THEORIES RELATED TO

LEARNER’S
DEVELOPMENT
FOCUS ON THE LEARNER
Advance Organizer
Erikson
8
Psychosoci
al Stages of
Freud
Developm
Piaget
ent
3 Components 4 Stages of
of Personality
Cognitive
5 Psychosexual
Stages of Developm
Development ent
THEORIES
RELATED TO
THE LEARNER’S
Kohlberg DEVELOPMENT
3 Levels and Bronfenbrener

6 Substages Bio-
of Moral Ecological
Developmen systems
t Vgotsky
On Language
Zone of
Proximal
Development
The mind is like
an iceberg. It
floats with one-
seventh of its
bulk above
water.
-Freud
 Components of Personality

Id

Ego
Superego
3 Components of Personality
1. Id
- pleasure centered
2. Ego
- reality centered
3. Superego
- related to the ego ideal or
conscience
5 Psychosexual Stages of Development
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
Erogenous zone.
A specific area that becomes the focus
of pleasure needs. This may be the
mouth, the anus, orhe genitals..

Fixation.
Results from failure to satisfy the needs of
a particular psychosexual stage.
Oral stage
• 0-18 m0nths or 0-1 yr & 6 months
• Erogenous zone: Mouth
• Pleasure centers on the mouth
• Sucking, biting, chewing, swallowing gratifies the child
• develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation
• The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child
must become less dependent upon caretakers.
• Consequences of psychological fixation
- Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, bite
his/her nails, use curse words, gossip, etc.
- Orally passive/recepive: smoking, overeating, kissing, oral sexual
practices
- Oral stage fixation might result in being too dependent on others,
easily fooled, and lack leadership traits
Anal stage
• 18 to 36 months or 1 ½ to 3 years old
• Erogenous zone: Bowel and bladder
elimination
• Coping with demands for control
• Conflict: toilet training
-Too harsh: Anal Retentive (obsessively
organized, or excessively neat)
- Too lax : Anal repulsive (reckless, careless,
defiant, disorganized)
Implication

The child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a
sense of accomplishment and independence.

Praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time encourage positive
outcomes and help children feel capable and productive.

Positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for people to become
competent, productive, and creative adults.

Inappropriate parental responses (punish, ridicule or shame a child for accidents)can

result in negative outcomes.

Too lenient training results to an anal-expulsive personality could develop in which the
individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.

Too strict or begin toilet training too early, an anal-retentive personality develops in which
the individual is stringent (demanding), orderly, rigid, and obsessive.
Phallic stage
• 3–6 years
• child's primary erogenous zone: genitalia
• learns the physical (sexual) differences between
"male" and "female" and the gender differences
between "boy" and "girl“
• Oedipus complex for boys(Freud) - the son–
father competition for possession of mother
• Electra complex for girls (Carl Jung)- daughter–
mother competition for psychosexual possession
of father
Phallic stage (Implication)
Unresolved psychosexual competition for the opposite-sex parent might
produce a phallic-stage fixation leading to:
• Abnormal family set-up leading to unusual relationship with the mother
and the father
• a girl to become a woman who continually strives to dominate men,
either as an unusually seductive woman (high self-esteem) or as an
unusually submissive woman (low self-esteem).
• In a boy, a phallic-stage fixation might lead him to become an
aggressive, over-ambitious, vain man.
• Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of
the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex are most important in
developing the infantile super-ego, because, by identifying with a parent,
the child internalizes morality, thereby, choosing to comply with societal
rules, rather than having to reflexively comply in fear of punishment.
Latency stage

• 6 years old until puberty

• The child consolidates the character habits they
developed in the oral, anal, and phallic stages
• The Oedipus/electra complex becomes latent
(hidden)
• derive the pleasure of gratification from
secondary process-thinking that directs the
libidinal drives towards external activities, such as
schooling, friendships, hobbies, etc.
Genital stage

• Puberty through adult life, and thus represents most of a

person's life
• Purpose: the psychological detachment and
independence from the parents
• Affords the person the ability to confront and resolve his
or her remaining psychosexual childhood conflicts
• Secondary process-thinking to gratify desire symbolically
and intellectually
• by means of friendships, a love relationship, family and
adult responsibilities.
 Each stage demands
satisfaction of needs, and
failure to do so results in
fixations.