ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL

PURPOSES

Concept Paper
Developing effective writing
skills

GRADE 11
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

01 02 03 04
Effectively develop a
Describe how to
Identifythe purpose Compare and concept paper with a
articulate a
and structure of a contrast various clear understanding of
research idea or paper’s components.
concept paper. kinds of concept
project effectively.
paper.
Concept Paper
A concept paper is a summary
document of a project proposal that
tells what the project is all about, the
reasons for conducting the project and
how it will be carried out. This paper
also provides an overview of the
project, and help funding agencies
eliminate proposals that are likely to
be disapproved.
The several uses of of a concept paper:
Serves a foundation of the full proposal.
Determines whether the project is feasible
or not.
Piques the interest of the potential funding
agencies.
Obtains informal feedback on the ideas prior to
preparing the full proposal.
Helps in addressing social issues which
plague our society.
Why a Concept Paper is Important?
A concept paper can be important in everyday lives for several
reasons:
It provides a basis for A well-prepared concept
It acts as a structured It helps in avoiding vague effective communication with paper can increase the
foundation for a research or ill-defined objectives stakeholders and potential chances of obtaining
project or initiative. collaborators. approval or funding for the
project.

It serves as a critical initial Writing a concept paper

It provides a structured way Concept papers serve as a
step in the research or project encourages critical thinking
development process. to present information. record of your ideas and
and problem-solving skills.
proposals.
English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Ways to
Elucidate a
Concept
 Elucidating a Concept
In order for the writer to develop their own concept paper, it is a must for them to fully understand the
concept of one’s project or research.

These are three ways of explaining a concept:

Definition and Explanation

Explications/ Metaphors

Signals Words
 Elucidating a Concept
In order for the writer to develop their own concept paper, it is a must for them to fully understand the
concept of one’s project or research.

These are three ways of explaining a concept:

● Provide a precise definition of the concept, making sure to

Definition and Explanation include its key elements and characteristics.
● Understand the concept by answering, “What does it
mean?”

Example: The word “GRAVITY”

Explications/ Methapors
-In order for you to explain this concept, you need to know
first its meaning.

Signals Words By providing a clear definition to it, you’ll be able to

breakdown the different ideas about gravity.
 Elucidating a Concept
In order for the writer to develop their own concept paper, it is a must for them to fully understand the
concept of one’s project or research.

These are three ways of explaining a concept:

Compare the concept to something familiar or well-

Definition and Explanation known to the audience. This can help bridge the gap
between the unfamiliar concept and something they
already understand.

Explications/ Metaphors -It is also s a method of explanation in which

sentences, verses, quotes, or phrases are taken from a
literary or academic work then interpreted and
explained in a detailed way.
Signals Words
 Elucidating a Concept
In order for the writer to develop their own concept paper, it is a must for them to fully understand the
concept of one’s project or research.

These are three ways of explaining a concept:

The concepts are organized from a general abstract

Definition and Explanation idea to specific and concrete examples.

Here are the common signal words used to elucidate a

Explications/ Metaphors concept:
-After all -
Namely
-For instance - Put another
Signals Words way
-In particular -To clarify
-Specifically
-Considering the following examples
 English for Academic and Professional
Purposes

Types of a Concept Paper

and Its Parts
 Concept Paper
The parts of a concept paper may also vary depending on the nature of the project/activity when it is used in a specific
discipline. Below are the two outlines of a concept paper based on the context.

Concept Paper for Academic Research

Concept Paper for a Project

➔ Title Page
➔Cover Page ➔ Background of the Study
➔ Preliminary Literature Review
➔Introduction ➔ Statement of the Problem/Objectives
➔Rationale or Background ➔ Methodology
➔ Timeline
➔Project Description ➔ Reference/ Bibliography
 English for Academic and Professional
Purposes

Parts of a Concept
Paper for a
PROJECT
 Cover Page
of a Concept Paper for
a Project
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Cover Page When creating a cover page

for a concept paper, it's
Reminders important to keep it clean,
professional, and
Parts
informative.
Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Cover page ● Use a professional font that is easy to read.

● Ensure that all information is aligned
neatly.

