may agree toll the running of the prescription period for
in writing, before the expiration of the time the collection of an assessed tax. (Phil Global
prescribed in Sec. 203, to extend the period of Communication v. CIR)
assessment (Sec. 222(b), NIRC)
When the taxpayer cannot be located in the
The waiver of prescription must be executed address given by him in the return filed upon
properly, otherwise, invalid and results to which a tax is being assessed or collected, BUT
prescription of the right to assess/collect. if the taxpayer informs the Commissioner of
(Philippine Journalists Inc. vs. CIR, December 16, any change in address, the running of the
2004) statute of limitations shall not be suspended.
Requirements for a valid waiver under RMO 20- When the warrant of distraint or levy is duly
90: served upon the taxpayer, his authorized
(1) definite agreed date, representative, or a member of his household
(2) date of acceptance indicated, and with sufficient discretion, and No Property is
(3) taxpayer must be furnished with a copy of located.
the waiver.
When the taxpayer is Out of the Philippines
Suspension of running of statute of limitations
(Sec. 223, NIRC) (P-CORN) General Provisions on Additions to the Tax
Period during which the commissioner is
Prohibited from making the assessment or (A) Civil penalties (Sec. 248, NIRC)
beginning distraint or levy or a proceeding in
court, and for sixty (60) days thereafter. Surcharge
A civil penalty imposed by law as an addition
When the taxpayer requests for a to the basic tax required to be paid. A
Reinvestigation which is granted by the surcharge added to the main tax is subject to
Commissioner interest.
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required to be filed (except when 20% per annum on any unpaid amount of tax,
authorized by the Commissioner); or from the date prescribed for payment until the
(3) FAILURE TO PAY THE DEFICIENCY TAX amount is fully paid.
within the time prescribed for its payment
(4) FAILURE TO PAY THE FULL OR PART of Deficiency Interest – the interest due on any
the amount of tax shown on any return amount of tax due or installment thereof which
required to be filed, or the full amount of is not paid on or before the date prescribed for
tax due for which no return is required to its payment (Mamalateo, 2008)
be filed, on or before the date prescribed
for its payment. Delinquency Interest- the interest required to
be paid in case of failure to pay:
The penalty shall be fifty percent (50%) of the (1) the amount of tax due on any return
tax or of the deficiency tax, in the following required to be filed, or
cases: (2) amount of tax due for which no return is
(1) WILLFUL NEGLECT to FILE THE RETURN required, or
within the period prescribed (3) a deficiency tax, or any surcharge or
(2) A FALSE OR FRAUDULENT RETURN is interest thereon on the due date appearing
wilfully made in the notice and demand of the
(3) Prima-facie evidence of false or fraudulent Commissioner, there shall be assessed and
return: collected on the unpaid amount, interest at
(i) substantial under declaration of the rate prescribed until the amount is fully
taxable sales, receipts or income paid, which interest shall form part of the
(failure to report sales, receipts or tax.
income in an amount exceeding 30%
of that declared per return) or The delinquency interest is in addition to the
(ii) ii)substantial overstatement of interest in the FAN as a result of failure to pay
deductions (a claim of deduction in an the deficiency tax assessed within the time
amount exceeding 30% of actual prescribed for its payment.
deductions) (First Lepanto Taisho Insurance Corp. v. CIR,
2013)
Section 5 of RR 12-99 is hereby amended by
modifying Section 5.5 thereof which provides (c) Compromise penalties
for modes of procedures in computing for the
tax and/or applicable surcharge. In cases of Compromise penalty v. Compromise
late payment of a deficiency tax assessed, the Compromise penalty – an amount of money
taxpayer shall be liable for the delinquency paid by a taxpayer to compromise a tax
interest (no longer civil penalties under RR 12- violation that he has committed, which may be
99) provided under Section 249 (C)(3) of the the subject of criminal prosecution. The basis
1997 National Internal Revenue Code, as of the amount paid is the gross sales or
amended. (RR 18-2013) receipts during the year or the tax due.
(B) Interest (Sec 249, NIRC) Compromise – an amount of money paid by the
taxpayer to settle his civil liability for tax
In General assessed by the government. The basis of the
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amount paid is the basic tax assessed. issue to the taxpayer the PAN for the proposed
(Mamalateo, 2008) assessment.
Assessment Process[Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99] The PAN shall show in detail the facts and the
(1) First Step: Tax Audit law, rules and regulations, or jurisprudence on
In a tax audit, revenue officers examine the which the proposed assessment is based.
books of account and other accounting records
of taxpayers to determine the correct tax (3) Third Step: Reply to PAN
liability. This is through the issuance of a Letter Taxpayer is given time to respond: 15 days from
of Authority. date of receipt of PAN
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(e) An article locally purchased or imported by against the formal letter of demand and
an exempt person, such as, but not limited assessment notice within thirty days (30) from
to, vehicles, capital equipment, date of receipt. The taxpayer may either file a
machineries and spare parts, has been sold, reconsideration or reinvestigation.
traded or transferred to a non-exempt
person. (Sec. 228, NIRC) Note: Failure to file protest within 30 days
shall make the assessment become final,
In the above-cited cases, a FLD/FAN shall be executor and demandable.
issued outright.
Protesting Assessment [Sec 228, NIRC; RR 12-
(4) Fourth Step: Issuance of formal letter of 99]
demand and final assessment notice
(a) Protest of assessment by taxpayer
A Final Assessment Notice (FAN) is a Made within thirty (30) days from receipt of the
declaration of deficiency taxes issued to a assessment.
taxpayer who:
fails to respond to a pre-assessment notice Protest is either a request for reconsideration
within the prescribed period of time, or or a request for reinvestigation, or both
whose reply to the PAN was found to be
without merit. A protest is considered validly made if it
satisfies the following conditions:
Sec 228: The taxpayer shall be informed in (1) it is made in writing, and addressed to the
writing of the law and the facts on which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
assessment is made; otherwise the assessment (2) it contains the information required by the
shall be void rule,
(3) It states the FACTS, applicable LAW,
An assessment contains not only a RULES and REGULATIONS or
computation of tax liabilities, but also a JURISPRUDENCE on which his protest is
demand for payment within a prescribed based, otherwise the protest shall be
period. considered void and without force and
effect and
Effects of Issuance of FAN and LD (4) It is filed within the period prescribed by
(1) Creation of Tax Liabilities law
(2) Taxpayer does not have to pay deficiency
tax assessment yet BUT 20% deficiency (b) In case of a request for reinvestigation,
interest per annum starts submission of documents within 60 days
(3) Business of the taxpayer does not become from filing of protest
illegal by reason of non-payment. (as
opposed too non-payment of local Within sixty (60) days from filing of the protest,
business deficient taxes, where the all relevant supporting documents must be
business becomes illegal) submitted, otherwise the assessment shall
become final. (Sec. 228) This will toll the
(5) Fifth Step: Disputed Assessment prescriptive period for assessment or collection.
The taxpayer or his duly authorized
representative may protest administratively
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PROTEST within 180 days from the time the Rules of Court. (Sec. 19, RA 1125 as amended
documents were submitted, the taxpayer may by RA 9282 [2004])
either:
(a) Appeal to the CTA within (30) thirty days (c) Effect of failure to appeal
from the lapse of the 180-day period OR If the taxpayer fails to file an appeal, the
(b) Wait until the Commissioner or his duly assessment shall become final, executory and
authorized representative decides before demandable.
he elevates the case to the CTA.
Collection
RCBC v. CIR (2007): In case the Commissioner
failed to act on the disputed assessment within Requisites
the 180-day period from date of submission of When the government may avail of the
documents, a taxpayer can either: remedies of collection:
(a) file a petition for review with the Court of General Rule: When the assessment shall have
Tax Appeals within 30 days after the become final, executory and demandable.
expiration of the 180-day period; OR Exception: In case of false or fraudulent return
(b) await the final decision of the Commissioner with intent to evade tax or of failure to file a
on the disputed assessments and appeal return, a proceeding in court for collection may
such final decision to the Court of Tax be filed without assessment within 10 years
Appeals within 30 days after receipt of a from discovery of falsity, fraud or omission.
copy of such decision. (Sec. 222(a), NIRC)
However, these options are mutually exclusive,
and resort to one bars the application of the Injunction not available
other. No court may grant injunction to restrain the
collection of any national internal revenue tax,
Remedy if the taxpayer is not satisfied with the fee or charge. (Sec. 218, NIRC)
CTA Division’s ruling: Exception:
FIRST, he may file a motion for reconsideration When the all of the following conditions
before the same Division of the CTA within concur:
fifteen (15) days from notice thereof. (Sec. 11, (a) It is an appeal to the CTA from a decision
RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 [2004]) of the CIR, or Commissioner of Customs or
the RTC, provincial, city or municipal
THEN, a party adversely affected by a treasurer or the Secretary of Finance, the
resolution of a Division of the CTA on a motion case may be, AND
for reconsideration may file a petition for (b) In the opinion of the Court of Tax Appeals,
review with the CTA en banc. (Sec. 18, RA 1125 the collection may jeopardize the interest
as amended by RA 9282 [2004]) of the Government and/or the taxpayer.
(Sec. 11, R.A. 1125 as amended by R.A.
Remedy if the taxpayer is not satisfied with the 9282)
decision of the CTA en banc:
A party adversely affected by a decision or Requisite before availing of injunction
ruling of the CTA en banc may file with the (a) Taxpayer has to deposit the amount
Supreme Court a verified petition for review on claimed; OR
certiorari pursuant to Rule 45 of the 1997 (b) File an injunction bond with the Court for
not more double the amount (R.A. 1125)
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Prescriptive periods
Where return filed was NOT Where no return filed, or the
false or fraudulent: return was false or fraudulent:
Collection with prior should be made within 5 years should be made within 5 years
assessment from the date of assessment of from the date of assessment
the tax. (Sec. 203 in relation to (based on Sec. 222(c), NIRC)
Sec. 222, NIRC)
by judicial proceedings
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collecting the tax due or which may be due company or association which issued the
from him (Sec. 206, NIRC) stocks or securities.
Debts and credits: by leaving with the person
How constructive distraint is effected: owing the debts or having in his possession or
(1) Signing of receipt by the taxpayer under his control such credits, or with his agent,
By requiring the taxpayer or any person having a copy of the warrant of distraint. The person
possession or control of such property to sign a owing the debts shall then pay the
receipt covering the property distrained and Commissioner instead of his creditor (taxpayer)
obligate himself to preserve the same intact on the strength of such warrant.
and unaltered and not to dispose of the same Bank accounts: by serving a warrant of
in any manner whatever, without the express garnishment upon the taxpayer AND upon the
authority of the Commissioner president, manager, treasurer or other
(2) If the taxpayer refuses to sign the receipt: responsible officer of the bank. The bank shall
signing of receipt by revenue officer in the then turn over to the Commissioner so much of
presence of two witnesses the bank accounts as may be sufficient to
In case the taxpayer or the person having the satisfy the claim of the Government.
possession and control of the property refuses (NOTE:distraint of bank accounts is called
or fails to sign the receipt, the revenue officer GARNISHMENT)
effecting the constructive distraint shall
proceed to prepare a list of such property and, Procedure for Actual Distraint
in the presence of two (2) witnesses, leave a
copy thereof in the premises where the (A) Commencement of Distraint Proceedings
property distrained is located (Sec. 206, NIRC) Who issues the warrant of distraint:
Commissioner or his duly authorized
Note: In constructive distraint, the property is representative – where the amount involved is
not actually confiscated or seized by the more than P1M
revenue officer. Revenue District Officer – where the amount
involved is P1M or less (Sec. 207(A), NIRC)
Actual distraint – placed on a person who owes
any delinquent tax or delinquent revenue (see (B) Service of Warrant of Distraint
Sec. 207, NIRC); involves actual seizure of the How actual distraint is effected:
property. In his kind of distraint, taxpayer The proper officer shall seize and distraint any
should have already been delinquent. goods, chattels, or effects, and the personal
property, including stocks and other securities,
Garnishment – taking of personal properties, debts, credits, bank accounts and interests in
usually cash or sums of money, owned by a and rights to personal property of the taxpayer
delinquent taxpayer which is in the possession in sufficient quantity to satisfy the tax,
of a third party expenses of distraint and the cost of the
subsequent sale. (Sec. 207(A), NIRC)
Distraint of intangible properties (Sec. 208,
NIRC) (C) Report on the Distraint
Stocks and other securities: by serving a copy A report shall be submitted by the distraining
of the warrants of distraint on the taxpayer, officer to the Revenue District Officer, and to
AND upon the president, manager, treasurer the Revenue Regional Director.
or other responsible officer of the corporation,
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(D) Power of the CIR or proper officer to lift the If the proceeds from the sale of the distrained
order of distraint properties are not sufficient to satisfy the tax
The taxpayer may request that the warrant be delinquency, the Commissioner or his duly
lifted. The commissioner may, in his discretion, authorized representative shall within thirty
allow the lifting of the order of distraint. He (30) days after execution of the distraint,
may ask for a bond as a condition for the proceed with the levy on the taxpayer’s real
cancellation of the warrant. (Sec. 207(A), property. (Sec. 207(B), NIRC)
NIRC)
(G) Release of the Properties from Distraint
(E) Notice of Sale of Distrained Properties If at any time prior to the consummation of the
The Revenue District Officer or his duly sale all proper charges are paid to the officer
authorized representative (not the officer who conducting the sale, the goods or effects
served the warrant), shall cause a notification distrained shall be restored to the owner. (Sec.
