Explanation: Ballpen is the term being defined(species), writing tool is the family
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES (EAPP) 2ND QUARTER
LESSON 1
TOPIC: CONCEPT
What is Concept?
A concept is an idea conceived in the mind. An abstract or general idea inferred or derived
from specific instances. It is a general idea about a thing or group of things, derived from
specific instances or occurrences.
Ways to Elucidate a Concept
1. Clarification is a method of explanation in which the points are organized from a
general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples.
Example:
Pandemic- is an epidemic (a sudden outbreak) that becomes very widespread and affects a
whole region, a
continent, or the world due to a susceptible population. The Spanish Influenza in 1920 and
COVID 19 at present are
examples of pandemic.
2. Explication is a method of defining difficult terms used in the formal definition. When
explicating, you can provide an informal definition.
Example: A ballpen is a writing tool that has a ballpoint. It is a writing tool preferred by
high school students. It also has variety of colors.
3. Definition clarifies the meaning of a word or concept and limits the scope of a particular
word or concept.
Techniques in Definition (Writing Techniques)
1. Informal Definition is a brief explanation of the term being defined. It uses a word, a
sentence, or a phrase. It is usually an incomplete definition.
Example: Ballpen is a writing tool preferred by high school students.
2. Formal Definition is a complete definition and it is stated in an equation like statement
and it has 3 parts (species = genus + differentia).
Species is the term to be defined.
Genus is the family or class to which the species belongs.
Differentia is the distinguishing characteristics of the species that will set apart from the
other species
Example: A ballpen is a writing tool that has a ballpoint.
where ballpen belongs(genus), and has a ballpoint is the characteristic of ballpen
that is unique from the other writing tools(differentia).
3. Negation is usually in a negative statement.
Sometimes it is called elimination
. Example: A ballpen is not a kitchen utensil.
4. Analysis is telling what steps comprise a process, or what
functional parts make up a device. Example: A ballpen has a
cup to cover the tip of it. The body of the ball pen contains
the ink.
5. Derivation is the information about the origin of a word.
Example: ‘Pen” originated from the Old French word for feather, ‘penne’, and
from the Latin ‘penna’, because long ago pens were made from feathers, with
the end of the feather sharpened to form a ‘nib.’
6. Description is telling the readers what the term looks like.
LESSON 2
TOPIC: CONCEPT PAPERS
Defining a Concept Paper
 A concept paper is a summary of a project or study, a proposal providing
an in-depth discussion of a topic, with the goal of extensive research, or as
a result of a current project.
 Modified from Spickard (2005), “All research projects need a concept paper:
a summary that tells the reader what the project is, why it is important, and
how it will be carried out”. A concept paper may serve as the foundation and
benchmark for potential projects that needed further investigation and
improvement. So when is the concept paper written?
 A concept paper must be written before completing a full-blown paper or
project. The primary function of the concept paper is to explain the
importance of a particular research project, likewise, uses persuasive text. It
serves as a summary that initiates a proposal, thesis, dissertation, project,
or proposal. Why do you think writing concept papers is important?
The Importance of Concept Papers
A concept paper can be used in any of the following ways:
• To determine whether a project proposal or idea is feasible
• To develop potential solutions or investigations of a certain project
• To serve as the foundation for a full proposal
• To interest potential benefactors and sponsors
Various Kinds of Concept Papers ABC’s mission is to advocate for the rights of people with disabilities. In the past
 A concept paper is divided into parts or components in which relative to the kind of few years, we have been concerned about how to best advocate for young parents
concept paper you are asked to prepare. There is a certain requirement depending with children who have disabilities—especially since a recently proposed school
on a specific area of discipline or program. The format may vary from organizations, regulation will have a huge impact on their lives. To sufficiently influence policy
institutions, businesses to industries. makers, these parents need to be educated on the issues and involved in
advocating for the new regulation. Their involvement will give ABC’s advocacy
Basically, there is a certain format prescribed or being asked based on the requirement work the necessary visible support of young families. However, few young parents
by a certain institution or industry, and thus, must be followed. There could also be a participate in ABC’s advocacy programs, preferring to join XYZ for their relevant
number of pages required, however, a typical concept paper may range from four to five information and support groups or LMN for their help in addressing problems in the
pages in the academic field, while two to three pages in the business field. In the school system. ABC recognizes that young parents have a limited amount of free
academe, concept papers that do not follow the guidelines below will not be reviewed or time and wants to make it easy for them to participate in its advocacy efforts.
accepted.
