Page 1 Ex. Sol. Ex. Sol: LOGARITHMS Logarithm : Ifa is a positive real number, other than I and a™ = x, then we write : m= log, x and we say that the value of log x to the base a is m. Examp (@ 10° = 1000 = tog,, 1000 = 3 (i) #=81 > log, 81=4 @ =! = logs} ==3 @ (1? = 0.1 log.) 0.1 =2 @ EXAMPLES @ 1: Evalute (i) log327 (ii) ve{ 35] (ili) log yy @ Let log,27=n Then, 3" = 27 orn=3 logy 27 = 3 1 ( Let woe 55) =" Then, 7° = 1 en, P= Gi) Let logigy (0.01) =n Then, (100)" = 0.01 = we (100)? orn=-1 °. 1ogyqp (0.01) = -1 2: Evalute (i) log, 1 =0 (ii) logs, 34 (iii) 36"8,4 @ We know that log, 1 = 0, so log; 1= 0 (i) We know that log, a = 1, so log,, 34 =0 (ii) We know that 3 Now, ghee = 2st 62 lady ghee «ghee 1g Ex3 : If lorex=34, find the value of x Sol. 10 103 wax x0)Page 2 Ex4 Sol. Evaluate (@ log} = logy25 (ii) log927 - logy,9 Hog, logs © logs3 * logsy25 = IGes* iog37 Jog3 logis? = Toe3 “Toe (i) Let log.27 =n Exs Sol. Ex.6 Sol. Again, let loga9 =m Then, 27" = 9. > 3" = 3? 3m =2em-2 singh. (be? sad +e) i 95 (5 \ tee og72—log{ =) + tog 22 nas 16 ) " 75 sig tog 75 20g 5 +108 Bye BGT 5 = log 75— log 25 + log = Ie Br 243 75, 22 81 : Find the value of x which satisfies the relation logy) 3 + logyg (4x + 1) = logy (x + 1) +1 logiy 3 + logig (4x + 1) = logy (x +1) +1 © logy 3 + logiy 4x + 1) = logig (x + 1) + logyg 10 > login {3 (4x + 1) = logyy [10 (x + 1)] 3 (4x +1) = 101) © 12x+3= 10x + 10 OwtT SO x= ©. logy27 — logy: 9 = (n-m) =Page 3 Ex Sol. Given expression 108 gy, (XY) + 108 xy, (V2) + 108 yy, (2X) “log, x= Ba Toe a ~ LoB aye (RY * Ye * ZX) = OByre (XYZ) = 2 logy, (xyz) =2 x 1=2 Ex$ : If logy 2 =0.30103, find the value of log), 50. 109 Sol. logy, 50 = ion{ 2) = Jog,o100- logyy 2 = 2 - 030103 = 1.69397 Ex.9 : If log 2= 0.3010, and log 3 = 0.4771, find the values of: @log 25 i) log 4.5 Sol. (i) log 25 =t09(“S} log 100 — log 4 =2-2log2 = (2—2 x 0.3010) = 1398 (ii) log 4.5 = log 8) = log 9 - log 2 = 2 log 3 — log 2 = (2 « 0.4771 — 0.3010) = 0.6532 Ex.10: If log 2 = 0.30103, find the number of digits in 25¢ Sol. : log (25%) = 56 log 2 = (56 = 0.30103) = 16.85768 Its characteristic is 16. Hence, the number of digits in 2° is 17Page 4 EXERCISE QI The value of logs 16 is Wi B4 ©8 O16 Q2 The value of logy43 7 is At @3 ©-+ M3 Q3 The value of wes] is Os @3 OF @-+ Q4 The value of log y= 32 is: Ws Bs OW OF Q5 The value of logyo (.0001) is Wt @-} ©-4 Ma Q.6 The value of log, g)) (1000) is = 1 a3 3 w+ @+O2 M-3 Q.7 The logarithm of 0.0625 to the base 2 is: (A) @) 2 (C) 0.25 ()05 Q8 If log, x =~ 2, then x is equal to: 1 (9 B)-6 © 8 MF a9 