of the public sale to be posted in not less than 210, NIRC)
two (2) public places in the municipality or city
(one of which is the Office of the Mayor) where (H) Purchase by the government at sale upon
the distraint was made. distraint
If the amount offered by the highest bidder is
The notice shall specify the time and place of not equal to the amount of the tax or is very
the sale. The time of sale shall not be less much less than the actual market value of the
than twenty (20) days after notice to the owner articles offered for sale, the Commissioner or
and the publication or posting of such notice. his deputy may purchase the same in behalf of
(Sec. 209, NIRC) the National Government for the amount of
taxes, penalties and costs due. The property
(F) Sale at Public Action so purchased may be resold by the
At the time of the public sale, the revenue Commissioner or his deputy. (Sec. 212, NIRC)
officer shall sell the goods, chattels, or effects,
or other personal property, including stocks (I) Report of sale to BIR
and other securities so distrainedat a PUBLIC Within two (2) days after the sale, the officer
AUCTION, to the HIGHEST BIDDER for CASH making the same shall make a report of his
or with the approval of the Commissioner, proceedings in writing to the Commissioner
through a DULY LICENSED COMMODITY or and shall himself preserve a copy of such
STOCK EXCHANGES. report as an official record. (Sec. 211, NIRC)
Any residue over and above what is required to Summary Remedy of Levy on Real Property
pay the entire claim, including expenses of sale Levy– seizure of real property, an interest in or
and distraint, shall be RETURNED to the rights to such property in order to enforce the
owner of the property sold. Expenses shall be payment of taxes. (Sec. 205, NIRC) The real
limited to actual expenses of SEIZURE and property under levy shall be sold in a public
PRESERVATION of the property pending the sale, if the taxes involved are not voluntarily
sale, no charge shall be imposed for the paid following such levy.
services of the local internal revenue officer or
his deputy. (Sec. 209, NIRC) When levy may be effected: after the expiration
of time required to pay the delinquent tax, real
property may be levied upon, before,
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simultaneously or after the distraint of Within twenty (20) days after the levy, the
personal property belonging to the delinquent. officer conducting the proceedings shall
(Sec. 207(B), NIRC) proceed to advertise for SALE the property or a
portion as may be necessary to satisfy the
In case the warrant of levy is NOT issued before claim and costs of sale. Such advertisement
or simultaneously with the warrant of distraint shall cover a period of at least thirty (30) days.
on the personal property AND the personal The notice shall be posted at the main
property of the taxpayer is not sufficient to entrance of the city or municipal all AND in a
satisfy his tax delinquency: the CIR or his duly public and conspicuous place in the barrio or
authorized representative shall within 30 days district where the real property lies. The notice
after execution of the distraint, proceed with must also be published in a newspaper of
the levy on the taxpayer’s real property. (Sec. general circulation in the place where the
207(B), NIRC) property is located, once a week for three (3)
weeks.
Procedure for Levy
CONTENTS of notice: statement of amount of
(A) Issuance of Warrant of Levy taxes, and penalties due, time and place of
The IR officer designated by the Commissioner sale, name of taxpayer, short description of
or his duly authorized representative shall property. (Sec. 213, NIRC)
prepare a DULY AUTHENTICATED
CERTIFICATE showing the name of the (D) Sale
taxpayer and the amounts of tax and penalty The sale shall be held either at the main
due from him. entrance of the municipal or city hall or on the
premises to be sold. Property will be awarded
This certificate shall operate with the force of to the highest bidder. In case the proceeds of
LEGAL EXECUTION throughout the Philippines. the sale exceeds the claim and costs of sale,
The certificate shall contain a description of the excess shall be turned over to the owner of
the property upon which levy is made. (Sec. the property. (Sec. 213, NIRC)
207(B), NIRC)
(E) Forfeiture in Favor of the Government
(B) Service of the Warrant If there is no bidder for the real property OR if
Levy shall be effected by writing upon said the highest bid is not sufficient to pay the taxes,
certificate a description of the property upon penalties and costs, the IR Officer conducting
which levy is made. the sale shall declare the property FORFEITED
to the GOVERNMENT in satisfaction of the
At the same time, written notice of the levy claim. (Sec. 215, NIRC)
shall be mailed to or served upon the Register
of Deeds of the province or city where the (F) Redemption of Property Sold
property is located and upon the taxpayer (If he At any time before the day fixed for the sale,
is absent from the Philippines: to his agent or the taxpayer may discontinue all proceeding by
manager of business in respect to which the paying the taxes, penalties and interest. (Sec.
liability arose or to the occupant of the 213, NIRC)
property in question). (Sec. 207(B), NIRC)
Within one (1) year from the date of sale, the
(C) Advertisement of the Sale taxpayer or anyone for him, may pay to the
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Unless the Commissioner of Internal Revenue The Government reserves the right to reject or
provides otherwise, the Minimum Bid cancel any or all bids.
Price/Floor Price shall be the latest fair market
value as determined by the Commissioner or Disposition of funds recovered in legal
the fair market value shown in the latest tax proceedings or obtained from forfeiture
declaration issued by the provincial, city or All judgments and monies recovered and
municipal assessor, whichever is higher, received for taxes, costs, forfeitures, fines and
pursuant to Sec. 6(E) of the Tax Code. penalties shall be paid to the Commissioner or
his authorized deputies as the taxes
Anyone could bid except foreign nationals, themselves are required to be paid, and except
corporate or otherwise, and those qualified as specially provided, shall be accounted for
under existing laws, rules and regulations, and dealt within the same way. (Sec. 226,
including employees of the Bureau of Internal NIRC)
Revenue.
Further distraint or levy
Bidders shall be required to post a bond in The remedy by distraint of personal property
cash or manager’s check in an amount and levy on realty may be repeated if necessary
representing 10% of the minimum bid price at until the full amount due, including all
least one day before the scheduled public expenses, is collected. (Sec. 217, NIRC)
auction.
Tax lien
Unless the Commissioner allows extension of
time to pay, in meritorious cases, the winning Tax Lien is a legal claim or charge on the
bidder shall pay the full amount of his bid cash property, real or personal, as security for the
or manager’s check within two days after payment of same debt or obligation. It
receipt of notice of award. attaches from the time the tax became due
and payable.
All taxes and expenses relative to the issuance
of title shall be borne by the winning bidder. When a taxpayer neglects or refuses to pay his
internal revenue tax liability after demand, the
The winning bidder shall be responsible at his amount so demanded shall be a lien in favor of
own expense for the ejectment of squatters the government from the time the assessment
was made by the CIR until paid with interest,
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penalties, and costs that may accrue in (1) A REASONABLE DOUBT as to the validity
addition thereto upon ALL PROPERTY AND of the claim against the taxpayer exists; or
RIGHTS TO PROPERTY BELONGING to the (2) The financial position of the taxpayer
taxpayer. demonstrates a clear inability to pay the
assessed tax. (FINANCIAL INCAPACITY)
HOWEVER, the lien shall not be valid against
any mortgagee, purchaser or judgment
creditor until NOTICE of such lien shall be filed
by the Commissioner in the Office of the Limits of the Commissioner’s power to
Register of Deeds of the province or city where compromise:
the property of the taxpayer is situated or
located. (Sec. 219, NIRC) For cases of financial incapacity: a minimum
compromise rate equivalent to ten percent
Seizure under forfeiture vs. Seizure to enforce a (10%) of the basic assessed tax
tax lien
In the former all the proceeds derived from the For other cases: a minimum compromise rate
sale of the thing forfeited are turned over to equivalent to forty percent (40%) of the basic
the Collector of Internal Revenue; in the latter, assessed tax
the residue of such proceeds over and above
what is required to pay the tax sought to be Note: When the basic tax involved exceeds
realized, including expenses, is returned to the One Million Pesos (P1,000,000), or where the
owner of the property. (BPI v. Trinidad) settlement offered is less than the prescribed
minimum rates, the compromise must be
Compromise approved by the Evaluation Board (composed
of the Commissioner and 4 deputy
Authority of the Commissioner to compromise commissioners)
and abate taxes
All criminal cases may be compromised
Compromise – to reduce the amount of tax except:
payable (This should not be taken similarly (a) those already filed in court and
with compromise penalty.) (b) those involving fraud.
The CIR has authority to compromise and The taxpayer’s offer to compromise shall not be
abate tax. However, the CIR is not authorized considered until (RR 9 – 2013)
to accept anything less than what is (a) He waives in writing his privilege under RA
adjudicated in favor of the Government. 1405 or other special laws
(b) He gave authority to CIR to inquire into his
It should be noted that there should be bank accounts
consent of BOTH the taxpayer and the CIR, (c) There is payment of compromise offer.
otherwise it will be void.
Abatement – to cancel the entire amount of tax
Grounds for a compromise: payable
The Commissioner may compromise the
payment of any internal revenue tax in the
following cases:
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When the Commissioner may abate or cancel a discovery of the falsity, fraud or omission.
tax liability: Provided, that in a fraud assessment which has
(1) The tax or any portion thereof appears to become final and executor, the fact of fraud
be UNJUSTLY or EXCESSIVELY shall be judicially taken cognizance of in the
ASSESSED; or civil or criminal action for the collection thereof.
(2) The ADMINISTRATION and COLLECTION (Sec. 222, NIRC)
COSTS do not justify the collection of the
amount due. (e.g. when the costs of
collection are greater than the amount of False Return v. Fraudulent Return
tax due) A false returns is due to mistakes, carelessness
or ignorance and a fraudulent return is filed
CIVIL AND CRIMINAL ACTIONS with intent to evade taxes.
Form and Mode of Proceeding: The fraud contemplated by law is actual and
Civil and criminal action and proceedings not constructive, and must amount to
instituted in behalf of the Government under intentional wrongdoing with the sole object of
the authority of this Code or other law enforced avoiding the tax. (Aznar v. CTA, 1974)
by the BIR:
(a) shall be BROUGHT IN THE NAME OF THE Payment of tax is not a valid defense. (Sec
GOVERNMENT of the Philippines; and 253A)
(b) shall be CONDUCTED BY LEGAL
OFFICERS OF THE BIR Refund
(c) shall be filed in court with the approval of
the Commissioner. (Sec. 220, NIRC) Nature of a claim for refund: It partakes of the
nature of an exemption and is strictly
Criminal action as a collection remedy: construed against the claimant. The burden of
The judgment in the criminal case shall impose proof is on the taxpayer claiming the refund
the penalty; and order payment of the taxes that he is entitled to the same. (CIR v. Tokyo
subject of the criminal case as finally decided Shipping, 1995)
by the Commissioner. (Sec. 205, NIRC)
Grounds for Refund:
Assessment not necessary before filing a (1) Tax erroneously or illegally assessed or
criminal charge for tax evasion collected (Sec. 229, NIRC)
An assessment is not necessary before a (2) Penalty claimed to have collected without
criminal charge can be filed. The criminal authority (Sec. 229, NIRC)
charge need only be proved by a prima facie (3) Any sum alleged to have been excessively
showing of a wilful attempt to file taxes, such or in any manner wrongfully collected (Sec.
as failure to file a required tax return. (CIR v. 229, NIRC)
Pascor Realty, June 29, 1999) (4) Value of internal revenue Stamps when
they are returned in good condition by the
Suit to recover tax based on false or fraudulent purchaser (Sec. 204, NIRC)
returns (5) Unused stamps that have been rendered
A proceeding in court for the collection of the unfit for use (Commissioner may redeem,
tax assessed may be filed without assessment change or refund their value upon proof of
at any time within ten (10) years after the destruction) (Sec. 204, NIRC)
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Requirements for refund as laid down by cases: Note: Under Sec. 229, there is no exception to
(1) Necessity of written claim for refund the 2-year prescriptive period.
(2) Claim containing a categorical demand for
reimbursement
(3) Filing of administrative claim for refund
and the suit/proceeding before the CTA Legal Basis of Tax Refunds
within 2 years from date of payment Tax refunds are based on the principle of
regardless of any supervening cause quasi-contract or solutio indebiti and the
pertinent laws governing this principle are
General Rule: The taxpayer must file a written found in Art. 2142 and Art. 2154 of the NCC.
claim for refund stating a categorical demand When money is paid to another under the
for reimbursement before the Commissioner influence of a mistake of fact, on the mistaken
within two years from the date of payment. supposition of the existence of a specific fact,
(Sec. 229, NIRC) where it would not have been known that the
fact was otherwise, it may be recovered. The
When it comes to recovery of unutilized input ground upon which the right of recovery rests
VAT, Section 112, and not Section 229 of the is that money paid through misapprehension
1997 Tax Code, is the governing law. Second, of facts belongs in equity and in good
prior to 8 June 2007, the applicable rule is conscience to the person who paid it.
neither Atlas nor Mirant, but Section 112(A).
The Atlas doctrine, which held that claims for The government comes within the scope of
refund or credit of input VAT must comply with solutio indebiti principle, where that:
the two-year prescriptive period under Section “enshrined in the basic legal principles is the
229, should be effective only from its time honoured doctrine that no person shall
promulgation on 8 June 2007 until its unjustly enrich himself at the expense of
abandonment on 12 September 2008 in Mirant. another. It goes without saying that the
(CIR v. San Roque) Government is not exempt from the
application of this doctrine.
