Related Studies

The study conducted by Jussara Carnevale de Almeida et al (2017) from the Journal of
the Endocrine Society designed a study to assess, in patients with type 2 diabetes in Southern
Brazil, the association between eating habits specified a posteriori and reaching suggested
therapy targets, including blood pressure, body weight, glycemic control, and lipid profile.
According to this definition, eating patterns are the amounts, ratios, variety, or combinations of
various foods and beverages consumed in diets on a regular basis. When more than one nutrient
or food from the diet appears to be implicated, it can be helpful to identify eating patterns in
order to research the connection between diet and diseases like diabetes. The possible limitation
of his study was the absence of an actual sodium intake estimate when he used the intrinsic
sodium of foods derived from a table instead of measurements of 24-hour urinary sodium, a
more accurate evaluation of salt consumption will do. The associations of healthy eating patterns
as described in his study should be evaluated in different samples of patients with diabetes, in
long-term cohorts, and, ideally, in randomized clinical trials. The recommendation of a healthy
eating pattern is more important, instead of prescribing allowed or forbidden foods, should be
tested as a useful dietary strategy for patients with diabetes. Additionally, he employed a food
frequency questionnaire that had been developed and validated in patients from Southern Brazil.
It relates to our current research since eating patterns can contribute to having diabetes in the
same way that it can increase a patient's body mass index and recommends that individuals with
diabetes try a healthy eating pattern as an effective dietary strategy rather than prescribing
authorized or prohibited items.
The study conducted by Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa (2020) from the Department of
Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute in Taguig city, Philippines
designed a study to assess food and nutrient intake of Filipinos with Diabetes. This study's major
goal is to examine the food and nutrient intakes of Filipino individuals with type 2 diabetes in
order to ascertain the fundamental connection between diet and diabetes. From the 2013 National
Nutrition Survey, 1,087 Filipinos with diabetes who were 18 years of age or older participated in
the study. In this study, certified nutritionist-dietitians conducted two separate 24-hour dietary
recalls using in-person interviews. Through the use of common home measurements or food
weighing, the quantity of eaten foods and beverages was determined. She said that her research
is crucial to elucidating some of the controversies surrounding the diet of diabetics, including the
significance of fruits, legumes, seafood, plant oils, and the type and quantity of food consumed.
Understanding the dietary habits of diabetics will advance our understanding of the precise
dietary components that may affect the glycemic response to foods, including widely consumed
foods that may influence the onset of diabetes. According to this study, Filipinos with diabetes
consume insufficient amounts of protein and micronutrients, including calcium, vitamin A,
vitamin C, riboflavin, thiamin, and folate. Since it has been shown that while red meat and sugar-
sweetened beverages are frequently consumed, vegetables and fruits are the least popular food
groups, the significance of proper food sources should also be emphasized. Carbohydrates
including rice, bread, sugar, and beverages with added sugar were the main source of energy. It
relates to our current research because it shows how dietary patterns, particularly in the
Philippines, are influenced by food choices. When Filipinos understand the link between food
and health, have the requisite practical skills to use this information, and have the motivation to
make long-term changes, they start to change their eating patterns.
The study conducted by Abeer Ali Aljahdali et al (2022) for the National Library of
Medicine developed a study to describe the dietary habits of Saudis with type 2 diabetes and to
contrast them with the advised habits. The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to
investigate the dietary habits of persons with T2DM in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to look into
the relationships between those habits and socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Five
dietary patterns developed, accounting for 60% of the total variation in food intake, and were
used by the researcher to assess the study tools and discover any weaknesses in the methodology.
There were five dietary patterns identified: "Vegetables and olive oil," "Refined grains and
sweets," "Dairy products and legumes," "Dates and beverages," and "Fruit." Age was inversely
associated with the pattern "Refined grains and sweets" ( = -0.036, p 0.001). With the "Fruit"
design, females were more likely to score higher ( = 0.410, p = 0.011). Smoking was linked to
the patterns "Dates and beverages" and "Vegetables and olive oil" ( = -0.947, p = 0.001). The
amount of physical activity was related to the "Dates and beverages" and "Vegetables and olive
oil" patterns ( = -0.102, p = 0.048). The frequency of meals eaten in fast food restaurants and
restaurants each month was connected with the amount of snacks consumed and the "Dates and
beverages" pattern ( = -0.241, p = 0.005). The "Vegetables and olive oil" pattern was linked to