Purpose
The following are some of the essential components of a concept paper of a specific field
and discipline. The purpose of this alliance is to:
• Share information about the proposed school regulation
Basic Format for Academics (most courses) • Recruit young parents into the project
• Title • Provide training to young parents so that they can assist in revising the proposed
• Rationale school regulation
• Theoretical or Conceptual Framework • Defray the costs of parent involvement in the project
• Research Questions
• Method Outcomes
• References  An alliance of ABC, XYZ, and LMN (and perhaps other partners) will directly
Basic Format for Academics (Mathematics and Sciences) impact people with disabilities and their families and make a difference in
• Statement of the Problem their lives for years to come. The involvement of informed, concerned
• Purpose of the Study constituents will influence policy makers and help to make needed revisions
• Research Questions in the proposed school regulation.
• Hypotheses The first steps
• Brief Review of the Literature
Before the end of the summer, we will need to:
• Research Method 1. Assign a lead organization to manage the advocacy component
• References 2. Recruit young parents of disabled children who are willing to advocate for
• revising the proposed school regulation
Basic Format for Business or Industry
3. Provide a comprehensive training program for the young parents so they
• Introduction
understand the roles of each of the participating organizations, the
• Purpose/Need
background on the proposed regulation and the regulation’s probable
• Project Description
impact on students
• Goals/Objectives/Aims
• Methods 4. Involve the informed young parents in meetings, the State Department of
Education will hold on the regulation
• Timeline
Timeline
• Expected Outcomes/Benefits
 This project will be complete by the end of December when the vote will be
• Budget/Needs & Requested Support
taken on the school regulation. At that time, we could decide to continue as
an alliance to advocate for other issues or celebrate our success and
SAMPLE CONCEPT PAPERS: conclude the alliance project.
ABC Project Concept Paper: Below is another example, an excerpt from a seven-page concept paper of an
Title: How to involve young parents in advocating for academic thesis.
proposed school regulation Background of this idea
Research Title: Variations in the Waray-Waray Dialect of Northern and Western Samar. 6. What are the benefits and challenges to supervene in conducting an
exhaustive study of the language? Methodology
Rationale The language study will utilize Descriptive-Qualitative Design in gathering and
 The Waray-waray is one of the major languages spoken in the Philippines, indeed its analyzing the data. The sampling procedure “purposeful sampling” will be used in
copiousness and complexity, as far as linguistics is concerned, appeal to set for an gathering appropriate and relevant data for the lexical study. Elicitation of data is
intensive and rigid study of the language. The current studies of Waray-waray through in-depth interviews, and conversations with respondents until sufficient
language are inadequate to describe fully the richness of the language, predominantly and enough data for the study is highly achieved. Collection of data through
the lexical variations and distinction present in the Waray-waray dialect particularly, in
recording, interviews, and note-taking are to be analyzed and interpreted.
Northern and Western Samar. According to Lobel (2009), Waray-waray has “25
dialects and subdialects”, however, no considerable official and formal literature is
employable by language researchers, linguists, and students for reference or formal
LESSON 3
studies about the lavishness of the dialect.
TOPIC: PRESENTING A CONCEPT THROUGH VISUAL/GRAPHIC AIDS
Presenting Concepts through Visuals and Graphic Aids.
