Electrical Distribution Works of A Central Hospital

Benha University
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering

Electrical Power and Machines Department
__________________________________________________________________________
Graduation Project 2018
“ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION
WORKS FOR A CENTRAL
HOSPITAL”
Under supervision: Dr. Mahmoud Omar.

AKNOWLEGMENT:
We would like to express our great appreciation to

Dr. Mahmoud Omar, the supervisor of our graduation
project for his valuable and constructive suggestions during
the planning and development of this project. It was an
appreciation that he gave us his time, knowledge and
superlative experience too generously. The project would
like to obtain the quality of the results, and therefore its
support is necessary.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all
members of the Department of Electrical Power
Engineering for their assistance and support.
We also thank our parents for their encouragement,
support and interest. We are also grateful to the members of
our team for their efforts, cooperation and commitment.
I
‫إهدإء‬
‫م‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬
‫الى من شاركتنا هدإ ا ل‪...‬‬
‫رمنلتنا ‪ /‬شارة إشامة على‪ ،‬والتى رحلت عن عالمنا متد شهور‪.‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫"لتس الوجع فى إيام الفقد فقط‪ ،‬يل حين ياتى إلأيام تدة دج‬
‫ع‬‫س‬
‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬
‫إن من يع مشاركيك سكل إ مق و إكبر فد رحل‪".‬‬
‫ط‬
‫رحم إلله روحها الطاهرة‪.‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
Presented by:
1. Mustafa Gamal Salem Abdelmahfouz.

2. Sarah Hady Soliman Gado.
3. Asmaa Saeed Mahmoud Essa.
4. Sarah Osama Ali Mohamed.
5. Mohamed Rabea Mahmoud Ahmed.
6. Ahmed Magdy Hassanen Hassanen.
7. Kirlos Michelle Makram Wilson.
8. Ojeny Magdy Sarofim Beshay.
9. Mohamed Khaled Sharaf Elsayed.
10. Mahmoud Ahmed Noor Elmahdy.
11. Waleed Mohamed Abu Zaed Abu Elnour.
12. Ahmed Magdy Ahmed Ahmed.
13. Asmaa Ahmed Mohamed sayed.
14. Ahmed Magdy Abdo Elmallah.
15. Mohamed Samy Abdelazeem Ali.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 - 5
1.1 Editorial .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Hospital design criteria ........................................................................................... 2
1.3 Project overview and layout ................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of work ......................................................................................................... 4
CH2. Lighting Design ........................................................................................... 6 - 20
2.1 Healthcare application ............................................................................................ 7
2.2 Luminaires classification ......................................................................................... 8
2.3 Factors to be considered in lighting design .......................................................... 15
2.4 Lighting calculations ............................................................................................. 15
2.5 Legend of lighting fixtures .................................................................................... 17
2.6 Branch circuit design ............................................................................................ 19
2.7 Project’s sample .................................................................................................... 19
CH3. Power Design ............................................................................................. 21 - 33
3.1 Electrical sockets.................................................................................................... 22
3.2 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) ............................................... 24
3.3 Elevators................................................................................................................. 27
3.4 Pumps .................................................................................................................... 30
CH4. Cable Sizing and Voltage Drop Calculations .......................................... 34 - 47
4.1 The factors affecting cable selection .................................................................... 35
4.2 Construction of cable ............................................................................................ 35
4.3 Cables classification .............................................................................................. 36
4.4 Cable routing types ............................................................................................... 38
4.5 Cable sizing ........................................................................................................... 38
4.6 Voltage drop calculations ..................................................................................... 44
CH5. Circuit Breaker and Short Circuit Calculations .................................... 48 - 62
5.1 Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................. 49 - 54
5.1.1 Why using circuit breaker ............................................................................ 49
5.1.2 Function of circuit breaker .......................................................................... 49
5.1.3 Types of circuit breaker ............................................................................... 49
5.1.4 Calculations of circuit breaker ratings ......................................................... 52
5.2 Distribution Board .......................................................................................... 55 - 57
5.2.1 Types of distribution boards ........................................................................ 56
5.3 Medium Voltage Switch Gear .............................................................................. 58
5.4 Short Circuit .................................................................................................... 59 - 62
5.4.1 Types of short circuit ................................................................................... 59
5.4.2 Short circuit calculations ............................................................................. 61
CH6. Power Factor Correction ......................................................................... 63 - 72
6.1 Power factor definition ......................................................................................... 64
6.2 Why to improve power factor ............................................................................... 65
6.3 How to improve power factor ............................................................................... 67
6.4 By using what equipment ...................................................................................... 68
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.5 Where to install power factor ................................................................................. 69
6.6 Power factor correction implementation .............................................................. 71
CH7. Electrical Power Supplies ........................................................................ 73 - 86
7.1 Ring Main Unit .............................................................................................. 74 - 75
7.2 Transformer .................................................................................................... 76 - 80
7.2.1 Types of transformers .................................................................................. 76
7.2.2 Equivalent circuit .......................................................................................... 78
7.3 Uninterruptable Power Supply........................................................................ 81 - 83
7.3.1 What is the UPS ............................................................................................ 81
7.3.2 UPS circuit diagram...................................................................................... 81
7.3.3 Types of UPS ............................................................................................... 82
7.4 Generator ......................................................................................................... 84 - 86
7.4.1 What is the generator ................................................................................... 84
7.4.2 A standby generator ..................................................................................... 84
7.4.3 Uses of standby generator ............................................................................ 85
CH8. Earthing System ......................................................................................... 87 - 95
8.1 What affects the ground resistance ....................................................................... 88
8.2 Ground system design ............................................................................................ 89
8.3 Earthing system classifications .............................................................................. 91
8.4 Project’s earthing system design and calculations................................................. 93
CH9. Fire Alarm System ................................................................................... 96 - 105
9.1 Objective of system ............................................................................................... 97
9.2 Main components of system ................................................................................. 97
9.3 Steps of design ...................................................................................................... 97
9.4 Precautions during design ................................................................................... 100
9.5 Automatic fire detector ....................................................................................... 100
9.6 Audible devices ................................................................................................... 102
CH10. Light Current ........................................................................................ 106 - 128
10.1 Telephone Network .................................................................................. 107 - 114
10.1.1 Major system elements ............................................................................ 108
10.1.2 Types of telephone cables ........................................................................ 108
10.1.3 Telephone network components .............................................................. 109
10.2 Data System .............................................................................................. 115 - 119
10.2.1 System components ................................................................................. 115
10.2.2 Design steps ............................................................................................. 115
10.3 Nurse Call System..................................................................................... 120 - 128
10.3.1 Patient room equipment .......................................................................... 121
10.3.2 Nurse station ........................................................................................... 126
Appendix ......................................................................................................................... 129
V
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter Contents:
1.1 Editorial.
1.2 Hospital design criteria.
1.3 Project overview and layout.
1.4 Scope of work.
VI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Editorial
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power, it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage
with the use of transformers.
Distribution transformers lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting,
industrial equipment or household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from
one transformer through secondary distribution lines.
The planning of electrical power distribution in buildings and infrastructure facilities is
subject to many transformations. The search for a dependable solution should fulfil those
usual requirements placed on cost optimization, efficiency, and time needs.
The initial project planning stages are of vital importance in. They determine the basic set-
up and guidelines for the project. Wrong assumptions and specifications may result in
system oversizing which may bring about unnecessary costs. Undersize may result in
overload and plant failures.
1.2 Hospital Design Criteria