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Necessity of Proof for Claim or Refund the basis for the grant of the refund…To grant
No credit or refund of taxes or penalties shall the refund without determination of the proper
be allowed unless the taxpayer files in writing assessment and the tax due would inevitably
with the Commissioner a claim for credit or result in multiplicity of proceedings or suits. If
refund within two (2) years after the payment the deficiency assessment should
of the tax or penalty. (Sec. 204, NIRC) subsequently be upheld, the Government will
be forced to institute anew a proceeding for
A return filed showing an overpayment shall be the recovery of erroneously refunded taxes
considered as a written claim for credit or which recourse must be filed within the
refund.(Sec. 204, NIRC) prescriptive period of ten years after discovery
of the falsity, fraud or omission in the false or
Burden of Proof for Claim of Refund fraudulent return involved.
Tax refunds, like tax exemptions, are construed
strictly against the taxpayer and liberally in Who may claim/apply for tax refund/tax credit
favor of the taxing authority. (United Airlines, The proper person to claim refund or tax credit
Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 178788, Sept. 29, 2010) is the person on whom the tax is imposed by
the statute.
Nature of erroneously paid tax/illegally
assessed collected Taxpayer/withholding agents of non-resident
Taxes are erroneously paid when a taxpayer foreign corporation - the withholding agent is
pays under a mistake of fact, such as, he is not directly and independently liable for the
aware of an existing exemption in his favor at correct amount of tax that should be withheld
the time that payment is made. Taxes are and for deficiency assessments, surcharges
illegally collected when payments are made and penalties.
under duress.
Prescriptive Period for Recovery of Tax
Tax refund vis-à-vis tax credit Erroneously or Illegally Collected
REFUND takes place when there is actual
reimbursement while TAX CREDIT takes place Two-year period when counted:
upon the issuance of a tax certificate or tax From the date that tax was paid.
credit memo, which can be applied against any
sum that may be due and collected from the How date of payment determined:
taxpayer. If the income tax is withheld at source –
payment is at the end of the taxable year.
Essential requisites for claim of refund If the income is paid on a quarterly basis –
(Comm. v. CA and Citytrust, cited in United payment is from the time of filing the final
Airlines Inc. v. CIR, 2010): The grant of a refund adjustment return.
is founded on the assumption that the tax
return is valid, that is, the facts stated therein CIR vs. TMX Sales (January 16, 1992): When a
are true and correct. The deficiency tax is paid in installments, the prescriptive
assessment, although not yet final, created a period should be counted from the date of final
doubt as to and constitutes a challenge payment or the last installment. This rule
against the truth and accuracy of the facts proceeds from the theory that there is no
stated in said return which, by itself and payment until the entire tax liability is
without unquestionable evidence, cannot be completely paid. Installments should be
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Judicial remedies
(a) Civil Action Offender Penalty
(b) Criminal Action
A public officer or the maximum penalty
Form and Mode of Proceeding (supra) employee prescribed for the
offense shall be imposed
Civil Action on him
Two ways by which civil liability is enforced: shall be dismissed from
by filing a civil case for the collection of sum of public office, and
money with the proper regular court; and perpetually disqualified
by filing an answer to the petition for review from holding any public
filed by the taxpayer with the Court of Tax office, to vote, and to
Appeals.(Mamalateo, 2008) participate in any
election
Criminal Action CPA his license shall be
Any person convicted of a crime under the automatically revoked or
Code shall: cancelled once he is
(a) be liable for the payment of the tax, and convicted
(b) be subject to the penalties imposed under Corporations, imposed on the partner,
the Code. (Sec. 253(A), NIRC) associations, president, general
partnerships etc. manager, branch
Payment of tax not defense: manager, treasurer,
Payment of the tax due after a case has been officer-in-charge and
filed shall not constitute a valid defense in any employees responsible
prosecution for violation of the provisions for the violation (Sec.
under the Code. (Sec. 253(A), NIRC) 253, NIRC)
Offender Penalty
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return
knowledge or information to their superior
Penalties Imposed on Public Officers(Sec. 269, officer, or to report as otherwise required
NIRC) by law; or
The law imposes a fine of not less than (i) without the authority of law, demand or
P50,000 nor more than P100,000 or Accept or attempt to collect, directly or
imprisonment for not less than 10 years nor indirectly, as payment or otherwise, any
more than fifteen years on every official, agent sum of money or other thing of value for
or employee of the BIR or of any agency or the compromise, adjustment or settlement
employee of the Government charged with the of any charge or complaint for any violation
enforcement of the Tax Code, who shall: or alleged violation of law.
(CONED- FRAP)
(a) Extort or willfully oppress under color of Informer’s Reward[Sec. 282, NIRC]
law; To whom given:
(b) knowingly Demand other or greater sums Persons instrumental in the discovery of
than are authorized by law or receive any violations of the NIRC and in discovery and
fee, compensation or reward, except as by seizure of smuggled goods.
law prescribed, for the performance of any
duty; Amount of reward:
(c) willfully Neglect to give receipts, as by law 10% of the revenues, surcharges or fees
required, for any sums collected in the recovered and/or fine/penalty imposed, or
performance of duty, or who willfully P1,000,000, whichever is LOWER.
neglect to perform any of the duties The same amount shall be given if the offender
enjoined by law; offered to compromise and such offer has been
(d) Conspire or collude with another or others accepted and collected by the Commissioner.
to defraud the revenues or otherwise
violate the law; If no revenue, surcharge or fees be actually
(e) willfully make Opportunity for any person collected, such person is not entitled to a
to defraud the revenues, or who do or omit reward.
to do any act with intent to enable any
other person to defraud the revenues; For discovery and seizure of SMUGGLED
(f) negligently or by design Permit the GOODS: The cash reward is 10% of the FMV of
violation of the law by any other person; the smuggled and confiscated goods, or
(g) make or sign any False certificate or return P1,000,000, whichever is LOWER.
in any case where the law requires the
making by them of such entry, certificate or
return;
(h) having knowledge or information of a
violation of any provision of the Code or of
any fraud committed on the revenues STATUTORY OFFENSES AND PENALTIES
collectible by the BIR, fail to Report such
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Cases which may be compromised: (Sec. 2, R.R. (3) Criminal violations already filed in court
30-2002) (4) Delinquent accounts with duly approved
(1) Delinquent accounts schedule of installment payments
(2) Cases under administrative protest after (5) Cases where final reports of reinvestigation
issuance of the Final Assessment Notice to ore reconsideration have been issued
the taxpayer which are still pending in the resulting to reduction in the original
Regional Offices, Revenue District Offices, assessment and the taxpayer is agreeable
Legal Service, Large Taxpayer Service to such decision by signing the required
(LTS), Collection Service, Enforcement agreement form for the purpose. On the
Service and other offices in the National other hand, other protested cases shall be
Office handled by the Regional Evaluation Board
(3) Civil tax cases being disputed before the (REB) or the National Evaluation Board
courts (NEB) on a case to case basis
(4) Collection cases filed in courts (6) Cases which become final and executory
(5) Criminal violations, other than those after final judgment of a court, where
already filed in court or those involving compromise is requested on the ground of
criminal tax fraud doubtful validity of the assessment; and
(7) Estate tax cases where compromise is
Cases which cannot be compromised: (Sec. 2, requested on the ground of financial
R.R. 30-2002) incapacity of the taxpayer
(1) Withholding tax cases, unless the
applicant-taxpayer invokes provisions of
law that cast doubt on the taxpayer's
obligation to withhold
(2) Criminal tax fraud cases confirmed as such
by the CIR or his duly authorized
representative
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START
Regional
Send Formal Letter Assessment
Is response w/n Taxpayer
of demand and Final NO to Division issues a
15 days? Is it responds w/in
Assessment Notice either Preliminary
meritorious? 15 days
(FAN) is issued Assessment Notice
(PAN)
Yes to ASSESSMENT
both ENDS
Assessment becomes
NO to
Final, Warrant of Distraint
either
& Levy Issued
Decision Commissioner
YES favorable to YES decides w/n
taxpayer? 180 days?
ASSESSMENT
ENDS NO NO
If MR is denied, appeal to
the CTA within remainder
of the 30 days
Assessment
CTA decides on Appeal made becomes Final,
YES NO
the appeal on time? Warrant of Distraint
& Levy Issued
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W/in 5 days after sale, W/in 2 days after Excess of proceeds over the Officer sells the goods to the
distraining officer shall enter the sale, officer entire claim, shall be returned highest bidder for cash or
return of proceedings in the shall report to the to the owner. No charge shall with the Commissioner’s
records of RCO, RDO and Commissioner. be imposed for the services of approval, through commodity/
RRD (Sec. 213) (Sec. 211) the officer (Sec. 209) stock exchanges. (Sec. 209)
No, bid ok
W/n 1 year from sale, the W/n 5 days after the sale, Excess of proceeds
The Commissioner may, owner may redeem, by paying levying officer shall enter of the sale over claim
after 20 days notice, sell to the RDO the amount of the return of the proceedings and cost of sale shall
property at public auction taxes, penalties, and interest upon the records of the RCO, be turned over to the
or at private sale with thereon from the date of RDO and RRD (Sec. 213) owner (Sec. 213)
approval of the SoF. delinquency to the date of sale,
Proceeds shall be and 15% per annum interest on
deposited with the National purchase price from the date
Treasury (Sec. 216) Owner shall not be
of purchase to the date of Levy and distraint
deprived of the
redemption. (Sec. 214) may be repeated until
possession and shall
the full amount due,
be entitled to the
and all expenses are
fruits until 1 year
collected. (Sec. 217)
expires (Sec. 214)
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(i) The manner in which tax returns, computerization program, whichever comes
information and reports shall be prepared earlier:
and reported and the tax collected and
paid, as well as the conditions under which Provided, finally, That separate venues for the
evidence of payment shall be furnished the Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao areas may be
taxpayer, and the preparation and designated for the filing of tax returns and
publication of tax statistics; payment of taxes by said large taxpayers.
(j) The manner in which internal revenue For the purpose of this Section, 'large taxpayer'
taxes, such as income tax, including means a taxpayer who satisfies any of the
withholding tax, estate and donor's taxes, following criteria:
value-added tax, other percentage taxes, (a) Value-Added Tax (VAT) - Business
excise taxes and documentary stamp taxes establishment with VAT paid or payable of
shall be paid through the collection officers at least P100,000 for any quarter of the
of the Bureau of Internal Revenue or preceding taxable year;
through duly authorized agent banks (b) Excise tax - Business establishment with
which are hereby deputized to receive excise tax paid or payable of at least
payments of such taxes and the returns, P1,000,000 for the preceding taxable year;
papers and statements that may be filed (c) Corporate Income Tax - Business
by the taxpayers in connection with the establishment with annual income tax paid
payment of the tax: or payable of at least P1,000,000 for the
preceding taxable year; and
Provided, however, That notwithstanding the (d) Withholding tax - Business establishment
other provisions of this Code prescribing the with withholding tax payment or
place of filing of returns and payment of taxes, remittance of at least P1,000,000 for the
the Commissioner may, by rules and preceding taxable year.
regulations, require that the tax returns,
papers and statements that may be filed by the Provided, however, That the Secretary of
taxpayers in connection with the payment of Finance, upon recommendation of the
the tax. Commissioner, may modify or add to the above
criteria for determining a large taxpayer after
Provided, however, That notwithstanding the considering such factors as inflation, volume of
other provisions of this Code prescribing the business, wage and employment levels, and
place of filing of returns and payment of taxes, similar economic factors.
the Commissioner may, by rules and
regulations require that the tax returns, papers The penalties prescribed under Section 248
and statements and taxes of large taxpayers shall be imposed on any violation of the rules
be filed and paid, respectively, through and regulations issued by the Secretary of
collection officers or through duly authorized Finance, upon recommendation of the
agent banks: Commissioner, prescribing the place of filing of
returns and payments of taxes by large
Provided, further, That the Commissioner can taxpayers.
exercise this power within six (6) years from the
approval of Republic Act No. 7646 or the
completion of its comprehensive
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Non-retroactivity of rulings (Sec. 246, NIRC) business operations and temporarily close the
business establishment of any person for any
General Rule:No retroactive application if the of the following violations:
revocation, modification or reversal of rules
and regulations, rulings or circulars will be In the case of a vat-registered person -
prejudicial to the taxpayers (a) Failure to issue receipts or invoices;
(b) Failure to file a value-added tax return as
Exceptions: required under Section 114; or
Where the taxpayer deliberately misstates or (c) Understatement of taxable sales or
omits material facts from his return or any receipts by thirty percent (30%) or more of
document required of him by the BIR; his correct taxable sales or receipts for the
Where the facts subsequently gathered by the taxable quarter.
BIR are materially different from the facts on
which the ruling is based; or Failure of any person to register as required
Where the taxpayer acted in bad faith. under section 236.-
The temporary closure of the establishment
POWER OF THE COMMISSIONER TO shall be for the duration of not less than five
SUSPEND THE BUSINESS OPERATION OF A (5) days and shall be lifted only upon
TAXPAYER(Sec 115, NIRC) compliance with whatever requirements
The Commissioner or his authorized prescribed by the Commissioner in the closure
representative is empowered to suspend the order.