Theoretical Framework
A lexical study of variations and distinctions of a language is imperative predominantly to
Texts and graphics support each other. Graphic aid in text are important as they
diversified and variegated language like Waray-waray. Language variations and distinctions
help the readers to grasp ideas able to see supporting information.
within the same region or locality, markedly deemed problematic (Honeybone, 2011) that
every “linguistic behavior is categorical and idealize away from the variation that is found in
There are enticing ways to present a concept. In your milieu, visuals are highly
speech”.
considered. So, it is expected that learners like you utilize visuals and graphic
In the same way, Martina, (2014) claimed that lexical units must be based on a multi-
aids in presenting novel concept and projects to make them more interesting
dimensional approach in which “cognitive, linguistic, and communicative terms can be
and remarkable to the readers and audience.
described in the framework of cognitive and functional linguistic theory”.
Furthermore, in the underlying condition and theoretical considerations, integration of the Utilize the different visuals and graphic aids and begin planning for your
different research techniques in a Qualitative Research Design is regarded as significant
presentation. What are those visuals and graphic aids you can use?
and useful to the study. The different types of qualitative research methodologies
highlighting participant observation, interviews, and structured questionnaires in Some Useful Visuals and Graphic Aids
administering evidence within a qualitative research framework are highly workable in the Check on the most common visuals and graphic aids you can use in your
descriptive analysis and examination of data. presentation:
Research Question 1. Slides and Presentation Tools – these tools such as PowerPoint, Google
The study attempts to answer the following questions: Slides can be used to create presentations. Another online-based template like
1. What lexical differences does Western and Northern Samar have?
Prezi and Visme could also be used for highly visual presentations by including
2. What are the phonological and orthographical characteristics distinct to each region?
images and movements.
3. How do the native speakers of the language identify and classify such variations and
distinctions? 2. Flowcharting and Mapping Symbols – these used boxes or other shapes
4. What are the benefits and challenges to supervene in conducting an connected by lines or arrows to shows steps in procedures or processes helping
exhaustive study of the language? readers visualize relationship among those data.
Methodology 3. Tables, Charts, and Graphs – these provide a systematic listing of data in
The language study will utilize Descriptive-Qualitative Design in gathering and analyzing
rows or columns. It could present numerical data pictorially making it more
the data. The sampling procedure “purposeful sampling” will be used in gathering
meaningful that could not be explained in a wordy or paragraph form.
appropriate and relevant data for the lexical study. Elicitation of data is through in-depth
interviews, and conversations with respondents until sufficient and enough data for the 4. Diagrams – this is a symbolic representation of ideas through drawings and
study is highly achieved. Collection of data through recording, interviews, and note-taking figures showing the appearance or structure to emphasize data and
are to be analyzed and interpreted. information.
5. How do the native speakers of the language identify and classify such variations and
distinctions?

5. Images or photographs – this is the most realistic and concrete presentation of
physical features of things.
Importance of Visuals and Graphic Aids
• Provide visual explanation of concepts and information
• Allow to literally “see” and understand ideas or concepts
• Supply information not found in the text
• Show how ideas and concepts are related
• Combine verbal and non-verbal cues to enhance comprehension
• Aids recall information easily, memory and retention
Issue: Abolish the haircut policy on senior high school male students.
2. Argumentative Thesis - is formed when the writer took a stand on the issue.
Example: The haircut policy on male senior high school students should be abolished
because they have the right to
come to school in any length of hair they preferred. (Note: this is your thesis
statement)
3. Claims - are statements that support the writer’s stand.
Example: students have the right to come to school at any length of hair they
preferred.

4. Evidence – is a proof that strengthen the writer’s claim. Example: - Since

A Presentation Sample
When presenting your concept, you don’t have to include the entire content of your paper. female students can come to school in their long hair, male students should be
That is why, you must decide which ideas and concepts to highlight. It could be in a form allowed also to exercise fairness in gender equality.
of an outline, in which only the
most essential parts are shown
What is an Argument?
and discussed. Do not present
An argument is a list of statements, one among these statements is the conclusion
without visuals. The use of
and the others are the premises or assumptions of the argument.
visuals and graphic aids will
To give an argument is to provide a set of premises as reasons for accepting the
make your presentation conclusion.
appealing and interesting to
the audience. Example:
If you want to get a high grade, you should study hard. You really want to get a high
grade. So, you should study
Let’s take a look at the 8-slide hard.
presentation sample of a novel Note:
project. Take note of the parts The first two sentences here are the premises of the argument, and the last sentence
when visuals and graphic aids is the conclusion.