IF tog, x=2, then the value of xis “2 @F ©3 OA Q40 If we,(2) =-Z, then x is equal to 3 mp2 256 O38; 03 OF QU If log, 4 = 4.0 then the value of x is: AT @B4 © 16 (32Page 5 Qin Qu3 Qu4 Qs 0.16 Qu7 Qus Qu9 Q.20 Q2i Qn 0.23 If 108,909 ., then x is equal to: 1 1 Oi ®) ip 1 1 © Too ©) Fo000 IF tog, 4= 4, then x is equal to (A) 16 (B) 64 (©) 128 (D) 256 If tog, (0.1) --t, then the value of x is: (A) 10 (B) 100 1 (©) 1000 ©) wo00 If tog;. x=08, then x is equal to: (A) 25.6(B) 16 (C) 10 (D) 12.8 If toz, y=100 and logs x = 10, then the value of y is: (a) 210 (B) 21° (C) 2100 (D) 210000 The value of !og,-1,»)81 is equal to: (A) -27 @)4 4 (D) 27 ‘The value of log,y5(1728) is: (A)3 (B) 5 C6 9 log v8 Toss 8 equal to Lot 1 ORO OF oe Which of the following statements is not correct? (A) logig 10 =1 (B) log (2 + 3) = log (2 « 3) (C) logy) 1= 0 (D) log (1 + 2 + 3) = log I + log 2 + log 3 The value of log, (logs 625) is (A)2 (B)S (C10 (D) 1S If log, [log; (log, x)] = 1, then x is equal to: (A) 0 (B) 12° (C) 128 (D) 512 The value of log, logs log; log 27° is (AYO (Bl C2 (D)3Page 6 Q24 Q.25 Q.26 Q27 0.28 Q.29 Q.30 Q31 Q.32 Q33 Q34 Q.35 If aX = bY, then a_x loga _x Py 8) hogey toga _y ©) tosd <_ D) none of these log 360 is equal to: (A) 2 log 2 +3 log 3 (B) 3 log 2+2 log 3 (C) 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 - log 5 (D) 3 log 2+ 2 log 3 + log 5 The value of (Jie 125—2logy 4103432) is: 4 (0 BZ C1 ()2 2 Logig S + logig8- logi 4=? (A)2 (B)4 (C) 2 +2 logy, 2(D) 4-4 logyy2 Iflog, (ab) = x, then log, (ab) is: 1 x x x aA. sox, oy If log 2 = x, log 3 = y and log 7 = z, then the value of log (4/63) is: 201 Bd (A) x+Gy-g2 (B) WG yege © 2-242 @) want dy tte If logy x + logy x = 6, then x is equal to: A2 @B4 Ox CO)16 1 1 If logs x+logs ==, then the value of x is: 63a (A) 12 (B)16 (©) 18 (D) 24 If logy 125 + logy) 8 = x, then x is equal to: A+ (B).064()3 (D)3 The value of (logy 27 + logg 32) is: wi @z or o7 (log; 3) x (log; 625) equals: (A)l (B)2) (C)3 (D)4 (logs 5) (logs 9) (logs 2) is equal to:36 Q37 Q.39 Q.40 Qn Q.44 Q.45 Q.46 Page 7 Ml ®2 ©2 ws If log) 27 = a, then log, 16 is: 3-a 34a (A) Wray ®) WG-ay 4G+a) 4G~a) © ow ©) “Gray If logig 5 + logy (5x + 1) = logig (x + 5) + 1, then x is equal to: (A)T (B)3— (C)S_— (BD) 10 If log, (x2 + x) — log, (x + 1) = 2, then the value of x is (AS) (B10 (C25 (D) 32 a) ‘The value of (orp al is: 0 Bl ©s O50 The value of (log, 4) (log, 5) as 6) (logg 7) (log; 8) (logs 9) is: (A)2 (B)7_ (C)8 (BD) 33 The value of 16% is: W2 BS C6 @25 If log x + log y = log (x + y), then (A)x=y (B) xy=1 (©) y= x-1 + tons toa”. If tog +9g2 = log(2 +), then: (Ajatb=1 (Bya-b=1 (Cy)a=b (@)2-b=1 nfm te (A)0 (Bl ©2 habe (log, a * log, bx log, ¢) is equal to: (A)0 (©) abe (D)atb+e 1 1 1 [boar Tea is equal to: 3 (A)1 (BY > (Cy2 (D)3 ‘The value ofPage 8 foo a [Fogo Pen Token | (0 Bl ©2 (3 0.48 If logiy 7 =a, then vone( 5) is equal to: (Ay-( +a) (B) (1 +ayt oz ox Q.49 If a=b*, b=c¥ and c = 2%, then the value of xyz is equal to: (A)-1 (BO (C1 D)abe Q.50 If log 27 = 1.431, then the value of log 9 is: (A) 0.934 (B) 0.945 (C) 0.954 (D) 0.958Page 9 ANSWER KEY Z7]2]4]*]*]|7 [*#]o]m[ ul ela ul ele] 7 wi] 2 ate|lclcfolalolol/ol/olalo|cl{s{cls{cl[cls 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 Djatclolclalo|sljolalo{s/olalolel|clsla 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 DIATATBIATALTAICICPage 10 Sol. Sol.2 Sol.3 Sold Sol.5 Sol.6 HINTS & SOLUTION Let log, 16 Then, 2° = 1 >n=4 clogs 16 = 4 Let logy, 7 Then, (343° =7 opa7 a, em=lo weed oe Let loz ¢32=n, Then, on=10 clog 32=10 Let logy (0.0001) = n Then, 10° = .0001 © "=. 10000, 10" 2 10154 on=-4 :. logyo (.0001) = — Let log.) - (1000) = n Then (.01)" =(1000) 1 3 A) ag = (as) + © -In=3. n=8 thinklIT Sol.7 Let log, 0.0625 =n 625 Then, 2° = 0.0625 = shoqy on omar on——4 :. logs 0.0625 = 4 Sols Sol.9 Sol.10 x=(8) = 256 oN 9) Sol log.4 = 0.4 4.2 © bog, 4-4-2 beste igs orsad ex a4 52 = (22)82 Sol.12 = x = (10000) “4 x= (108! Sol.13 Page 11Page 12 Sol.14 g,(0. 1 3 ex-Be01 x= (25) 45 =24= 16 Sol.16 log, x = 10 = x = 2" log, y = 100.—> y= x!00= (210,100, y = 100 Sol.17 Let log, 1381=x. Then, (-4 11-3 2 X= 4 ie, log (4s) 81= 4 Sol.18 Let log, y5(1728)= x ‘Then, (2¥3)* ~1728 - (2) = (2V3)°P v3" = (v5y* X= 6 Le. log, g(1728)=6 v2 blogs log _loze) D Sol.19 4 Togs logS log 2 Sol.20 (a) Since log, a So logy) 10 (b) log (2+3 log (2 = 3) = log 6 = log? + log3 . log (2 +3) = log (2 = 3) (©) Since log,1= 0, so logy (@) log (1 +2 +3) = log = log 1 + log 2 + log 3 So, (b) is incorrect log (1 x 2 x 3) Sol.21 Let logs 625 = x . Then S* = 625 = Stor x=4 Let log, (logs 625) = y. Then, log,4 = y o W=4 or y =12 :. log, (log; 625) = 2 Sol.22 log, [log3(log x)] © log, (log, x) = 2 logy x=3=9 9Page 13 Sol.23 log, log, log, (log, 273) = log log, logs [loa\(3°)"] = = log, log, log; (9 log; 3) Jog, log, log; [log,(3)*] log; log, log; 9 log; 3= 1] log, log, (2 log, 3) logs log; [logs (3)?] = logy log, 2 = log, 1 = 0 Sol.24 aX = bY => log aX = log b loga_y > xloga=ylogh = Per=2 Sol.25 360 = (2 x 2 x 2)x Gx3)x 5 So, log 360 = log (23 x 32 x 5) = log 23 + log 3! + log 5 = 3 log 2 +2 log 3 + log 5 $01.26 $1049 125~2ogy 4049 32 = logo (125)! —logyo(4)? + logy 32 = top ig 5—logio 16+ logy 32 532 - logo 2222) =top10=1 SO1.27 2 log jg 5 + log yg 8 — Fe wd =logio(5")* logio 8 — log,¢(4!7) Jog1025+ logo 8—logn = ton Ss = logio 100 =2 $01.28 log, (ab) = x logb+loga __x ogb 2 log(ab) __ x ogb x1 © bog, lab) = xT Sol.29 log (4.63) = og(2?) + 1og¢7«3?)