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Tax on Transfer of Not more Total acquisition Sale, transfer, or Evidence of payment of
Real Property. than 50% of price or fair other disposition of tax is to be required by
Imposed on the sale, 1% market value, real property Register of Deeds as a
donation, barter, or whichever is pursuant to R.A. requisite to registration;
any other mode of higher 6657 and by the provincial
transfer of ownership (Comprehensive assessor as a condition
or title to real Agrarian Reform for cancellation of old
property (Sec 135m Law) tax declaration.
LGC)
Tax must be paid 60
days from the date of
execution of deed or
from the date of
decedent's death.
Tax on Business of Not Gross annual Receipts from
Printing and exceeding receipts for the printing and/or
Publication (Sec 136, 50% of 1% preceding publishing of
LGC) calendar year books and other
Imposed on the reading materials
business of persons prescribed by the
engaged in printing, DECS as school
and/or publication of texts or references
books, cards, posters,
leaflets, handbills,
certificates, receipts,
pamphlets, and
others of similar
nature
Capital In the succeeding
Newly started Not investment calendar year,
business exceeding regardless of when
1/20 of 1% business started
operating, tax shall be
based on gross receipts
for preceding calendar
year, or any fraction
thereof.
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Payable annually, on or
before Jan 31.
Amusement Tax. Not more Gross receipts Holding of operas, In case of theaters or
Collected from than 10% from admission concerts, dramas, cinemas, tax shall first
proprietors, lessees, (amended by fees recitals, painting, be deducted and
or operators of RA 9640, and art exhibitions, withheld by their
theaters, cinemas, 2009) flower shows, proprietors, lessees and
concert halls, musical programs, operators
circuses, boxing literary and
stadia, and other oratorical
places of amusement presentations Proceeds to be shared
(Sec 140, LGC) equally by the province
Exception to and municipality where
exemption: Pop, amusement places are
rock, or similar located.
concerts
Annual Fixed Tax For Amount not Every truck, van, Manufacturers,
Every Delivery Truck exceeding vehicle producers, wholesalers,
or Van of P500 dealers and retailers
Manufacturers or referred to in column 1
Producers, shall be exempt from tax
Wholesalers of, on peddlers
Dealers, or Retailers
in, Certain Products.
Imposed on vehicles
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Those levied and collected by highly urbanized and independent component cities shall accrue to
them and distributed in accordance with the provisions of LGC.
Rates on levy made by the city may exceed the maximum rates allowed for the province or
municipality by not more than 50%
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the cost of regulation, inspection and licensing. RULE 2: Where there is NO branch or sales
[Sec.147, LGC] outlet in the city/municipality where the sale is
made, sale shall be recorded in the principal
Exception: Professional tax in Sec. 139 office and the tax shall be paid to such
city/municipality.
Specific rules:
(1) Municipality has power to impose RULE 3: In the case of manufacturers,
reasonable rates for sealing and licensing contractors, producers, and exporters having
of weights and measures [Sec. 148, LGC] factories, project offices, plants, and
(2) The Municipality has exclusive authority to plantations, proceeds shall be allocated as
grant fishery privileges in municipal waters. follows:
The sangguniang bayan may: (1) 30% of sales recorded in the principal
(a) Grant fishery privileges to erect fish office shall be made taxable by the
corrals, oysters, mussels or other city/municipality where the principal office
aquatic beds or bangus fry areas, is located
within a definite zone of the municipal (2) 70% shall be taxable by the
waters, as city/municipality where the factory, project
(b) Grant marginal fishermen the privilege office, plant, or plantation is located
to gather, take or catch bangus fry, Illustration of Rules 1 to 3:
prawn fry or kawag-kawag or fry of A company has a principal office in
other species and fish from the Mandaluyong, while its sales office and factory
municipal waters by nets, traps or are in Sta Rosa:
other fishing gears free of rental, fee, (1) sales made in Sta Rosa, will be recorded in
charge or imposition. Sta Rosa
(c) Issue licenses for the operation of (2) sales made in Los Baños, Calamba or
fishing vessels of three [3] tons or less Cabuyao [i.e. delivered to customers
(3) The Sanggunian may penalize the use of located in those places], will be recorded in
explosives, noxious or poisonous Mandaluyong
substances, electricity, muro-ami, and (3) aside from sales made in Sta Rosa, Sta
other deleterious methods of fishing and Rosa also gets 70% of sales recorded in
prescribe a criminal penalty therefor [Sec. Mandaluyong, pursuant to Rule 3
149, LGC]
RULE 4: In case the plantation is located in a
C.6. SITUS OF TAX COLLECTED place other than the place where the factory is
According to Sec. 150 of the LGC,situs shall be located, the 70% in Rule 3 will be divided as
determined by the ff. rules: follows:
60% to the city/municipality where the factory
RULE 1: In case of persons is located
maintaining/operating a branch or sales outlet 40% to the city/municipality where the
making the sale or transaction, the tax shall be plantation is located
recorded in said branch or sales outlet and
paid to the municipality/city where the branch RULE 5: In case of 2 or more factories,
or sales outlet is located. plantations, etc. in different localities, the 70%
shall be prorated among the localities where
the factories, plantations, etc. are located in
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proportion to their respective volume of (2) Service Fees or Charges. For services
production. rendered in connection with the
regulations or the use of barangay-owned
Illustration: properties or facilities such as palay, copra,
A company has a principal office in Valenzuela or tobacco dryers.
and has its factory in Bulacan. It also has (3) Barangay Clearance. A city or municipality
branches selling merchandise in Muntinlupa, cannot issue a permit for business without
Bacolod, Cebu. a clearance from the barangay concerned.
(1) sales made in Muntinlupa, Bacolod and The sangguniang barangay may impose a
Cebu will go to the said cities reasonable fee on the clearance.
(2) sales in all other places which do not have (4) Other Charges Allowed.
a sales branch shall be distributed as (a) charges on commercial breeding of
follows: 30% to Valenzuela and 70% to fighting cocks, cockfights and cockpits;
Bulacan (b) charges on places of recreation which
charge admission fees; and
Excise Tax: Allied Thread Co., Inc. v. City Mayor (c) charges on billboards, signboards,
of Manila [1984] Tax is imposed on the neon signs, and outdoor
performance of an act or occupation, advertisements. [Sec. 152, LGC]
enjoyment of a privilege. The power to levy
such tax depends on the place in which the act E. COMMON REVENUE RAISING
is performed or the occupation is engaged in; POWERS
not upon the location of the office. (1) Service fees and charges
LGUs may impose and collect such
Sales Tax: Shell Co., Inc. v. Municipality of reasonable fees and charges for services
Sipocot, Camarines Sur [1959] rendered. [Sec. 153, LGC]
It is the place of the consummation of the sale, (2) Public utility charges
associated with the delivery of the things which LGUs may fix the rates for the operation of
are the subject matter of the contract that public utilities owned, operated and
determines the situs of the contract for maintained by them within their
purposes of taxation, and not merely the place jurisdiction. [Sec. 154, LGC]
of the perfection of the contract. (3) Toll fees or charges
(a) The sanggunian may prescribe the
D. TAXING POWERS OF BARANGAYS terms and conditions and fix the rates
The following shall exclusively accrue to the for the imposition of toll fees or
barangays: charges for the use of any public road,
(1) Taxes on Stores or Retailers with Fixed pier, or wharf, waterway, bridge, ferry
Business Establishments. or telecommunication system funded
(a) Rate: not greater than one percent (1%) and constructed by the local
(b) Base: government unit concerned.
(i) Cities: gross sales or receipts of the (b) The sanggunian may also discontinue
preceding calendar year of the collection of the tolls when public
P50,000.00 or less safety and welfare requires.
(ii) Municipalities: gross sales or (c) No toll fees or charges shall be
receipts of P30,000.00 or less collected from:
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F. COMMUNITY TAX
Who may levy Cities or municipalities
[Sec. 156, LGC]
(1) Individuals who are:
(a) Inhabitants of the Philippines
(b) Eighteen years of age or over
(c) Either:
(i) Regularly employed on a wage or salary basis for at least 30
consecutive working days during any calendar year
(ii) Engaged in business or occupation
(iii) Owns real property with an aggregate assessed value of P1,000 or
more
Persons Liable (iv) Is required by law to file an income tax return
[Sec. 157 &158, (2) Juridical Persons
LGC] (a) Every corporation no matter how created or organized,
(b) Whether domestic or resident foreign,
(c) Engaged in or doing business in the Philippines
(1) Individuals
(a) Annual community tax of P5.00 PLUS annual additional tax of P1.00 per
P1,000.00 of income regardless whether from business, exercise of
profession or property
(b) Never to exceed P5000
(c) Husband and wife shall pay a basic tax of P5.00 each PLUS additional
tax based on total property owned by them and the total gross receipts or
earnings derived therefrom
(2) Juridical Persons
(a) Annual community tax of P500.00 PLUS annual additional tax of not
more than P10,000.00 according to the ff. schedule:
(i) P2.00 for every P5,000 worth of real property in the Philippines
owned during the preceding year based
Rates [Sec. 157 (ii) P2.00 for every P5,000.00 of gross receipts derived from business in
&158, LGC] the Philippines during the preceding year.
(b) Dividends received by a corporation from another corporation shall be
deemed part of the gross receipts or earnings for purposes of computing
additional tax.
Persons Exempt (1) Diplomatic and consular representatives
[Sec. 159, LGC] (2) Transient visitors who stay in the Philippines for not more than 3 months
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Place of Payment Where individual resides, or where the principal office of the juridical entity is
[Sec. 160, LGC] located.
Time of Payment Accrues on the 1st day of January of each year to be paid not later than the last
[Sec 161, LGC] day of February of each year
Penalty If unpaid within the prescribed period, an interest of 24% shall be added per
annum from the due date until payment. [Sec. 161, LGC]
Presentation of Community Tax Certificate is (3) Estate tax, inheritance, gifts, legacies and
necessary when an individual subject to other acquisitions mortis causa, except as
community tax: otherwise provided;
(1) Acknowledges any document before a (4) Customs duties, registration fees of vessel
notary public and wharfage on wharves, tonnage dues,
(2) takes the oath of office upon election or and all other kinds of customs fees,
appointment to any position in the charges and dues except wharfage on
government service wharves constructed and maintained by
(3) receives any license, certificate, or permit the LGU concerned;
from any public authority (5) Taxes, fees or charges on Goods carried
(4) pays any tax or fee into or out of, or passing through, the
(5) receives any money from any public fund territorial jurisdictions of local government
(6) transacts other official business units in the guise of charges for wharfage,
(7) receives any salary or wage from any tolls for bridges or otherwise, or other
person or commission taxes, fees, or otherwise
(6) Taxes, fees or charges on Agricultural and
Presentation of certificate is not needed in the aquatic products when sold by marginal
registration of a voter. [Sec. 163, LGC] farmers or fishermen;
(7) Taxes on business enterprises certified to
The city or municipal treasurer shall deputize by the Board of Investments as Pioneer or
the barangay treasurers to collect, provided non-pioneer for a period of 6 and 4 years,
the latter be bonded. respectively from the date of registration;
(8) Excise taxes on articles enumerated under
If: actually and directly collected by the city or the NIRC, as amended, and taxes, fees or
municipal treasurer, community tax accrues charges on petroleum products;
entirely to the general fund. If: collected (9) Percentage or VAT on sales, barters or
through the barangay treasurers, apportioned exchanges or similar transactions on goods
equally. [Sec. 164, LGC] or services except as otherwise provided
herein;
COMMON LIMITATIONS ON THE (10) Taxes on the Gross receipts of
TAXING POWERS OF LGUS transportation contractors and persons
Unless otherwise provided, the following engaged in the transportation of
cannot be levied by the local governments: passengers or freight by hire and common
[IDEC-GAPEP-GRR-ECN]: carriers by air, land or water, except as
(1) Income tax, except when levied on banks provided in the Code;
and other financial institutions; (11) Taxes on premiums paid by way or
(2) Documentary stamp tax; Reinsurance or retrocession;
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(12) Taxes, fees or charges for the Registration PENALTIES ON UNPAID TAXES, FEES OR
of motor vehicles and for the issuance of all CHARGES
kinds of licenses or permits for the driving (1) Surcharge not exceeding 25% on taxes,
thereof, except tricycles; fees or charges NOT paid on time; and
(13) Taxes, fees, or other charges on Philippine (2) Interest not exceeding 2% per month of the
products actually Exported, except as unpaid taxes, fees or charges including
otherwise provided; surcharges, until the amount is fully paid
(14) Taxes, fees, or charges, on Countryside and (3) In no case shall the total interest exceed 36
Barangay Business Enterprises and months. [Sec. 168, LGC]
cooperatives duly registered under the
Cooperative Code of the Philippines; and AUTHORITY OF TREASURER IN
(15) Taxes, fees or charges of any kind on the COLLECTION AND INSPECTION OF
National Government, its agencies and
BOOKS
instrumentalities, and local government
All local taxes, fees and charges shall be
units. [Sec. 133, LGC]
collected by the local treasurer or their duly
authorized deputies [Sec. 170, LGC]
COLLECTION OF BUSINESS TAX
TAX PERIOD AND MANNER OF The local treasurer may, by himself or through
PAYMENT his deputies duly authorized in writing,
Based on calendar year, unless otherwise examine the books, accounts, and other
provided. pertinent records of any person subject to local
May be paid annually or in quarterly taxes, fees and charges in order to ascertain,
instalments. [Sec. 165, LGC] assess and collect the correct amount of the
ACCRUAL OF TAX tax, fee or charge.