To give this argument is to offer the premises as reasons for accepting the
are best used.
conclusion.

LESSON 4
TOPIC: POSITION PAPER (ARGUMENTS IN MANIFESTOES) How to Analyze an Argument?
To analyze an author’s argument, take it one step at a time:
1. Briefly note the main assertion (what does the writer want me to believe or do?)
What is Position Paper? 2. Make a note of the first reason the author makes to support his/her
Position paper is the writing of one’s stand on a particular issue. The topic should be conclusion.
arguable. It discusses an issue, which the writer will take a stand (agree/disagree), the 3. Write down every other reason.
purpose is to convince the reader to take his or her stand. 4. Underline the most important reason.
Main assertion: (what does the writer want me to believe or do?)
What Contains a Position Paper?
What is a Manifesto?
1. Issue - is the topic being argued upon in the paper. The writer will choose his/her
side. He may take it negative or positive. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a manifesto is a statement in which
Example: Topic: Haircut someone makes his or her intentions or views easy for people to ascertain.
On the other hand, Encyclopedia Britannica defines manifesto as a document publicly
declaring the position or program of its issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas,
opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic,
it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifestos are generally written in the
name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the
name of a single individual. Example: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s The Communist
Manifesto (see/read on the internet), is a good and famous example of a manifesto
regarding politics.
Here is one example of their manifestos.
I believe that every child has potential. Regardless of race, socio-economic class, or IQ,
every child has the ability to contribute to our world. It can be intellectual-- the next
brilliant math or physics theorem, the next great poem of our time-- it can be athletic--
representing fair play and competition-- it can be artistic-- a song, a dance, a play. Every
child has potential. No child is confined by where they live, who their parents are, what
society expects of them. Every
child can contribute something beautiful to our world. It can be a smile, a laugh, or one
good thought. That is all it
takes to change someone's life.
- Katie Sipiora
LESSON 5
TOPIC: POSITION PAPER (ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL EVIDENCES)
What is Fallacy?
A fallacy is reasoning that comes to a conclusion without the evidence to support it
(Merriam Webster dictionary).
What are the Types of Fallacies?
1. Ad Hominem- It is attacking the person making the argument rather than the
argument itself.
Tony will run as president in our school, but Tony was involved in a fight two years
ago, therefore he cannot be a good president.
2. Strawman- It is misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
Al Gore feels that all companies are irresponsible and should be punished for
allowing emissions, which causes global warming.
3. Loaded Question-It is asking a question that has an assumption built into it so
that it can be answered without appearing guilty.
Have you stopped cheating in EAPP class?
4. Black or white- It is where two alternative states are presented as the only
possibilities when in fact more possibilities exist.
If you will agree with him then you are against us.
5. Slippery slope- It is asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will
consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen.
(A teacher to a student)
I will not allow you to go to the comfort room because you might fall on the stairs, and
if you fell on the stairs your parents will complain, and if they complained, a case will
be filed against me. Therefore, you cannot go to the comfort room.
6. Burden of proof- It is saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person
making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.
If you cannot prove that I was the one who stole your bag, therefore, I wasn’t the one
who stole it.
7. Composition Division-It is assuming that what’s true about one part of something
has to be applied to all or other parts of it.
The students in Hogwarts High School are lazy. Luna Lovegod is a student in
Hogwarts High School. Therefore, Luna Lovegod is lazy.
8. Bandwagon- It is appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do
something as an attempt of validation.
9. Appeal to Emotion-It is manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or
compelling argument.
I remember my grandmother told me that if I will let rice fall on the table while eating,
the rice will cry, so I shouldn’t let these rice fall on the table while eating.
Arguments as we have discussed in the previous module is the attempt to
prove a point using evidence and reasoning.
Evidence is the concrete facts used to support a claim. Ideally, evidence is
something everyone agrees on, or something that anyone could, with
sufficient training and equipment, verify for themselves.
