1

Final Team Paper

Hailey, Matthew, Genaro, Joey, Jeffry

Team #3

Trinity Western University

Organisational Behaviour 280 A: FA2023

Jani McKay

December 4th, 2023

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... 2

The Dark Sides of Leadership:........................................................................................................ 3

Narcissism..................................................................................................................................3
Machiavellianism.......................................................................................................................4
Psychopathy............................................................................................................................... 5

Amazon as a Business......................................................................................................................7

Jeff Bezos and his Relation to the Dark Triad Traits..................................................................... 10

Other Business Individuals Relating to the Dark Triad................................................................. 11

Adam Neumann........................................................................................................................ 11
Sam Bankman-Fried................................................................................................................ 13

How Emotional Intelligence Could Have Aided These Individuals..............................................15

References......................................................................................................................................18
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Final Team Paper

Leadership develops from different personalities, styles, and cultural factors. All of which

contribute to a very dynamic and complicated field. This essay will analyze the complex

interactions that exist between the dark triad personality traits (psychopathy, machiavellianism

and narcissism) and their effects on effective leadership. In conjunction with the dark triad, our

analysis aims to provide content on how emotional intelligence (EI) can be used to counteract the

negative implications of the dark triad personality traits. This paper will present the successful

company of Amazon and its leadership structures. Taken all together, the examination of

Amazon and its founder, Jeff Bezos, accurately demonstrates how the powers of both the dark

triad and the abilities of emotional intelligence can coexist as an incredibly useful asset and be of

benefit to an organization. On the other hand, analysis of Adam Neumann and Sam

Bankman-Fried demonstrates the destructive nature of the dark triad and the negative

implications that it can have on organizations.

The Dark Sides of Leadership:

Narcissism

Narcissism is described as having a “highly exaggerated self-esteem and related

behaviours” (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). The negative effect of this personality trait in

leadership is that they are “individuals [that] lack human values, empathy, and humility”

(Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). They are highly competitive and seek to constantly “dominate”

(Vadvilavičius, T., & Stelmokienė, A. 2019) others in all that they do leading them to “display

their perceived superiority over others by devaluing others and enhancing their own
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achievements” (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). Being a leader is sometimes a calling that does

not receive praise constantly as a good leader makes others around them look good without

always needing the spotlight. The danger of having someone narcissistic in leadership is that

they will “turn to rivalry behaviours when praise is not forthcoming or when their egos are

challenged” which would have massive ramifications in team settings where working as one unit

is key (Harms, P. D. 2022). This particular trait is also quite “strongly related to increased

counterproductive work behaviours” in the workplace (Robbins & Judge, 2024). This personality

trait can present significant obstacles to effective leadership.

Machiavellianism

Is characterized by personality traits such as being “selfish, deceitful, and manipulative”

(Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021) furthermore people who are “ruthless and believe that the end

justifies the means'' (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). Due to this trait, they can negatively

impact the workplace by using “manipulative techniques and behaving unethically” (Kaletta, J.,

& Reuther, K. 2021) so that they can get the upper hand on their peers. Leadership is not just a

title but a function that seeks to put others before themselves with a heart of servanthood. It is

like a cue ball in a game of pool that never gets the glory but puts the other pool balls into better

positions to succeed. The dangers of having a person with Machiavellianism in leadership is that

there will always be a lack of trust within the team and that they just see “people as a means to

an end” (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). They may also only “display ethical leader behaviours

if they perceive this is a useful way to reach their goals even though they privately hold less

moral beliefs' (Hartog, D. N. D., & Belschak, F. D. 2012).

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Psychopathy

Psychopathy, also known as Neuroticism, is not the usual definition of being insane but

rather, in the context of organizational behaviour, a “lack of concern for others, and a lack of

guilt or remorse when their actions cause harm” (Robbins & Judge, 2024). It is a trait that is

highly volatile and very impulsive “rarely [considering] the consequences of their actions” as

well as feeling “little remorse” when hurting others (Harms, P. D. 2022). This trait negatively

impacts the workplace as they are “not afraid of negative consequences, even if it leads to

self-destruction” (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021) whether that be of themselves or their team.