The main mission of any hospital is providing high quality services and continuity of care
for patients. Underpinning this mission are numerous complex systems, many of which
require high power availability, power reliability and power quality.
Power problems can have serious consequences on human life, finances, technical
operations, the environment, and the hospital’s image and reputation, so creating and
maintaining a healthy electrical distribution system is crucial.
Healthcare facilities are often complex several different processes, including:
 Critical medical processes: Operating theatres, Intensive care, labs, etc.
 Critical non-medical processes: Patient data systems (Server rooms, Data Centre).
 Important medical processes: patient rooms, normal care, radiology rooms.
2
 Non-critical and not medical: Parking, cafeteria, sterilization, etc.
Every concept, every component requires an appropriate selection according to codes and
standards for healthcare guides.
1.3 Project overview & Layout
ABO-TESHT Central Hospital, QENA: is one of the national project for the development
of 31 hospitals carried out by the ministry of health and population and under the management
of the national service project of the ministry of defense.
Main building and 7 service buildings on a land area of 11,517m2 with a total built-up
area of 13,949 m2 (7,599 m2 to be reconstructed and 6,350 m2 to refurbished). The main
building comprises the following:
 Ground floor: emergency department, laboratories, pharmacy, radiology section,

medical records room, medical gases room, waste management section, laundry,
kitchen, as well as a morgue;
3
 5 upper floors: kidney dialysis center (24 units + 2 isolation rooms) outpatient clinics,
inpatient wards (36 beds + 4 isolation rooms), 4 operation rooms, ICU (5 beds + 2
isolation rooms), NICU (7 beds + 1 isolation room), obstetrics & gynecology unit (16
beds), CSSD, as well as staff accommodation and management area; and
 Roof: equipment.
 Project Layout
1.4 Scope of work

The scope is the Electrical Power Distribution from the utility down to the load, with total
demand load of 4.2 MVA, the building is fed through 11 KV medium voltage network from
two different loops to achieve high level of reliability of power flow through:
 Two Ring Main Units.

 Medium Voltage Switchgear.
 Four 2.5 MVA (11KV/400V) dry type transformers (2 in service and 2 standby).
 Two 1125 KVA (230/380V) standby diesel generators.
 Two low voltage main distribution boards.
 Uninterruptible Power Supply.
 Associated Service.
4
As shown in following main single line diagram
5
CHAPTER 2
LIGHTING DESIGN
Chapter Contents:
2.1 Healthcare application.
2.2 Luminaires classification.
2.3 Factors to be considered in lighting design.
2.4 Lighting calculations.
2.5 Legend of lighting fixtures.
2.6 Branch circuit design.
2.7 Project’s sample.
CHAPTER 2 LIGHTING DESIGN
CHAPTER 1
2. LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting design is one of the most important aspects considered by power engineers,
lighting designers, architects, landscape engineers and others involved in this process.
The main purposes of lighting are as follows:
 Ensure the safety of the people.
 Provide suitable lighting level to carry out the required visual task.
 Help create appropriate visual environment.
The required levels are included in different codes e.g. CIBSE, IESNA...etc., and it differs
according to the extent of visual tasks that will be carried out.
2.1 Healthcare application

