UMIT-TV

'O.5CI LLATDRS

InhodulC-Bon :­
!he- opeaot1on of *x=o -feedb()d~ (Jrl]\,1;~e'3 in Which h
ne.9 0 .1:;\\,e. -feedbQc.k is u~e.d hQ~ bee.n di3(U33e.d c2Q~I;e"f.
I

..In -!h,g ch\p~'( a de.'flce Klhlch KJork~ C)() -#:e pr-'nC'tp\e.

I

of po.sl't-Ne -feedbo.ck Is, di3(~3ed· -rh~ de-'llc.e f3 c~He.d Q()

(OSc.i [\ a{x)'( ) .
An O'sci\lo:6r dOe.3 not: re.q.u;v-e an~ 'Input- Si3r)Q,' . Ii- CQ"
~eneoo.le B. \lo\to.~e of o.n~ de.31 r-ed Ha.'lefolfr() a.t- o..r)~
-?Y-~CfU.e.f\Uj' I+ Con 'je.nero.t-e --the. ou.t-pu.t- tVQV'~forr'f) of' high
~y<::~ue.rLtJ up6 lJi~QJ'e'f~ .
Tn ~ho~t- I On Osc.i\la.t-m 13 Qn Or{')llli.\4e-'(, ,,.jf)~Lh U8eS a..
fb~it1ve -fe-edbQc.l:\ or-d ~11-hoLl.t a.n~ E-vJexno.\ "in-put gicJl1O.. \,1
~e.l1exo.kcg o.n ou..-tr>u.t ~vefo1fr() ct 0. e\e3hed -r\-e'}uenUj'
Conce.cl ~ f03'\tlve -=Feedba.cK ;­
-Th~ -f?eedba.c.k is () ympe'ht:t KJhch a\\oWC5 Au #eedbad~
-the purt of' *'e D..I.\:put-,1 -to -the ~rne dfLtlit o.~ "l{g 'input.
3uch Q feed6o.d<:. I~ !SQld -to Ce p~i~ve ltQhene\ler +he- fa.,~
~ ~ fu~\:- -t:ro.t IS, -fed ba.c.k +0 ~ Qmp\lf1'e.r- ~ f~ lr'fut
i~ 'In p~!.e l(),1h -the ori~'lno\ inpu-t ~iljno.! ctd.d~d 4-o-the
\. D~ ~
l'4it.e:6 -> o· pl-a.'5e ~hWt 01·'
e
a rnpllT\e..,'
. \)s'\!jJ ",,' +
".
1.7 Arf\p~.f;e:6 'liD Il c ~
. S'jnQI
...'

IIp 3i~rAl \l ~ ~
JI,p 4: ~eed.~ /J!f _. ~ , Fee.d60.c.k
are ',fl P~$~ \;'eedba.c.k Feedbac.k g,'j!J01.
Wi '" ~()..ch 313naL fle hvo"6' k p, I<"-I------J
othe. r
~ 00 p'r,a,ge .,ghWt

www.Jntufastupdates.com 1
 -I'tsgume iha.t 0. clSrnusoic\0.\ Input Si~nq\ l\lol~e) \l.s
t'~ Opplie.d -to -the cr'cu.it-· 1\'5 Ornplit'ie.'T IS nOr) - f(Weytlr)~)
the. ~t \loH,e \ttl IS ir) f*'ct~e loOith -+he. inpu+ §i'jl"Al \}$'
~ F~'x+ o~ *-e ~U~lit is -fed 6Qd, to --the 1npu.t Klith --the
help cl? Q -?eed6C\C_K ndwovk·
-Ho~ l'()uLh fU-"-~ of' -\he QUJpL.&- I~ 1u be fe-dl:od~ , ~eb
decided ~ -the fudback r)e kby~ 'JOin J3 . No pfuse d''Q~e
1~ ~n-h--oducd ht -the -I'-eed back oehco-rk· {-kllc-e -1he -fuedba.ck
'-l.o\~e ,,~ ,S in pho.~e. ~ith -\he Input- ~iSro.l %.

lhe Qmp\1-A'eY­ ~din is A\t

A'V ~
-
'10
-
\Ii
1hi.3 1~ CQlt~d q>en loop ~o.'n oF' "'he Omp\l?tev
-rhe D.te'loH Om.-tiJ ~Q.i() is A\t.f'­