As a leader, you are looking to be stable and consistent in all that you do, as well as having a

predictable nature that can be relied on. The dangers of having a person with this trait, also

considered the darkest trait of all three, is that they can make decisions feeling nothing for their

other teammates and could be outside of any social norms expected of them. This can predispose

people to be “more inclined to result in greater degrees of deviant behaviours in one’s personal

and professional life” (Harms, P. D. 2022).

Studies of the dark triad have shown the substantial negative relationship that these

personality traits have on effective leadership. From the perspective of leadership, recent studies

spanning many years have positively correlated the Dark Triad to “aggression (verbal and

physical), lack of empathy, counterproductive work behaviour, abusive behaviour with

employees, lower job performance” (Vadvilavičius, T., & Stelmokienė, A. 2019) and many other

negative work behaviours. From an employee’s perspective, having a leader or leadership model

possessing the traits of the Dark Triad is “positively associated with worse job performance,

lower job satisfaction, and higher stress levels of employees” and is also “negatively associated

with leadership effectiveness” (Vadvilavičius, T., & Stelmokienė, A. 2019).

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Leading with Emotional Intelligence:

In leadership positions, emotional intelligence (EI) stands out as a favourable attribute for

individuals in positions of leadership. This ability contrasts greatly with the dark triad personality

traits. Emotional intelligence is defined as “a person’s ability to (1) perceive emotions in

oneself and others, (2) understand the meaning of these emotions, and (3) regulate

one’s own emotions accordingly” (Robbins & Judge, 2024). EI is essential for determining

leadership positions and settling disputes within organizations.

One trait that is particularly advantageous for those in leadership roles is emotional

intelligence. The dark triad personality traits are heavily contrasted to this ability. This ability

plays a large role in leadership roles and resolving conflicts within organizations.

Emotional intelligence affects all types of leadership including democratic, autocratic,

bureaucratic and laissez-faire. Bureaucratic and laissez-faire leadership styles take on “by the

book” and delegation leadership methods respectively. While these leadership styles are

important, EI is more evident in democratic and autocratic leadership styles. However, in the

case of autocratic leadership, emotional intelligence has been proven to positively and

significantly influence organizational citizenship behaviour. It has been found that “where an

autocratic leader exhibits (emotional intelligence) the outcome on (organizational citizenship

behaviour) is positive and significant” (Abdullahi et al., 2020). An autocratic leader coupled with

a high degree of emotional intelligence has a greatly positive effect on an organization and its

employees. To have an autocratic leader be able to control and regulate their own emotions and

have a greater understanding of the emotions of their employees allows them to be more

effective leaders.
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Amazon as a Business

Amazon, founded by Jeff Bezos in July 1994, started as an online bookstore in

Washington, in his house’s garage. Originally the company originated with the name “Cadabra”

but later got changed because of the negative connotations that the word had. Approximately, a

year later, the company was published online as a bookseller, delivering all over the United

States and 45 other countries (Hopkins, 2023). Evolving over the years, the company expanded

its product offerings, eventually becoming a diversified e-commerce giant. From its humble

origins, the journey to becoming one of the biggest e-commerce businesses in the world was due

to its constant ability to adapt to the market and innovate to what the market was demanding. Its

business model consists of connecting sellers with buyers, offering a wide variety of products in

over 50 countries. When it comes to numbers, Amazon has 9.7 million sellers, with 2.3 million

of them being active sellers (Mohammad, 2023). It is also estimated that 2.7 billion people shop

on Amazon, making it the largest E-commerce business in the world. Its core operations are

retail, but the company has ventured into a vast variety of areas, like cloud computing, streaming

services, AI-driven technology like Alexa, and hardware devices such as Kindle and Echo

(Hopkins, 2023).

As mentioned before, provides a wide range of goods, including apparel and electronics.

