EARLY DETECTION OF

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
USING DEEP LEARNING

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 ABSTRACT
Alzheimer disease is a neurological disorder. For the Alzheimer disease, there is no specific
treatment. Early detection of Alzheimer's disease can help patients receive the correct care. The
human-level performance of Deep Learning algorithms has been effectively shown in different
disciplines. Our project mainly contains two sections. Alzheimer Detection and Alzheimer
Classification. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images trained dataset which are collected
from Kaggle tool is used to identify the Alzheimer’s Disease Detection. Deep Learning
technique is used to classify the present disease such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
will be making judgements about the test data to see whether this person's brain image shows
Alzheimer signs. On the other hand, Alzheimer Classification will be done through training the
data with different severity for Alzheimer. Actually, this is how the original data is made, and
this model can be used as a detector as well. The classification of Alzheimer's disease using
deep learning methods and successful application in clinical settings requires a combination of
high accuracy. The models in our project are trained on the same dataset in order to analyze
their performances. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture gives the
highest accuracy. finally the expected output of this project is early detection of these disease
and its stages and accuracy, precision of the disease is calculated using confusion matrix.

Signature of HOD Signature of Guide

Dr. B. Rama Rao Dr. K.V.L. Bhavani

M. Tech, Ph.D., SIMEEE, MISTE, MIETE M. Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor & Head of the Department, Ass Professor &Ass HOD

HOD, Department of ECE, AITAM Department of ECE,AITAM

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CONTENTS:

• Introduction.

• Literature survey.

• Problem statement.

• Proposed solution.

• Summary.

• References.

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 INTRODUCTION:

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neuro degenerative disease. It is the major cause of dementia
which is a more general term that defines a group of symptoms that affect cognitive tasks, such
as memory, thinking, and behavior. In 2018, it was estimated that over 50 million people
worldwide were living with dementia and this number is expected to reach152 million by 2050.
The average life expectancy after Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis is 3-9 years, as currently, there
is no cure for it.

Generally, diagnosis of this disease requires a series of examinations: cognitive tests, blood
tests, behavior assessments, brain imaging, and medical history analysis. This increases the
diagnosis cost and time. As a result, a more efficient and cost-effective diagnostic system is
crucial. Deep learning helps to process and analyze various types of data, such as brain images,
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and clinical data, for early diagnosis and disease progression
monitoring. In order to detect Alzheimer’s Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm
has been used, that helps to extract meaningful features from brain images and then feed these
features to a classifier to distinguish between healthy individuals and those with Alzheimer's
disease with help of MRI. Here Data set is collected from Kaggle tool which contains both
training and testing data . our project mainly focuses on diagnosing and classifying Alzheimer’s
using an image dataset. Due to the minor symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease, there is still a need
to address the nominated research problems. Following are the key points of the project it gives
a solution for accurate, timely, early diagnosis. This project ignores the cause of the disease,
which is unknown except for a very small number of familial cases driven by the genetic
mutation. CNN architectures, were used to validate proposed techniques to classify normal or
abnormal (AD) images with four different stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY:

[1]” Automatic Assessment of Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis based on Deep Learning

Technique” by Alejandro Puente Castro, Alejandro Pazos, Cristian R. Munteanu,
Enrique Fernandez Blanco, published on 2020.The main objective of this project is to
develop a system that automatically detects the presence of the disease in magnetic resonance
images (MRI). Experiments were conducted using Transfer Learning (TL) techniques in order
to achieve more results. There are two main conclusions first, the damages related to
alzheimer’s and its stages can be distinguished in sagittal MRI and, second, the results obtained
using Deep Learning. Although sagittal-plane MRIs are not commonly used, this work proved
that they we at least, as effective as MRI for identifying Alzheimer’s in early stages. Finally,
one should bear in mind that in certain fields, obtaining the examples of data set can be very
expensive.

[2]” Different techniques for Alzheimer's disease classification using brain images a
study” by Ruhul Amin Hazarika, Ajith Abraham, Samarendra Nath Sur, Arnab Maji,
Debdatta Kandar published on 2021. In this paper, several research articles on Alzheimer’s
Disease classification are analyze along with detailed observations. We have summarized as
well as compared the research articles based on their classification performance. Although all
the reviewed articles have the potential to classify Alzheimer Disease, still there lies major
future challenges. Among all the reviewed papers, it is found that the recent deep neural
network-based classification techniques. can produce the most promising results with an
average performance rate of 93%.

[3] “Alzheimer Disease Detection Techniques and methods A Review” by Sitara Afzal,
Muazzam Maqsood, Umair Khan, Ifran Mehmood published on April 2021.Alzheimer's
disease related brain alterations can be measured via neuroimaging. Through categorization
frameworks that offer diagnostic and prognostic tools, these parameters have recently been
incorporated. This thorough analysis of published publications on Alzheimer ‘s Disease
focuses on computer-aided diagnosis. The review covers imaging techniques such positron
emission tomography (PET), amyloid-PET, diffusion tensor imaging, functional magnetic
resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. The results show that classification
methods based on characteristics have shown promise for identifying Alzheimer and
promoting therapeutic development.