General rule: Accrues on the first day of
January of each year Examination must be done during business
hours, only once for every tax period and shall
Except: New taxes, fees or charges, or changes be certified to by the examining official. [Sec.
in the rates thereof which shall accrue on the 171, LGC]
first day of the quarter next following the
effectivity of the ordinance imposing such new TAXPAYER’S REMEDIES
levies or rates. [Sec. 166, LGC] PERIODS OF ASSESSMENT AND
COLLECTION OF LOCAL TAXES, FEES OR
TIME OF PAYMENT CHARGES
Within the 20 days of January or of each Assessment: Within 5 years from the date they
subsequent quarter. [i.e., Jan 20, Apr 20, July become due
20, and Oct 20]. It may be extended by the
sanggunian for justifiable reasons, without In case of Fraud or Intent to Evade Tax: Within
surcharges or penalties. Extension cannot 10 years from discovery of fraud or intent to
exceed 6 months. [Sec. 167, LGC] evade payment. [Sec. 194, LGC]
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Exemption of personal property from distraint of local taxes. Such lapse may have allowed
or levy (ToB-CUPLA) preliminary injunction under Rule 58, ROC
(1) Tools and implements necessarily used by where local taxes are involved.
the taxpayer in his trade or employment
(2) One horse, cow, carabao, or other Beast of B. REAL PROPERTY TAXATION
burden, such as the delinquent taxpayer
may select and necessarily used by him in A. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES (CAPUE)
his ordinary occupation (1) Current fair market value is the basis for
(3) his necessary Clothing, and that of all his assessment
family All real property, whether taxable or
(4) household furniture and Utensils necessary exempt, shall be appraised at the
for housekeeping and used for that CURRENT AND FAIR MARKET VALUE
purpose by the delinquent taxpayer, such prevailing in the locality where the
as he may select, of a value not exceeding property is situated. [Sec. 201, LGC]
P10,000 (2) Actual use shall be the basis of
(5) Provisions, including crops, actually classification for assessment
provided for individual or family use (a) Real property shall be classified,
sufficient for 4 months valued and assessed on the basis of its
(6) the professional Libraries of doctors, actual use regardless of where located,
engineers, one fishing boat and net, not whoever owns it, and whoever uses it.
exceeding the total value of P10,000 by (b) Actual Use- refers to the purpose for
the lawful use of which a fisherman earns which the property is principally or
his livelihood predominantly utilized by the person in
(7) any material or Article forming part of a possession thereof [Sec. 199 (b), LGC]
house or improvement of any real property (c) MCIAA v. Marcos [G.R. No. 120082,
Sept. 11, 1996]: “Usage means direct,
immediate and actual application of
Penalty on local treasurer for failure to issue the property
and execute warrant of distraint or levy
Automatically dismissed from the service after (3) Private persons cannot be left to the
due notice and hearing [Sec. 177, LGC] appraisal, assessment, levy and collection
of real property tax.
PROCEDURE FOR JUDICIAL ACTION (4) uniform classification within each local
The local government may institute an government unit shall be observed.
ordinary civil action with regular courts of (5) equitable appraisal and assessment is
proper jurisdiction for the collection of required. [Sec. 197, LGC]
delinquent taxes, fees, charges or other
revenues. B. NATURE OF REAL PROPERTY TAX
The civil action shall be filed by the local (1) It is a direct tax on the ownership or use of
treasurer. [Sec. 183, LGC] real property
(2) It is an ad valorem tax. Value is the tax
Valley Trading Co. vs. CFI of Isabela, (1989); base.
Angeles City v. Angeles City Electric Corporation, (3) It is proportionate because the tax is
(2010): LGC does not contain a provision calculated on the basis of a certain
prohibiting courts from enjoining the collection percentage of the value assessed.
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(4) It creates a single, indivisible obligation prevents improving, utilizing or cultivating the
(5) It attaches on the property [i.e., a lien] and same. [Sec. 238, LGC]
is enforceable against it.
(6) With respect to LGUs, it is levied thru a SPECIAL LEVY FOR PUBLIC WORKS
delegated power A tax ordinance shall describe with reasonable
accuracy the nature, extent and location of the
C. IMPOSITION OF REAL PROPERTY TAX public works to be undertaken, the estimated
C.1. COVERAGE cost, the metes and bounds by monuments
FOR A PROVINCE, OR A CITY OR and lines and the number of annual
MUNICIPALITY WITHIN METRO MANILA installments which should not be less than 5
(1) Land nor more than 10 years.
(2) Building The sanggunian may fix different rates for
(3) Machinery different parts or sections thereof, depending
(4) Other improvements not specifically on whether such land is more or less benefited
exempted [Sec. 232, LGC] by the proposed work. [Sec. 241, LGC]
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GOCCs
Philippine Ports Authority vs. City of Iloilo [G.R. Charitable Institutions
No. 109791, July 14, 2003]: GOCCs are not Lung Center of the Philippines vs. Quezon City
covered by the exemption since the exemption [G.R. No. 144104, June 29, 2004]: A charitable
only refers to instrumentalities without institution doesn't lose its character and its
personalities distinct from the government. exemption simply because it derives income
from paying patients so long as the money
Mactan Airport v. MIAA cases received is devoted to the charitable object it
Provision was intended to achieve, and no money inures
SC Ruling
involved to the benefit of persons managing the
Mactan Sec 133 (o), Airport institution.
Airport LGC. LGUs Authority is a
Authority not allowed to GOCC, not Property leased to private entities is not
vs. levy… [o] exempt from exempt from RPT, as it is not actually, directly
Marcos taxes/fees/ch RPT. and exclusively used for charitable purposes.
(1996) arges of any Legislature in Portions of the land occupied by the hospital
kind on the amending the and portions used for its patients, whether
national gov’t, law paying or non-paying, are exempt from real
its agencies, specifically property taxes.
instrumentalit deleted
ies and LGUs. GOCCS from D. APPRAISAL AND ASSESSMENT OF
the REAL PROPERTY TAX
Sec 234 (a), enumeration D.1. DECLARATION OF REAL PROPERTY
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absence thereof, shall be posted in the Allowance percent (5%) of its original
provincial capital, city or municipal hall and in cost or replacement cost,
two other conspicuous public places therein. for each year of use
[Sec. 212, LGC] The remaining value shall
be fixed at not less than
Classes of real property twenty percent (20%) of
(1) Residential such original,
(2) Agricultural replacement or
(3) Commercial reproduction cost for so
(4) Industrial long as the machinery is
(5) Mineral useful and in operation.
(6) Timberland [Sec. 225, LGC]
(7) Special – all lands, buildings and other
improvements actually, directly and D.4. ASSESSMENT OF REAL PROPERTY
exclusively used for hospitals, cultural, or I. ASSESSMENT LEVELS
scientific purposes, and those owned and Assessment level – is the percentage applied
used by local water districts, and GOCCs to the fair market value to determine the
rendering essential public services in the taxable value of the property [Sec. 199(g), LGC]
supply and distribution of water and/or Assessment levels shall be fixed by
generation and transmission of electric ordinances of the sanggunian at rates not
power [Sec. 216, LGC] exceeding those prescribed in Sec. 218
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Payments of real property taxes shall first be include a duly authenticated certificate
applied to prior years delinquencies, interests showing the name of the owner or person
and penalties, if any, and only after the having legal interest therein, description of the
delinquencies are settled may tax payments be property, amount of the tax due and interest
credited for the current period. [Sec. 250, LGC] thereon.
Warrant must be mailed or served to owner
II. INTERESTS ON UNPAID REAL or person having legal interest in the property
PROPERTY TAX Written notice of levy must be mailed or served
In case of failure to pay the basic real property to the assessor and the Register of Deeds
tax or any other tax when due shall subject the where the property is located
taxpayer to the payment of interest at the rate The Register of Deeds must annotate the
of two percent per month on the unpaid levy on the tax declaration and certificate of
amount or a fraction thereof until the title [Sec. 258, LGC]
delinquent tax shall have been fully paid. But Failure to issue or execute the warrant of
the total interest on the unpaid tax shall not levy within one year from the time the tax
exceed thirty-six months. [Sec. 255, LGC] becomes delinquent or within thirty days from
the date of the issuance thereof shall be
III. CONDONATION OF REAL PROPERTY dismissed from service [Sec. 259, LGC]
TAX
By SANGGUNIAN: in case of general failure of Purchase by LGU for Want of Bidder
crops or substantial decrease in the price of There is no bidder; or
agricultural or agri-based products or calamity
in any LGU [Sec. 276, LGC] When The highest bid is for an amount
Available insufficient to pay the real
By the PRESIDENT of the Philippines: when property tax and the related
public interest so requires [Sec. 277, LGC] interest and costs of sale
The local treasurer conducting
E.2. REMEDIES OF LGUS FOR the sale shall purchase the
Duty of the property in behalf of the LGU to
COLLECTION OF REAL PROPERTY TAX
Local satisfy the claim and within two
I. ADMINISTRATIVE
Treasurer years thereafter shall make a
Local Government’s Lien—
report of his proceedings.
The basic real property tax shall constitute a
Within one year from the date of
lien on the property subject to tax, superior to
Redemption forfeiture
all liens, charges or encumbrances in favour of
Period
any person, irrespective of the owner or
possessor thereof, enforceable by
administrative or judicial action and may only
II. JUDICIAL
be extinguished upon payment of the tax and
The LGU may enforce the collection by civil
the related interests and expenses. [Sec. 257,
action in any court of competent jurisdiction.
LGC]
Must be filed by local treasurer within 5 to 10
Levy
years. [Sec. 266 in relation to Sec. 270, LGC]
Upon the failure to pay the tax when due, the
local treasurer shall issue a warrant levying the
F. TAXPAYER’S REMEDIES
real property subject to tax. The warrant shall
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The LBAA shall have the power to summon Meralco v. Nelia Barlis [G.R. No. 114231, May 18,
witnesses, administer oaths, conduct ocular 2001]: The trial court has no jurisdiction to
inspection, take depositions, and issue issue a writ of prohibition which seeks to set
subpoena duces tecum and/or subpoena aside the warrant of garnishment over
petitioner’s bank deposit in satisfaction of real
The LBAA must furnish the appellant a copy of property taxes without paying first under
the decision of the board. [Sec. 229, LGC] protest the tax assessed and without
exhausting available administrative remedies.
Fels Energy v. Province of Batangas [G.R. No.
168557, Feb. 16, 2007]: Under Section 226 of The local treasurer shall decide the protest
R.A. No 7160, the last action of the local within 60 days from receipt.
assessor on a particular assessment shall be Appeal to the CTA En Banc
the notice of assessment; it is this last action Appeal must be filed through a petition for
which gives the owner of the property the right review within 30 days from the receipt of the
to appeal to the LBAA. The procedure likewise decision of CBAA [Sec. 11, R.A. 1125 as
does not permit the property owner the remedy amended]
of filing a motion for reconsideration before the
local assessor. Appeal to the SC
Appeal must be filed within 15 days from
Victorias Milling v. CTA [G.R. No. L-24213, Mar. receipt of decision of the CTA [Rule 45, Rules of
13, 1968]: The failure to appeal within the Court]
statutory period renders the assessment final
and unappealable. F.2. JUDICIAL
Question on the legality of a tax ordinance
Appeal to the Central Board of Assessment Any question on the constitutionality or legality
Appeals (CBAA) of a tax ordinance may be raised on appeal
Appeal must be filed within 30 days from the within 30 days from effectivity to the Secretary
receipt of the decision of LBAA [Sec. 229, LGC] of Justice who shall render a decision within 60
days from the date of receipt of the appeal.
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The appeal shall not have the effect of Assailing the validity of a tax sale
suspending the effectivity of the tax ordinance No court shall entertain any action assailing
and the accrual and payment of the tax. the validity of any sale at public auction until
the taxpayer shall have deposited with the
Within 30 days after receipt of the decision or court the amount for which the real property
the lapse of the sixty-day period without the was sold, together with interest of two percent
Secretary of Justice acting upon the appeal, per month from the date of sale to the time of
the aggrieved party may file appropriate the institution of the action. [Sec. 267, LGC]
proceedings with a court of competent
jurisdiction. [Sec. 187, LGC]
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Flowchart V: Procedure for Assessment of Land Value for Real Property Tax
Purposes-Local Gov’t Code
For purposes of this flowchart owner means owner or administrator of real property or any person having legal interest thereto
Assessor prepares
Owner declares real Assessor declares
assessment rolls
property once every 3 real property if owner/
START wherein real property
years (sec. 202) w/n administrator fails to
shall be listed, valued
Jan 1 to June 30 do so (sec. 204)
and assessed (sec. 205)
Submit documents
Owner may claim
supporting exemption w/ Is real property
for tax exemption Yes
in 30 days from tax exempt?