With a focus on user convenience, the platform offers features like one-click ordering, same-day

delivery via Amazon Prime, and grocery delivery services like Amazon Fresh. One of the main

factors influencing customer loyalty is Amazon Prime, a membership service that offers fast

shipping, streaming access to Prime Video, Prime Music, and other perks. This subscription

model has been essential in forming Amazon's customer-focused strategy. Amazon is also known

for being a leader in technology and makes significant investments in innovation. Robotics
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simplify operations in the fulfillment centers, for example, the Kiva system. Kiva robots are

small, wheeled robots that operate autonomously within the warehouse. They transport shelves

of products to humans who later retrieve these products, automating repetitive easy tasks, and

leaving more complex work for the human workers (Guizzo, 2008). What this does is reduce the

need for workers to travel from different locations carrying different products, given that the

robot is capable of doing this.

A key component of Amazon's plan to expand is its acquisition strategy, which is

demonstrated by its acquisitions of Twitch for live streaming, Whole Foods Market for groceries,

and Ring for smart home security. In 2017, Amazon entered for the first time physical retailing

when it acquired Whole Foods. With the 2018 acquisition of Ring, Amazon improved its

standing in the smart home market by providing cutting-edge security options. Acquiring Twitch

in 2014 was a big expansion for Amazon, by doing this they were able to enter the digital

livestream platforms. By doing this, they were able to connect with a large number of viewers

and established a large number of connections with very famous content creators and influencers.

The visionary founder and CEO of Amazon, Jeff Bezos, stepped down from the CEO

role, in February 2021. This shift in leadership took effect in July of 2021, with him passing the

torch to Andy Jassy, the former head of Amazon Web Services (AWS). After two and a half

decades of being the face and the helmsman of Amazon's evolution from the online bookstore

called "Cadabra" to the global E-commerce and tech giant that the company is today. As of

today, Bezos is the Executive Chairman of Amazon's board. He emphasized that he would stop

focusing on the day-to-day business and the running of the company, instead, he would shift his

focus to strategic ventures and outside projects (New York Times, 2021).
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Amazon's Leadership Alongside Emotional Intelligence

The founder of Amazon, Jeff Bezos is known to demonstrate a great level of emotional

intelligence. He has been able to combine his abilities of EI with his stern management style to

create one of the most successful businesses in the world. While there are people who often

criticise him for his strong focus on operational goals and assertive decision-making, the success

of Amazon has surely been influenced by the personality and leadership style of Bezos. Bezos’

leadership style is that of an autocratic leader. Autocratic leadership is about retaining power,

limiting the power of employees, and having the expectation to follow orders with little question.

Emotional intelligence in an autocratic leader plays a significant role. It has been found that

“where an autocratic leader exhibits (emotional intelligence) the outcome on (organizational

citizenship behaviour) is positive and significant” (Abdullahi et al., 2020). When considering

Bezos in this context, it can be understood how powerful and influential his EI is. His infamous

quote, "we see our customers as guests to a party, and we are the hosts. It’s our job every day to

make every important aspect of the customer experience a little bit better," displays his emotional

understanding for his customers and how he has been able to cater to their needs using his EI to

provide the best possible services. While Jeff Bezos may not be an individual with many views

of high moral regard, the combination of his high emotional intelligence and leadership style has

allowed him to flourish and be exceptionally successful within the business world.

Jeff Bezos and his Relation to the Dark Triad Traits

While this analysis does not directly suggest that Jeff Bezos belongs to the dark triad, it

merely aims to recognize the similarities between narcissist traits and tendencies and connect

them to Bezos. It is also important to note that these traits and tendencies alone can result in

unhealthy and damaging effects, but coupled with a high degree of emotional intelligence can be
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utilised in a much more positive manner. When considering the tendencies within a narcissistic

personality type, highly exaggerated self-esteem, being highly competitive, and seeking to

dominate are attributes that are often described. Using these descriptors alongside Bezos some

similarities can be drawn. He has been known to be an overly confident leader with a desire to