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[4]” Automatic Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease using 3D Deep Ensemble
Approach” by A. Gamal, M. Elattar, S. Selim published on November 2022.The proposed
system of this paper is content-based image retrieval system that relies on 3D Capsules
Network, a 3D CNN, and a pre-trained 3D auto-encoder technology to detect disease at its
initial stages. They used Support Vector Machine algorithm with kernels that allowed for the
switching of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s. The highest accuracy achieved is
70.33% in distinguishing Alzheimer’s using a content-based image retrieval system that relied
on 3D Capsules Network. This paper also discusses several potential future directions for
Alzheimer’s detection using deep learning algorithms, including the use of multimodal data,
transfer learning, and the prediction of disease progression and treatment response.

[5]” Automated Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Using
Whole Brain MRI." by Fazal ur Rehman Faisal, Goo-Rak Kwon published on IEEE
Access vol 10. June 2022. The goal of this work is to develop a deep learning model that can
quickly diagnose Alzheimer's disease using neuroimaging. The main emphasis is on using
structural magnetic resonance imaging (SMRI) to identify relevant biomarkers for or
Alzheimer's disease and divide brain pictures into Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN) groups. Convolutional neural networks were
modified and trained utilising brain SMRI images from ADNI datasets that were accessible in
internet sources

[6]” DeepCurvMRI: Deep Convolutional Curvelet Transform-based MRI Approach for

Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease” by C.Chabib, L.J. Hadjileontiadis, A.A Shehhi
published on January 2023.The paper introduces a new approach for early detection of
Alzheimer's Disease using MRI images, called DeepCurvMRI. The model combines curvelet
transform and convolutional neural network to improve the accuracy of Disease diagnosis in
its early stages. The process involves MRI images, feature extraction using curvelet transform,
and classification using a Convolutional Neural Network. The highest accuracy achieved by
the DeepCurviMRI model is 98.62% ± 0.10% for multi- classification task and 98.71% ±
0.05% for binary classification task respectively. These results were obtained using the leave-
one-group-out (LOGO) cross-validation approach.

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[7]” Alzheimer's Disease Detection Using Machine Learning” by Prof. Minal Zope,
Peeyush Yadav, Vaishnavi Katkar, Ishika Mahajan, Akanksha shelke published on
August 2023. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder that impairs cognition and
causes brain. shrinkage, ultimately leading to the patient's death. Early intervention is crucial
to delay further degeneration, and machine learning techniques such as optimization and
probability models can aid in its diagnosis. As no single non-amyloid protein has been
demonstrated to be able to consistently diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease. a possible Machine
Learning strategy entails discovering combinations of non-amyloid proteins that can. Our
method employs Machine Learning techniques to differentiate between normal brain aging
and the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, we propose using a Support Vector Machine
Algorithm to detect Alzheimer’s Disease.

[8] "Detection of Alzheimer Disease on Online Handwriting Using 1D Convolutional

Neural Network," by Q. Dao, M. A. El-Yacoubi and A.S. Rigaud in IEEE Access, vol. 11,
published on 2023.The author proposes a new approach to detect and classify early-stage
Alzheimer's patients using loop patterns in online handwriting. To cope with the lack of
training data, the authors investigate several data augmentation techniques, including a variant
of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Doppel which is specifically tailored for time
series and is suitable for synthesizing realistic online handwriting sequences.The highest
accuracy achieved in the study is 89%. This was obtained by using data augmentation.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Alzheimer is known the most for the causes of dementia. It takes 2/3 of the whole dementia
population, while the cause is still incurable and 6th leading cause of death in US and
expected to become 4 times as of now by the end of 2050. It mainly contains 4 classes of
Alzheimer that depends on the severity of dementia. There are degrees of severity in
Alzheimer.

1. Very mild demented: This is the stage where patient starts to forget where they put their
stuff, other people's names recently, etc. It is hard to detect through cognitive ability test.

2. Mild demented: This is the stage where patients don't remember the words, can't find their
way to the destination, loss of focus and work-abilities. This is also the stage where patients
even forget that they are losing memory. From this stage, with cognitive testing, it can be
found.

3. Moderately demented: Starts to forget the recent activities, important old histories, have
hard time calculating the budget, hard to go outside alone, and loss of empathy.

There are 3 more stages in the moderately dementia, which in the terminal stage, the patient
can't move on their own, while they lose the ability to speak.

Knowing these stages are important because the faster the stage the patient is at, the treatment
will have higher effect in terms of slowing the process. If the dementia is found during the
moderately demented stage, it is known that the patient will pass away in 3 years.

