Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation

IAG Commission 2: Gravity Field, Chania,

Crete, Greece ,23-27 June 2008

Edited by

Stelios P. Mertikas

Uspringer
 Contents

30 ACE2z The New Global Digital Elevation Model 231

P.A.M. Berry, R.G. Smith, and J. Benveniste
31 Ocean Dynamic Topography from GPS - Galathea-3
First Results 239
O.B. Andersen, A.V. Olesen, R. Forsberg, G. Strykowski,
K.S. Cordua, and X. Zhang

32 Filtering of Altimetric Sea Surface Heights with a Global Approach 247

A. Albertella, X. Wang, and R. Rummel
33 Coastal Sea Surface Heights from Improved Altimeter Data
in the Mediterranean Sea 253
L. Fenoglio-Marc, M. Fehlau, L. Ferri, M. Becker, Y. Gao,
and S. Mgnudelli

34 On Estirnating the Dynamic Ocean Topography -

A Profile Approach 263
W. Bosch and R. Savcenko

Part IV Geoid Modeling and Vertical Datums 271

35 Evaluation of the Topographic Effect using the Various

Gravity Reduction Methods for Precise Geoid Model in Korea . 273
S.B. Lee and D.H. Lee

36 Analysis of Recent Global Geopotential Models

Over the Croatian Territory 283
M. Liker, M. Ludii, B. Bari5ii, M. Repani6, I. Grgi6,
and T. Ba5ii

37 On the Merging of Heterogeneous Height Data from SRTM,

ICESat and Survey Control Monuments for Establishing
Vertical Control in Greece: An Initial Assessment
and Validation 289
D. Delikaraoglou and I. Mintourakis

38 Implementing a Dynamic Geoid as a Yertical Datum

for Orthometric Heights in Canada 295
E. Rangelova, G. Fotopoulos, and M.G. Sideris

39 Evaluation of the Quasigeoid Models EGG97 and EGG07

with GPSflevelling Data for the Territory of Bulgaria 303
E. Peneva and I. Georgiev

40 Combination Schemes for Local Orthometric Height

Determination from GPS Measurements and Gravity Data . 309
A. Fotiou, V.N. Grigoriadis, C. Pikridas, D. Rossikopoulos,
I.N. Tziavos, and G.S. Vergos
4l EUVN_DA: Realization of the European Continental
GPSfleveling Network 315
A. Kenyeres, M. Sacher, J. Ihde, H. Denker, and U. Marti
 Chapter 39

Evaluation of the Quasigeoid Models EGGIT and EGG0T

with GPS/levelling Data for the Territory ol Bulgaria

I. Peneva and l. Georgiev

{bstract The paper discusses the comparison ofthe
--resigeoid models ECG97 and EGG07 for rhe rerri-
:,n of Bulgaria with GPS/levelling data. The models
-.ie been compared with precise GpS and levelling
-r..asurements from National Geodetic
Network with
-"sular distribution of stations. Height anomaly
differ-
: r.--es between the models and GPS/levelling are in the
-.nee of 0.693 m for EGG97 and 0.666 m for EGG07.
-ie comparison is made with CMpGS program, devel-
r,cd by H. Denker. A bias as well as bias plus tilt fit
,:e done. The rms of the unit weight after the fitting
. - 0.094 m.
39.1 lntroduction
l:e European gravimetric quasigeoid model EGG97
".i computed in 1991 at the Institut fiir Erdmessung
-f ), University of Hannover, Germany, operating as
-.: computing centre of the International Association
: Geodesy (IAG) Subcommission for the Geoid in
:-rope (Denker and Torge, 1997).
EGG97 is based on
-"; EGM96 geopotential model and gravity and terrain
-.-',,Jels. For western Europe gravity and terrain data
o ith good coverage was used which
made possible the
-:.llization of high-resolution undulations (1.0,
x 1.5,
ldt. In the easrern part (25 N-77 N and 35 W-67 E)
'-.e quasigeoid undulations
are with lower resolution
x 15'.
:. Peneva (X)
:.iculty of Geodesy,
Department of Geodesy, University of
1-r--hitecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Sofia, Bulgaria
:':lril: penevae_tgs@uacg.bg
New improved global geopotential models became
available based on the CHAMP and GRACE mis-
sions (Denker, 2005b). New national digital terrain
data sets or improved old data, became available
(Denker, 2005a). Improved techniques for process-
ing of data and of geoid undulations were imple-
mented too, these improvement lead to initiation of
the European Gravity and Geoid Project (EGGp) in
the IAG Commission 2. The project was planned
fbr the period of 4 years - fiom 2003 to 2007
(Denker et al., 2005). The final product of the
EGGP project is the new European quasigeoid model
EGGO7.
In EGG07 there was practically no gravimetric
and GPS/levelling data fbr Bulgaria (Denker et al.,
2008). In 2007 year in Bulgaria was starred a project
at the National Geodetic, Cartography and Cadastre
Agency (NGCCA), ro collecr and analyze all avail-
able gravimetric data, which were provided for the
EGGP pro.ject. The new National GpS network of
Bulgaria enabled us to obtain a ser of high preci-
sion GPS/levelling data, which was used to evaluate
the EGG07 and EGG97 quasigeoid models for the
teritory of Bulgaria.
39.2 GPs/Levelling Data
The National GPS Network of Bulgaria was cre-
ated in order to serve the renovation of the
National Geodetic Network and is tied to the
European Reference System. The National GpS
Network includes t12 lst order and 353 2nd order
points.

