Applications of Op-Amp 763

15.2.8 Adder-Subtractor
The output in Example 15.8 is the output of an adder and a subtractor and to derive the desired
output three op-amps are used. Instead, a single op-amp can be used to perform addition and
subtraction. A single op-amp adder–subtractor is shown in Figure 15.21.

RF

R1
V1 −
R2
V2 +
Vo
V3 + −
R3
V4 R5
R4

Figure 15.21 A single op-amp adder–subtractor

(i) To get the output Vo1 due to V1 and V2, set V3 = V4 = 0. The resultant circuit is shown in
Figure 15.22, which incidentally is an inverting summing amplifier.

RF

R1
V1 −
R2
V2
+
Vo1
+ −

R3 R4 R5

Figure 15.22 Inverting summing amplifier

From Figure 15.22,

R R 
Vo1 = −  F V1 + F V2  (15.22)
 R1 R2 

(ii) To get the output Vo2 due to V3 and V4, set V1 = V2 = 0. The resultant circuit is shown in
Figure 15.23, which is a non-inverting summing amplifier.
 764 Electronic Devices and Circuits

RF

R1
−
R2

VA +
Vo2
+ −
R3
V3 R5
R4
V4

Figure 15.23 Non-inverting summing amplifier

From Figure 15.23,

R4 R5 R3 R5
VA = V3 + V4 (15.23)
R3 + R4 R5 R4 + R3 R5

 RF 
Vo 2 = VA 1 +  (15.24)
 R1 R2 

 R4 R5 R3 R5   RF   RF RF 
Vo = Vo 2 + Vo1 = V3 + V4   1+  −  R V1 + R V2  (15.25)
 R3 + R4 R5 R4 + R3 R5  R1 R2 1 2

Example 15.9 For the circuit in Figure 15.21, R1 = R2 = 10 kΩ, R5 = 50 kΩ, R3 = 10 kΩ, R4 = 20 kΩ,
RF = 50 kΩ , V3 = 4 V, V4 = 3 V, V1 = 3 V and V2 = 2 V. Calculate Vo .

Solution: From Eqn. (15.22),

R R   50 50 
Vo1 = −  F V1 + F V2  = −  × 3 + × 2 = −25 V
 R1 R2   10 10 

From Eqn. (15.23),

R4 R5 R3 R5
VA = V3 + V4
R3 + R4 R5 R4 + R3 R5

20 50 10 50
= 4× +3× = 2.35 + 0.88 = 3.23 V
10 + 20 50 20 + 10 50

 RF   50 
Vo 2 = VA 1 +  = 3.23 1 +  = 35.53 V
 R1 R2   10 10 

Vo = Vo 2 + Vo1 = 35.53 − 25 = 10.53 V

 Applications of Op-Amp 765

Design of Adder–Subtractor Using Single Op-Amp Consider the circuit in Figure 15.24. M1
and M2 are the gains associated with voltages connected to the inverting input terminals and M3
and M4 are the gains associated with voltages connected to the non-inverting input terminals.

RF

R1 = RF/M1
−
V1
R2 = RF/M2
V2 +
Vo
+ −
R3 = RF/M3
V3 R5 = RF/S
R4 = RF/M4
V4

Figure 15.24 Adder–subtractor

Sum of negative gains = M1 + M 2

Sum of positive gains = M3 + M 4
Let S = 1 + (sum of negative gains ) − (sum of positive gains )
= 1 + (M1 + M 2 ) − (M3 + M 4 )

RF R R R R
R1 = , R2 = F , R3 = F , R4 = F and R5 = F
M1 M2 M3 M4 S

Example 15.10 Design an adder–subtractor to get V0 = 2V1 − 3V2 + 4V3 − 5V4

Solution: Sum of negative gains = M 2 + M 4 = 3 + 5 = 8

Sum of positive gains = M1 + M3 = 2 + 4 = 6

S = 1 + (M 2 + M 4 ) − (M1 + M3 ) = 1 + 8 − 6 = 3

Choose RF = 120 kΩ

RF 120 R 120 R 120

R1 = = = 60 kΩ, R2 = F = = 40 kΩ, R3 = F = = 30 kΩ
M1 2 M2 3 M3 4

RF 120 R 120
R4 = = = 24 kΩ , R5 = F = = 40 kΩ
M4 5 S 3
The designed circuit is shown in Figure 15.25.
 766 Electronic Devices and Circuits

RF = 120

R2 = 40
−
V2
R4 = 24
V4 +
Vo = 2V1 − 3V2 + 4V3 − 5V4
+ −
R1 = 60
V1 R5 = 40
R3 = 30
V3

Figure 15.25 Designed circuit of Example 15.10

Example 15.11 Design an adder–subtractor to get Vo = 2V1 − 3V2 + 4V3 − 2V4

Solution: Sum of negative gains = M 2 + M 4 = 3 + 2 = 5

Sum of positive gains = M1 + M3 = 2 + 4 = 6

S = 1 + (M 2 + M 4 ) − (M1 + M3 ) = 1 + 5 − 6 = 0
Choose RF = 120 kΩ
RF 120 R 120 R 120
R1 = = = 60 kΩ, R2 = F = = 40 kΩ, R3 = F = = 30 kΩ
M1 2 M2 3 M3 4
RF 120 R 120
R4 = = = 60 kΩ, R5 = F = =∞ .
M4 2 S 0
That is, R5 is open.

Example 15.12 Design an adder–subtractor to get Vo = 2V1 − 3V2 + 3V3 .

Solution: S = 1 + (M 2 ) − (M1 + M3 ) = 1 + 3 − 5 = −1
S is negative means R5 is negative, which is not valid. To overcome this problem, 0 V is given
as input to the inverting terminal through a resistance RN to give a gain 2. With an additional
negative gain 2.
S = 1 + (M 2 + 2 ) − (M1 + M3 ) = 1 + 5 − 5 = 1

Choose RF = 120 kΩ

RF 120 R 120 R 120

R1 = = = 60 kΩ, R2 = F = = 40 kΩ, R3 = F = = 40 kΩ
M1 2 M2 3 M 3 3

RF 120 R 120
RN = = = 60 kΩ, R5 = F = = 120 kΩ
2 2 S 1
The designed circuit is shown in Fig 15.26.
 Applications of Op-Amp 767

RF = 120
R2 = 40
V2

RN = 60
+
Vo = 2V1 − 3V2 + 3V3
+ −
R1 = 60
V1 R5 = 120

V3
R3 = 40

Figure 15.26 Designed circuit of Example 15.12

15.2.9 Integrator
An integrator is a circuit that gives an output that is proportional to the integral of the input
signal. A simple RC integrator is shown in Figure 15.27. However, since passive components are
used the output gets attenuated. Further, in a good integrator, the time constant RC must be much
larger than the time period of the input signal. At low frequencies, therefore, it becomes necessary
to use a large C. An integrator using op-amp is shown in Figure 15.27.

R
+
+
C Vo
Vi
− −

Figure 15.27 RC integrator

I I
VA
−
+ R A
Vi
CMi +
Vo
VB + −
B
−

Figure 15.28 Basic integrator using op-amp

From Figure 15.28, since a virtual ground exists at the input, VA = VB = 0.

Therefore,
Vi − VA Vi (15.26)
I= =
R R