A".f= "0
---rh:= feedhKK IS
"'5
posi-!i-re orx::l ~ \lol~e ~ f.s added
to \lg +0 'fre'fuk ~npu-\- of: Ornpl;f;'ex \(i

.=; \ti =:: \l.s T 'if­

\I.f ~ f3\lo

=J \It ~,,~ + W.J o '

--:) \f~ ~ "t -\3 \f\)

"0 0:: Av " i
--) \l~.::"i - ~(A'l'ti)

~ \Is ==-\)t- \I\~A-'l

~ ,,~.:: \1, l \- p,A-,,)

www.Jntufastupdates.com 2
 ,

\It _ \
~
--
\I.!> 1-)3 ~'1
-The (Neoa\\ C'J'IcWt c:ri n A\J,.f = ~
'l~

=­ 'l~ y, "i
\Is
~\

-­ A'l'
,
~ A'l
IA\If -- '13 I 113 Av

.
~ WIthout On 'Inpu.t I -the ou.\-pu.t will ~~()ue
~ OScil\o.~ Klhose. ~u.erc.lJ deperd$ If'0 +e -feedba.ck
nebom ov -the Qm?\i~e:( oy both .
Dif~'(eoce3 b).v P?gi4;~~ Qrd New\;-r~ "Beclkck ;­ ---------.

'"D_~ : 1- 'f(O ~ p Ah-v- k . ,.,1 .e... Je..._~L.

I•• r..

I, IN.r-eo -in: -fue-dback QfP\led IS I· Wren is -teo ~eedbQc.k Opp\ied

3uch -+tu*
tt ig in pN1~e K)H~ &.let, -th:1.t ,+ jg Ou.t- dF pho.se
-tre O'rk~i na.\ ;()ptAt ~i9ru1 ireo tOHh --the On'j\ro.\ i!p ~'9rAl hr)
ft ig co.Hed ~.~r,-kv~ it i~ ca.\\ed ~er~'/(?'
(y.n 1ncreQ3es; -the <:pin of? *'e ~,JJ d~c\'~Qge8 h ~Q.ln ci ~
Qrnf\i~eY amp\\~er

3' n- is ,e~el\e'(o..-\-l'{e CY dlQC.t­ 3· Jj- ig degene'(ofive (')'( ~n\le'(,g,e.

.feed hAc.K ..feedba.c.k
y. .:d- rro.k.es -the arnp\\~eY, 4· 1:1- r(Q)..\<..e!S h Ornrti~eY-
un~kb\e 3kb\e'
5--l-~ '1~d lAC.~ h 'llird IN 1d th 5·..J3\­ if)Cf(~o..se'5 'in 'Barchoid fD
G· J1 j~ u!?,ed ,J) h :d-"t~ u~e.d If) -the &-rro\\
Osci \\o.bf3 fJ. ...J,.:
~i~rQ\ arf)~\l.\?1e:c~,

www.Jntufastupdates.com 3
(olX::h~on~ 10'(
-
lCJf)
OSd\\o.t;Of\3i::­

130.~ \<- roU3 en Clfi texi 00 :­

Con~ide:6 0 rosie rfl\le'(-hn~ arnp\i~er KJith an oren

loop ~() A\J . The -feed bacK nehnoo('f- a.t{-enuo.\100 -radD'(
!3 ~g \eg,g -\ho.r) unt" As I::aslc o.rnp\\~e'( I~ in'1ev.PJn<j 'It­ I

pmdu..ce.5 0. p.--a.se Shi-?--t o? 180

0
b)K) i\p o.rd olp as 3\,00)f) 10

betOtQ -?i'J U'\@:

