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6 (a) Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be aided by the use of different techniques.

Draw a line from each technique to the correct description.

Technique Description

A structure used to model relationships between

objects.

Artificial Neural Network

A computer system modelled on a brain.

A* Algorithm
A computer program that improves its performance
at certain tasks with experience.
Graph

An abstract data type with a hierarchical structure.

Machine Learning

A computer method used to find the optimal path

between two mapped locations.

[4]

(b) Describe two categories of machine learning.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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[4]

© UCLES 2018 9618/03/SP/21

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(b) Explain the problem that occurred in part (a) when representing the number in system 2.

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2 (a) Draw one line from each machine learning category to its most appropriate description.

Machine learning category Description

simulates the data-processing

capabilities of the human brain to
make decisions
Supervised
learning
enables learning by mapping an input
to an output based on example input–
output pairs
Reinforcement
learning
enables information related to errors
produced by the neural network to be
transmitted
Deep
learning
enables learning in an interactive
environment by trial and error using
its own experiences
Unsupervised
learning
enables learning by allowing the
process to discover patterns on its
own that were previously undetected
[4]

(b) Describe the purpose of both the A* algorithm and Dijkstra’s algorithm.

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© UCLES 2023 9618/33/M/J/23 [Turn over

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(b) Calculate the path that takes the shortest time to travel from the Begin node to the End node,
using the A* algorithm.
Show your working in the table provided.

The first two rows have already been completed.

12

g=5 Begin
h=8 4 11
A 5
D
6 7
7 C
6 B
8 6
2
8 7
E

5
7 G
End

7 1
4

1 F

Cost from
Destination Heuristic Total
Start node start node
node (h) (f = g + h)
(g)
Begin Begin 0 12 12

Begin A 5 8 13

Final path
[5]
© UCLES 2023 9618/32/M/J/23
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(b) Explain the problem that occurred in part (a) when representing the number in system 2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

2 (a) Draw one line from each machine learning category to its most appropriate description.

Machine learning category Description

simulates the data-processing

capabilities of the human brain to
make decisions
Supervised
learning
enables learning by mapping an input
to an output based on example input–
output pairs
Reinforcement
learning
enables information related to errors
produced by the neural network to be
transmitted
Deep
learning
enables learning in an interactive
environment by trial and error using
its own experiences
Unsupervised
learning
enables learning by allowing the
process to discover patterns on its
own that were previously undetected
[4]

(b) Describe the purpose of both the A* algorithm and Dijkstra’s algorithm.

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2023 9618/31/M/J/23 [Turn over

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9 (a) The diagram shown represents an artificial neural network.

Output
Layer
Input
Layer
Hidden Hidden
Layer 1 Hidden Layer 3
Layer 2

(i) State the reason for having multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network.

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(ii) Explain how artificial neural networks enable machine learning.

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© UCLES 2021 9618/32/O/N/21 [Turn over

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(b) Find the shortest path between the Home and School nodes using the A* algorithm.
Show your working in the table provided.

The first two rows in the table have been completed.

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h = 10 Home 9
g=1 4
A 5 C
3
7
B 6
2
6
D 6
3
7
F
1
2
3
E
3 5
School

Node Cost from Home node (g) Heuristic (h) Total (f = g + h)

Home 0 14 14

A 1 10 11

Final path
[5]

© UCLES 2021 9618/32/O/N/21