have his business constantly dominate. Amazon does not have the best track record for employee

treatment and there are many past complaints of working environments. However, even Bezos

has recognized that "even if (incidents are) rare or isolated, our tolerance for any such lack of

empathy needs to be zero”. Bezos's emotional intelligence may primarily reside within

consumer-centric business approaches, but even he can recognize the need for empathy. Bezos

goes even further to deal with complaints on work environments saying that the stories “don’t

describe the Amazon I know or the caring Amazonians I work with every day. But if you know

of any stories like those reported, I want you to escalate to HR. You can also email me directly at

jeff@amazon.com” (Caroline Reidy, n.d.). This response demonstrates a deep level of emotional

intelligence. Through emotion recognition, Bezos considers the negative emotions created

through these negative cases and then addresses this issue with open communication encouraging

individuals to give feedback. This thinking counters his narcissistic traits and tendencies and

exemplifies a degree of emotional intelligence to have to consider the importance of empathy

within his organization. Without this degree of emotional intelligence, Bezos would not be

concerned about empathy let alone bring attention to the fact that Amazon needs to inherit a

greater degree of empathy with their employees. An article by the Harvard Business Review

writes that “times have changed, and we’ve learned a lot about the dangers of overreliance on big

personalities, but that doesn’t mean narcissism can’t be a useful leadership trait. There’s certainly

a dark side to narcissism—narcissists, Freud told us, are emotionally isolated and highly
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distrustful.” (Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons 2022). Freud brings to

light the positive impacts that narcissistic traits can have on leadership and how they can make

for a great leader. Yet, he also stresses the “dark side” of narcissism. This dark side can surely be

mitigated with a greater degree of emotional intelligence. Freud describes further how

“(narcissists) are especially suited to act as a support for others, to take on the role of leaders, and

to give a fresh stimulus to cultural development” (Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the

inevitable cons 2022). This further supports that Jeff Bezos's leadership and tendencies do not

have to be interpreted as damaging and ineffective. If anything, his narcissistic traits have aided

him in building Amazon into the company it is today. Taken all together, Bezos’s narcissistic

traits alongside his high degree of emotional intelligence have aided him in building Amazon

into the successful company it is today. He has been able to meld EI and strong traits and

tendencies, often having negative effects, to become an extremely effective leader.

Other Business Individuals Relating to the Dark Triad

Adam Neumann

Adam Neumann was the co-founder of the company, WeWork, which sought to provide

flexible workspaces to customers such as office spaces, workspaces that were shared with others,

and office suites. He later became the CEO, spanning a period from 2010-2019, which saw

WeWork take off and become a billion-dollar company. However, this success was short-lived

due to his corporate and personal behaviours leading to the downfall of his company as he was

using invested money for personal gains such as holidays and throwing massive parties littered

with drugs and alcohol, all the while having a chaotic leadership style conflicting with the

interests of the company and its investors.

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The characteristics of Neumann’s leadership are highly correlated to the characteristics of

Psychopathy, a trait in the Dark Triad, that is the blatant lack of concern for others and lack of

guilt or remorse for the consequences of harmful actions (Robbins & Judge, 2024). A person

with this trait is very volatile and impulsive while showing no consideration for the

consequences of their actions and how it may lead to their own self-destruction or the destruction

of their team (Kaletta, J., & Reuther, K. 2021). Neumann showed characteristics of disregard for

himself and his team through the misuse of financial investments for personal gains and is

described as a "tall, long-haired, barefoot, meat-banning, weed-smoking, tequila-drinking,

Kabbalah-studying, experimental school-opening Paltrow-cousin-in-law and founder and now

deposed chief executive officer of the We Company''​(Guardian News and Media, 2019). He is

also described as having “corporate adolescence” alluding to the “predictable sins of

youthfulness: reckless, disruptive, risk-taking behaviours that come from the volatile interaction

of a charismatic young leader and a cult(ure) of STEM-smart followers who buy into the dream”

(Langevoort, D. C., & Sale, H. A, 2021). This correlates highly to Psychopathic behaviour within

an organizational behaviour perspective and emphasizes his lack of awareness, impulsivity, and

chaotic leadership.