the frequency of fast food and restaurant meals consumed monthly ( = -0.043, p = 0.034). Every
dietary pattern was linked to several sociodemographic, lifestyle, and eating habits. Additionally
reveals typical dietary patterns in a convenience sample of Saudi adults with T2DM, and their
explanatory analysis emphasizes the need to give lifestyle education more attention when
managing T2DM. It has a connection to our current study because it also evaluates the eating
patterns and nutritional habits of diabetic patients. Additionally, it is evident that those with
T2DM have misconceptions regarding the nutritive value of certain foods, such as sugar,
artificial sweeteners and dates.
The study conducted by Yuto Saijo et al (2022) from Environmental Research and Public
Health designed a study to identify the risk factors of having Type 2 Diabetes in Japan wherein
previous studies indicate that multiple risk factors including age, family history, obesity,
impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, uric acid,
potassium, low lung function, smoking status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic
inflammation, liver enzymes, lifetime maximum BMI, change in BMI from early adulthood,
eating speed, and lack of sleep accelerate the development of diabetes in the Japanese
population. The major finding of this study is that the risk factors for developing diabetes
significantly vary between the population with BMI < 22.0 kg/m2 and the population with 22.0 ≤
BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 in a Japanese population. Therefore, they suppose that
eating habits are one of the most important factors causing higher BMI and developing diabetes
in the Japanese population. In terms of eating habits, their study showed that eating speed and
alcohol consumption had a protective effect in the population. Eating speed was classified as
fast, normal, and slow so the researchers asked participants if they made a habit of eating
breakfast or a snack after dinner. Moreover, eating fast is reported to adversely affect the
postprandial glucose excursion, which would lead to the impairment of insulin secretion. And
this is probably why eating slow showed a protective effect on developing type 2 diabetes in the
population of BMIs < 22.0 kg/m2 in their study. It relates to our current research since dietary
habits also connected in eating quickly that is said to negatively alter postprandial glucose
excursions, which would decrease insulin secretion. The latest study examined the risk variables
for type 2 diabetes based on BMI categories. In comparison to other populations, insulin
secretion may be particularly low in thin or non-obese persons (BMI 22.0 kg/m2). In people with
BMIs under 22.0 kg/m2, eating slowly shown a preventive benefit against acquiring type 2
diabetes.
The study conducted by Sheeraz A. Rajput et al (2022) from the diabetology designed a
study to Diet and Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the United Kingdom related to
physical and mental, this study's major goal was to talk about how food and psychological
factors affect type II diabetes control. In the entire world, diet is a major cause of disease and
mortality. It is clear that nutrition is crucial for controlling weight and metabolism in order to
manage and prevent type II diabetes. The most complicated and difficult part of controlling type
II diabetes, though, is nutrition. Many people are turned off by the concept of going on a diet to
manage a chronic, lifelong condition like diabetes since it can be difficult to determine the best
foods to eat and maintain a healthy eating pattern. Social status and psychosocial factors play a
role in diabetes risk, and psychological stress is a typical component of modern life that can
affect healthy behaviors including physical exercise, quitting smoking, and food preferences.
There is little proof that psychological factors influence dietary preferences, and the postulated
processes underlying this association are complicated. She added that depression and mood,
which are psychological factors that are widespread in diabetic patients with problems, are other
psychological factors that influence the choice of food. In diabetic patients receiving primary
care, the degree of depressive symptoms is linked to poor dietary and medication adherence,
functional impairment, and increased healthcare expenses. It relates to our current research since
good glycemic control requires attention to diet pattern. Depending on factors including age,
weight, gender, health, occupation, and condition, a person's diet can be customized. Different
dietary recommendations support glycemic management, nutritional well-being, and the
prevention of diabetes-related comorbidities.

Endnotes:
Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa (2020). "Food and Nutrient Intake of Filipinos with Diabetes."
Retrieved electronically
atttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/342895905_Food_and_Nutrient_Intake_of_Fili
pinos_with_Diabeteson December 4, 2022

Abeer Ali Aljahdali and Nahla Mohammed Bawazeer (2022). "Dietary patterns among Saudis
with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Riyadh: A cross-sectional study" Retrieved electronically
at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9070904/ on December 4, 2022

Sheeraz A. Rajput ,Suhel Ashraff and Muhammad Siddiqui (2022). "Diet and Management of
Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the United Kingdom" Retrieved electronically at
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/3/1/6/htm on December 4, 2022