Today’s consumers of healthcare are well informed and expect better choices. They want
hospitals to be welcoming and efficient places to go for treatment. They expect to be offered
customized care and high levels of service
Light has an amazing effect on people visually, biologically and emotionally. Used
effectively in healthcare facilities it can enhance the experience of patients and play a key
role in promoting the wellbeing of patients and improved staff wellbeing through better
lighting.
So the need to create pleasant and efficient working environments essential, especially for
staff who may work for long periods without access to natural daylight
Modern lighting solutions reduce costs by saving energy without compromising comfort
and light quality, thus enhancing the chance to get Green building certification.
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2.2 Luminaire Classification
 According to the mounting type:

- Recessed ceiling luminaires
- Wall luminaires
- Pendant luminaires
 According to lamp type:

- Filament lamp
• Types:
1. Incandescent.
2. Tungsten.
3. Reflector.
• Advantages:
1. No flickering.
2. Makes objects appear normal.
3. No ballast required.
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4. Cheap and available every where.
5. Not harmful to environment.
• Disadvantages:
1. Draw large units of power as 90% of power is drawn in heat.
2. Even global warming is major concern.
- Gas discharge:
• Types:
1. High pressure sodium:
• Advantages:
1. Most efficient member of the HID light family, 7 times as efficient as incandescent
and over 2 times as efficient as mercury vapor.
2. Warm-up period is 3-4 minutes, which is somewhat less than that of a mercury
vapor or metal halide lamp.
3. Long lamp life -- 24,000 hours.
4. Excellent lumen maintenance.
5. Wide range of lamp types with wattages ranging from 35 to 1000 watts.
6. Most HPS lamps can operate in any position.
• Disadvantages:
1. The light produced is a golden white color, which may not be appropriate for
certain applications.
2. Requires a ballast.
3. Once started can take from five to ten minutes to reach full light output. They also
require at least a one minute cool-down to re-strike.
4. End of life is characterized by on-off-on cycling, and continued operation can
damage the lamp ballast if not replaced quickly.
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2. Low pressure sodium:
• Advantages:
1. Most energy efficient light source commercially available, with an efficacy of 100
to 185 lumens per watt.
2. Lamps have average life in the 14,000 to 18,000 hour range and have excellent
lumen maintenance (very little reduction in lumen output over life of lamp).
3. Most lamps will restart immediately after interruption of power supply, but require
some time to come up to full brightness.
4. Provides superior uniformity of light distribution over all HID lamps.
• Disadvantages:
1. These lamps have poor color rendering characteristics. It is almost impossible to
distinguish colors under an LPS lamp because light produced by this source is
monochromatic (a single color).
2. Most expensive lamp to install.
3. Run time to full light output is the longest (7 to 15 minutes).
4. Wattage will increase over the life of the lamp to maintain lumen output.
5. Requires special disposal considerations.
3. High pressure mercury:

• Advantages:
1. Three times as efficient as incandescent.
2. Available in a wide variety of ratings, colors, sizes and shapes.
3. Relatively low unit cost and a high average rated life (about 24,000 hours when
operated on a 10 hour cycle). This is 24 times longer life than incandescent.
• Disadvantages:
1. Except for incandescents, they are the most inefficient source of light, with an
efficacy in the 25 to 55 lumens per watt range.
2. Mercury lamps may be greatly affected by lamp lumen depreciation and should be
replaced after 24,000 hours.
3. Poor lumen maintenance compared to other HID sources.
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4. Require a maximum warm-up period of five to seven minutes before giving full
light output, depending on lamp type, ballast and ambient temperature. They can
be used only where this delay is acceptable.
5. Four to five minute cooling and restart time.
6. New outdoor installations are illegal under some state laws.
7. Lamps are quite voltage sensitive. Unless special ballasts are used, care must be
taken to keep the supply voltage within plus or minus 5% of the rated voltage.
8. Mercury lamp ballasts are noisy. Remote mounted ballasts may be an alternative.
4. Fluorescent:
• Advantages:
1. 4 to 5 times more efficient than incandescent lamp bulbs, and longer life (anywhere
from 10 to 20 times greater than incandescent).
2. Easy to maintain.
3. Available in a wide range of sizes and colors.
• Disadvantages
1. Most lamps are large in size and require costly metal fixture housings.
2. The ballasts in fluorescent fixtures can have an objectionable hum (some louder
than others).
3. Ballasts are given a noise rating. Low noise ballast are recommended for office
areas, louder and less expensive ballasts are used in industrial facilities.
4. Fluorescent lamps are temperature sensitive and may have difficulty starting at low
temperatures. Lumen output drops at low and high temperatures.
5. Special ballasts are required for low and high temperature applications.
5. Metal halide:
• Advantages:
1. Designed for general lighting applications.
2. Relatively long lamp life.
3. Interchangeable with mercury lamps in many applications.
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4. Concentrated source is easily controlled by special fixtures.
5. Good color rendering characteristics.
6. Light output is a bright crisp white light.
7. Twice as efficient as mercury lamps and 6 times as efficient as incandescent.
• Disadvantages:
1. Short life compared to other HID lamps (6,000 to 20,000 hours depending on size
and manufacturer)
2. Different lamps have to be used for base-up versus base down burning
configurations.
3. Horizontal operation may severely reduce lamp life.
4. Require a ballast
5. Some lamp types require 2 to 5 minutes to warm-up before giving full light output
and 10 minutes to cool-down. Others have instant restart capability.
6. Color may vary from lamp to lamp (color shift.)
7. Many wattages require operation in enclosed fixtures due to the risk of lamp
breakage upon failure.
6. LED:
- Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems have made great strides in recent years. In
addition to being used in traffic lights.
- They are much more energy efficient and have longer lives than incandescent lamps.
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- Because of their ability to start in cold temperatures, LED lighting has become the
light of choice for reach in refrigerator and freezer cases in grocery and convenience
stores
- Their long life is also a big benefit in reducing maintenance costs in these stores.
- In agricultural settings, LED lighting of a certain spectrum can promote chlorophyll
absorption, photosynthesis, and reduce fertilizer costs while lowering the lighting
costs by up to 40%.
 According to optical cover:
 According to IP (Ingress Protection)