Neumann’s leadership style in relation to the exercising of psychopathy would have

affected his organization at many levels, from fellow high-powered members to the lowest level

of employees. Psychopathy is considered to be associated with “decreased job performance”

(Elbers, A., Kolominski, S., & Blesa Aledo, P. S, 2023) and the cause of this may be found in the

Job Characteristics Model. A leader that seems to be all over the place due to impulsivity may

have an effect on the Task Identity of employees. This refers to the completion of an entire,

identifiable piece of work with visible outcomes that impacts the meaningfulness of employees'
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work endeavours and ultimately their work motivation and growth satisfaction. If they are unable

to complete entire pieces of identifiable work because of company visions, targets, and

objectives constantly changing they may become dissatisfied with their roles leading to a

decrease in job performance. Psychopathy is also linked to non-consistent behaviours within

accepted norms and principles of social exchanges including trust and cooperation (Elbers, A.,

Kolominski, S., & Blesa Aledo, P. S, 2023). This breakdown in trust and cooperation

expectations of employees may lead to different levels of disengagement from employees where

they only do what is required of them, consistently underperform, and resent the organization.

Sam Bankman-Fried

Machiavellianism is one of the steps that makes up the dark triad, alongside narcissism

and psychopathy. Machiavellianism is named after Nicolo Machiavelli, who lived a life through

his own morals separating politics and ethics. Machiavellianism is defined as, “suggesting the

principles of conduct laid down by Machiavelli specifically: marked by cunning, duplicity, or

bad faith” (“Machiavellian,” n.d.), in Miriam Webster's dictionary. Nicolo Machiavelli had the

ability to set ethics aside in a situation and face it on his own merit, hence coining the term

Machiavellian ethics. A modern character that portrays this belief is “the crypto king who had a

stunning downfall,” Sam Bankman-Fried.

From raising $420 million in October of 2021 through venture funding to start FTX, to

filing for bankruptcy on November 11, 2022. Sam Bankman-Fried had a short-lived rise to fame,

with just as fast of a fall. But how did he do this? By setting aside his ethics and preaching his

affective altruistic dreams “earning to give”. By spreading this message first, everyone saw Sam

as a good man. As cryptocurrencies exploded in popularity, Sam Bankman-Fried entered the

market at the perfect time. Creating a Cryptocurrency trading platform. It wasn’t until November
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of 2022 when Coindesk, a crypto-focused media company published an article on another of

Sams’ companies Alameda Research.

This article outlined that most of Alameda’s balance sheet consisted of the

cryptocurrency that was started by FTX (FTT). Causing people to see that the money they had

placed into FTX, wasn’t there. As FTT was made by FTX and outside of that had no value,

people realized that Sam Bankman-Fried had been lying and FTX did have the money that they

had claimed to have. When the owner of Binanc, a rival crypto trading platform, announced that

they would sell all of their FTT holdings the world panicked. Selling all of their holdings in FTX

and on the platform, FTX realized that they didn’t have enough money to pay everyone. Running

roughly 8 billion dollars short. The lies from Sam Bankman-Fried began to grow and come to

light.

During the trials that followed we came to see that Sam bankman-Fried had been

committing crimes all along the way. “...Prosecutor Danielle Sassoon asked Ellison after she

took the stand, “While you were working at Alameda, did you commit any crimes?” Ellison

answered, “Yes, we did… [Bankman-Fried] directed me to commit these crimes.” She said that

