NCM 102
appropriately and to develop and sustain relationships--- feeling
HEALTH - a word derived from the old English word for HEAL
which is HAEL meaning WHOLE
- a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
(WHO, 1946)
- HOLISTIC - total health (Aggleton and Homans, 1987)
- Holistic health includes a balanced approach of healing the
mind, body and spirit.
- An approach that is concerned with the body as a whole, as
opposed to traditional health, which concentrates on
illnesses and wellness in specific areas of the body.
Believes that maximum health is obtained when mind,
body and soul are functioning in the best way possible.
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity
It is health that is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and
silver. (Ghandi)
Three Types of Definition of Health
 The first is that health is the absence of any disease or
impairment.
 The second is that health is a state that allows the
individual to adequately cope with all demands of daily
life (implying also the absence of disease and
impairment).
 The third definition states that health is a state of
balance, an equilibrium that an individual has
established within himself and between himself and his
social and physical environment.
Health is the greatest human blessings. (Hippocrates)
Health is a sense of being physically fit, mentally stable and
socially comfortable (Kozier, 2004)
- a process by which an individual strives for a stable equilibrium
and a forward movement of one’s personality
- ability of an individual to adapt to constant change which will
make life easier and faster (Peplau)
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
1. broader dimensions of health in the outer circle
*societal health – basic infrastructure necessary for health
(health facilities, peace, food, income)
*environmental health - physical environment which involves
housing, transport, sanitation, pollution and pure water facilities.
2. Individual dimensions in the inner circle
* physical health - refers to the state of one’s body like its
fitness and not being ill
* mental health - positive sense of purpose and underlying
belief in one’s own worth (self-esteem) - feeling good and feeling
able to cope;
* emotional health- ability to express one’s feelings
of being loved
* social health- involves the support system (family members
and friends). “ NO MAN IS AN ISLAND” - having friends to talk to -
involved with activities in the community
* spiritual health- recognition of the Supreme Being or Force
- put into practice one’s moral principles or beliefs
* sexual health - acceptance of and ability to achieve a
satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality (body, thoughts and
feelings, values and beliefs, gender, relationships)
Modern concept of HEALTH
Optimum Level of Functioning (OLOF)
- affected by factors in the ecosystem
* Political factor – power and authority to regulate the
environment and the social climate by the politicians and
decision makers ( laws and policies) which have an impact on
health and the health care delivery system and the practice of the
nursing profession.
* Behavioral factor – habits, lifestyles, health care and child
rearing practices- determined by culture and ethnic heritage.
* Hereditary factor- genetic make-upa person like inherited
diseases and genetic risk. ex. Congenital defects
* Health Care Delivery System – totality of all policies,
infrastructures, facilities, equipment, products, human resources
and services which address the health needs and concerns of the
people
Health Care – organized provision of medical care too
individuals or a community
Primary Health Care – the first point of contact.
- Community-based
- Accessible, acceptable, sustainable, affordable (promotive,
preventive, curative, rehabilitative)
Secondary Health Care – includes specialists such as
neurologists, oncologists
Tertiary Health Care – hospitalized patients and those
undergoing operations.
*Environmental influences - pollution/ communicable diseases
due to:
* poor garbage collection,
* smoking,
* utilization of pesticides,
* lack or absence of proper
and adequate waste disposal
system and management,
* noise/water/air pollution
* Socio-economic influence - DOPE (Depressed, oppressed,
powerless, exploited)
Ex. -Availability and type of employment, level of education, the
availability, type and location of housing
HEALTH as a Basic Human Right
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art. 25 Sec.1
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the
health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food,
clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services
and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness,
disability, widowhood, old age, or lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control”.
2. Philippine Constitution of 1987, Art. XIII, Sec. 11
The state shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach
of health development which shall endeavor to make essential
goods, health and other social services available to all the people
at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the
underprivileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The
state shall endeavor to provide free medical services to paupers”.
2. WHO (1995)
- believes that governments have a responsibility for the
health of their people which can be fullfilled only by the
provision of adequate health and social measures.
Health education is defined as the set of philosophies and
methodologies that educate the general public, healthcare
practitioners, and communities about anything related to
health.
- It draws from disciplines that include biology,
environmental science, ecology, psychology, physical
science, and medical science.
- It is used to promote good health as well as prevent
disease, disability, and early death.
- Health education encourages voluntary behavioral
changes and positive influences. It can happen at the
individual, group, institutional, community, or systemic
level. It attempts to address attitudes, behaviors, and skills
that can improve wellness.
EDUCATION
- interactive process of imparting knowledge through
sharing, explaining, clarifying and synthesizing the
substantive content of the learning process in order to
arrive at a positive judgment ( Kozier, 2004)
- Application of several teaching and learning principles
which compromise a body of knowledge and research
findings ultimately meant to result in the formation of
expected behavior of an individual ( Heidgerken, 1971)
- Must provide adequate learning opportunities which allow
an individual to demonstrate lifelong values which enable
her to contribute fully to the development of a peaceful
and just society.
- Refers to the study and practice of teaching and learning
which plays a vital role in the development of health
education
HEALTH EDUCATION
- Refers to the act of providing information and learning
experience for purposes of behavior change for health
betterment of the client
- Acquisition of knowledge through exchange of
information from the teacher and the learner facilitates
better understanding of the need for change.
- Totality of experiences which favorably influence habits,
