Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that can benefit from early

detection to enable timely interventions and treatment planning. Artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly employed for early detection of
Alzheimer's disease. In particular, deep learning models are gaining traction in the field of
Alzheimer's disease detection because of their ability to analyze various data types and
discover valuable information about the disease [1][2]. Recent research has been analyzed to
comprehend the progress made in Alzheimer's disease detection using deep learning. The
analysis covers both supervised and unsupervised deep learning techniques, and includes a
literature review of recent results in this area [2]. Deep learning models have been trained on
datasets consisting of MRI images categorized into four distinct classes to aid in the
development of predictive models. However, the available datasets for training deep learning
models for early detection of Alzheimer's disease are limited compared to standard
benchmarks for computer vision tasks [3]. The review process involves using machine
learning and deep learning approaches for the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease
and MCI conversion prediction. A total of 47 papers were selected for the review, out of
which 31 were used for comparative analysis. Metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity,
specificity, and AUC-ROC are typically used to evaluate the performance of these models [4]
[2]. Deep learning approaches have shown potential to provide valuable insights into
Alzheimer's disease detection and diagnosis, particularly in neuroimaging. Highly
discriminative feature representations are important for AD detection using deep learning
approaches [2]. A new approach based on 3D deep convolutional neural networks has been
developed to differentiate mild Alzheimer's disease dementia from mild cognitive impairment
and cognitively normal individuals using structural MRIs. This model is significantly faster
than the volume/thickness model in which the volumes and thickness need to be extracted
beforehand [3]. The deep-learning model is accurate, achieving an area-under-the-curve
(AUC) of 85.12 when distinguishing between cognitive normal subjects and subjects with
either MCI or mild Alzheimer’s dementia. The model can be used to forecast progression,
and subjects with mild cognitive impairment misclassified as having mild Alzheimer’s
disease dementia by the model were faster to progress to dementia over time [3]. These
findings suggest that deep learning techniques can be highly effective in accurately
diagnosing and categorizing various stages of Alzheimer's disease using 2D T1-weighted
MRI scans [5].

Alzheimer’s disease, Convolutional neural network (CNN), Machine learning (ML), Image filters, SMOTE,
Flask

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant public health challenge globally, with an estimated 50 million
individuals affected worldwide. As the leading cause of dementia, AD manifests through progressive cognitive
decline, memory loss, and behavioural changes, severely impacting individuals' quality of life and posing
considerable burdens on caregivers and healthcare systems. Early detection of AD is paramount for effective
management and intervention strategies. Traditional diagnostic approaches rely heavily on clinical assessments,
neuroimaging, and biomarker analysis, which often involve invasive procedures and are costly. However, recent
advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) offer promising avenues for enhancing AD
detection through the analysis of various data modalities, including neuroimaging, genetic markers, and clinical
records.

ML and DL techniques have revolutionized the field of medical imaging analysis, enabling automated feature
extraction, pattern recognition, and predictive modelling from complex datasets. In the context of AD detection,
ML algorithms can leverage neuroimaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron
emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers to identify subtle structural and
functional changes associated with the disease. DL, a subset of ML, excels in learning intricate hierarchical
representations from raw data, making it particularly well-suited for extracting high-level features from large-
scale neuroimaging datasets. By training DL models on multimodal neuroimaging data, researchers can develop
robust classifiers capable of distinguishing between AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively
normal individuals with high accuracy.

Furthermore, the integration of clinical, genetic, and lifestyle factors into ML and DL models holds promise for
improving the accuracy and reliability of AD detection. By incorporating diverse data sources, including
demographic information, medical history, genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE genotype), and lifestyle factors (e.g.,
diet, physical activity), researchers can develop comprehensive predictive models that capture the multifactorial
nature of AD pathogenesis. Moreover, the advent of large-scale longitudinal cohorts and data sharing initiatives,
such as the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the UK Biobank, facilitates the
development and validation of ML and DL algorithms on heterogeneous populations, enhancing their
generalizability and translational potential.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant public health challenge globally, with an estimated 50
million individuals affected worldwide. As the leading cause of dementia, AD manifests through
progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes, severely impacting individuals'
quality of life and posing considerable burdens on caregivers and healthcare systems. Early detection
of AD is paramount for effective management and intervention strategies. Traditional diagnostic
approaches rely heavily on clinical assessments, neuroimaging, and biomarker analysis, which often
involve invasive procedures and are costly. However, recent advances in machine learning (ML) and
deep learning (DL) offer promising avenues for enhancing AD detection through the analysis of
various data modalities, including neuroimaging, genetic markers, and clinical records.

ML and DL techniques have revolutionized the field of medical imaging analysis, enabling automated
feature extraction, pattern recognition, and predictive modelling from complex datasets. In the
context of AD detection, ML algorithms can leverage neuroimaging modalities such as magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
biomarkers to identify subtle structural and functional changes associated with the disease. DL, a
subset of ML, excels in learning intricate hierarchical representations from raw data, making it
particularly well-suited for extracting high-level features from large-scale neuroimaging datasets. By
training DL models on multimodal neuroimaging data, researchers can develop robust classifiers
capable of distinguishing between AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal
individuals with high accuracy.

Furthermore, the integration of clinical, genetic, and lifestyle factors into ML and DL models holds
promise for improving the accuracy and reliability of AD detection. By incorporating diverse data
sources, including demographic information, medical history, genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE
genotype), and lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, physical activity), researchers can develop comprehensive
predictive models that capture the multifactorial nature of AD pathogenesis. Moreover, the advent
of large-scale longitudinal cohorts and data sharing initiatives, such as the Alzheimer's Disease
Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the UK Biobank, facilitates the development and validation of ML
and DL algorithms on heterogeneous populations, enhancing their generalizability and translational
potential.
As medical science continues to progress, the integration of advanced technology like biomedical image
processing and neural network-based algorithms has become crucial in expediting the diagnosis process and
achieving better results in the field of biomedical image analysis and classification. In this section, we present
some essential concepts from the existing literature that highlight the effectiveness of this technology. Al-
Adhaileh et al. [7] utilized the Kaggle Alzheimer's dataset [8] and achieved an overall accuracy of 94.53% using
pre-CNN models to train images. Similarly, Yildirim et al. [9] experimented with various pre-learning CNN
models and achieved an overall accuracy of 90% using the hybrid model ResNet50. Murugan et al. [10]
balanced the data using SMOTE and achieved an overall accuracy of 95.23% using Dementia NETwork
(DEMNET) for training. Moradi et al. [11] employed SVM and achieved a recognition accuracy of 90.2% using
the same dataset, along with 10-fold cross-validation. Shankar et al. [12] utilized the gray wolf optimization
machine and combined decision trees, KNN, and CNN models to diagnose AD, achieving an accuracy of
96.23%. Our study analyzed a dataset of 1,279 brain MRI scans from the Kaggle Alzheimer's Classification
dataset for testing purposes, categorizing the samples into mild dementia (1075), rare dementia (76), non-
dementia (2560), and severe dementia (2358). With a resolution of 208x176 pixels, an example brain MRI scan
in JPG format is shown in Figure 1. We divided the dataset into two sets: training and testing, using a
validation_split = 0.3 during sample training. With 80% of the data in the training set and 20% in the test set,
our study achieved reliable and accurate results, demonstrating the potential of this technology in the future of
biomedical image analysis and classification.