BIOSINTESIS

NEUROTRANSMITTER

DEWI KARITA
 WHAT IS
NEUROTRANSMITTER?

A chemical messenger between a neuron and another

target cell: neuron, muscle cell, or cell of a gland
Neurotransmitter are synthesized by neurons and are
stored in vesicles presynapstic

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 CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION AS
A NEUROTRANSMITTER

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• Other Neurotransmitters
• At least 50 neurotransmitters other than ACh, including:
• Biogenic amines
• Amino acids
• Neuropeptides
• Dissolved gases
NEUROTRANSMITTER
Based on chemical and molecular properties, the
major classes of neurotransmitters :

• Amino acid and derivative amino : glutamate,

glycine, GABA, aspartic acid
• Monoamine:dopamine,norepinephrine,acetylcholine
, histamin
• Peptides : vasopressin, adrenocortitrophic hormone
(ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH),
somatostatin, neurotensin, ß-endorphin, substance
P, enkephalins etc
• Purines : ATP
• Dissolve gas : nitrit ocxide
 NEURON

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 (1) Various components of the neurotransmission machinery,
such as enzymes, proteins, mRNA, and so on (depending on
the neurotransmitter in question) are transported down the
axon from the cell body

(2) The axonal membrane is electrically excited. (3) Organelles

and enzymes in the nerve terminal synthesize, store, and
release the neurotransmitter and activate the reuptake process.

(4) Enzymes in the extracellular space and within the glia

catabolize excess neurotransmitters released from nerve
terminals. (5) The postsynaptic receptor triggers the response
of the postsynaptic cell to the neurotransmitter.
(6) Organelles within postsynaptic cells respond to the receptor
trigger. (7) Interactions between genetic expression and
postsynaptic nerve cells influence cytoplasmic organelles that
respond to neurotransmitter action.
(8) Certain steps are modifiable by events that occur at the
synaptic contact zone. (9) The electrical portion of the nerve
cell membrane integrates postsynaptic potentials in response
to various neurotransmitters and produce an action potential
(10) The postsynaptic cell sends an action potential down its
axon. (11) The neurotransmitter is released. The
neurotransmitter that is released from the nerve terminal can
be modulated by autoreceptors that respond to the
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neurotransmitter.
 ASETILKOLIN

Acetylcholine (ACh), the first neurotransmitter ever to be identified, is a small- molecule

excitatory neurotransmitter with a wide variety of known functions

Within the central nervous system, cholinergic cells (neurons that use ACh as a
neurotransmitter) are found in several different locations of the brain, including the
striatal complex, the basal forebrain, the diencephalon, pontomesencephalic cell
groups, and the medulla

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Acetyl -CoA Cholin

Cholin-acetyltransferase

Acetylcholin
 STORAGE IN SYNAPTIC
VESICLES

Neurotransmitters are stored in different types of synaptic

vesicles. Glutamate, GABA, glycine, and ACh are stored in small, clear
vesicles, and monoamines are stored in intermediate-sized, dense-core
vesicles

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RESEPTOR ACh

© 2015 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.

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THANK YOU

Mirjam Nilsson
206-555-0146
mirjam@contoso.com
www.contoso.com

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