attitudes, and knowledge relating to individual community
and racial health(Health education, 2006)
PATIENT TEACHING - a basic function of nursing
- perceived as a legal and moral requirement and function
of licensed nursing personnel
- defined as a system of activities intended to produce
learning and change in client behavior. (Nursing
Fundamentals,1995)
Health education is found in some form in almost every
country in the world.
HISTORY OF EDUCATION
The origins of health education came from the ancient
Greeks in the 6th - 4th centuries B.C.E.
They wrote about fighting illness and maintaining good health
being related to physical health, social environments, and human
behavior. The Greeks had the goal of empowering individuals and
communities through health education and skill development
identifying supportive environments and policies to encourage
taking medicine and maintaining healthy habits.
In the United States, health education started after a hookworm
epidemic in 1917.
The Rockefeller Foundation pushed for professionals who could
dedicate their lives to public health and teaching about proper
sanitation to prevent illnesses.
The founding of the President's Committee on Health Education
in the 1970s started the modern roots of health education
championed and started by President Richard Nixon.
HISTORY OF FILIPINO HEALING
Traditional Filipino medicine takes a holistic view of the
individual, including environmental factors that affect a person’s
physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
According to Apostol, the traditional Filipino medical system was
composed of various specialties: midwifery, pulse diagnosis,
bonesetting, herbology, suction cupping, skin scraping, herbal
steam and smoke, energy medicine, and other forms of
metaphysical healing.
A recognized technique also practiced in other parts of
Asia, Hilot or Ablon is often mischaracterized as a type of massage
and offered at spas to attract tourists.
It involves the hands and is akin to osteopathy, acupressure, and
chiropractic or physical therapy. The practitioner, called
a manghihilot or mangablon, detects areas of congestion and
treats skeletal misalignments and energy imbalances through a
person’s urat (nerve or vein), pennet (tendons, ligaments, or
sinewy structures), lasag (flesh or muscle structure through
which urat and pennet flow), and tulang (bones).
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
- Health care and teaching were pursued by RELIGIOUS
ORDERS.
- Sisters and priests delivered the health bulletins to the
citizenry.
- Prior to the coming of religious orders to the Philippines,
“ALBULARYOS” or local doctors
- Relied on indigenous ways and materials in treating the
sick.
- Subscribed also on superstitious beliefs and practices to
explain the ailments of the sick.
- Religious orders continue to be nurses until lay individuals
were able to secure nursing degrees in the 1800s.
- For the longest time, teaching in health education adapted
the norm of transmitting knowledge for the sake of
teaching the students. There was neither an effort to
understand the learning process nor the learner. However,
teaching was more than it is known today.
What is health education?
Why is it important?
- Health education is giving people the skills, tools, and
knowledge to live healthier.
- It has been proven to reduce early death, preventable
diseases, and it is cheaper than treating the illnesses it
prevents.
HEALTH EDUCATION
- refers to the act of providing information and learning
experiences for purposes of behavior change for health
betterment of the client.
- Totality of experiences which favorably influence habits,
attitudes, and knowledge relating to individual, community
and racial health
- Any combination of learning experiences designed to
facilitate voluntary adaptations of behavior conducive to
health. (Green, et al, 1980)
- A science and a profession of teaching health concepts to
promote, maintain and enhance one’s health, prevent
illness, disability and premature death through the
adoption of healthy behavior, attitudes and perspectives
- Any combination of planned learning experiences based on
sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and
communities the opportunity to acquire information and
the skills needed to make quality health decisions.( Joint
Commitee on Health Education and Promotion
Terminology of 2001)
- Comprises of consciously constructed opportunities for
learning involving some form of communication designed
to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge
and developing life skills which are conducive to individual
and community health. (WHO)
PURPOSES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
1. A means of propagating health promotion and diseas
prevention
2. May be used to modify or continue health behaviors if
necessary.
3. Provides Health Information and Services
4. Emphasizes on Good Health Habits and Practices which is an
Integral Aspect of Culture, Media and Technology
5. A Means to Communicate Vital Information to the Public.
6. A form of Advocacy
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
1. Empowers people to decide for themselves what options to
choose to enhance their quality of life
2. Equips people with knowledge and competencies to prevent
illness, maintain health or apply first aid measures to
prevent complications
3. Enhances the quality of life by promoting healthy lifestyles.
4. Creates awareness regarding the importance of preventive
and promotive care thereby avoiding or reducing the costs
involved in the medical treatment or hospitalization
What are examples of health education?
Health education is everything from signs reminding
someone to wash hands in the bathroom to courses on
advanced nutrition.
It can happen at the personal level or the community level.
What is the main purpose of health education?
The main purpose of health education is to teach people how to
make healthier choices. This could happen at the individual level
through the societal level.
It offers the skills, training, and knowledge to decrease illness
and preventable diseases.
LEGAL BASIS OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE NURSING
CURRICULLUM
The teaching function has always been viewed as an essential
function of a nurse whether she is taking care of a well or an ill
patient’s family members, student nurses, hospital or clinical staff
nurses or group of mothers in the community.
One of the more important functions of the nurse is as Health
Educator and this is explicitly stated in the Duties of a Nurse in
Rule IV, Art. VI, Sec. 28 of the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 also
known as RA 9173
a. “provide health education to individuals, families and
communities”;
b. “teach, guide and supervise students in nursing
education”.
c. Implement programs including the administration of
nursing services in varied settings like hospitals and
clinics.
EDUCATION PROCESS
A systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically-based, planned
course of action consisting of teaching and learning ( Bastable:
2007)
STEPS:
1. ASSESSMENT
- Refers to the gathering of data about the learners or group of
learners. (demographic profile, skills , abilities)