? llertikas (ed.), Gravity, Geoid and Earth Ob.servation,lnternational Association of Geodesy Symposia 135, 303
,JI 10.1007/978-3-642-10634-'7_39, O Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
304 E. Peneva and l. Georgiev

.- i^ 1i^i{;
r. ^ i
\
^a a rA r
i1^^ ^^ ^^-^ ^^^.1{
l^^1;i^.r{']l{ ^^1^iH-^, ^'al

i..^^:^ fi]i^^^r^^^ ^^tl^^^^^^^

^^;^
j
'^ | i^^^1, 1^^^^^^ I
^
r^l^^i ^A ^^^ ^ ^A^ ^
^.1 ^^ ^1^^
^^1f
^-i ^^^^+^
^^^^""t^^:tta^ij}-\
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ZZ-

Fig.39.1 GPSflevellingpoints

The lst order National GPS Network has mrnr- EGG07 models. The GPSilevelling points are shown
mum distance of 30 kilometers between the points. It in Fig. 39.1. The points are covering almost evenly
is created for realizing and maintaining the European the country with exception of the highest mountain
Tertestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89) on the areas.
territory of the country using the GPS technology.
Besides practical activities, the 1st order network is
also intended for research activities in the field of
39.3 Comparisons
geodesy and Earth sciences -as monitoring tectonic
motions.
The measurements of the 1st order points of the For the comparison of the height anomalies we use

National CPS Network were perfbrmed in 2004 by
the Milrtary Geographic Service of the Bulgarian
Army. The analysis of the measurements and obtain-
ing the final coordinates were done at the Central
Laboratory of Geodesy of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences (CLG-BAS) in 200512006 (Georgiev et al.,
2005,2001). The accuracy of the obtained coordi-
nates is within 5 mm and exceeds significantly the
requirements, set by the technical task. We could
state that the accuracy of the ellipsoidal heights is
within l0 mm.
At 328 points of the National GPS Network precise
levelling was perfbrmed by the Military Geographic
Service to obtain normal heights. Normal heights are
in Baltic system with accuracy within 5 mm. These
points are used fbr the evaluation of EGG97 and
the CMPGPS program developed by Denker (1998).
This program compares a set of interpolated quasi-
geoid undulations, from EGG?T and EGG07, with
GPS/levelling data. A bias, as well as a bias plus tilt
are estimated. The bias plus tilt fit is based on three
datum shift parameters. Considering the accuracy of
GPS heights and normal heights we came to the con-
clusion that the accuracy of GPSilevelling should be
approximately *0.01 5 m.
39.3.1 The Comparison Stotistics
The final results are given in Table 39.I for EGG97 and
in Table 39.2for EGG07.
39 Evaluation of the Quasigeoid Models EGG97 and EGG07 305

Table 39.1 Statistics of differences between GPS/levelling and Table 39.2 Statistics of differences between GPS/Ievelling and
EGC97, [ml EGG07, [m]
(cps - (cps (cps (cps - (cps (cps -
(eccqr after bias lil after bias +tilt lEccor (sccor (ecco;
No. of pts 328 328 328 atier bias lit after hias +tilt
RMS +0.279 + 0.1 14 + 0.1l2 No. of pts 328 328 328
Min. - 0.122 - 0.371 - 0.38-s RMS *0.287 + 0.105 + 0.093

- 0.073
Max. + 0.-571 + 0.316 + 0.292 Min. - 0.3-39 0.3 l7
Adjusted Max. + 0.593 + 0.327 + 0.261
bias + 0.2-55 +0.006 Adjusted
Std. dev. bias + 0.266 +0.006
of weight Std. dev. of
unit + 0.1l3 weight unil * 0.094

the lack of gravimetric data in Bulgarian both models

Considering the number of points and standard
deviation of unit weight in comparison of EGG97 and
EGG07, we could state that the results are satisfy-
ing. Apparently fiom the statistics in Thbles 39.I and
39.2 the two models EGG97 and EGG07 are nearly
at the same accuracy. The differences are mapped on
Fig. 39.2 for EGG97 and Fig. 39.3 fbr EGG07. Both
models are showing the same behaviour. This is due to
(Fig. 39.a).
In order to improve the quasigeoid model accuracy
of Bulgaria more than 400 gravity points fiom the
base gravity network of Bulgaria are handed over for
the EGGP project. These data should be taken into
account in the next realization of EGG model. The
GPS/levelling data used here will be also delivered to
EGGP pro.ject too.

Fi9.39.2 Differences
betweeen GPS/lev. pts and
EGG97, [m]
 E. Peneva and l. Georgiev

.,4,
Fi9.39.3 Differences
betweeen CPS/lev. pts and
EGG07, Im]

Fig.39.4 Model EGG07 fot

Bulgaria, [m]

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank for sup- References

plying with GPS/levelling data to the Bulgarian Military
Ceographic Service, for supplying gravity data to the National
Geodetic, Cartographic and Cadastre Agency, and Heiner
Denker fbr his assistance with software. data and recommenda-
tions.
Denker, H. (1998). Evaluation and improvement of the EGC:-
quasigeoid model for Europe by GPS and levelling ;-;
In: Reports of the Finish Geodetic Institutre, 98:4. Nla..i
pp. 53-6 I .
39 Evaluation of the euasigeoid Models EGG97 and EGG07
307

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