Redox Reactions

General Biology 1
Most Essential Learning
Competency:

Explain oxidation/reduction
reaction (STEM_BIO11/12- Ii-j-
18).

Redox Reactions 2
Chemical Reaction
Chemical reactions occur when chemical
bonds between atoms are formed or
broken.
The substances that go into a chemical
reaction are called the reactants, and the
substances produced at the end of the
reaction are known as the products.
3
4
Oxidation and Reduction Objective 1

Unlocking terminologies.

5
Reduction vs Oxidation

• Reduction – the gain of electrons, which causes a decrease

in oxidation state. Also called as the oxidizing agent.
• Oxidation – the loss of electrons, which causes an increase
in oxidation state. Also called as the reducing agent.
Which is which? Activity 2

7
Instruction

1. Identify the phrase if it defines REDUCTION or

OXIDATION.
2. Writ your answers in your notebook.
 Reducing Agent

Reduction Oxidation

9
 Gains electrons

Reduction Oxidation

10
Oxidation state decreases

Reduction Oxidation

11
 Losses electrons

Reduction Oxidation

12
 Oxidizing agent

Reduction Oxidation

13
Oxidation state increases

Reduction Oxidation

14
Redox Reactions Objective 1

Unlocking terminologies.

15
Redox Reaction

• Oxidation-Reduction or Redox reactions are characterized by

a transfer of electrons.
• Oxidation state indicates the degree of oxidation for an atom in
a chemical compound; it is the hypothetical charge that an atom
would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were
completely ionic.
• Oxidation states are typically represented by integers, which can
be positive, negative, or zero.
Reduction vs Oxidation

• Reduction – the gain of electrons, which causes a decrease

in oxidation state. Also called as the oxidizing agent.
• Oxidation – the loss of electrons, which causes an increase
in oxidation state. Also called as the reducing agent.
• Oxidizing agent – makes oxidation happen
• Reducing Agent - makes reduction happen
Reduction and Oxidation

A
oxidized
e¯
B
reduced

• Reduction – gain of electrons

• Oxidation – loss of electrons

Redox Reactions 18
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

A
oxidized
e¯
B
reduced

• Oxidizing agent – makes oxidation happen B¯

• Reducing agent – makes reduction happen A

Redox Reactions 19
Oxidation State

A
oxidized
e¯
B
reduced
Reduction causes a
decrease in oxidation
state

Oxidation causes an
• Oxidation state of A increasing increase in oxidation
state

• Oxidation state of B decreasing

Redox Reactions 20
In a nutshell

A e¯
B
A is oxidized B is reduced
A is the reducing agent B is the oxidizing agent
Oxidation state increases Oxidation state decreases

Redox Reactions 21
In a nutshell

A e¯
B
A is oxidized B is reduced
A is the reducing agent B is the oxidizing agent
Oxidation state increases Oxidation state decreases

Redox Reactions 22
Activity 3: Reduction vs Oxidation

D e¯
E
1. Who is being reduced?
2. Who is being oxidized?
3. Who is the reducing agent?
4. Who is the oxidizing agent?
5. What is the oxidation state of D?
6. What is the oxidation state of E?

Redox Reactions 23
Identifying rules for
assigning oxidation Objective 2

states

24
 How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

• Element by itself = 0 • H = +1 with nonmetals; -1 with metals

• Group 1A = always +1
• Group 2A = always +2
• Halogens = usually -1,
positive with oxygen
• Monoatomic ion = ion charge
• O = usually -2; -1 in peroxide (H₂O₂)
• F = always -1
• Sum of ON for neutral compound = 0
• Sum of ON for polyatomic ion = ion
charge

Redox Reactions 25
How to determine
Oxidation Number
(O.N)

Group 1A = always +1
Group 2A = always +2
Halogens = usually -1,
positive with oxygen

Redox Reactions 26
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

0 =0
**Element by itself = 0
Na

Redox Reactions 27
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

0 =0
**Element by itself = 0
Cl₃

Redox Reactions 28
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

+1 = +1

K⁺ **Monoatomic ions = ion charge

Redox Reactions 29
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

-1 = -1

S¯ **Monoatomic ions = ion charge

Redox Reactions 30
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

-1

N₃¯ **Monoatomic ions = ion charge

Redox Reactions 31
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

+1 -1 =0
**Sum of ON for neutral compound = 0
K Cl **Group 1A = always +1

**Halogens = usually -1, positive with

oxygen

Redox Reactions 32
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

+2 -2 =0
**Sum of ON for neutral compound = 0
Mg O **Group 2A = always +2

**O = usually -2; -1 in peroxide (H₂O₂)

Redox Reactions 33
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

Ex.