- To specify the ingress protection:
Dust Moisture
(0 – 6) (0 – 8)
- in this project we define IP of luminaire according to the used application like in

corridors and normal rooms we define IP 20, in service rooms we use IP 54 and in
toilets with IP 40 .
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 LED lighting is the mainly type used in this project, as it offers unprecedented design
freedom in terms of color, dynamics, miniaturization, architectural integration and
energy efficiency opening up new possibilities in brand building and ambience
creation, for instance by dynamically changing the lighting, using various highlighting
and color effects.
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2.3 Factors to be considered in lighting design
 Maintenance factor :
- It accounts for the reduction in light levels over time. A good lighting calculation
considers how much lighting the lighting fixture will produce years from operation
not on the first day of operation.
 Factors that affects the maintenance factor :
- Lamp Lumen depreciation.
- Luminaire dirt depreciation.
- Room surface dirt depreciation.
 Illuminance (LUX) :
- It is the average luminous flux per unit area.
 Uniformity (Unit less) :
- Ratio between the minimum illuminance and the average illuminance for a certain
space (Emin/Emax).
2.4 Lighting calculations
 Manual calculation:
- By using the following equation to estimate the number of the required luminaires to
achieve a suitable illuminance (lux):
𝐿𝑈𝑋 × 𝑎 × 𝑏
𝑁 =
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 × 𝑈.𝐹 × 𝑀.𝐹 × 𝑛
Where,
N is the number of Luminaires.
n is the number of lamps per luminaire.
LUX is Lighting level, get from standard table (IEC, EC and NEC)
a is the room width.
b is the room length.
U.F is Utilization factor.
M.F is Maintenance factor.
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 Software lighting design:
Though the architectural & structural drawing is usually exported to the lighting design
software, carrying out the lighting design knowing the room’s dimensions is useful as
well. For example working on a project with no CAD drawing available. DIALux is one
of the most commonly used lighting design software.
Sample from the project: According to CIBSE or Egyptian code, the required Illuminance
level for pharmacy is 500 lux, and average lux is accepted (+ or -10%) of the required lux.
From the equation and by applying the appropriate factors we deduce the total number of
luminaires required to achieve the required lux is 9.
Sample from Dialux for the same room:
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2.5 Legend of lighting fixtures
 Lighting fixtures description must include the following:

- Lamp type.
- Luminaire wattage.
- IP.
- Mounting type.
- Optical cover.
- Manufacturing materials.
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18
CHAPTER 1
2.6 Branch circuit design:
- According to EC the maximum power per branch circuit shouldn’t exceed 1000 watt
- In this project we use from 8 to 12 luminaires per branch circuit.
- The selected feeding wire is 3*2.5 mm2 Cu/PVC with 16 A circuit breaker, as
according to IEC standard that we can extend this branch circuit up to 62 m with
achieving of the allowable voltage drop and sensing of occurrence of short circuit
along this length, as shown in the following table:
2.7 Project samples:

- Max number of luminaire 12 per branch circuit.
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CHAPTER 1
- 10 luminaires per branch circuit.
- Panel schedule
20
CHAPTER 3
POWER DESIGN
Chapter Contents:
3.1 Electrical sockets.
3.2 HVAC
(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).
3.3 Elevators.
3.4 Pumps.
21
CHAPTER 3 POWER DESIGN
CHAPTER 1
3. POWER DESIGN
At power design, we are committed to providing a quality product and excellent customer
service. While our growth is a part of our culture, business decisions are made based on long-
term relationships and commitment, not profit margins. Partnering with power design means
having a team member on board that seeks to create successful, innovative projects, delivered
on time and on budget.
Every device in the building need sockets and switching method to control it.
3.1 Electrical sockets

1. Normal socket
 This electrical outlet is single phase up to 10A or 16A 250VA, used for light home load
and have different shapes as shown below:
 1000---- 1500 Watt.