'ltD ~ I-Amp\'i~e:( Av f ~ 0 \1 0 ~A"~l

~,eo' 7
phlJ..seshi·H
~~ \ ]}Ne:,-h~ ctrnp\i44ex.
~ovaJ -the '1np u t- \Ii o..V'p\le.d +0 -the ampli-Aev IS -6
te de~\l~ -From 'Its ou..\pu+ \to USIf'f.J -ked6OLk rdwoA.
~;nce. 1~ i~ p0f,iB'fe i?ee.d6a.c.\<- I *e 'tot
J ck ,hred taer
%-om ClLl.trl.\.t- tJS1n'j -f?e.edbo..c.~ f'etworK rnw.+ l:e in p~e
lO'rth \(f· -rh~ *e -fleed6a.e-K neMorf. rnus+ ~ 1rrh-ochee.
Q 'P'rose ghi~t ~ \~Oo KJh,\e -?eed'Nj l:o.c.k -the \folbge
~ Ou..tpltt 40 ,ilJpQt-·
Con~de.Y -the: f:;o'SfC 1:10(,k . di CXJ'(Qri) o~ CSc.i \h\-o.. . c'lY-CJ.ii~
A~ A\f == -'10
\Ji

www.Jntufastupdates.com 4
 --Hev-e I -'Ie £i~ 0 ~()diLQ6 1%0" p~ Sh1~t
be+ween tfJpu.t oJ'd C4.trut ·
~ ->I~ooph~!5eshi?-r
0­ - - 'Ba.Sic -v
in\l~6't\(1j .....,

-I
1A'r()p\i ~ex
I'
1-- Av ~

I::o.ck •l'
0.$
t-
l..­
I ' ~EdI:o.(K -1)'
~~ =\3'-1 0 ll~'('f..
~o
,
J ,

f3 -~

~
-=fT~" '8o.3ic Hock didlj"lOnJ
of C)sc.i na.hH ci V-Lur ~
+nm ol::o'le -?i~u'fe I

/
=) \t~.= - ~ '-Jo [ A\f ~ -Vol V t
---J \l.r ~ -f3(- fw 'H) \fa=- -A'J'iiJ

;) \If :.: ~ A\J'\\ i

OW\\Qtof) -the ~edh:d·, ccS~u~d drive ire
o.rd rerxe \I~ mu.s\- oJ ru 't l ; -~. I '!.f =- \t (

l:co ~A"
J IA~ 131 =-1)
Q
the ,-\-ok\ phQ3 e 8hif-t O'fOlJ..ncl 0. loop is 360 ,

let Us ~ldex -\he ~?.(?ed- d *e rf\lXjrll-hde o~ -\-he.

produd- A\I A.nd ~ Of) -\he f\Qh.Jxe oP -the C)gcll1~-kOf)g.

www.Jntufastupdates.com 5
 CQ3e (c) ;- / Av ~ I :7'
IAhen ---1t'e -{nI--o\ pba.se shif?-t o'(ou.nd Q loop tS 0° Of 360<7

Q()d (-A~P 1~ 1 I --treo -\he o\p o3d'lhks but- ihe OScl\lQ:kon~

a~ c# 9YOLD'~ {ype i-e *e Qrf)pU de CJoe.s 00 ~OL~Q8es
OLl.tvIJ.: ' ­

r-\-r-t-+~-+-+---\------/ l1me

ili3e Ui) ~- \ A~ f \ ==-,

"'-\heo h -ml::a.' fhQ.~e 8hi~t- O-Ybu.nd Q toop ,3 O~ 0'( 360<7

ensu.Y'iOj PJgi t;'f~ -?ee.d'co..e-\<- ord t-it'!. ~ \ .:: \ -tre()-the

OS(lt\a-tloOS Q.'f<:J 10\+h ~k,* ~u.eJ't.~ ord QN\plik.de.
Co..\t~d 3us\o..'t"'ed O?,d \\a.f.o()!> .
~
DW
r--r----t-r---1--+---,r--\---> TtNJe
._---
eoseCtif) :~ [A\( ~ 1< 1
~h\~t loop ~s
0

when fu -\D\-o.\ pha.'se QV\J\.trJ 0.. 0" 01 360

rut (-A-'lf-'\ <\ -.tref) -the Q?,cl\\a.h'-Lf)S o.y-~ cf detnlJirij ~re

l-e,,§ALn osci\\c.tlClf"B ClY'f\?'\tudc: dec.~03:=3 ~l\.ponen-1;oJtJ ond
l-the 0&3 \\Q h'ons ~('CAI'j cea.se·
-----------
www.Jntufastupdates.com 6
 -~

l----t--t--+-+-\--f~-r--> TI~

-AccO'\"d,n~ -b Bo.·d,~au3en Cl\1f-eYioO -the

J Condif\ons
fey O~ci\\nBons Ore
c.1) the O\le'<o\\ p-\--Qs.e ~hi~+ Q.CYlJ3S -=the dod loop dhou.ld

be t':'1Lla.\ -to 0
0
eM) 360
0

~n,\uck o~ produe~ ~
.

