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1.5% Module 4-ECE 14-Feedback and Control System.docx

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Module 4: Feedback and Control System (ECE 14)

Introduction: To understand the behavior of the system response and complexity of the system

itself, a mathematical tools and analysis must be done. Each component of the control system

block diagram has its own equivalent mathematical model, differential equation and Laplace

transform. Linearization of the system must also be considered for easy analysis of complex

system. This module will help the students in the understanding the mathematical model of the

system.

Learning Outcomes and Learning Activities:

At the end of this topic, the students will be able to:

1. Simulate a control system model.

2. Calculate the transfer function of the given control system model.

The students are expected to perform the following learning activities.

1. Watch recorded lecture videos.

2. Attend online discussion.

3. Solving calculation problems.

4. Browse topic module.

Discussion:

Mathematical model of the system

The control system is naturally complex in nature, in order to understand the system it is a must

to get first the quantitative model of the system. To obtain the mathematical model, it is

necessary to analyse the system variables. Next step is to get the equivalent differential

equation of the system. From this, linearized the system and obtain the Laplace transformation.

Below is the sequence approach to obtain the model of a dynamic system.

The approach to dynamic system modelling can be listed as follows:

1. Define the system and its components.

2. Formulate the mathematical model and fundamental necessary assumptions based on basic
principles.

3. Obtain the differential equations representing the mathematical model.

4. Solve the equations for the desired output variables.

5. Examine the solutions and the assumptions.

6. If necessary, re-analyse or redesign the system.

Differential Equation of a system. Consider series RLC circuit below:

By KCL

Integro Differential
-
Calculus

System variables

Through — Variables it is measured when the system is in series with the elements.

Across — Variables it is measured when the system is in parallel with the elements.

Analogous variables

Analogous variable is an important concept in the analysis of the system. Every engineering

field has different parameters or variables affecting the system. Parameters like voltage,

current, circuit resistance has analogous variable in the field of mechanical, fluid and thermal.

Therefore what one learns about the analysis and design of electrical systems is immediately
extended to an understanding of fluid, thermal, and mechanical systems. Below is the summary

of across and through variables in different fields.

Voltage Force Potential

=
=

Difference
 Approximation of Linear System

A linear system satisfies both properties of superposition and homogeneity.

Under the property of superposition, given an A as input and B as output. If A1 produced and

output of B1 and A2 produced a response of B2 then A1 + A2 will results to B1+ B2.

Principle of homogeneity will satisfied when: let say input A produced output B. If you multiply

A to a factor of 5 then the output will be multiple to a factor of 5 too. In symbol, 5A = 5B.

The transfer function of a linear system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the

output variable to the Laplace transform of the input variable, with all initial conditions

assumed to be zero.

Example:

Given a differential equation of the system, the transfer function will be:

Ms2 Y(s) + bsY(s) + kY(s) = R(s).

Then the transfer function is G(s) =Y(s)/R(s) = 1/ ( Ms2 +bs + k)

S
Ms2y(s) bsY(s) + ky(s) R(s)
+ =

I7
G(s)
Y(s)
>

R(S)

↑(s) [Ms2 +bs k] R(s)

+

=
T(x) G(s)
=

Is) y(s)

I bs k
Ms2 +
=
+

E
I
=

Ms2+bstk
-
Summary, Life application and Biblical implication:

Every control system components has equivalent mathematical model and equivalent Laplace

transform. System variables include through variable, across variable and analogous variable.

Understanding system variable and its analogous variables enable a control system designer to

understand operation and principles of one discipline to another. It is important that the

system be linearized.

Life application and thoughts to fonder: In order to easily analyse the system it is better to

linearized it or expressed into simplified form. In life, being simple is less complicated much

better to a complex one.

References:

[1]
The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing 2nd ed. Steven W. Smith

Control Engineering, Advanced Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing, László Keviczky et al.

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 3rd ed. C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku

Images credit to the following online references:

1. https://www.careerride.com/mchoice/effect-of-output-on-process-in-open-loop-system-

10570.aspx

2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_quick_guide.htm

3. https://instrumentationtools.com/types-of-control-systems/

4. https://aadybot.wordpress.com/2012/06/07/chapter-1/

5. https://www.slideshare.net/NaqqashSajid/control-system-lectures-1