Reminders ● Customize the cover page to suit your

specific institution or organization's
branding guidelines if applicable.
● Include any additional information or logos
Parts that are relevant to your project.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Cover page
● Proponent’s name
Reminders ● Proponent’s contact number,
email address
● Proponent’s agency
Parts ● Date of submission

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

[Your Institution's Logo]

[Title of the Concept Paper]

Cover page [Subtitle, if applicable]

[Author(s) or Project Team Members]

[Name(s) and Affiliation(s)]

Reminders [Date]

[Contact Information]
[Your Name]
[Your Position/Title]
Parts [Your Email Address]
[Your Phone Number]

[Institution/Organization Name]
[Address]

Sample Format
[City, State, ZIP Code]

[Optional: Sponsor/Funding Source Logo or Information]

 Introduction
of a Concept Paper for
a Project
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

The introduction of a concept

Introduction paper serves as the opening
section that sets the stage for
Reminders the rest of the document. It
provides context, outlines the
purpose of the project, and
Parts engages the reader's interest.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Introduction ● Short description of proponent’s

agency, major accomplishments
Reminders and capability to undertake the
proposed project.

● Reasons why the funding agency

Parts should support the project

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements and an evolving global landscape, the
need for innovative solutions has never been more crucial. This concept paper presents a

Introduction comprehensive overview of a transformative project poised to address [specific problem or

opportunity]. Grounded in rigorous research and driven by a commitment to [core values or
principles], this initiative seeks to [describe the overarching goal or objective of the project].

As we navigate the complexities of [relevant industry or field], it becomes evident that [highlight
the urgency or significance of the issue]. This project emerges as a response to this imperative,
Reminders drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach that combines [mention key elements, such as
technology, policy, community engagement, etc.].

Through this concept paper, we aim to provide a clear blueprint for the proposed endeavor,
outlining the key components, anticipated outcomes, and the broader impact it stands to achieve.

Parts
Furthermore, we invite collaboration and input from stakeholders, recognizing that the collective
expertise of our partners will be instrumental in realizing the full potential of this endeavor.

In the following sections, we will delve into the detailed framework of the project, including its
objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and the significance it holds for [target audience
or community]. Together, we embark on a journey toward [state the envisioned positive change
or advancement], guided by a shared commitment to excellence and innovation.

Sample Format
 Rationale
of a Concept Paper for
a Project
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

The rationale or background

Rationale section of a concept paper
provides the context and
Reminders justification for the proposed
project. It outlines the reasons
why the project is necessary and
Parts relevant.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Rationale This section provides a clear

and compelling rationale for the
proposed project, emphasizing
Reminders its importance and relevance in
the context of the identified
Parts need or issue.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Rationale
● Problem to be solved
Reminders
● Project’s significance

Parts
Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

In today's rapidly evolving landscape, characterized by [mention relevant trends or challenges], it has
become evident that there exists a pressing need for innovative solutions in [specific industry or field].
[Provide statistics or data to support the need for the project, if available.]

Rationale Upon careful examination, it is apparent that [describe the current situation or problem]. This
[issue/problem] has far-reaching implications for [affected stakeholders or community]. [Explain how this
issue affects the target audience or community.]

Furthermore, a review of existing initiatives and interventions reveals [describe any previous attempts to
address the issue and their outcomes, if applicable]. While commendable efforts have been made, there

Reminders
remains a distinct gap in [mention the specific aspect that the project aims to address].

This project is poised to bridge that gap by [describe the unique approach or contribution of the project].
Through [mention key components, such as research, technology, community engagement, etc.], we
aspire to [state the expected outcomes or impact]. This endeavor is not only timely but essential in
[describe the broader context or implications].

By embarking on this project, we envision a future where [describe the positive change or advancement].

Parts The benefits of this initiative extend beyond the immediate stakeholders to [mention any broader impacts
on society, the environment, etc.].

In essence, this project is a response to a critical need and an opportunity to catalyze meaningful change
in [specific industry, community, or field]. It is grounded in a deep understanding of [relevant context or
research findings] and guided by a commitment to [core values or principles]. Through collaborative
efforts, we are confident that this endeavor will pave the way for a brighter and more sustainable future.

Sample Format
 Project Description
of a Concept Paper for
a Project
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

The project description section

Project Description of a concept paper provides a
detailed overview of the
Reminders proposed project, including its
objectives, scope, methodology,
Parts and anticipated outcomes.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

● This project description section

Project Description provides a comprehensive overview
of the project, covering its
objectives, scope, methodology,
Reminders expected outcomes, timeline,
budget, and considerations for risk
management and collaboration.
Parts
● It offers a clear roadmap for how
the project will be planned and
Sample Format executed.
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Project Description
● Objective of the project
● Methodology (Action
Reminders
Plan)
● Timeline
Parts ● Budget

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Objectives: The primary objectives of this project are:

[Objective 1] [Provide a concise description of the first objective and its significance to the project.]
[Objective 2] [Detail the second objective and explain how it contributes to the overall goals of the
Project Description project.]
[Objective 3] [Elaborate on the third objective, emphasizing its role in achieving the desired outcomes.]