ll1) n-e qen loop S"'() -Ampl;\';eY

lA~) Qnd -!t'e -ked·kd< ~dD'( C~) i~ l1r)i~ .l'e, I

\k,f~\61
~ Cl~ Os("l\h~(iS :­

l!)
-
LOLD-?~Uce()UJDgd\tO:toY-3 l~20kH~)
pho-~e 3hi~t Clscl \\o.to"(
Co.) RL
Cb) Netll br",d~e OSCtUO-tero
tJ.) tt19h ~u.e.rDJ osti\\o.to,.. lOY) LC C)St:i\htoys (>- ;wkH:~)
Co.) t--\o.lHVj O!Sdlhta"6
lb) c.dpiH \,3 ~ctl\o:by-
lC) eta.p 03ct\\a.toy
ld) LY\.jS\-O..t 03c'i\\a\UY

www.Jntufastupdates.com 7
www.Jntufastupdates.com 8
 RC phQ.se 5hi~t Osc~l\a.toY' lJ3J"T) ~-
.JJ- Cc:>n3i~h o~ a. Co\)ven-BolX1l 3i~ Ie -h'-Q():SIStoi
o.rn?'i.f!i~Y Gild RL p-u3e 8k~t- ,l')e-bDoiK' .,-he an}pl{~el
o...---d rhQSe shi?-t- rd-v.JoY'k ea..ch pro\lide t8-0' cJl phQ$e.
~'i~f: . -rt--e p~e sh\ ~t- ne-twoyK ccr1lg,~hs cl? -t-+l'lt=.e Rt 3ec.f;0n3
AI- Sorr.e F -t\t-ul<U ~(r).erJCi ~' ---It--e pha.se 8hi ~t- 1n each
Rc 8ecHon ~s roc/ ~Q +hoJ +he {Ok\ pho.s e <shift proektecl
~ th2 Rt neb-fk 'is l~oQ and o..t -thIS mGj-t.J..enUf --the
-l:o~l phase 8hi$t ~ -the. b~~e o.Y\Ju.I'Id -.the. crYU.JJ ~
tOilt oscrflClk) pYO\fided the rI'O<J0i-1ude of? ~hz Clmpl;~'eY

f:s Stt~#iden+t~ lOUJe·

,---~-> \lu.­

L t

1<1
R

:r:i~: RL phQ 5e sh1·H as6l\Q.6~

~ephcln~ -!he --h-a.nsist-oy Klith its h- pcwa.rnet~y

¥ vQten--t- &rCJJ1t

www.Jntufastupdates.com 9
 c...
/---;----l
L
I---~--l r-C­

c..

R R
Rc.

1(ephcl~ -the wY'fer,t Souyce UJith "6G8'PeC~ -ft, ch

\[ot~e oS'ou-ne I *'en -the chc.Ui+· ~i II be
c. c.

:J -I
R R

Trorn M-rkha usen c~; tenDo, Ir-le no.. \te.

AIS :::: I
Whe\) e A "'- '!9­ p,.=
\l t I 1­

www.Jntufastupdates.com 10
 'Aj3 ~I
_VI:))( '!.f- "
\1 t VD':' I
, ,

\If?- ­
-=[
\lr
=t-mm -«>e- d "lct.lt t I ~ hQ ve
"'-t-f!- .:: T2, R Qnd ~ l = T BR
-') -13 R
-::: \
.IBR

rypl~;n~ +w L +0 loop .i~n -the' c1'YCw+

-h.re Ie, Rt'=- T\ Rc + "r 'f-c t-l:t-\ - T'2-) R
l

- hfE 1£ Rc ~ II Rc. + .I'r 't C"T '1\ R- J:'!.-R

-h~e.Is RL :::. 11 t Rc.;- 'k -t R) - r~ R -7@ , I

,-App'~1n~ k\fL-ro toop ~ ~n ik~ c.iYLUi+

o :::-R (.I1.--Tt) + T)-'l<c.t-C.T}.-.:L3):R
-0 :::.. R :C). -1< :r\ + 3'2..1- G +- I2- f\ - .I2:.' 'R