+2 -2 =0
**Sum of ON for neutral compound = 0
CO **O = usually -2; -1 in peroxide (H₂O₂)

Redox Reactions 34
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

• Ex. +3
x3
**Sum of ON for neutral compound
-3 +1 =0 =0

N H₃ **H = +1 with nonmetals; -1 with

metals

Redox Reactions 35
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

• Ex. -4
x2
**Sum of ON for polyatomic ion =
+3 -2 = -1 ion charge

N O₂¯ **O = usually -2; -1 in peroxide

(H₂O₂)

Redox Reactions 36
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

• Ex. -2
x2
**Sum of ON for neutral compound
+2 -1 =0 =0

Zn H₂ **H = +1 with nonmetals; -1 with

metals

Redox Reactions 37
How to determine Oxidation Number (O.N)

• Ex. -3
x3 **Sum of ON for neutral compound
+3 -1 =0 =0

Cl F₃ **F = always -1

**Halogens = usually -1, positive with

oxygen

Redox Reactions 38
Activity 4: Determining the Oxidation Number

Determine the oxidation number of the elements in the

following compound.
1. MnC₂
2. Fe₂O₃
3. CaCl₂ ⁻
4. BeF₂
5. SO⁻

Redox Reactions 39
Half-reaction method
 Formation of Sodium chloride
oxidation

0 0 +1 -1 **Element by itself = 0

Na + Cl → Na⁺Cl¯
**Na is Group 1A = +1

**Cl is Group 7A = -1

reduction

Half Reactions • Who is the reducing

• Oxidation: Na → Na⁻ + e ⁻ agent?
Na
• Reduction: Cl + e ⁻ → Cl⁻ • Who is the oxidizing Cl
agent?
Redox Reactions 41
 Formation of Calcium chloride
oxidation

0 0 +2 -1 **Element by itself = 0

Ca + Cl → CaCl¯
**Ca is Group 2A = +2

**Cl is Group 7A = -1

reduction

Half Reactions • Who is the reducing

• Oxidation: Ca → Ca⁻ + 2e Ca
agent?
• Reduction: Cl + e → Cl⁻ • Who is the oxidizing
Cl
agent?
Redox Reactions 42
 Try this!

0 -1 -1 0 **Element by itself = 0

21 Cl₂ + 2Br¯ → 2Cl¯ + Br₂ **Cl is Group 7A = -1

**Br is Group 7A = -1

Half Reactions
• Oxidation:
22 2 Br⁻ → Br₂ • Who is the reducing
Br
agent? (24)
• Reduction: • Who is the oxidizing
23 agent? (25) Cl
Cl₂→ Cl₂⁻
Redox Reactions 43
Balancing Redox Reactions

• When balancing redox reactions, make sure that the

number of electrons lost by the reducing agent equals
the number of electrons gained by the oxidizing agent.
• The half-reaction method is a way to balance redox
reactions that involves breaking the overall equation down
into an oxidation part and a reduction part.

Redox Reactions 44
The Half-reaction method

1. Determine oxidation numbers

2. Figure out what is being oxidized and reduced
3. Write half reactions
4. Balance atoms other than O and H
5. Add H₂O to balance O, and H⁺ to balance H
6. Add electrons to balance charges
7. Multiply half reactions to make the number of electrons equal in both
8. Add the half reactions, cancelling out like terms that appears on both sides
9. Final checking

Redox Reactions 45
1. Determine oxidation numbers

-6
x3

0 +5 -2 +1 +2 -2

Ag + NO ₃¯ → Ag⁺ + NO

Redox Reactions 46
2. Figure out what is being oxidized and reduced
3. Write half reactions
Silver is oxidized

0 +5 -2 +1 +2 -2

Ag + NO ₃¯ → Ag⁺ + NO
Nitrogen is reduced

• Oxidation: Ag → Ag⁺
• Reduction: NO₃¯ → NO

Redox Reactions 47
4. Balance atoms other than O and H
5. Add H₂O to balance O, and H⁺ to balance H

Oxidation

Ag → Ag⁺
Ag = 1 Ag = 1

Redox Reactions 48
4. Balance atoms other than O and H
5. Add H₂O to balance O, and H⁺ to balance H

Reduction

4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → NO + 2H₂O

N=1 N=1
O=3 O=3
H=4 H=4

Redox Reactions 49
6. Add electrons to balance charges

Oxidation

Ag → Ag⁺ + e¯

0 electrons 0 electrons

Redox Reactions 50
6. Add electrons to balance charges

Reduction
+4 +6 -2

3e¯ + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → NO + 2H₂O

0 electrons 0 electrons

Redox Reactions 51
7. Multiply half reactions to make the number of
electrons equal in both

Reduction

3e¯ + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → NO + 2H₂O

Redox Reactions 52
7. Multiply half reactions to make the number of
electrons equal in both

Oxidation

3( Ag → Ag⁺ + e¯ )

3Ag → 3Ag⁺ + 3e¯

Redox Reactions 53
 8. Add the half reactions, cancelling out like
terms that appears on both sides

Oxidation

3Ag → 3Ag⁺ + 3e¯

Reduction

3e¯ + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → NO + 2H₂O

Redox Reactions 54
 8. Add the half reactions, cancelling out like
terms that appears on both sides

3Ag + 3e¯ + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → 3Ag⁺ + 3e¯ NO + 2H₂O

3Ag + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → 3Ag⁺ + NO + 2H₂O

Redox Reactions 55
 9. Final Checking

3Ag + 4H⁺ + NO₃¯ → 3Ag⁺ + NO + 2H₂O

Ag = 3 Ag = 3
H=4 H=4
N=1 N=1
O=3 O=3
+4 – 1 = +3 +3

Redox Reactions 56
 Answers in
Exercises your notebook
only.

57
9/4/20XX Presentation Title 59
9/4/20XX Presentation Title 60
9/4/20XX Presentation Title 61
9/4/20XX Presentation Title 62