Required (sec. 206)
declaration (sec. 206)
Documents
submitted w/in
30 days? Property shall be
Property dropped from
Yes proven as tax Yes
assessment roll
No exempt? (sec. 206)
Property shall be
listed as taxable in
No
the assessment
roll (sec. 206) END
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Amount of tax
LT must decide w/
protested shall be
LT grants LT decides w/in in 60 days from
refunded or Yes Yes
protest? 60 days? receipt of protest
applied as tax
(sec. 252)
credit (Sec. 252)
No
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For purposes of this flowchart owner means owner or administrator of real property or any
START person having legal interest thereto
LT returns to the
Sanggunian concerned
purchaser/bidder the
may, by ordinance sell
price paid + interest
and dispose of the real
of 2% per month
LT shall deliver to property acquired under
(sec. 261)
purchaser certificate the preceding section at
of sale public auction. (sec. 264)
If property is not
redeemed, the local Levy may be repeated
Proceeds of sale in treasurer shall until the full amount due,
excess of delinquent execute a deed of including all expenses, is
tax, interest & conveyance to the collected. (sec. 265)
expenses of sale purchaser (sec. 262)
remitted to the owner
(sec. 260)
END
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IX. Tariff and Customs duty upon each importation, even though
previously exported from the Philippines,
Code of 1978, as except as otherwise specifically provided [Sec.
100, TCC]
Amended
Articles – goods, wares, merchandise and in
general anything that may be made subject of
A. TARIFF AND DUTIES, DEFINED importation or exportation [Sec. 3574, TCC]
Tariff U.S. Dollars, having ceased to be legal tender
Taxes or list of articles liable to duties in the Philippines, fall within the meaning of
A list or schedule of articles on which a duty is the term merchandise [Bastida v,
imposed upon the importation into the country, Commissioner of Customs, G.R. No. L-20411,
with the rates at which they are severally taxed. October 24, 1970]
And derivatively, the system of imposing duties
or taxes on the importation of foreign
C. PURPOSE FOR IMPOSITION
merchandise
For the protection of consumers and
manufacturers, as well as Phil. products from
Custom duties – taxes on the importation or
undue competition posed by foreign-made
exportation of commodities. Tariff or tax
products.
assessed upon the merchandise imported from
or exported to a foreign country
D. FLEXIBLE TARIFF CLAUSE
Export tariff – levied, assessed and collected Constitutional Basis: Sec. 28[2], Art. VI, 1987
an export duty on the gross FOB value at the Constitution. The Congress may, by law,
time of shipment based on the prevailing rate authorize the President to fix with specified
on traditional export products, such as certain limits, and subject to such limitations and
wood products, mineral products, plant and restrictions, as it may impose, tariff rates,
vegetable products [Sec. 514, TCC] import and export quotas, tonnage and
wharfage duties, and other duties or imposts
Note: export tariff had been abolished except within the framework of the national
upon logs [Sec. 1, EO 26]. development program of the Government.
Import tariff – articles, when imported from The flexible tariff clause refers to the authority
any foreign country, shall be subject to duty given to the President, upon the
upon each importation, even though previously recommendation of NEDA, to adjust the tariff
exported from the Philippines, except as rates in the interest of national economy,
otherwise specifically provided under the Code general welfare and/or national security [Sec.
or special laws [Sec. 100, TCC] 401, TCC]
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(1) for immediate consumption, or pilot, owner, officer or employee of the vessel.
(2) under irrevocable domestic letter of credit, If he omits or disregards this duty and a
bank guarantee or bond for: punishable discrepancy between the declared
(a) placing the article in customs bonded weight and actual weight of the cargo exists,
warehouse; the inevitable conclusion is that he is negligent
(b) Constructive warehousing and or careless. Similarly, if in the exercise or
immediate transportation to other performance of this duty, he is negligent or
ports of the Philippines upon proper careless resulting in the commission of
examination and appraisal; or excessive discrepancy in the weight of the
(c) Constructive warehousing and ship's cargo penalized under the law,
immediate exportation. carelessness or incompetency is, nonetheless,
imputable to him.
Note: Import entries under irrevocable
domestic letter of credit, bank guarantee or IV. LIABILITY FOR PAYMENT OF DUTIES
bond shall be subject to the provisions of Title [Sec. 1204, TCC]
V, Book 11 of this Code. All importations General rule: the liability for duties, taxes, fees
entered under formal entry shall be covered by and other charges attaching on importation
a letter of credit or any other verifiable constitutes a personal debt due from the
document evidencing payment. [R.A. 9135, importer to the government; it constitutes a
April 27, 2001] lien upon the articles imported which may be
enforced while such articles are in custody or
III. DECLARATION OF CORRECT WEIGHT subject to the control of the government.
OR VALUE
Classification How to discharge: Discharged only by payment
When article not specifically classified in the in full of all duties, taxes, fees and other
Code, the interested party, importer or foreign charges legally accruing
exporter may submit a sample with full
description of component materials in a Exception: Relieved by laws or regulations
written request.
V. LIQUIDATION OF DUTIES
Value When made: Upon approval by the Collector of
Upon written application, Collector shall the returns of the appraiser and reports of the
furnish importer within 30 days the latest weights, gauge or quantity [Sec. 1601, TCC]
information as to the DV of articles to be
imported. How: the liquidation shall be made on the face
of the entry showing the particulars thereof,
Importer must present all pertinent papers and initiated by the liquidating clerk, approved by
documents, act in good faith and unable to the chief liquidator, and recorded in the record
obtain information due to unusual conditions of liquidations. [Sec. 1601, TCC]
Information given is not an appraisal nor is it
binding upon the Collector’s right of appraisal. Additional Process: A daily record of all entries
liquidated shall be posted in the public
The declaration, ascertainment or verification corridor of the customhouse, stating the name
of the correct weight of the cargo at the port of of the vessel or aircraft, the port from which
loading is the duty or obligation of the master, she arrived, the date of her arrival, the name of
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the importer, and the serial number and date less than five pesos, no refund or collection
of the entry. A daily record must also be kept shall be made. [Sec. 1604, TCC]
by the Collector of all additional duties, taxes
and other charges found upon liquidation, and Other Notes:
notice shall promptly be sent to the interested Readjustment of Appraisal, Classification or
parties. [Sec. 1601, TCC] Return
[Sec. 1407, TCC]
Tentative and Final Liquidation Prescriptive Period for Appraisal, Classification
Tentative Liquidation or Return
[Sec. 1602, TCC] General rule: Appraisal, classification or return
When liquidation shall be deemed to be as finally passed upon and approved or
tentative: If to determine the exact amount due modified by the Collector shall not be altered
under the law in whole or in part some future or modified in any manner.
action is required [only as to item/s affected]
Exceptions:
Effect: shall to that extent be subject to future (1) Within one year after payment of the duties,
and final readjustment and settlement; entry upon statement of error in conformity with
in such case shall be stamped "Tentative seventeen hundred and seven hereof,
liquidation" approved by the Collector
(2) Within fifteen days after such payment
Final Liquidation upon request for reappraisal and/or
[Sec. 1603, TCC as amended by RA 9135] reclassification addressed to the
When liquidation is final and conclusive upon Commissioner by the Collector, if the
all the parties: when articles have been entered appraisal and/or classification is deemed
and passed free of duty or final adjustment of to be low
duties made, after the expiration of 3 years (3) Upon request for reappraisal and/or
from the date of the final payment of duties. reclassification, in the form of a timely
protest addressed to the Collector by the
Exceptions: interested party if the latter should be
(1) Fraud dissatisfied with the appraisal or return
(2) Protest (4) Upon demand by the Commissioner of
(3) Compliance audit pursuant to the Customs after the completion of
provisions of the Code compliance audit pursuant to the
provisions of this Code." [R.A. 9135, April 27,
Note: Exceptions do not apply in case of 2001]
tentative liquidation
VI. KEEPING OF RECORDS
Fractions in the Liquidation — a fraction of a All importers are required to keep at their
peso less than fifty centavos shall be principal place of business, in the manner
disregarded, and a fraction of a peso prescribed by regulations to be issued by the
amounting to fifty centavos or more shall be Commissioner of Customs and for a period of 3
considered as one peso. In case of years from the date of importation, all records
overpayment or underpayment of duties, taxes, of their importations and/or books of accounts,
surcharges, wharfage and/or other charges business and computer systems and all
paid on entries, where the amount involved is customs commercial data including payment
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records relevant to the verification of the more than two years and, if the offender is an
accuracy of the transactions value declared by alien, he shall be deported after serving the
the importer/customs brokers on the import sentence.
duty
When the defendant is shown to have or to
All brokers are required to keep at their have had possession of the article in question,
principal place of business for a period of 3 such possession shall be deemed sufficient
years from date of importation copies evidence to authorize conviction, unless the
defendant shall explain the possession to the
Custom officer authorized by BOC may enter satisfaction of the court. [Sec. 3601, TCC]
during office hours any premises or place
where the records are kept to conduct an audit F.2. OTHER FRAUDULENT PRACTICES
examination, inspection, verification or (1) Various Practices against Customs
investigation Revenue: Any person who
The officer may make copies or take (1) makes or attempts to make any entry
extracts from any of such documents of imported or exported article by
Certified copy may be evidence admissible means of any false or fraudulent
in all courts as if original. invoice, declaration, affidavit, letter,
paper, or
F. IMPORTATION IN VIOLATION OF TCC (2) by means of any false statement,
F.1. SMUGGLING written or verbal, or by means of any
In order to prevent smuggling and to secure false or fraudulent practice whatsoever,
the collection of the legal duties, taxes and or
other charges, the customs service shall (3) shall be guilty of any willful act or
exercise surveillance over the coast, beginning omission by means of whereof the
when a vessel or aircraft enters Philippine Government might be deprived of the
territory and concluding when the article lawful duties, taxes and other charges,
imported therein has been legally passed or any portion thereof, accruing from
through the customhouse. [Sec. 2202] the article or any portion thereof,
embraced or referred to in such invoice,
Smuggling – any person who shall fraudulently declaration, affidavit, letter, paper, or
import or bring into the Philippines, or assist in statement, or affected by such act or
so doing, any article, contrary to law, or shall omission [Sec. 3602, TCC]
receive, conceal, buy, sell, or in any manner (2) Failure to Report Fraud: Any master, pilot
facilitate the transportation, concealment, or in command or other officer, owner or
sale of such article after importation, knowing agent of any vessel or aircraft trading with
the same to have been imported contrary to or within the Philippines and any employee
law; includes the exportation of articles in a of the Bureau of Customs, who, having
manner contrary to law. [Sec. 3519, TCC] cognizance of any fraud upon the customs
revenue, shall fail to report all information
Penalties for Unlawful Importation: relative thereto to the Collector, as
Person found guilty of smuggling shall be required by law [Sec. 3603, TCC]
punished by a fine of not less than six hundred (1) Concealment or Destruction of Evidence of
pesos nor more than five thousand pesos and Fraud: Any person who willfully conceals or
imprisonment for not less than six months nor destroys, any invoice, book or paper
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relating to any article liable to duty, after (1) Dynamite, gunpowder, ammunitions and
an inspection thereof has been demanded other explosives, firearm and weapons of
by the Collector of any Collection district, war, and detached parts thereof, except
or at any time conceals or destroys any when authorized by law.
such invoice, book or paper for the purpose (2) Written or printed article in any form
of suppressing any evidence of fraud containing:
therein contained [Sec. 3605, TCC] (a) any matter advocating or inciting
(2) Affixing Seals: Any person who shall treason, rebellion, insurrection or
willfully break or destroy any seal placed sedition against the Government of the
by a customs official upon any car, or other Philippines
conveyance by land, sea or air, or any (b) forcible resistance to any law of the
compartment thereof [Sec. 3606, TCC] Philippines
(3) Removal, Breakage, Alteration of Marks: (c) containing any threat to take the life of
Any person who alters, defaces or or inflict bodily harm upon any person
obliterates any distinctive mark placed by a in the Philippines.
customs official on any package of (3) Written or printed articles, photographs,
warehoused articles [Sec. 3607, TCC] engravings, lithographs, objects, paintings,
(4) Removing Goods from Customs Custody: drawings or other representation of an
Any importer or owner of warehoused obscene or immoral character.
articles, or person in his employ, who by (4) Articles, instruments, drugs and
contrivance, fraudulently opens the substances designed, intended or adapted
warehouse, or gains access to the articles, for preventing human conception or
except in the presence of the proper official producing unlawful abortion, or any
of the customs acting in the execution of printed matter which advertises or
his duty [Sec. 3608, TCC] describes or gives directly or indirectly
(5) Failure to Keep Importation Records and information where, how or by whom
Give Full Access to Customs Officers: Any human conception is prevented or
person who shall fraudulently remove unlawful abortion produced.
warehoused articles from any public or (5) Roulette wheels, gambling outfits, loaded
private warehouse or shall fraudulently dice, marked cards, machines, apparatus
conceal such articles in any such or mechanical devices used in gambling, or
warehouse, or shall aid or abet any such in the distribution of money, cigars,
removal or concealment [Sec. 3609, TCC] cigarettes or other articles when such
distribution is dependent upon chance,
G. CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS including jackpot and pinball machines or
G.1. TAXABLE IMPORTATION similar contrivances.