'0 :0 -.II R+J'L(Rt-'l<c tR)-J.':s R

o :: -II R -\- .T2..l~R +- 'i.e.) -:r3 R -~ @
,Av?\~v'9 I<\fL 1-0 loop, 3 '" --the Ci'f'C-LLl t­
O =, R (;r3 -I';.) T I?> t c. +.T5 R

o .:: RI 3 - R. T L + T3 'f:., c- + 1:6 R

www.Jntufastupdates.com 11
 o :=­ - .T2-R -I:- I 3 l R"'r R+ 'k)
G ::: - ,,-R + .T~(2--R+ 'k) -) ~
Aj??t'j 'Hq~'l\. .forrnoJ­ -t-o tCV"-tfMo08 '0 ' @ f @
I
-hf?l!IBRc... X, f(ct-'f.d R ! -~ 0
b :­ I,L· -R .1-R+ ~c- -:-R
o

.I3:= -hf'eIB Rc LR'=---o)

j
1« +'l-c-t-R [[ ~R+ ~t) "=- R + R. (-Rl:tR+ i~)-~

T
--3 ­ -hkIBR~R'­

l Rc\- 't- ct- R) C:3 R'J--+ 'i c* lot R 'i- 0 t R[ - L.-R ~ R 'f 0
-'rq~e.IB RtR ~

3R2-Rc -\ T(t'f.(--+ LfRR<:'i-t+ 3'R1-'j.<:-+ 1~ +YR'i-~

~ 'I-­
-t­ 3R 4­ R'tc. + ~R.L'f.(. -L.-R~-R~c.

www.Jntufastupdates.com 12
 ~3 =- -h.f'eIp,~LR~
3 R'l<.( -\- 'Rc 'f-t-+ 4 R Rc 'F-c + ~R'-1 c t 'f.~ +SR 'i- ~ + R3

~:::--:---------.-----------=-;--------~-­
3R'-RCT Rc'id--+ Y RRci.ct6R~L+ '}~f-5R'6-~+R.3,

=From 6) I Ne ha.'ie ~ - 1
...l-l?:>

3 R~c\- Rc 'f..C-\: It R1<c 'f, ( t 6 R'--'(, c t- 'd t 5R it-\- R~ =- I

3
--h~ ~L-,~,"L =- 31<'-R( T R( 'f.Z + L\. RRc ~( t b R~ ( +- tl+ 5R'tt-\ R
Sub!S-\-l-\-u\lnq 'i L'::: ,~ ~ ~ -J
J J we. ,
--h?e1<LR
L
- 3R'--Rc- t ~Ltw~~ + ~ Rh( ~c) + 6 R2-l-~J
-\: R3
• 3 • ~

-t t~l) -\- 5t<-L -~cJ 10k

r.. .= -I

www.Jntufastupdates.com 13
 4R~~-\- bR'l-_~,_
we Wc.. - LO:'C;
,_ f") 'l- ----'-,­
l\RRc. -\- 01'\.:::' :x.. ~
LClC

uJ~ L 1.-..:: __-c-'- ­

llRRctbR 1­

uK :::. ;=:='==~
J4RRct-E,R'L
wc= ~\_-
~ R'-(E,+ ltRl?C.)
RL­
cDc:: I
-:::=====---­
RJlb+4~~
to ::- __I _ _~
Rt{b+ YK
Wheoe K =: Rc-
R
+Yom c.D= ~rrf

