REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

To further strengthen the grounds of our study here are some researches and
studies cited academics.
Dietary practices among patients with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
In the study of Ibrahim Bani et al (2013) from Journal of Food Agriculture and
Environment designed a study to describe the dietary practices of Saudis with type
two diabetes and to compare these with the recommended practices. Wherein Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health problem, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
is among the world’s ten highest countries for diabetes prevalence. Bani wanted to
assess diet and to see the possible practices that patients with diabetes in their
country will do like the diet and food patterns to follow. He used pilot study to
be conducted in the same centre by taking a sample of 30 patients in order to test
the study instruments and to detect any defects in the methodology. The
recommendation for increased consumption of dietary fibre appeared to be
substantially ignored by the diabetic participants. Dietary practice was
ascertained by 13 questions about number and regularity of snacks, food items used
in snacks, use of sugar, soft drinks, dairy products, and intake of fruits,
vegetables, meat and chicken.
This study showed that diabetics have an unfavourable attitude towards fruits and
vegetables. Through the methods, Ibrahim Bani et al case study looked at the
dietary practices of patients with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and he
found out that the practices are inadequate and require improvement. He also noted
that education and counselling about aspects of diabetes is needed and this can be
achieved by increasing the quality and scope of health education at the Ministry of
Health level where people's participation is a must. The focus should be on self-
management education as a process for providing an indidual with diabetes with the
knowledge and skills that are needed to perform self- care, manage crises, and make
lifestyle changes. To achieve such self-care, patients and health providers should
work together. There is emphasis upon teaching pathophysiology and its relationship
with treatment, nutritional aspects, medications, and complications, goal-setting
and psychosocial adjustments. Relevant intervention materials, such as local food
models and an individually tailored serving table, were utilised to solidify
nutritional concepts as well as to facilitate meal planning so nutrition
intervention is an essential part of type 2 diabetes care.
1. Title of Research:
Dietary practices among patients with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Author/s: Ibrahim Bani, Badreldin A. Mohamed, Ali M. Almajwal, and Abdalla A. Saeed
Website/School: Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11
Relevant Findings:
This study's major goal is to describe the dietary habits of Saudis with type 2
diabetes and contrast them with the habits that are advised. Whereas Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) is a serious global health issue and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ranks among the ten highest diabetes incidence countries in the world. The authors
sought to evaluate diet and determine the likely behaviors of diabetes patients in
their nation, including dietary and eating habits. They examined the dietary habits
of type 2 diabetes patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and discovered that the habits
need to be improved. The emphasis should be on self-management training as a method
of supplying a person with diabetes with the knowledge and skills that are needed
to perform self- care, manage crises, and make lifestyle changes. To achieve such
self-care, patients and health providers should work together as well as to
facilitate meal planning so nutrition intervention is an essential part of type 2
diabetes care.
Relationship to Present Study:
The previous study by Ibrahim Bani et al. (2013) from the Journal of Food
Agriculture and Environment examined the eating habits of type 2 diabetes patients
in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to determine any potential behaviors they may have. These
have also demonstrated that having a family history of the disease, having the
condition for a longer period of time, and the type of occupation all benefit
diabetic dietary knowledge. Recent research found that frequent meals in diabetic
individuals tend to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease post-prandial insulin
production. It has a connection to our current study because it also evaluates the
eating patterns and nutritional habits of diabetic patients. Additionally, it is
evident that those with T2DM have misconceptions regarding the nutritive value of
certain foods, such as sugar, artificial sweeteners and dates.

Eating Patterns and Health Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Jussara Carnevale de Almeida et al (2017) from the Journal of the Endocrine Society
designed a study to evaluate the relationship between eating patterns defined a
posteriori and achieving recommended therapeutic targets which are the blood
pressure, body weight, glycemic control, and lipid profile in patients with type 2
diabetes in Southern Brazil. Wherein eating patterns are defined as the quantities,
proportions, variety, or combinations of different foods and beverages in diets,
and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed. The identification of
eating patterns can be useful to investigate the relationship between diet and
disease like diabetes, especially when more than one dietary component nutrients or
foods seem to be involved.
The possible limitation of his study was the absence of an actual sodium intake
estimate when he used the intrinsic sodium of foods derived from a table instead of
measurements of 24-hour urinary sodium, a more accurate evaluation of salt
consumption will do. The associations of healthy eating patterns as described in
his study should be evaluated in different samples of patients with diabetes, in
long-term cohorts, and, ideally, in randomized clinical trials. The recommendation
of a healthy eating pattern is more important, instead of prescribing allowed or
forbidden foods, should be tested as a useful dietary strategy for patients with
diabetes. He also used a food frequency questionnaire previously constructed and
validated in patients from Southern Brazil, and the macronutrient and micronutrient
data were adjusted for energy using the residual method. Therefore, in patients
with type 2 diabetes a healthy eating pattern including the frequent intake of
whole carbohydrates, dairy, white meat, fish, fruits and vegetables was associated
with lower fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol levels as compared
with an eating pattern with high consumption of refined carbohydrates, ultra
processed foods, sweets, and desserts as well as to promote their health outcomes.