 We used 4 mm2/CU wire.
 Any space area need a normal socket.
 According to Egyptian code from 6 to 8 normal sockets per circuit.
A sample of normal sockets wiring using AUTOCAD program.
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CHAPTER 1
 we use in BHU (NORMAL SOCKET –EMEREGENCY SOCKET –UPS SOCKET)
2. Duplex socket
 This electrical outlet is single phase up to 10A or 16A 250VA, used for light home load
and have different shapes as shown below
3. Power Socket
 This electrical outlet is single phase up to 32A.
 More than 2000VA.
 Used for detected load.
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CHAPTER 1
4. Three phase industrial socket
 These socket used for industrial application – and have rating up to 152A
Distribution of sockets in room depends on the following factors:
 Room application
 Room furniture
 Each 3 meters put a single or duplex socket
 For kitchen, there must be at least one power socket
3.2 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. In computing and especially in
enterprise data centers, HVAC systems control the ambient environment (temperature,
humidity, air flow, and air filtering) and must be planned for and operated along with other
data center components such as computing hardware, cabling, data storage, fire protection,
physical security systems and power. The selection of an HVAC contractor is an important
step in planning a data center.
Almost all physical hardware devices come with environmental requirements that include
acceptable temperature and humidity ranges. Environmental requirements are usually
described in a product specifications document or in a physical planning guide.
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A separate space, called a plenum, is often allocated to house and allow air circulation for
HVAC and communication cabling, typically in the space between the structural ceiling and a
drop-down ceiling or under a raised floor.
TYBES OF HVAC:
1. Chilled Water System
Chilled water systems work much the same way as direct expansion systems work. The
exception is they use water in the coil rather than refrigerant. Technically speaking, water can
be classified as a refrigerant. Chilled Water systems can be rather complex and many chilled
water systems are found in commercial and industrial applications. There are some chilled
water systems used in residential applications.
 Chilled Water System Basics

However, chilled water systems in residential HVAC systems are extremely rare. A typical
chiller uses the process of refrigeration to chill water in a chiller barrel. This water is pumped
through chilled water piping throughout the building where it will pass through a coil. Air is
passed over this coil and the heat exchange process takes place. The heat in the air is absorbed
into the coils and then into the water. The water is pumped back to the chiller to have the heat
removed. It then makes the trip back through the building and the coils all over again.
 How a Chilled Water System Works

The chiller basically removes heat from the water. It is used as a refrigerant to remove heat
from the building. The chilled water circulates through a chilled water loop and through coils
located in air handlers. Chilled water systems include other HVAC equipment designed to
exchange heat such as computer room air conditioners. The chilled water absorbs the heat from
the building. It then returns to the chiller where the chiller removes the heat from the water
using the refrigeration process. Some chilled water loop arrangements are very complex while
others are simple. Control of the chilled water from pressure to velocity, to volume, is up to
the control system controlling the pumps and valve actuators in the system.
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Chillers range in size from smaller than 5 tons all the way up to several hundred tons. Chillers
can be found in residential applications, commercial buildings, and industrial process
applications.
 Chillers and Cooling Towers

Many chillers have cooling towers where the heat removed in the chiller barrel is transferred
to another barrel. It is the condenser barrel where the refrigerant is condensed and sent back to
the evaporator barrel to remove the heat. The process is in reverse in the condenser barrel. The
water absorbs heat from the refrigerant and allows it to condense.
The water is then transferred to a cooling tower where the heat in this water is removed to the
atmosphere. Once the heat is removed from the water it is pumped back to the chiller barrel to
absorb more heat from the refrigerant. Some chillers do not have a condenser barrel to remove
the heat. The refrigerant is pumped into a condenser coil where a fan blows across the coil and
removes the heat. These chillers are cheaper to purchase upfront but not as efficient to run as
those with the condenser barrels. The upfront costs are less but the energy costs are more over
the long run. One bonus to an air cooled chiller is that it does not require a cooling tower and
therefore the maintenance costs associated with maintaining a cooling tower.
2. Air Handling Unit

The definition of air handling unit from ANSI/AHRI Standard 430-2009 states that it is "A
factory-made encased assembly consisting of a fan or fans and other necessary equipment to
perform one or more of the functions of circulating, cleaning, heating, cooling, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air....".
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The AHU is used to control the following parameters of the space:
 Temperature.
 Humidity.
 Air Movement.
 Air Cleanliness.

- We use disconnector switch for maintenance.
3.3 ELEVATORS
An elevator (or lift in the Commonwealth excluding Canada) is a type of vertical transport
equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building,
vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive
traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
Elevator Types:
1. According to hoist mechanism:
Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows:
 Hydraulic Elevators.
 Traction Elevators.
 Climbing elevator.
 Pneumatic Elevators.
2. According to building height

 Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories)
Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their
lower initial cost.
 Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories)

Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators.
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 High-Rise buildings (12 + stories)
Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators.
3. According to building type

