Oxidation-Reduction

Reactions
(REDOX)
Repoter: Chrislyn Samaco
Objectives:

 Define Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

 Discuss the Oxidation-Reduction Agents

 Learn on how to Balance the Acidic and

Basic solutions
What is redox reaction?
 Redox reaction
- Include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state
changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between
species.

The term “redox” comes from two concepts involved with electron transfer:
reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:

• Oxidation
-is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule,
atom, or ion.

• Reduction
-is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule,
atom, or ion.

A mnemonic for differentiating the reactions is “OIL RIG”: Oxidation is Loss,

Reduction is Gain (of electrons) or “LEO the lion says GER”: Loss Electrons:
Oxidation, Gain Electrons: Reduction.
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions (REDOX)

Originally oxidation was assigned to the combination of an element with oxygen

to give an oxide and reduction was the reverse.

Today, a much broader definition is given:

Loss of electron (s) for oxidation Na Na+ + e-

Gain of electron (s) for reduction Cl + e-  Cl-
Thus redox reactions are electron transfer reactions. Na + Cl NaCl

In more complex reactions a book keeping system, oxidation numbers, is used

to keep track of electron transfers.

A redox reaction is therefore a reaction in which changes in oxidation

numbers occur.
 Oxidation Numbers
Rules for assigning oxidation numbers:
1. An atom in its elemental state, 0
2. An atom in a simple monoatomic ion, charge on the ion.
3. The sum of all the oxidation numbers in a molecule or a
polyatomic ion, charge on the particle.
4. In its compounds F, -1.
5. In its compounds H, +1.
6. In its compounds O, -2.

In cases of conflicting rules, apply the rule with the lower number first.

Try these:

NH4Cl, KMnO4, Na2S2O3

 OXIDATION AND REDUCING
AGENT
 An oxidizing agent ( also called an oxidant or oxidizer) is a chemical compound that
readily transfers oxygen atoms or a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical
reaction.

 An oxidizing agent oxidizes other substances and gains electrons; therefore, its
oxidation state will decrease.

 An reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a

compound in a redox reaction that reduces another species. In doing so, it becomes
oxidized, and is therefore, a electron donor in redox reaction.

 A reducing agent reduces other substances and loss electrons; therefore, its
oxidation state will increase.
 Redox Reactions
Oxidation-increase in oxidation number Reduction-decrease in oxidation
number
-An oxidizing agent makes oxidation -An reducing agent makes reduction
happen happen

The thing that is oxidized is the reducing agent.

The thing that is reduced is the oxidizing agent.

-A loss electrons Electrons

-A is oxidized
-A gives electrons to
B, reducing it.
-A is the reducing
agent
•
-B gains electrons
A B -B is reduced
-B takes electrons from
A, oxidizing it
-B is the oxidizing agent
example.: rusting of iron.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

Identify substance that is oxidized, then identify substance that is reduced.

Identify oxidizing and reducing agents.

Oxidation- 4Fe(s) Oxidizing agents- 3O2(g)

Reduction- 3O2(g) Reducing agents- 4Fe(s)
Balancing redox reactions
Using the half-reaction method
In acidic solutions
•Assign oxidation states and determine oxidized and reduced species.
•Divide chemical equation into two half-reactions.
•Balance atoms (excluding H and O).
•Balance O (by adding H2O).
•Balance H (by adding H+).
•Balance charge (by adding electrons).
•Make electron gain equivalent to electron loss, then add the half-reactions.
•Add the two reactions into one
•Cancel similar species on both sides of the chemical equation.
•Check your work
Examples in acidic solution

1. Cr2O72- + Fe2+ Cr3+ + Fe3+

2. MnO−4+I−⟶I2+Mn2+
3. ClO3¯ + SO2 - SO42¯ + Cl¯
4. H2S + NO3¯ - S8 + NO
5. O3 + Cl¯ - H2O + ClO3¯
6. H3AsO3 + I2 - H3AsO4 + I¯
 Balancing redox reactions
Using the half-reaction method

In basic solutions
•Follow the same initial steps (acidic solution) ,
•For each H+, add one OH- to both sides
•Combine H+ and OH- ton make H2O
•Subtract H2O from both sides if possible
•Do a final check to make sure everything balances
Examples in basic solutions

1. SO32- + MnO4-  SO42- + MnO2

2. NH3 + ClO¯ - N2H4 + Cl¯
3. Br¯ + MnO4¯ - MnO2 + BrO3¯
4. AlH4¯ + H2CO - Al3+ + CH3OH
5. MnO4¯ + C2O42¯ - MnO2 + CO32¯
6. Bi3+ + MnO4¯ - MnO2 + BiO3¯
THANK YOU!!!!!