- needed in identifying the most appropriate teaching strategy

2. PLANNING

- A carefully organized written presentation of what the learner

needs to learn and how the nurse educator is going to deliver/
initiate the teaching process.

- includes: relevant skills for the Learner, goals of learning, type

of learning of teaching-learning setting (classroom, laboratory,
clinical/ward setting

3. IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE TEACHING

PLAN

- application of the plan

- includes procedure or techniques and strategies that the

teacher will use to best implement the plan

4. EVALUATION

- the measurement of the teaching-learning performance of both

the teacher and the learner

- must be constructive and objective ------ effective change in the

behavior of both the teacher and the learner. INPUT-PROCESS-
OUTPUT

NURSING PROCESS

An orderly, systematic manner of determining the

client’s problems, making plans to solve the problems,
initiating/implementing the plan, and evaluating the extent to
which the plan has effectively resolved the problem identified

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NURSING PROCESS

- Systematic
- Dynamic
- Interpersonal
- Goal-directed
- Universally Applicable

NURSING PROCESS

- focuses on PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION of care

based on the ASSESSMENT and DIAGNOSIS of PHYSICAL
and PSYCHOSOCIAL needs of a patient

EDUCATION PROCESS

- focuses on PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION of teaching

based on ASSESSMENT and PRIORITIZATION of learners’
needs, readiness to learn and learning styles