2. Title of Research:
Eating Patterns and Health Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Author/s: Jussara Carnevale de Almeida, Roberta Aguiar Sarmento, Juliana Peçanha
Antonio, Ingrid Lamas de Miranda and Bruna Bellicanta Nicoletto
Website/School: Journal of Endocrine and Society
Relevant Findings:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between eating
patterns defined a posteriori and achieving recommended therapeutic targets which
are the blood pressure, body weight, glycemic control, and lipid profile in
patients with type 2 diabetes in Southern Brazil. Wherein eating patterns are
defined as the quantities, proportions, variety, or combinations of different foods
and beverages in diets, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed.
The identification of eating patterns can be useful to investigate the relationship
between diet and disease like diabetes, especially when more than one dietary
component nutrients or foods seem to be involved. The recommendation of a healthy
eating pattern is more important, instead of prescribing allowed or forbidden
foods, should be tested as a useful dietary strategy for patients with diabetes.
Relationship to Present Study:
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Assessment of Dietary Practice among Diabetic Patients in the United Arab Emirates
Fatma Al-Maskari et al (2008) from the review of diabetic studies designed a study
to assess dietary practices and risk profile such as hypertension, obesity, lipid
profile and glycemic control among people with diabetes in their country Al-Ain
District, United Arab Emirates (UAE). During 2006, she and her fellow group
performed a cross-sectional study of diabetic patients attending diabetic
outpatient clinics at Tawam Hospital and primary health care centers in Al-Ain
District. Subjects were completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire, blood
pressure, body mass index, percentage body fat and abdominal circumference were
measured and recorded and the most recent HbA1c levels and fasting lipid profile
were identified. United Arab Emirates, has seen enormous changes in lifestyle and
wealth over the past few decades when they are the second highest of having
diabetes, similar to other Gulf States.
Al-Maskari et.al study suggests that restricting the amount of starchy staple foods
could be of great intervention, as this was correlated with both BMI and blood
pressure. Although carbonated drinks were associated with poor control of diabetes,
they do not think that there is enough evidence to recommend restricting
consumption of the sugar-free variants of these beverages perhaps their finding may
be partly due to confounding or reverse causation. Therefore, this study that they
proposed, showed that the dietary practices of subjects with diabetes are
inadequate and need improvement. The number of practicing dieticians and health
prevention needs to be increased in Al-Ain District to meet the demands for
education and sustained lifestyle changes in a growing number of diabetic patients
in the city. Lastly, as health education is best done in settings where real,
local, food is used, selected local food items should be part of the routine
dietary advice offered by the dietician and of course, the healthy diet every
individual being.
3. Title of Research:
Assessment of Dietary Practice among Diabetic Patients in the United Arab Emirates
Author/s: Fatma Al-Maskari, Juma Al-Kaabi, Hussein Saadi , Bachar Afandi, Hasratali
Parkar and Nicolaas Nagelkerke
Website/School: The Review of Diabetic Studies
Relevant Findings:
The main objective of this study is to assess dietary practices and risk profile
such as hypertension, obesity, lipid profile and glycemic control among people with
diabetes in their country Al-Ain District, United Arab Emirates (UAE). It suggests
that restricting the amount of starchy staple foods could be of great intervention,
as this was correlated with both BMI and blood pressure. Although carbonated drinks
were associated with poor control of diabetes, they do not think that there is
enough evidence to recommend restricting consumption of the sugar-free variants of
these beverages perhaps their finding may be partly due to confounding or reverse
causation. Therefore, this study that they proposed, showed that the dietary
practices of subjects with diabetes are inadequate and need improvement.
Relationship to Present Study:
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The Risk Factors for Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Panasonic Cohort Study 4
Yuto Saijo et al (2022) from Environmental Research and Public Health designed a
study to identify the risk factors of having Type 2 Diabetes in Japan wherein
previous studies indicate that multiple risk factors including age, family history,
obesity, impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease, uric acid, potassium, low lung function, smoking status,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic inflammation, liver enzymes, lifetime maximum
BMI, change in BMI from early adulthood, eating speed, and lack of sleep accelerate
the development of diabetes in the Japanese population. The significant risk
factors for the developing diabetes were different among BMI categories when the
westernization of eating habits started after World War II in Japan. This study
that they conducted, for the first time, looked into the risk factors for type 2
diabetes in a Japanese population according to BMI categories.
