Comparison Of Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg Theories
Approximate Age Range Freud (Psychosexual)
Birth to 2 years Oral Stage
infancy The mouth, tongue, and
gums are the focus of
pleasurable sensations in
tbn j mj y‛ s jh`y, ml `
feeding is the most
stimulating activity.
l ½-3 Years Anal Stage
Toddler The anus is the focus of
pleasurable sensations in
tbn j mj y‛ s jh`y, ml `
thiint
training is the most
important activity.
3-6 Years Phallic Stage
Early Childhood
(Preschool) Tmhoestpihmalplourst,aonrt
pbeondiys,piasrth, e
and pleasure is derived from
genital stimulation. Boys
are proud of their penis, and
girls wonder why they
don t have one. (Oedipal
‛
Conflict)
Erikson* (Psychosocial) Piaget (Cognitive) Kohlberg (Moral)
Trust vs. Mistrust Sensorimotor Period No Moral Development
Babies learn either to trust Most action is reflexive.
that others will care for Perception of events is
their basic needs, including centered on the body.
nourishment, warmth, Objects are extensions of
cleanliness, and physical self. Acknowledges the
contact, or to lack external environment.
confidence in the care of @nvnihpe nl tmi
others. Vbnl he nl m:
•
Object
permanence
Autonomy vs. Shame and No Moral Development
Doubt Stranger anxiety
•
Children learn either to be Preoperational
self-sufficient in many (Preconceptual)
Self-centered. Asks many
activities, including environment.
questions. Language
Explores
toileting, feeding, walking, development rapid. the
exploring, and talking or the Associates words with
doubt their own abilities. objects. (symbols)
@nvnihpe nl t mi
Vbnl h e nl m:
•
Pretend play
•
Egocentrism
•
Language
Initiative vs. Guilt development Preconventional
Preoperational
Cmhainlydraednuwlta-lnikt (Intuitive)
oMoMr obradli,tybaisead monat
Egocentricthinking
etoaucntidveitriteask,e diminishes. Includes others atesr yosftegmooodf
sometimes overstepping the in environment. Enjoys punishments.
limits set by parents and repeating words, may count 1.Punishment and
feeling guilty. to 10. Words express obedience orientation.
thoughts. 2.Instrumental relativist
@nvnihpe nl t mi orientation
Vbnl h e nl m:
•
Further Language
Development
Comparison Of Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg Theories
Approximate Age Range Freud (Psychosexual)
7-l l Years Latency
Middle Childhood Not a stage but an interlude,
when sexual needs are quiet
and children put psychic
energy into conventional
activities like schoolwork
and sports.
l 2 - l 8 Years Genital Stage
Adolescence The genitals are the focus of
pleasurable sensations, and
the young person seeks
sexuall satitmisufalacttiioonn
ainnd heterosexual
relationships.
l 8 - 40 Years Freud believed that the
Adulthood genital stage lasts
throughout adulthood. He
also said that the goal of a
bnmitby iicn is ’ th ihvn
ml ` th whrd wnii.―
40-65 Years
Middle Years
Erikson* (Psychosocial) Piaget (Cognitive) Kohlberg (Moral)
Industry vs. Inferiority Concrete Operations Conventional Level
Children busily learn to be Solves concrete problems. Morality seen as following
competent and productive Begins to understand the rules of society. Tries to
in mastering new skills, or relationships such as size. j n ’ ahh`.―
feel inferior an unable to do Understands right and left. 1. ’ Ahh` jhy, ahh` airi.―
anything well. Cognizant of viewpoints. 2. Law - and - order
@nvnihpe nl t mi orientation.
Vbnl h e nl m:
•
Conservation
•
Mathematical
Identity vs. Role Transformation Postconventional
Confusion Formal Operations Morality consists of
Adolescents try Uses rational thinking. standards beyond specific
to figure Reasoning is deductive and group or authority figure.
hut ’ Q bh me futuristic.
Developmental Phenomena:
eK8― Pbny
a sntdabclairsehesreixduenalt,
•
Abstract logic 1o1.riTenh teastioocnia. l
•
Potential for mature contract
itpieosliotircarle, reasoning
2. The universal ethical
confused about what roles principle orientation.
Intimacy
to play. vs. Isolation
Young adults seek
companionship and love
with another person or
become isolated from others
by fearing refection or
disappointment.
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Middle-aged adults
contribute to the next
generation by performing
meaningful work, creative
activities, and/or raising a
family, or become stagnant
and inactive.
Comparison Of Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg Theories
Approximate Age Range Freud (Psychosexual)
65 - Years
Late Adulthood
*Although Erikson describes two extreme resolutions to each crisis, he recognizes that there is a wide range of outcomes between these extremes
and that most people arrive at some middle course.
Criticisms Of Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg Theories
Freud (Psychosexual)
Focus on sex
Believed to place too much
emphasis on sexuality.
SampIe
Developed theories from on
case studies based on the
recollection of adult patients
Gender bias
Overall theory is biased
toward males. Karen Horney
proposed womb envy as a
response to Freud’s penis
envy theory.
PhaIIic stage
This stage in particular,
including Oedipal and Elektra
Complexes, is considered
deeply flawed.
Erikson* (Psychosocial)
Integrity vs. Despair
Older adults try to make
sense out of their lives,
whether seeing life as a
meaningful whole or
despairing at goals never
reached and questions never
answered.
Erikson* (Psychosocial)
Sequence
Do people have to pass
through one stage to get to
the next?
SampIe
Theory developed based on
study of males.
Vague
Erikson did not seek to was
not explicit about what
influences an individual to
develop in certain ways or
how the outcome of each
psychosocial stage later
influences personality
Piaget (Cognitive)
Piaget (Cognitive)
Research methods
Observed his own children
and small samples of children
from well-educated,
successful parents.
FormaI Operations
Assumption that all children
move into this stage,
environment may play a role
Underestimated abiIities
Egocentrism diminishes and
theory of mind may develop
earlier than proposed. The
same may be true for other
abilities.
Kohlberg (Moral)
Kohlberg (Moral)
SampIe
Kohlberg formed his theory based
solely on male participants.
CriticaI question: Reasoning or
action?
Where is someone who reasons
one way, but acts another?
Gender bias
Carol Gilligan argued that this
theory was based on justice,
which favors males. Gilligan
proposed a theory based on
the
ethics of care.
CuIturaI bias
Non-industrial countries may not
reach levels 5 and 6; some moral
concerns for other cultures are
not represented in Kohlberg’s
westernized sample.