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Full Download Solution Manual For Discrete Mathematics With Graph Theory 3 e 3rd Edition Edgar G Goodaire Michael M Parmenter PDF Full Chapter
Full Download Solution Manual For Discrete Mathematics With Graph Theory 3 e 3rd Edition Edgar G Goodaire Michael M Parmenter PDF Full Chapter
Goodair
(i) True. { {l, 2}} contains just one element, {l, 2}, and this is an element of{1,2, {l, 2} }.
8. [BB] Yes it is; for example, let c = {l} and A= {l, {l} }.
9. (a) i. {a,b,c,d} ii. [BB] {a,b,c}, {a,b,d}, {a,c,d}, {b,c,d}
iii. {a,b}, {a,c}, {a,d}, {b,c}, {b,d}, {c,d} iv. {a}, {b}, {c}, {d} v. 0
(b) 16
10. (a) If A = 0, then P(A) ={0} is a set containing one element, so its power set contains two elements.
(b) P(A) contains two elements; P(P(A)) has four elements.
12. (a) [BB] False. Let A= {2}, B = { {2} }, C = { { {2}} }. Then A is an element of B (that is, A E B)
and B is an element of C(B €C),but A is not an element of C (since B is C's only element).
(b) True. If € A, then € B since A g B. But since a € B, then a € C since BgC.
(c) True. As in the previous part, we know that A C C. To prove A ± C, we note that there is some
€C such that a B (since B S C). Then, since ¢ B, a A. Therefore, a is an element of
C which is not in A, proving A I- C.
(d) [BB] True. A EB means that A belongs to the set B. Since Bis a subset of C, any element of B
also belongs to C. Hence, A EC.
(e) False. For example, let A = {l }, B = { {l }, 2} and C = { (1),2, 3}. Then A E B, B CC, but
AC.
(D) False. Let A = {1}, B = {1,2},C = {{1,2}3}. Then AC B and B € C, but A ¢ C.
(g) False. Same example as 12(f) where A C.
13. (a) This is false. As a counter-example, consider A= {l}, B ={2}. Then A is not a subset of B
and B is not a proper subset of A.
(b) The converse of the implication in (a) is the implication B S
A -» A B. This is true. Since
BS A,there exists some element a € A which is not in B. Thus A is not a subset of B.
14. (a) [BB] True. (---+) If C E P(A), then by definition of "power set," C is a subset of A; that is,
cCA.
()IfC g A,then C is a subset of A and so, again by definition of "power set," C € P(A).
(b) True. (») Suppose A g B. We prove P(A) C P(B). For this, let X € P(A). Therefore, X is
a subset of A; that is, every element of X is an element of B. Since A C B, every element of X
must be an element of B. So X C B;hence, X € P(B).
(« ) Conversely, assume P(A) g P(B). We must prove A C B. For any set A, we know that
A C Aand, hence, A € P(A). Here, with P(A) C P(B), we have, therefore, A € P(B); that
is, A C B, as desired.
(c) The double implication here is false because the implication » is false. If A= 0, then P(A) =
{0} and {0} 4 0.
32 Solutions to Exercises
Exercises 2.2
1. (a) [BB] A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6},B ={-1,0,1,2, 3, 4, 5}, C = {0, 2, -2}.
(b) AuC={-2,0,1,2,3,4,5,6}, BnC = {0,2}
B\C={-1,1,3,4,5)AB={-1,6,0},
C x (BC) = { (0, 0), (0,2),(2, 0), (2, 2), (-2, 0), (-2, 2)},
(A\B)\C={6},A(BC) ={2,6},
(Bu0){0} = 0.
(e) S ={(1,-1),(2, 0), (3,1),(4, 2), (5, 3), (6, 4)}; T = { (1,2),(2, 2) }.
2. (a) [BB1ST = {V2,25),SuT = {2,5, V2,25,7n, 3, 4,6,3}
TX(SnT) = {(4, V2),(4,25), (25, V2), (25, 25), (2, V2),
(/2,25), (6, V2), (6,25), (3, V2), (3.25)).
() [BB]ZuS = {V2, n,3,0,1,-1,2, -2,...}ZnS = {2,5,25};
ZuT={V2,3,0,1,-1,2,-2,...}ZnT = {4,25,6}.
(c) Zn (SU T) = {2, 5, 25, 4, 6} = (Zn S) U (Zn T). The two sets are equal.
() ZU(SAT) ={V2,0,1, -1,2,-2,...}=Zu{V2} =(ZuS)(ZuT).
The two sets are equal.
A