All articles, when imported from any foreign (6) Lottery and sweepstakes tickets,
country into the Philippines, shall be subject to advertisements thereof and lists of
duty upon each importation, even though drawings therein.
previously exported from the Philippines, Except those authorized by the Philippine
except as otherwise specifically provided for in Government
this Code or in other laws. [Sec. 100, TCC] (7) Any article manufactured in whole or in
G.2. PROHIBITED IMPORTATION part of gold silver or other precious metal,
[Sec. 101, TCC] (POPP-LAW-DING) or alloys thereof, the stamps brands or
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marks of which do not indicate the actual other charges thereon, conditioned for the
fineness or quality of said metals or alloys. exportation thereof or payment of the
(8) Any adulterated or misbranded article of corresponding duties, taxes and other
food or any adulterated or misbranded charges within six [6] months from the
drug in violation of the provisions of the date of acceptance of the import entry:
"Food and Drugs Act." Provided, That the Collector of Customs
(9) Marijuana, opium poppies, coca leaves, or may extend the time for exportation or
any other narcotics or synthetic drugs payment of duties, taxes and other charges
which are or may hereafter be declared for a term not exceeding six [6] months
habit forming by the President of the from the expiration of the original period;
Philippines, any compound, manufactured (3) Cost of repairs, excluding the value of the
salt, derivative, or preparation thereof, article used, made in foreign countries
Except when imported by the Government upon vessels or aircraft documented,
of the Philippines or any person duly registered or licensed in the Philippines,
authorized by the Collector of Internal upon proof satisfactory to the Collector of
Revenue for medicinal purposes only Customs [1] that adequate facilities for
(10) Opium pipes and parts thereof, of such repairs are not afforded in the
whatever material. Philippines, or [2] that such vessels or
(11) All other articles the importation of which aircrafts, while in the regular course of her
is prohibited by law. voyage or flight was compelled by stress of
weather or other casualty to put into a
G.3. CONDITIONALLY-FREE IMPORTATION foreign port to make such repairs in order
[Sec. 105, TCC] to secure the safety, seaworthiness or
The following articles shall be exempt from the airworthiness of the vessel or aircraft to
payment of import duties upon compliance enable her to reach her port of destination;
with the formalities prescribed in, or with, the (4) Articles brought into the Philippines for
regulations which shall be promulgated by the repair, processing or reconditioning to be
Commissioner of Customs with the approval of re-exported upon completion of the repair,
the Secretary of Finance: processing or reconditioning: Provided,
(1) Aquatic products (e.g., fishes, crustaceans, That the Collector of Customs shall require
mollusks, marine animals, seaweeds, fish the giving of a bond in an amount equal to
oil, roe), caught or gathered by fishing one and one-half times the ascertained
vessels of Philippine registry: Provided, duties, taxes and other charges thereon,
That they are imported in such vessels or in conditioned for the exportation thereof or
crafts attached thereto: And provided, payment of the corresponding duties, taxes
further, That they have not been landed in and other charges within six [6] months
any foreign territory or, if so landed, they from the date of acceptance of the import
have been landed solely for transshipment entry;
without having been advanced in (5) Medals, badges, cups and other small
condition; articles bestowed as trophies or prizes, or
(2) Equipment for use in the salvage of vessels those received or accepted as honorary
or aircrafts, not available locally, upon distinction;
identification and the giving of a bond in (6) Personal and household effects belonging
an amount equal to one and one-half to residents of the Philippines returning
times the ascertained duties, taxes and from abroad including jewelry, precious
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stones and other articles of luxury which across the board, the total dutiable value
were formally declared and listed before of which does not exceed two thousand
departure and identified under oath before pesos; any excess shall be subject to the
the Collector of Customs when exported corresponding duty provided in this Code;
from the Philippines by such returning (7) Wearing apparel, articles of personal
residents upon their departure therefrom adornment, toilet articles, portable tools
and during their stay abroad; personal and and instruments, theatrical costumes and
household effects including wearing similar effects accompanying travelers, or
apparel, articles of personal adornment tourists. or arriving within a reasonable
[except luxury items], toilet articles, time before and after their arrival in the
portable appliances and instruments and Philippines, which are necessary and
similar personal effects, excluding vehicles, appropriate for the wear and use of such
watercrafts, aircrafts, and animals persons according to the nature of the
purchased in foreign countries by residents journey, their comfort and convenience:
of the Philippines which were necessary, Provided, That this exemption shall not
appropriate and normally used for the apply to articles intended for other persons
comfort and convenience in their journey or for barter, sale or hire: Provided, further,
and during their stay abroad upon proof That the Collector of Customs may, in his
satisfactory to the Collector of Customs discretion, require either a written
that same have been in their use abroad commitment or a bond in an amount equal
for more than six [6] months and to one and one-half times the ascertained
accompanying them on their return, or duties, taxes and other charges
arriving within a reasonable time which, conditioned for the exportation thereof or
barring unforeseen circumstances, in no payment of the corresponding duties, taxes
case shall exceed ninety days before or and other charges within three [3] months
after the owners' return: Provided, That the from the date of acceptance of the import
personal and household effects shall entry: And Provided finally, That the
neither be in commercial quantities nor Collector of Customs may extend the time
intended for barter, sale or hire and that for exportation or payment of duties, taxes
the total dutiable value of which shall not and other charges for a term not exceeding
exceed two thousand pesos [P2,000.00]: three months from the expiration of the
Provided further, That the returning original period;
residents have not previously received the (8) Personal and household effects and
benefit under this section within one year vehicles belonging to foreign consultants
from and after the last exemption granted: and experts hired by, and/or rendering
Provided furthermore, That a fifty [50] per service to, the government, and their staff
cent ad valorem duty across the board or personnel and families, accompanying
shall be levied and collected on the them or arriving within a reasonable time
personal and household effects [except before or after their arrival in the
luxury items] in excess of two thousand Philippines, in quantities and of the kind
pesos: And provided, finally, That the necessary and suitable to the profession,
personal and household effects [except rank or position of the person importing
luxury items] of a returning resident who them, for their own use and not for barter,
has not stayed abroad for six months shall sale or hire provided that, the Collector of
be subject to fifty per cent ad valorem duty Customs may in his discretion require
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thousand pesos, upon identification as for entry under the provision of this
such; subsection, and the excess of the
(19) Samples of the kind, in such quantity and consignment may be entered in bond, or
of such dimension or construction as to for consumption, as the importer may
render them unsalable or of no appreciable elect;
commercial value; models not adapted for (21) Animals (except race horses), and plants
practical use; and samples of medicines, for scientific, experimental, propagation,
properly marked "sample-sale punishable botanical, breeding, zoological and
by law," for the purpose of introducing a national defense purposes: Provided, That
new article in the Philippine market and no live trees, shoots, plants, moss, and
imported only once in a quantity sufficient bulbs, tubers and seeds for propagation
for such purpose by a person duly purposes may be imported under this
registered and identified to be engaged in section, except by order of the Government
that trade: Provided, That importations or other duly authorized institutions:
under this subsection shall be previously Provided, further, That the free entry of
authorized by the Secretary of Finance: animals for breeding purposes shall be
Provided, however, That importation of restricted to animals of recognized breed,
sample medicine shall be previously duly registered in the book of record
authorized by the Secretary of Health that established for that breed, certified as such
such samples are new medicines not by the Bureau of Animal Industry: Provided,
available in the Philippines: Provided, furthermore, That certificate of such record,
finally, That samples not previously and pedigree of such animal duly
authorized and/or properly marked in authenticated by the proper custodian of
accordance with this section shall be levied such book of record, shall be produced and
the corresponding tariff duty. submitted to the Collector of Customs,
(20) Commercial samples, except those together with affidavit of the owner or
that are not readily and easily identifiable importer, that such animal is the animal
[e.g., precious and semi-precious stones, described in said certificate of record and
cut or uncut, and jewelry set with precious pedigree: And Provided, finally, That the
stones], the value of any single importation animals and plants are certified by the
of which does not exceed ten thousand National Economic and Development
pesos [P10,000.00] upon the giving of a Authority as necessary for economic
bond in an amount equal to twice the development;
ascertained duties, taxes and other (22) Economic, technical, vocational,
charges thereon, conditioned for the scientific, philosophical, historical, and
exportation of said samples within six [6] cultural books and/or publications:
months from the date of the acceptance of Provided, That those which may have
the import entry or in default thereof, the already been imported but pending release
payment of the corresponding duties, taxes by the Bureau of Customs at the effectivity
and other charges. If the value of any of this Decree may still enjoy the privilege
single consignment of such commercial herein provided upon certification by the
samples exceeds ten thousand pesos Department of Education, Culture and
[P10,000.00],the importer thereof may Sports that such imported books and/or
select any portion of same not exceeding in publications are for economic, technical,
value of ten thousand pesos [P10,000.00] vocational, scientific, philosophical,
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historical or cultural purposes or that the a duty under this subsection equal to the
same are educational, scientific or cultural amount of such drawback or bounty.
materials covered by the International (26) Aircraft, equipment and machinery,
Agreement on Importation of Educational spare parts commissary and catering
Scientific and Cultural Materials signed by supplies, aviation gas, fuel and oil, whether
the President of the Philippines on August crude or refined, and such other articles or
2, 1952, or other agreements binding upon supplies imported by and for the use of
the Philippines. scheduled airlines operating under
(23)Educational, scientific and cultural Congressional franchise: Provided, That
materials covered by international such articles or supplies are not locally
agreements or commitments binding upon available in reasonable quantity, quality
the Philippine Government so certified by and price and are necessary or incidental
the Department of Education, Culture and for the proper operation of the scheduled
Sports. airline importing the same;
(24) Bibles, missals, prayer books, Koran, (27) Machineries, equipment, tools for
Ahadith and other religious books of production, plants to convert mineral ores
similar nature and extracts therefrom, into saleable form, spare parts, supplies,
hymnal and hymns for religious uses; materials, accessories, explosives,
(25) Philippine articles previously exported chemicals, and transportation and
from the Philippines and returned without communication facilities imported by and
having been advanced in value or for the use of new mines and old mines
improved in condition by any process of which resume operations, when certified to
manufacture or other means, and upon as such by the Secretary of Agriculture and
which no drawback or bounty has been Natural Resources upon the
allowed, including instruments and recommendation of the Director of Mines,
implements, tools of trade, machinery and for a period ending five [5] years from the
equipment, used abroad by Filipino first date of actual commercial production
citizens in the pursuit of their business, of saleable mineral products: Provided,
occupation or profession; and foreign That such articles are not locally available
articles previously imported when returned in reasonable quantity, quality and price
after having been exported and loaned for and are necessary or incidental in the
use temporarily abroad solely for proper operation of the mine; and aircrafts
exhibition, testing and experimentation, for imported by agro-industrial companies to
scientific or educational purposes; and be used by them in their agriculture and
foreign containers previously imported industrial operations or activities, spare
which have been used in packing exported parts and accessories thereof;
Philippine articles and returned empty if (28) Spare parts of vessels or aircraft of
imported by or for the account of the foreign registry engaged in foreign trade
person or institution who exported them when brought into the Philippine
from the Philippines and not for sale, exclusively as replacements or for the
barter or hire subject to identification: emergency repair thereof, upon proof
Provided, That any Philippine article falling satisfactory to the Collector of Customs
under this subsection upon which that such spare parts shall be utilized to
drawback or bounty has been allowed shall, secure the safety, seaworthiness or
upon re-importation thereof, be subject to
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“At or about the same time” Legal Weight – weight at the time of their sale
45 days prior to and 45 days following the to the public in usual retail quantities
importation Net Weight – only the actual weight at the time
Computed value of importation excluding the weight of the
DV is determined on the basis of cost of immediate and all other containers
production + profit + general expenses
reflected in sales from exporting country to the H.2. SPECIAL DUTIES
Phil of goods of same class or kind These are additional import duties imposed on
specific kinds of imported articles [See Table of
DV is calculated by: Special Duties]
Determining aggregate of relevant costs,
charges and expenses or value of I. REMEDIES
(1) materials and I.1. GOVERNMENT
(2) production or processing costs
I. ADMINISTRATIVE/EXTRAJUDICIAL
Costs* containers, packing, assists,
Search, seizure, forfeiture, arrest
engineering, artwork, plans and sketches
Enforcement of Tax Lien
undertaken in Phil and charged to producer
Tax Lien – attaches upon the articles imported
profits and general expenses
which may be enforced while such are in
cost of transport, insurance and charges to the
custody or subject to the control of the
port or place of importation
government [Sec. 1204]
*Note: these additional costs are added only if
Sec. 1508.
not included in the determination of the
When an importer has an outstanding and
aggregate of relevant costs, charges and
demandable account with the Bureau of
expenses or value of materials and production.
Customs,
Collector shall hold the delivery of the article.
Fallback value
Upon notice, he may sell such importation or a
If DV cannot be determined using any of the
portion of it to satisfy the obligation.
above methods, use other reasonable means
Importer may settle his obligation anytime
consistent with principles and general
before the sale.
provisions of General Agreements on Tariffs
and Trade [GATT]
Seizure and Forfeiture
[Sec. 2205]
II. SPECIFIC
Who may effect:
[Sec. 202, TCC]
(1) Customs official;
Rates are based on units of weight number or
(2) Fisheries Commissions;
measurement
(3) Philippine Coast Guard
Kinds of weight:
Note: Person who is exercising such an
Gross Weight – weight of same, together with
authority has the duty to make known his
the weight of all containers, packages, holders
official character, upon being questioned
and packings, of any kind, in which said articles
at the time of the exercise. If his authority
are contained, held or packed at the time of
came from a special authorization, he has
importation
the duty to exhibit the written authority
upon demand.