Therefore, they suppose that eating habits are one of the most important factors
causing higher BMI and developing diabetes in the Japanese population. In terms of
eating habits, their study showed that eating speed and alcohol consumption had a
protective effect in the population. There are some studies reporting that eating
fast is associated with obesity, people who eat fast tend to consume more food
before they achieve satiety, resulting in the increase in total energy intake.
Eating speed was classified as fast, normal, and slow so the researchers asked
participants if they made a habit of eating breakfast or a snack after dinner.
Moreover, eating fast is reported to adversely affect the postprandial glucose
excursion, which would lead to the impairment of insulin secretion. And this is
probably why eating slow showed a protective effect on developing type 2 diabetes
in the population of BMIs < 22.0 kg/m2 in their study.
4. Title of Research:
The Risk Factors for Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Panasonic Cohort Study 4
Author/s: Yuto Saijo, Hiroshi Okada , Masahide Hamaguchi, Momoko Habu, Kazushiro
Kurogi, Hiroaki Murata, Masato Ito and Michiaki Fukui
Website/School: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Relevant Findings:
The main objective of this study is to identify the risk factors of having Type 2
Diabetes in Japan wherein previous studies indicate that multiple risk factors
including age, family history, obesity, impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose
tolerance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, uric acid, potassium, low lung
function, smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic inflammation, liver
enzymes, lifetime maximum BMI, change in BMI from early adulthood, eating speed,
and lack of sleep accelerate the development of diabetes in the Japanese
population. Eating speed was classified as fast, normal, and slow so the
researchers asked participants if they made a habit of eating breakfast or a snack
after dinner. Moreover, eating fast is reported to adversely affect the
postprandial glucose excursion, which would lead to the impairment of insulin
secretion. And this is probably why eating slow showed a protective effect on
developing type 2 diabetes in the population of BMIs < 22.0 kg/m2 in their study.
Relationship to Present Study:
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Food Selection and Eating Patterns: Themes Found among People with Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus
Margaret Savoca and Carla Miller (2001) from the Journal of Nutrition Education
designed a study to examine the beliefs and perspectives among people with type 2
diabetes mellitus about dietary requirements, food selection and eating patterns,
and attitudes about self-management practices respondent's will do. They showed
that individual narratives were obtained using qualitative research methods to
capture the complexity and diversity of individuals and to identify important
concepts in the participants’ own words. The results of these narratives they
conducted offered a preliminary view of how these beliefs and experiences affected
participants’ reported food selection and eating patterns. Their formative research
can be used to tailor nutrition education programs to better meet the needs of
people with diabetes.
Therefore, their present research provided a view of specific food selection and
eating patterns and identified how these may be influenced by various elements in
the lives of people with type 2 diabetes. They also identified personal dimensions,
behavioral requirements, and environmental characteristics that may affect food
selection and eating patterns among people with type 2 diabetes. Personal
dimensions included an individual’s desire to eat favorite foods when under
emotional stress and a lifelong history of eating beyond the point of satisfaction
and these practices influenced the type and quantity of foods consumed. Effective
diabetes meal planning involved specific behavior patterns and these included
organizing meals in advance, identifying alternatives to favorite foods, and
learning to prepare unfamiliar foods, such as vegetables. The environment and
social media influenced food selection and eating patterns as well. Restaurants
offered limited selections of vegetables and low-fat alternatives but offered large
portions of food. Within the home environment, spousal support represented a key
characteristic that made it easy or difficult to maintain a healthful meal plan and
to have a true healthy eating habits.
5. Title of Research:
Food Selection and Eating Patterns: Themes Found among People with Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus
Author/s: Margaret Savoca and Carla Miller
Website/School: Journal of Nutrition Education
Relevant Findings:
The main objective of this study is to examine the beliefs and perspectives among
people with type 2 diabetes mellitus about dietary requirements, food selection and
eating patterns, and attitudes about self-management practices respondent's will
do. It provided a view of specific food selection and eating patterns and
identified how these may be influenced by various elements in the lives of people
with type 2 diabetes. Personal dimensions included an individual’s desire to eat
favorite foods when under emotional stress and a lifelong history of eating beyond
the point of satisfaction and these practices influenced the type and quantity of
foods consumed. Effective diabetes meal planning involved specific behavior
patterns and these included organizing meals in advance, identifying alternatives
to favorite foods, and learning to prepare unfamiliar foods, such as vegetables.
The environment and social media influenced food selection and eating patterns as
well.
Relationship to Present Study:
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