!? =log4-+l0g/63) =1og4-+log(65)” Vi sg 142 = 2og2+Liog7+ 2log3=2x+4242 Shh g hee ane xaPage 14 So130 log, x +log;x=6 logx , toe _ Tog * Tog? logs logx 2Hog? * Tog? 3 log x = 12 log2 log x = 4 log 2 log x = log (2*) = log 16 x= 16 g000 0 Sol.31 ways logs © bogx+log. > bgxt lost = log(s"!*) ~ log © logx=log2—log+ {2x4)=toe12 6 xe 12 Sol.32 logy, 125 + logy) 8 = x > logy (125 x 8) =x => x= logyg (1000) = logig(10)? = 3 logy 10 = 3 Sol.33 Let log.27=x Then, 2x ade> Then, 9x=272(3")* Let logs 32= 3 8 = 32. Oy = 2 @ 3y=Soy-F 3, 5)_19 +. logy 27 + logs 32 = [545] log3 , 10625) Sol.34 Given expression = (jes teas 10625 _log(S) logs _ Togs logs logs SoL35 Given expression = 22 «!82 1. tog, 5 = 1] Tog * log3 1 log” logPage 15 og $01.36 logy: 27= 4 => Tea" F los los los log tops), _, 3083 log3+2og2_ 1 lows, Boe? 1 osx?) Tog3+2log2 Blogs a Blog3” 3log3 a 2log?_1_1 (2) , 22, Boa Blogs a 3 jog3 | 2a logI6 __log2* topes = 12846 __loe2"_ eee og6 log(2x3) Sol.37 logy, 5 + logyy (Sx + 1) = logy (x +5) +1 => Logie 5 + login (Sx + 1)= logig (x +5) + log io 10 = logy [5(5x + 1)] = logis [10 (x + 5)] => 5 (5x +1) = 10 (x +5) = int let 10 =3 9 x33 s 2 4 ex 01.38 logs(x? + x) — logs (x + 1) =2 = logy} SE ]-2 > sss => bogsx=2>% Sol.39 Given expression = log¢q 3 + logsy 4 +ogen 5 logeg (3 * 4 = 5) = logy 60 =1 Sol.40 Given expression = (log logS, log6, log? log8 tog! {ings betes" fg“? “TsPage 16 Sol.41 We know that : a 2 16S 2 (20 2S — glut) _ lon2S _ 95 Sol.42 log x + log y =log (x + y) = log(x + y) = log (xy) > xtyaxy> yQ-Dex > ye SoL43. og 2 + 10g ~tog(a-+b) =a ery tefé 2) gt So,a+b=1 fa? wt Sol.44 Given expression = log B logl=0 (be toga, lord, nge Sol.45 Given expression = [Tom “Togs Be) $01.46 Given expression 1 1 1 Tog, be+log, a log, ca+log,b log, ab+log, € 1 1 1 “Tog; (abe) * Tog, (@b9) Tog. (abe) = lop sned+logan b+ loge € lose (abe) =1 Sol.47 Given expression (aah toz,(Be8a2) -toes1=0 arp $0148 loge{ 2) =p! =p (710) = “logy 7 +logy10)=~{a +1) Sol.49 a = b*, b =c¥, ¢ = a* => x=log, a, y = log. b, z= loge = xyz = (log, a)* (log, b )x (log,c) toga | log logb "loge oePage 17 SoL.50 log 27 = 1.431 = log(3) = 1.431= 3 log 3 = 1.431 = log 3 = 0.477 :. log 9 = log(3?) = 2 log3 = (2 0.477) = 0.954