Evidence is one of the two basic ingredients of argument (the other is reasoning),
and so a great deal of effort goes into ensuring its quality, and challenging the
quality of evidence in arguments we disagree with.
What is Factual Evidence?
Factual evidence is very convincing in argumentative essay. The three types of
factual evidence are:
1. Facts- are the things that we know to be true like personal experiences or
observations and interviews, which provide empirical or statistical information.
These should come from a credible source.
2. Empirical Evidence- are data that have been observed and tested.
example: experiential data- these are scientific research and testing
3. Statistical Information- These are data gathered, sorted, analyzed, interpreted, and
presented by scientists.
Essential Features of a Position Paper
In writing a position paper, it is important to put into consideration the reasonability
and credibility of an argument. To achieve this end, the essential features and
characteristics of a position must be observed, and they are the following:

• A well-defined or controversial issue;
• A clear position on the issue;
• A convincing argument; and
• A reasonable tone.
Bringing back the topics from the previous modules about position papers, they
explain how you are going to defend a side of an issue. Mainly, your position must
consist of arguments and claims founded by strong shreds of evidence from credible
sources. So, what are these credible sources? Credible Sources
Credible sources are crucial in making the position paper more persuasive, and most
of these are the following:
• Bills and laws
• Declarations from government and international non-government organizations,
such as the United Nations, WHO, etc.
• Books, entries from encyclopedias and dictionaries.
• Scholarly articles from academic journals, articles from reputable newspapers, and
magazines
• Reputable television programs; and other news media sources
• Personal interviews from experts and resource informants
Importance of Position Papers
• Give a critical examination with the use of facts, evidence, and reasoning, which
addresses both the strengths and weaknesses of the writer’s point.
• Support an issue with a solid foundation of an argument, strong evidence, and
proofs.
• Discuss the rationale and author’s side of an issue.
The Position Paper Format
Writing a position paper is a bit tough as it may seem especially to novice
writers. However, with preparation, research, and taking into consideration its
important parts; you will find that writing a position paper is easier and
manageable. The position paper has several parts:
1. The Argumentative Thesis or Argument, is an assertion or issue that is developed
into an argumentative thesis that states the stand of the author on the issue.
Example: The establishment of condominiums near universities should be prohibited
because of the risks it poses to public safety and environment.
2. The Claim are statements that support the author’s stand. In the above example,
written in bold cites risks to public safety and the environment is the claim that
strengthens a stand.
3. The evidence, are proofs to strengthen the author’s claims, this can be any of the
following:
• Facts and statistics; surveys, library research and experiments
• Interviews with experts and informants who have direct experience about the
problem or issue
• Perceived philosophical, socio-political, or psychological truths.
How to Build a Position Paper
Now, let us write your first draft, get an extra paper, and follow the steps below.
Always refer to the previous lessons for key concepts in crafting a position paper.
1. Do research about any issue you find interesting or controversial.
2. Brainstorm with anyone who may have an opinion and stand about the issue or
topic you have chosen.
3. Crafting the main issue or problem:
The issue is about _________________________________________________
4. Write the claims and assertions you would like to include in your position paper:
Claim 1
_________________________________________________________________
Claim 2
_________________________________________________________________
Claim 3
_________________________________________________________________
Prepare your argumentative thesis by combining 3 and 4; the issue and claims, into
one complex sentence. Argumentative Thesis: _______________________________
5. Now, utilize the three elements: assertions or claims, evidence, and explanation
making your reasoning valid, clear, and understandable in every point. Refer to
previous lessons about these terms.
6. In writing paragraphs, always consider the parts of writing a good paragraph,
the proper introduction, body, and conclusion that you already have learned on
the previous lessons, and integrate it with a position paper specific features and
format:
Introduction write the background of the issue and argumentative thesis
Body, the claims should be developed from topic sentences and must be
supported with credible evidence. Make sure you always refer back to the
previous discussions.
The Conclusion is composed of a summary of the major claim and a restatement of
your thesis statement.