Scope: This project will encompass [describe the scope of the project, including specific tasks, areas of focus,
and any limitations or constraints].

Methodology: The project will employ a multi-pronged approach, combining [mention key methods or

Reminders strategies, such as surveys, interviews, data analysis, etc.]. This approach is designed to [explain why this
methodology is well-suited to achieve the project's objectives].

Expected Outcomes: Upon successful completion of the project, we anticipate the following
outcomes:

[Expected Outcome 1]

Parts ● [Provide a detailed description of the first anticipated outcome.]

[Expected Outcome 2]
● [Elaborate on the second anticipated outcome and its significance.]
[Expected Outcome 3]
● [Detail the third anticipated outcome and its potential impact.]

Timeline: The project is projected to unfold over a [mention the expected duration, including specific

Sample Format
milestones or phases].

Budget: A detailed budget breakdown has been prepared, accounting for [include categories such as
personnel, equipment, materials, etc.].
Project Needs and Cost
of a Concept Paper for
a Project
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Creating a concept paper for a

Project Needs & Cost project, especially one
involving "Project Needs and
Costs," involves outlining the
Parts requirements and financial
considerations necessary to
execute the proposed project.

Sample
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

● Needs Assessments
Project Needs & Cost ● Infrastructure and Equipment
● Personnel and Expertise
● Materials and Supplies
● Logistics and Transportation
Parts ●
●
Cost Estimates
Budget Allocation
● Total Project Cost
● Funding Sources and Strategy

Sample
 Concept Paper for a Project
In project management, the concept is the initial idea or vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem the project aims
to solve, the goals it intends to achieve, and the overall approach it will take.

The elements of a project concept cover page are as follows:

Needs Assessment: A comprehensive needs assessment was conducted to identify the essential
requirements for the successful implementation of the project. This assessment involved
consultations with key stakeholders, site visits, and a review of relevant industry standards.
Project Needs & Cost Infrastructure and Equipment: The project necessitates the establishment of a state-of-the-art
laboratory facility equipped with specialized instrumentation for data collection and analysis.
Estimated cost: 10,000 pesos.

Personnel and Expertise: A team of highly skilled researchers, technicians, and project managers
with expertise in [specific field or area] will be required. Salaries and benefits for the team are
estimated at 20,500 per annum.

Parts Materials and Supplies: Specialized materials, reagents, and consumables essential for the research
activities are estimated to cost approximately 15,000.

Logistics and Transportation: Provision for transportation of personnel, equipment, and materials to
and from the project site is estimated at 7,500.

Total Project Cost: The total estimated cost for executing the project, including identified needs and
contingencies, is 25,000.

Sample Funding Sources and Strategy: We will pursue a combination of grants, sponsorships, and
collaborative partnerships with industry stakeholders to secure the necessary financial resources for
the project. Additionally, we will explore potential funding opportunities from government agencies
and private foundations.
 English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Parts of a Concept Paper for

ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Title Page of a Concept Paper
for Academic Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Title Page When creating a title page for an

academic research concept paper, it is
important to follow the specific
Reminders formatting guidelines provided by your
institution or the teacher you plan to
Parts submit to.

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

● Use a professional font (e.g., Times New

Title Page Roman, Arial) and ensure that the text is
easy to read.
● Include any specific details or elements
Reminders required by your institution or publisher
(e.g., grant information, course name,
etc.).
Parts ● Customize the title page based on the
specific guidelines provided by your
institution or publisher.
Sample Format
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Title Page
● School Name and Logo
Reminders ● Research title
● Name of the researchers
● Name of the researcher adviser
● Date of submission
Parts

Sample Format
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Title Page

Reminders

Parts

Sample Format
 Background of the Study
of a Concept Paper for Academic
Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Background of the Study The background of the study should provide a

comprehensive and compelling rationale for
the proposed research, outlining why it is
significant, timely, and worthy of investigation.
It should also set the stage for the subsequent
Reminders sections of the concept paper.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Background of the Study

Important Notes!!