Alameda used $10 billion from FTX to repay its lenders.”( ​Bekiempis, V., 2023). It turned out

that Sam Bankman-Fried had been using his altruistic dreams to get people to invest but then the

money wasn’t going where it should have. Some went from FTX to Alameda and the other way

around. As well as blaming executives at both companies for actions that Sam Bankman-Fried

had done. It is clear that he was lacking emotional intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence is a way to combat the dark triad. Being aware of a dark triad trait,

can help it be used in a good way. In the case of Sam Bankman-Fried, the lack of emotional

intelligence caused him to yell at staff and hurt those around him. By being aware of his own
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vulnerabilities, both personally and in his company is a place to start. “If I had spent an hour a

day thinking about risk management on FTX I don’t think that would have happened…” By

being aware of his own vulnerabilities the tendency to blame those around him falls away as he

would be aware of his risks. As well as the network he built around himself. If he had built a

network of ethical and good people, the likelihood of Bankman-Fried becoming an ethical good

person would have been quite high. However, the people he was surrounded by were toxic,

thinking only of profit and making money. By taking a step back from that network, Sam

Bankman-Fried could have realized that his dream of “making money to give money” was

already tangible without having to always walk on the people around him. Bankman-Fried could

have stepped back and realized his vulnerabilities and built a network around him to help cover

those vulnerabilities. That way he is no longer alone at the top but has people around him who

are there to help him whenever he needs it.

How Emotional Intelligence Could Have Aided These Individuals

The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) can be related to the Dark Triad and the

examples of Jeff Bezos, Adam Neumann, and Sam Bankman-Fried. EI is defined as, “the ability

to detect and to manage emotional cues and information” (Robbins & Judge, 2024) and consists

of four components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship

management (Goleman, 2020). When looking at Jeff Bezos and his narcissistic tendencies as a

leader; EI has helped him leverage his narcissism to become the ultra-successful business figure

he is today. Not only Jeff Bezos, but many other successful leaders have narcissistic traits. There

is a fine line where these traits can be used as a positive trait rather than negative. EI is one

characteristic that can help guide narcissism to effective leadership. The first step of using EI

within narcissism is being self-aware and this is something that narcissistic people can really
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struggle with since they see themselves as the most important. However, with the basis of

self-awareness, the other three components of EI can come to fruition and help narcissist leaders

use their characteristics for effective leadership. EI can also play a factor in relation to Adam

Neumann and psychopathy. Individuals like Adam Neumann who show characteristics of

psychopathy have low levels of empathy and high levels of impulsivity and thrill-seeking. This

can be seen by Neumann taking money from WeWork and using it to charter planes, throw

parties, and do drugs. The components of EI that relate to psychopathy are self-management and

social awareness. With self-management, EI can help individuals with psychopathy by

improving self-control. With social awareness, EI can help with the recognition and

understanding of how certain actions can have an effect on the environment around you. In

particular, it can help with empathy and thinking about others before yourself. EI can also be

seen in machiavellianism and Sam Bankman-Fried. Individuals with this trait use whatever

means necessary to get what they want. The idea of manipulation is something that relates

directly to this topic. Bankman-Fried was found guilty of stealing and manipulating millions of

dollars from his own customers. This is an example of how individuals with machiavellianism

will go beyond measures for their own good. EI can play a role in this through all four

components. Firstly, with EI and machiavellianism, the foundation starts with “self”. These types

of individuals think about themselves first, similarly to narcissists. However, a distinguishing

factor is the idea of “any means necessary”. EI can help with this by the regulation of one’s own

emotions as well as the emotions of others and how their actions can have a significant impact on

others. EI can also help these individuals use their ability of manipulation to have a positive

impact on organizational goals rather than personal goals.

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This paper has provided an analysis of how the dark triad personality traits of narcissism,

machiavellism, and psychopathy are seen in different leaders within the business world with the

examples of Jeff Bezos, Adam Neumann, and Sam Bankman-Fried. In particular, the massive

organization of Amazon looked at and analyzed. The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) has

been connected to the dark triad and how it can be used to minimize the negative effects of the

dark triad. This paper has also explored how the dark triad can potentially be used to have

positive effects on leadership. The importance of EI is crucial in the dark triad and the effects

these personality traits have on leadership within the business world. By using EI to control the

dark triad traits, there can be potential benefits and success in organizational leadership.
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