.f .:: I
2=-:rr=R~C~~;:::b=+=4=k=-
'8'1 ~,\UQ\-;~ ,d -k>..mcs I l,.,le Can ~0C\
-th: Cmndt-kon ..fa,- Av ~y ~ti rr ~Jlons
L ';2. R'l-R ~ Rc- 5R 3
.-.h¥e1<c'R =...J
.
c- LO ~c. 'l.-
--to '--C'L.­ +R
~.HJ.g~R~~
-h~e ~ 3 _ 1 5 + ­R
to'--c:LR RtD~LRc. Rc

www.Jntufastupdates.com 14
 @

'M U \Bp\Y in9 1143 Qnd R\-l3 K:lith K

k:=- 3\<. - K - 5k
_h"
I Ife ,:.'-c 1-'Dl--
UJ l' RtO'-C~l?L
-t ~
"'K
Re:­

- hf'~k ~ 3 \, - ~
k
LO'l-c'-R ')...
- 5
uY-R'-c L- +1 k:::
[
~]
As Ii():= ,
R:-:L~~==6-t=l.l::::"'K
cD Rc. ::- -;:::' ==
~G*ltK
lWRt) ~=- _-\e--­
b+~'r\

-h{ek ~3k- klG+YK)-o(t,k4K)"t1

:= 3 k _ bK- ~ \<.::- 30 - '-0 K -T I

:: _ 4 K 'I- _ '-~ \( -1- ct

fhfek. ::'L{~'l-t!-3\<.+2-9) ->®

th€- ~Q'l() &- CE Orn?\'~eX i~ <jHen a~
A\l. ~ - h?e \( C­
R
Av ~ -hre \;
A\l =: -l L\ \( ~+ 2.3 K t 2-9)
As %:: K ,g '-teYlj3rrt\\ I

A~ = -~Gf
li A\f' =;2q .r
-A~ Af!> :: )
~~ * -o)rp - ;9 J
www.Jntufastupdates.com 15
lhe.. rnl r{, murf\ hfe- \l'Q.\ue. '(~'}ll\ 'Ie.d .&, r- +he.
-h-Q.ns't~~ '( is dh?-e­
dK ~D

~ ® ...4- [y. k +- 2..2> + 2-'K 1] ~'O

dK-
y+o- 2-9 -=-0
K1­
l{:: 2- Cf
K'L
k :. {iq
2­
[~ = ~'6g

~¥e-rnin;: LJ(~'69)T'-3+ }-9_

2-- E,g

=- 4 L\ -5l.J

www.Jntufastupdates.com 16
 ~ein boid~(')sCJ\\Q61 tBTT)
.Jt- ~ -\iDo .0.. s~e RC- Coup\edam\,\;f1~o'
(Cf)SiSts

ta.ch 'K WUp\e.d Clmp'i ?teY PYO\l1 des tg-o ph~8€O .ghi H­ Q

30 -tha.t the c\teY 0.\\ pho.se shift is 3(,,0 The olpo~-the

0
•

~ecnrd ~~e r<c ~up\e& Qrf)p\i~'n I~ -fuc\6a.d<. m -the- -#r.3~

5~e ~~'0 -tre bnd~~ 'l/e.Moyk . ~ t>Tld~e ne+Wm'k
Consists ~ 0. ~ed6a.d<," C1rc:v:it CAned Q lrod ~la~ rehoo1\:::'
me K'I c., ne..Mofk &m \~ PO'(~() ~ -the- d rcui+ ar,d
R3li'y rebrk -?O'lTf) leo.c\ro~~o() of? -1he chew t " -At- lo[.()
-f'le'luenClj ~ te.cLd -la.~ ~eh-C(:n'k at.t~Q.s 0 leod neb::u k
ard -tre p't-n3e C1n<:Jle ~g po~i \-1v-e . -At \feYlj tOLD .j?y~u.encl·eg
-the. 'p'no.~e oOj\e i:'> "9o.t-;ve and 1 t Qc.~ as a. I~ ne.bl"k
lhis lrocl-lOCJ ne.·\-U:X"f~' '1nt-nx1llc~ pD~t1"e feedba.d<'
~u''(ed.fbi C)sc.'''a..'nOO· /he Ye.3i.<>-!-o'f R4 is "'nOLOn 0.,3
3Kb mrn~ 'f(~3i S toY' I-8h~~h inh-odt1te~ neqQ.!r-)ve -fe.edbo..c::k
and inFt-b'a.3 g\-ab'i\lhj . 'T~ o'mouJ\t l# feed6a.d" (d~re~
en -the. \!Ql~e eb\l,AeY R3 and ,R4
\lee.

Cc-

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