Thus, goal of our project detection of Alzheimer dementia in the early stage can allow longer
life expactancy from the patient as well as higher life quality overall from the slowdown of
dementia. As Alzheimer can not only be found with cognitive ability testing, but also through
MRI or CT scan. Doctors find the patient with Alzheimer's or not.

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 PROPOSED SOLUTION:

The aim of our project is to early detection and classification of Alzheimer's disease by using
deep learning methods. This can facilitate early intervention, improve patient outcomes, and
contribute to ongoing research and understanding of the disease. we are using high-quality
brain images which will be used for accurate and efficient deep Learning models for early
detection of Alzheimer's disease. In order to detect AD accurately at early stages deep learning
algorthims can be used. In our project we are implementing convolutional neural network
which is pre dominantly popular and give more precise results. according to results because it
has ability to handle large unstructured data and extract important features automatically. We
have built a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) model that detects the classification of
disease into stages where early and mild symptomatic patients may have chances to get treated
and also it obtains superior performance for early stage diagnosis .

Actually, this is how the original data is made, and this model can be used as a detector as
well. As Deep Learning model will provide what stage the patient is, it may be used as a
supportive tool for doctors to diagnose Alzheimer's Disease. It brings some light in the practical
world as it may find early stages of AD, which can increase life expectancy as well as increased
life quality with supportive treatments. The dataset used in this project is the MRI dataset,
consisting of more than 5000 brain MRI images in format. These images have been classified
into four classes based on Alzheimer's disease progression. The dataset serves as a valuable
resource for analyzing and detecting early signs of Alzheimer's disease. patient classification
was conducted using the provided metadata and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) values,
resulting in four distinct classes:

mild demented moderate demented non demented very mild demented

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Methodology:
Module1:

• Collecting the data from Kaggale Tool and training using Deep Learning Algorithm.
Importing of data images from the drive and read the data.

Module 2:

• Extracting the dataset and applying resampling techniques

• Extracting the dataset for Train folder which classified into different Demented.
• Training dataset: the data used to fit the model.
• Validation dataset: the data used to validate the generalization ability of the model or
for early stopping, during the training process.
• Testing dataset: the data used to for other purposes other than training and validating.
• Apply Resampling Techniques: Resampling is a methodology of economically using a
data sample to improve the accuracy and quantify the uncertainty of a
population parameter.

Module 3:

• Built deep CNN based ResNet50, ResNet101, ResNet101V2, and ResNet50V2 models
for the classification of Alzheimer's Disease through MRI images to Multi- classes.
• Accuracy is the simple ratio between the number of correctly classified points to the
total number of points.
• Precision is the fraction of the correctly classified instances from the total classified
instances.
• Recall is the fraction of the correctly classified instances from the total classified
instances.
• F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Test Dataset

Input

Training prediction
Dataset CCNN

MRI Images Dataset

Mild demented
Moderate demented
Non demented

Validation dataset Very mild demented

output

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SUMMARY:

Alzheimer's disease detection using deep learning involves leveraging neural networks to
analyze various data types, such as brain imaging or clinical data. Deep learning models, like
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or recurrent neural networks (RNNs), can identify
patterns indicative of Alzheimer's. Training on labeled datasets helps these models learn
features that distinguish healthy and affected brains. It may enhance performance, and
advancements include multi-modal approaches combining different data sources. Continuous
research aims to improve accuracy and early detection, contributing to potential breakthroughs
in Alzheimer's diagnosis.

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REFERENCES:

• C.Chabib, L.Hadjileoniadis, A.A Shehhi,” DeepCurvMRI: Deep Convolutional

Curvelet Transform-based MRI Approach for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease”
in IEEE Access vol.11,pp.44650-44659,2023.
• Amar Shakla, Dr. Rajeev Tiwari ,shamik Tiwari, ”Alzheimer’s Disease Detection from
fused PET and MRI Modalities Using an Ensemble classifier” published on April
2023.
• Q. Dao, M. A. El-Yacoubi and A.S. Rigaud "Detection of Alzheimer Disease on Online
Handwriting Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network in IEEE Access, vol. 11,
published on 2023.
• Minal Zope, Peeyush Yadav,Vaishnavi Katkar, Ishika Mahajan, Akanksha shelke”
Alzheimer's Disease Detection Using Machine Learning” published on August 2023.
• A. Gamal, M. Elattar, S. Selim” Automatic Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
using 3D Deep Ensemble Approach” published on November 2022.
• Sitara Afzal, Muazzam Maqsood, Umair Khan, Ifran Mehmood ”Alzheimer Disease
Detection Techniques and methods A Review” in IEEE Access published on April 2021
• Ruhul Amin Hazarika, Ajith Abraham, Samarendra Nath Sur, Arnab Maji,
Debdatta Kandar” Different techniques for Alzheimer's disease classification using
brain images a study” published on 2021.
• Alejandro Puente Castro, Alejandro Pazos, Cristian R. Munteanu, Enrique Fernandez
Blanco” Automatic Assessment of Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis based on Deep
Learning Technique published on 2020.

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