● The background of the study sets the foundation

for the entire research endeavor. Clarity,
accuracy, reliable sources are needed.

Reminders ● It also provides the rationale and context for why

the research is important and why it is worth
investigating.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Background of the Study ● The field you are researching on.

● The problems to be addressed by the
research or the research gap.
● Statistics and previous studies to prove
your claim.
Reminders ● Reasons in conducting the research.
● Theoretical and practical implications

Parts
Preliminary Review of Related Literature
of a Concept Paper for Academic Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

A preliminary review, often referred to as a

Preliminary Literature Review preliminary literature review, is an essential
component of a concept paper for academic
research. It provides an initial overview of
existing knowledge and research relevant to
the proposed study. This review serves as the
Reminders foundation for justifying the research's
significance, identifying gaps, and
formulating research questions or objectives.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Preliminary Literature Review

Remember that the preliminary review is
not meant to be an exhaustive literature
review, but rather an initial exploration of
relevant sources. It lays the groundwork for
Reminders further in-depth research and helps you
establish the context and justification for
your proposed study.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Preliminary Literature Review

● Theoretical framework
● Major related literature review at
least 5.
Reminders ● Brief synthesis of the reviewed
literature and studies.

Parts
Statement of the Problem of a Concept
Paper for
Academic Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Statement of the Problem ● The statement of the problem in a concept

paper for academic research outlines the
specific issue or challenge that the
proposed research aims to address.

Reminders ● It provides a clear and concise description

of the problem, emphasizing its
significance and relevance to the field of
study.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Statement of the Problem ● Remember that a well-crafted problem

statement sets the foundation for your
research and guides the subsequent steps
in the research process. It should
effectively communicate the importance
Reminders and urgency of addressing the identified
problem.

Note: Be reminded that research questions

and instruments question are different from
Parts each other!!!!
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Statement of the Problem

● The general problem in sentence/
sentences.
● Specific research questions of
Reminders objectives (questions must be
aligned with your research
design)

Parts
 Methodology
of a Concept Paper for
Academic Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Methodology The methodology section in a concept

paper outlines the approach and techniques
that will be used to conduct the proposed
research. It provides a clear and detailed
Reminders plan for gathering and analyzing data to
address the research questions or
objectives.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Methodology
Remember that a well-crafted
methodology section demonstrates the
rigor and thoughtfulness of your research
approach. It should provide a clear
Reminders roadmap for how the study will be
conducted and how data will be collected
and analyzed.

Parts
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Methodology
● Context and participants of the
study
● Locale of the study
Reminders ● Instruments to be used
● Data collection procedures
● Data analysis scheme to be use

Parts
Timeline and References/ Bibliography
of a Concept Paper for
Academic Research
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Timeline A timeline in an academic research concept

paper outlines the projected sequence of
activities and milestones for the proposed
research. It helps demonstrate the feasibility
References/ Bibliography and planning of the research project.

References Reminders!
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

Timeline
In an academic research concept
paper, the references section is where
you list all the sources you have cited
or referred to in your paper.
References/ Bibliography

References Reminders!
 Concept Paper for Academic
In academic research, the concept outlines the fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to explore or prove. It sets the

Research direction for the entire research process.

The elements of research concept cover page are as follows:

● Make sure to follow the citation style of APA
(American Psychological Association.).
Timeline ● Arrange the references in alphabetical order by the
last name of the first author.
● If a source doesn't have an author, start with the title
of the work.
● For online sources, provide the DOI (Digital Object
References/ Bibliography Identifier) or a direct URL.
● Include all necessary information for each type of
source (e.g., authors, year, title, publisher, journal
name, page numbers, etc.).
● Use italics or underlining for book and journal titles.

References Reminders! ● Double-check the accuracy of all citations.

 Let us put everything in a nutshell!
In the context of a project and academic research, a "concept" refers to the foundational
idea or framework that underlies the entire aim. It outlines the core objectives, goals,
and scope of the project or research study.

Project Concept Academic Research Concept

In project making, the concept is the initial idea or
In academic research, the concept outlines the
vision for a specific undertaking. It defines the problem
fundamental idea or hypothesis that the study seeks to
the project aims to solve, the goals it intends to achieve,
explore or prove. It sets the direction for the entire
and the overall approach it will take.
research process.

Overall, a concept paper serves as the foundation for all following work, ensuring that efforts are focused,
efficient, and consistent with the overall goals in a project or academic paper.