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the notice to claim such importation [Sec. Refund in case of excess payments due to:
1801, TCC] (1) manifest clerical error made in invoice or
entry
(2) error in return of weight, measure and
Effect gauge (certified, under penalties of
[Sec. 1802, TCC] falsification or perjury, by examining
(1) deemed to have renounced his interest and official)
property rights (3) error in the distribution of charges on
(2) ipso facto deemed property of the invoices [which does not involve any
Government question of law and certified, under
penalties of falsification or perjury, by
If the abandoned articles are transferred to a examining official] [Sec. 1707]
customs bonded warehouse, the operator shall
be liable for the payment of duties and taxes in Conditions for refund of excess payments
the case of loss of the stored abandoned (1) errors discovered before payment or
imported articles [R.V. Marzan v. CA, GR No. discovered within 1 year after the final
128064, March 4, 2004] liquidation
(2) written request and notice from importer
Liability of Official for Failure to Report or statement of error certified by the
Abandonment Collector
Any official or employee who:
(1) had knowledge of the existence of How claimed
abandoned article (1) Claim made in writing
(2) custody or charge of such article (2) Collector shall verify with the records in his
fails to report within 24 hours from time article office
deemed abandoned shall be punished (3) Certify claim to Commissioner with his
according to sec. 3604 (fine: P5000 – recommendation and necessary papers
P50,000; imprisonment: 1 yr – 10 yrs, (4) Commissioner shall then cause the claim
perpetual disqualification to hold public office, to be paid if found correct
vote and participate in election)
If the result of the refund would result to a
III. ABATEMENT AND REFUND corresponding refund of the internal revenue
When available taxes on the same importation, Collector shall
(1) Abatement for Damage incurred during certify to Commissioner who shall cause the
Voyage [Sec. 1701] said excess to be paid, refunded or credited in
(2) Abatement or Refund for the following: favor of the importer
(3) Missing Packages [Sec. 1702]
(4) Deficiency of Contents in Packages [Sec.
1703]
(5) Articles Lost or Destroyed after Arrival [Sec.
1704]
(6) Dead or Injured animals [Sec. 1705]
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START
Collector’s Amount
decision favorable Automatic review* by Customs
Yes involved less Yes
to taxpayer/ Commisioner (Sec. 2313)
than 5M?
adverse to gov’t?
Is
Does
No Commissioner’s
commissioner
Yes decision favorable
decide w/in 30
Taxpayer appeals to taxpayer/
days?
to Customs adverse to gov’t?
Commissioner 15
days from receipt No
of notice
Inaction construed as affirmation
of Collector’s decision
Does
Commissioner
Yes No, amount is at least
decide w/n 30
Is 5M
days?
Commissioner’s Yes
Automatic Review* by
decision
the Secretary of
favorable to Yes
Finance (SOF) (Sec.
taxpayer/
2313, CMO 3-2002)
adverse to
gov’t?
Is SOF’s
decision Does SOF
No favorable to Yes decide within
No No taxpayer/adverse 30 days?
to gov’t?
No
Yes
Inaction construed as
affirmation of
Decision becomes
commissioner’s decision No
END final &
(or of collector’s decision Appeal
unappealable
in case of inaction by to CTA
commissioner)
Appeal to the
Inaction construed
Court of Tax
as affirmation of
Appeals within 30
Collector’s
days from notice
decision
of decision
Appeal to CTA en
MR within 15 days
banc 15 days from Appeal to the
from receipt of END
receipt of decision Supreme Court
decision
denying MR
*Automatic review is intended to protect the interest of the Government. W/o auto review, the Commissioner and SoF would not know
about the decision laid down by the Collector favoring the taxpayer. Automatic review is necessary because nobody is expected to appeal
the decision of the Collector which is favorable to the taxpayer & adverse to the Government. (Yaokasin v. Commissioner 180 SCTA 591
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Anti-Dumping Countervailing
[Sec. 301, TCC [Sec. 302 as Marking Discriminatory
Safeguard [RA 8800]
as amended by amended by [Sec. 303] [Sec. 304]
RA 8752] RA 8751]
of a domestic safeguard 8800
industry (2) measures will
Discriminates be in the
in fact against public interest
the commerce
of the
Philippines, as
to place the
commerce of
the Philippines
at a
disadvantage
compared with
the commerce
of any foreign
country.
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For b],
compute as
follows:
0 - if price
difference is at
most 10% of
the trigger
price
30% of the
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Anti-
Dumping Countervailing
[Sec. 301, [Sec. 302 as Marking Discriminatory
Safeguard [RA 8800]
TCC as amended by RA [Sec. 303] [Sec. 304]
amended by 8751]
RA 8752]
amount by
which the price
difference
exceeds 10% of
the trigger
price
50% - if it
exceeds 40%
but less than
60%
70% - if it
exceeds 60 but
at most 75%
90% - if it
exceeds 75%
obliterated, destroyed or permanently
Notes: concealed
Exceptions to the Marking of Articles (in the
following situations, the containers shall be (8) An ultimate purchaser, by reason of the
the one subject to marking): character of such article or by reason of the
(1) Article is incapable of being marked circumstance of its importation, must
(2) Article cannot be marked prior to shipment necessarily know the country of origin of
to the Philippines without injury such article even though it is not marked to
(3) Article cannot be marked prior to shipment indicate its origin
to the Philippines, except at an expense (9) Article was produced more than twenty
economically prohibitive of its importation years prior to its importation into the
(4) Marking of a container of such article will Philippines
reasonably indicate the origin of such (10) Article cannot be marked after importation
article except at an expense which is economically
(5) Article is a crude substance prohibitive, and the failure to mark the
(6) Article is imported for use by the importer article before importation was not due to
and not intended for sale in its imported or any purpose of the importer, producer,
any other form seller or shipper to avoid compliance with
(7) Article is to be processed in the Philippines this section
by the importer or for his account
otherwise than for the purpose of
concealing the origin of such article and in
such manner that any mark contemplated
by this section would necessarily be
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and executory assessments for taxes, fees, II. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION
charges and penalties, where the principal IN CRIMINAL CASES
amount of taxes and penalties claimed is CTA DIVISION
less than one million pesos; (1) Over appeals from the judgments,
(5) Decisions, resolutions or orders of the resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial
Regional Trial Courts in local tax cases and Courts in tax cases originally decided by
in tax collection cases decided or resolved them, in their respected territorial
by them in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction.
jurisdiction; (2) Over petitions for review of the judgments,
(6) Decisions, resolutions or orders on motions resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial
for reconsideration or new trial of the Court Courts in the exercise of their appellate
in Division in the exercise of its exclusive jurisdiction over tax cases originally
original jurisdiction over tax collection decided by the Metropolitan Trial Courts,
cases; Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal
(7) Decisions of the Central Board of Circuit Trial Courts in their respective
Assessment Appeals (CBAA) in the jurisdiction.
exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over
cases involving the assessment and CTA EN BANC
taxation of real property originally decided (1) Decisions, resolutions or orders on motions
by the provincial or city board of for reconsideration or new trial of the Court
assessment appeals; in Division in the exercise of its exclusive
original jurisdiction over cases involving
A.2. CRIMINAL CASES criminal offenses arising from violations of
[Sec. 7, RA 1125 as amended] the National Internal Revenue Code or the
Tariff and Customs Code and other laws
I. EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION administered by the Bureau of Internal
All criminal offenses arising from violations of Revenue or Bureau of Customs;
the National Internal Revenue Code or Tariff (2) Decisions, resolutions or orders on motions
and Customs Code and other laws for reconsideration or new trial of the Court
administered by the Bureau of Internal in Division in the exercise of its exclusive
Revenue or the Bureau of Customs. Principal appellate jurisdiction over criminal
amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges offenses mentioned in the preceding
and penalties, claimed is more than or equal to subparagraph; and
One million pesos (P1,000,000.00). (3) Decisions, resolutions or orders of the
Regional trial Courts in the exercise of their
The filing of the criminal action being deemed appellate jurisdiction over criminal
to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil offenses mentioned in subparagraph [f].
action, and no right to reserve the filling of
such civil action separately from the criminal B. JUDICIAL PROCEDURES
action will be recognized.
B.1. JUDICIAL ACTION FOR COLLECTION
OF TAXES
I. INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES
The remedies for the collection of internal
revenue taxes, fees or charges, and any
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a copy of the motion for reconsideration or new materially affecting the substantial rights of
trial of a decision, resolution or order of the the movant:
Court. (1) Fraud, accident, mistake or excusable
negligence which ordinary prudence could
When: He shall file a motion for not have guarded against and by reason of
reconsideration or new trial within fifteen days which such aggrieved party has probably
from the date he received notice of the decision, been impaired in his rights; or
resolution or order of the Court in question. (2) Newly discovered evidence, which he could
not, with reasonable diligence, have
The Court shall resolve the motion for discovered and produced at the trial and,
reconsideration or new trial within three which, if presented, would probably alter
months from the time it is deemed submitted the result.
for resolution.
A motion for new trial shall include all grounds
How: The motion shall be in writing stating its then available and those not included shall be
grounds, a written notice of which shall be deemed waived.
served by the movant on the adverse party.
Restrictions: No party shall be allowed to file a
A motion for new trial shall be proved in the second motion for reconsideration of a decision,
manner provided for proof of motions. A final resolution or order; or for new trial.
motion for the cause mentioned in
subparagraph [a] of the preceding section II. APPEAL TO THE CTA, EN BANC
shall be supported by affidavits of merits which No civil proceeding involving matter arising
may be rebutted by counter-affidavits. A under the National Internal Revenue Code, the
motion for the cause mentioned in Tariff and Customs Code or the Local
subparagraph (b) of the preceding section Government Code shall be maintained, except
shall be supported by affidavits of the as herein provided, until and unless an appeal
witnesses by whom such evidence is expected has been previously filed with the CTA and
to be given, or by duly authenticated disposed of in accordance with the provisions
documents which are proposed to be of this Act.
introduced in evidence.
A party adversely affected by a resolution of a
A motion for reconsideration or new trial that Division of the CTA on a motion for
does not comply with the foregoing provisions reconsideration or new trial, may file a petition
shall be deemed pro forma, which shall not toll for review with the CTA en banc. [Sec. 18, RA
the reglementary period for appeal. No. 1125 as amended]
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Solicitor General as counsel for the People and the former, the plaintiff is affected by the
government officials sued in their official expenditure of public funds, while in the latter,
capacity he is but the mere instrument of the public
The Solicitor General shall represent the concern. [De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council
People of the Philippines and government (2010)]
officials sued in their official capacity in all
cases brought to the Court in the exercise of its C.3. REQUISITES FOR CHALLENGING
appellate jurisdiction. He may deputize the THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF A TAX
legal officers of the Bureau of Internal Revenue MEASURE OR ACT OF TAXING
in cases brought under the National Internal AUTHORITY
Revenue Code or other laws enforced by the
Bureau of Internal Revenue, or the legal
I. CONCEPT OF LOCUS STANDI AS
officers of the Bureau of Customs in cases
APPLIED IN TAXATION
brought under the Tariff and Customs Code of
The doctrine of locus standi is the right of
the Philippines or other laws enforced by the
appearance in a court of justice. The doctrine
Bureau of Customs, to appear in behalf of the
requires a litigant to have a material interest in
officials of said agencies sued in their official
the outcome of a case. In private suits, locus
capacity: Provided, however, such duly
standi requires a litigant to be a "real party in
deputized legal officers shall remain at all
interest," which is defined as "the party who
times under the direct control and supervision
stands to be benefited or injured by the
of the Solicitor General.
judgment in the suit or the party entitled to the
avails of the suit."
III. PETITION FOR REVIEW ON In public suits, this Court recognizes the
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT difficulty of applying the doctrine especially
A party adversely affected by a decision or when plaintiff asserts a public right on behalf
ruling of the CTA en banc may file with the of the general public because of conflicting
Supreme Court a verified petition for review on public policy issues. On one end, there is the
certiorari pursuant to Rule 45 of the 1997 right of the ordinary citizen to petition the
Rules of Civil Procedure. [Sec. 19, R.A. No. 1125 courts to be freed from unlawful government
as amended] intrusion and illegal official action. At the other
end, there is the public policy precluding
C. TAXPAYER’S SUIT IMPUGNING excessive judicial interference in official acts,
THE VALIDITY OF TAX MEASURES OR which may unnecessarily hinder the delivery of
ACTS OF TAXING AUTHORITIES basic public services.
C.1. TAXPAYER’S SUIT, DEFINED
Taxpayer’s suit – refers to a case where the act The Court has adopted the "direct injury test"
complained of directly involves the illegal to determine locus standi in public suits. In
disbursement of public funds derived from People v. Vera, it was held that a person who
taxation. [Kilosbayan v. Guingona, Jr. (1994)] impugns the validity of a statute must have "a
personal and substantial interest in the case
such that he has sustained, or will sustain
C.2. DISTINGUISHED FROM CITIZEN’S
direct injury as a result." The "direct injury test"
SUIT
in public suits is similar to the "real party in
The plaintiff in a taxpayer's suit is in a different
interest" rule for private suits under Section 2,
category from the plaintiff in a citizen's suit. In
Rule 3 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure.
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