Elevators will be classified according to building type to 6 main types as follows:
 Hospital Elevators.
 Residential /Domestic Elevators.
 Agricultural Elevators.
 Industrial Elevators.
 Commercial Elevators.
 Parking buildings Elevators.
‘Hospital elevator ’
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CHAPTER 1
Hospital Elevators:
 Hospital Bed Elevators
Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who are not well enough to sit up even in a
wheelchair. One of the features of bed elevators should be its ability to transport the patient
has smoothly as possible with minimal amount of bumping and jostling. Many contemporary
bed elevators are manufactured to consume extremely low amounts of power and to be durable
with a number of safety features built-in. Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little
power so that should there be a power outage they are still operational off the hospital's backup
power supply. Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the elevator cabin.
 Hospital Stretcher Lift
They usually are smaller than bed elevators. This particular type of elevator is usually
hydraulic or traction based depending on the location of the machine room. They are
specifically manufactured to be low-noise bed elevators that smoothly transport patients,
doctors, nurses and hospital staff between floors, allowing them the utmost in comfort.
Because hospital bed elevators are only used for transporting patients and hospital staff they
arrived at their location quite quickly, eliminating lengthy waits. Many of these bed elevators
are key operated so as to prohibit use by the general public.
Elevator Design:
STEP1: Elevator speed is selected according to the number of building floors, In this project
the hospital has six floors, so the speed is between 1 to 1.5 (m/s).
STEP2: Motor power calculations is determined with known elevator weight and speed.
In our project, we design weight of cabin to be 1000 kg and speed 1 m/s, so from curve the
power is 10 kW.
29
CHAPTER 1
3.4 PUMPS
A Booster Pump
Is a machine which will increase the pressure of a fluid. They may be used with liquids
or gases, but the construction details will vary depending on the fluid. A gas booster is similar
to a gas compressor, but generally a simpler mechanism which often has only a single stage of
compression, and is used to increase pressure of a gas already above ambient pressure. Two-
stage boosters are also made. Boosters may be used for increasing gas pressure, transferring
high pressure gas, charging gas cylinders and scavenging.
On new construction and retrofit projects, water pressure booster pumps are used to
provide adequate water pressure to upper floors of high rise buildings. The need for a water
pressure booster pump can also arise after the installation of a backflow prevention device
(BFP), which is currently mandated in many municipalities [where?] to protect the public
water supplies from contaminants within a building entering the public water supply. The use
of BFPs began after The Clean Water Act was passed. These devices can cause a loss of 12
PSI, and can cause flush meters on upper floors not to work properly. After pipes have been
30
CHAPTER 1
in service for an extended period, scale can build up on the inside surfaces which will cause a
pressure drop when the water flows.
A Fire Pump
A part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam.
The pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static
water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure
to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes. A fire pump is tested and listed for its use
specifically for fire service by a third-party testing and listing agency, such as UL or FM
Global. The main code that governs fire pump installations in North America is the National
Fire Protection Association's NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fire Pumps
for Fire Protection.
Fire pumps function either by an electric motor or a diesel engine, or, occasionally a
steam turbine. If the local building code requires power independent of the local electric power
grid, a pump using an electric motor may utilize, when connected via a listed transfer switch,
the installation of an emergency generator.
The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a threshold.
The sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire sprinklers are exposed
to heat above their design temperature, and opens, releasing water. Alternately, other fire hoses
reels or other firefighting connections are opened, causing a pressure drop in the firefighting
main.
Fire pumps are needed when the local municipal water system cannot provide sufficient
pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler system. This usually
occurs if the building is very tall, such as in high-rise buildings, or in systems that require a
relatively high terminal pressure at the fire sprinkler in order to provide a large volume of
water, such as in storage warehouses. Fire pumps are also needed if fire protection water
supply is provided from a ground level water storage tank.
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CHAPTER 1
Types of pumps used for fire service include: horizontal split case, vertical split case, vertical
inline, vertical turbine, and end suction.
A Jockey Pump:
Is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system and is intended to maintain pressure
in a fire protection piping system to an artificially high level so that the operation of a single
fire sprinkler will cause a pressure drop which will be sensed by the fire pump automatic
controller, causing the fire pump to start. The jockey pump is essentially a portion of the fire
pump's control system. A jockey pump is sized for a flow less than the flow to one sprinkler
in order to ensure a system pressure drop. Jockey pumps are typically small multistage
centrifugal pumps, and do not have to be listed or certified for fire system application. The
control equipment for jockey pumps may however carry approvals. Jockey pumps should be
sized for 3% of the flow of the main fire pump and to provide 10psi more pressure than the
main fire pump (As per Code IS 15105: 2002).
The pump power is calculated according to the following equation:
𝑊 × 𝑄 × 𝐻 × 0.746
𝑃=
75 × 𝐸
Where,
P is the pump power.
W is density (1000 kg/m3).
E is efficiency ≅ 60%.
H is static raiser (m).
Q is Rate (m3/s).
32
CHAPTER 1
-in our project at Q = 20 L/s = .02 m3/s, to boost 2 bar = 20 m head, so the required power of
the pump will be 7.5 kW.
LIST OF LOADS:
- MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS:
• Three X-rays devices (20 KW & 80 KW & 120 KW).
• Water treatment hemodialysis machine 20 KW.
• Medical air compressor 20 KW.
- HVAC :
• Chillers each 480 KW.
• Chilled water pumps each 19 KW.
• 12 AHU each with average power 40 KW.
33
CHAPTER 4
CABLE SIZING AND VOLTAGE

DROP CALCULATIONS
Chapter Contents:
4.1 The factors affecting cable selection.
4.2 Construction of cable.
4.3 Cables classification.
4.4 Cable routing types.
4.5 Cable sizing.
4.6 Voltage drop calculations.
34
CHAPTER 4 CABLE SIZING AND VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION
CHAPTER 1
4. CABLE SIZING AND VOLTAGE DROP

CALCULATIONS
An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or bundled, which
is used to carry electric current.
Cables refer to feeders which feed electric panels or 3-ph loads but Wires for branch circuits
to 1-ph small loads.
4.1 The Factors Affecting the Selection of Cable:

• Operating voltage.
• Operating current (max. load current).
• Insulation level.
• Short circuit level.
• Voltage drop.
• Derating factors due to surrounding conditions of cable.
4.2 Construction of Cable:

(1) Conductor
• AL • CU
(2) Conductor screen/shield
Thin semi-conductor material which is used to make the best equal field distribution
between the conductor & the insulation.
(3) Insulation or Dielectric
• PVC (Thermo-plastic) • XLPE (Thermo-setting)
(4) Insulation screen/shield
Thin semi-conductor material which is used to make the best equal field distribution
between the insulation & metallic sheath.
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CHAPTER 1
(5) Metallic sheath or Tap shield
CU or AL with 0.1 mm width, it is used for the protection of cable from humidity and
mechanical stresses & for earthing of cable so, it must withstand the short circuit
current.
(6) Filler or Assembly
Polypropylene to fill spaces between cores to make the round form of cable.
(7) Inner jacket
PVC bedding, only in case of armoured cables.
(8) Armouring
Steel tape or wire tape, it is used for protection of cable against mechanical stresses.
(9) Outer jacket (Sheath)
PVC, it protects the cable and its metallic parts from corrosion.
4.3 Cables Classification:

1) According to conductor type
• AL • CU
2) According to Insulation or Dielectric
PVC (Thermo-plastic)
• Lower cost.
• Max. operating temp. = 70 or 85 °C.
• Max. short circuit temp. = 160 °C.
• Flame self-extinction.
• Produces poisonous gases if it is flamed.
• At high temperatures it becomes more flexible.
Mainly used in the design of lighting and small power branch circuits, as these dedicated loads
draw small currents.
XLPE (Thermo-Setting)
• Higher cost.
• Max. operating temp. = 90 °C.
36
CHAPTER 1
• Max. short circuit temp. = 250 °C.
• Highly resistant against humidity.
• Rigid.
Mainly used in the feeders between main distribution panels and submain panels, as at the
same cross section area XLPE insulated cables carry current more than PVC insulated cables.
3) According to number of cores

• Single core.
Used in the feeders from the transformer to low voltage main distribution boards, as at the
same CSA single core cables carry currents more than multi core cables and single core
cables are more flexible in the bending.
• Multi core.
The most used in this project with full or reduced neutral.
4) According to Armouring
Armoured
• STA (Steel Tape Armouring).
• SWA (Steel Wire Armouring).
• DST (Double Steel Tape Armouring).

• ATA (Aluminum Tape Armouring).
• AWA (Aluminum Wire Armouring).

 Armouring is unnecessary in low voltage network, as most cables are laid in cable trays
and in trucking systems.
 STA is mainly used in the medium voltage network in the feeders (3*240 mm2)
AL/XLPE/STA/PVC (12/20 KV) form the utility to ring main units, as they are laid
underground and subjected to mechanical stresses.
Non-Armoured
• STA.
• SWA.
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CHAPTER 1
4.4 Cable Routing Types:
1) Free in air
• Cables are installed on cable trays or cable ladders.
2) Laid in ground
• Directly buried in ground.
• Buried in ground inside conduit.
• Buried in ground inside duct bank.
3) In conduits
• Inside wall.
4.5 CABLE SIZING

-The cabling and its protection at each level must satisfy several conditions at the same
time, in order to ensure a safe and reliable installation, e.g. it must:
 Carry the permanent full load current, and normal short-time over currents.
 Doesn’t cause voltage drops likely to result in an inferior performance of certain loads.
Moreover, the protective devices (circuit-breakers or fuses) must:
 Protect the cabling and busbars for all levels of overcurrent, up to and including short-
circuit currents
 Ensure protection of persons against indirect contact hazards, particularly in TN- and
IT- earthed systems, where the length of circuits may limit the magnitude of short-circuit
currents, thereby delaying automatic disconnection (it may be remembered that TT-
earthed installations are necessarily protected at the origin by a RCD, generally rated at
300 mA).
The cross-sectional areas of conductors are determined by the general method described
in this Chapter. Apart from this method some national standards may prescribe a
minimum cross-sectional area to be observed for reasons of mechanical endurance.
38
CHAPTER 1
Particular loads require that the cable supplying them be oversized, and that the
protection of the circuit be likewise modified.
Conductor sizing procedure:

1. Selection of conductor type and insulation.
In this project we use (from ELSEWEDY CABLES catalogue):
• Single Core and Multicore Cables, with Stranded Copper Conductors, XPLE
Insulated and PVC Sheathed.
• Multicore Cables, with Stranded Aluminium Conductors, PVC Insulated, Steel
Tape Armoured and PVC Sheathed.
• Multicore Cables, with Stranded Aluminium Conductors PVC Insulated and PVC
Sheathed.
2. Selection of method of installation.
For this project cable routing:
• Indoor cables are routed in conduits.
• Outdoor cables are routed laid in ground.
3. Determination of the maximum load current.
• The maximum load current (IB) corresponds to the rated KVA of the load
according to the following equation:
𝑆 × 103
𝐼𝐵 =
√3 𝑉
Where,
IB is the max. load current in ampere.
S is the rated KVA of the load.
V is the supply voltage in volt.
39
CHAPTER 1
4. Taking account of correction factors for different environment conditions.
The cable rating must be greater than the breaker current to allow the breaker to sense
the fault and take action before damage occurs. But, there are some derating factors due
to the surrounding conditions affecting the cable sizing which must be taken into
account.
These derating factors are:

• Air temperature Derating factor.
• Ground temperature Derating factor.
• Burial depth Derating factor.
40
CHAPTER 1
• Soil thermal resistivity.
• Grouping factor.
* In order to take the previous environmental or special conditions of installation into account,
correction factors have been introduced.
The current carrying of cables is determined using the max. load current IB divided by different
correction factors, k1, k2,...
𝐼𝐶 ≅ 𝐼𝐵 × 1.5
Where,
IC is the current of cable in ampere.
41
CHAPTER 1
5. Determination of cross-sectional areas using tables giving the current carrying
capability.
From the ELSEWEDY CABLES catalogue, the corresponding cross-sectional area of
cable for the determined cable current is chosen, as in the following figure:
42
CHAPTER 1
 A sample on the cable current calculation and cable sizing used in this project.
-Calculations:
-Single line diagram:
43
CHAPTER 1
4.6 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
The impedance of circuit conductors is low but not negligible: when carrying load current
there is a voltage drop between the origin of the circuit and the load terminals. The correct
operation of a load (a motor, lighting circuit, etc.) depends on the voltage at its terminals
being maintained at a value close to its rated value.
It is necessary therefore to determine the circuit conductors such that at full-load current, the
load terminal voltage is maintained within the limits required for correct performance.
This section deals with determining voltage drop, in order to check that:
• They comply with the particular standards.

• They can be tolerated by the load.
• They satisfy the essential operational requirements.
Why do we need voltage drop calculations?

• 1% voltage drop can lead to reduction in tungsten lamp illumination by 3%.
• Some appliances which are operated by motors can be affected by reduction in voltage.
• Reduction in voltage level will be accompanied by arise in current level in circuit.
• Since this voltage drop is within the 10% decrease, current will normally increase within
the same limits without any tripping of the circuit breaker. On the long run, equipment
will suffer from 10% current increase that could lead to equipment failure due to gradual
temperature rise.
Voltage drop calculations:

Each cable type has its own resistance dependent on the length of cable this resistance causes
a voltage drop along the cable length.
Maximum allowable voltage-drop vary from one country to another.
44
CHAPTER 1
In this project the allowable voltage drop doesn’t exceed 2.5%, according to the following
equation:
𝑚𝑣 × 𝐼𝐵 × 𝐿
𝑉. 𝐷 =
1000 × 𝑛
Where,
V.D is Voltage Drop in volt.
mv is specific voltage drop (mv/A/m).
L is cable length in meter.
IB is Base current or load current in ampere.
n is the number of parallel cables.

The specific voltage drop (mv) is obtained out of the used cable catalogue corresponding to
the cross-sectional area of the cable. As shown below,
45
CHAPTER 1
NOTE:
• The previous lows are for individual V.D

• Accumulated V.D = Individual V.D + Up stream voltage drop
• Accumulated V.D % = 5 % according to NEC
• Accumulated V.D % = 2.5 % according to EGY. CODE
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉.𝐷
𝑉. 𝐷% = × 100
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
For more accurate voltage drop calculations, we used ETAP load flow and voltage drop
software:
ETAP Load Flow software performs power flow analysis and voltage drop
calculations with accurate and reliable results.
The Load Flow software module calculates bus voltages, branch power factors, currents, and
power flows throughout the electrical system.
Built-in features like automatic equipment evaluation, alerts and warnings summary, load flow
result analyzer, and intelligent graphics make it a very efficient electrical power flow analysis
tool.
46
CHAPTER 1
 A sample of the ETAP calculation used in this project:
47
CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT BREAKER AND SHORT

CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
Chapter Contents:
5.1 Circuit Breakers
5.1.1 Why using circuit breaker.
5.1.2 Function of circuit breaker.
5.1.3 Types of circuit breaker.
5.1.4 Calculations of circuit breaker ratings.
5.2 Distribution Board.
5.2.1 Types of distribution boards.
5.3 Medium Voltage Switch Gear.
5.4 Short Circuit.
5.4.1 Types of short circuit.
5.4.2 Short circuit calculations.
CHAPTER 5 CIRCUIT BREAKER AND SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
5.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit breakers are the central part of air-insulated (AIS) and gas-insulated (GIS) switchgear.
High-voltage circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices which connect and break
current circuits (operating currents and fault currents) and carry the nominal current in closed
position.
5.1.1 Why using CB?

CB is as any other mean of protection which used for protect persons firstly from faults and
equipment secondly.
5.1.2 Function of circuit breaker

Is to make and break the circuit under normal and abnormal conditions.
All circuit breakers perform the following functions:
• SENSE when an over current occurs.

• MEASURE the amount of over current.
• ACT by tripping the circuit breaker in a time frame necessary to prevent damage to itself and
the associated Load cables.
5.1.3 Types of Circuit breaker
 According to arc quenching medium

1. Air C.B:
- Air Blast C.B
- Air Break C.B
2. Oil C.B:
- Bulk Oil C.B
49
- Minimum Oil C.B

3. SF6 C.B
- Vacuum C.B.
 According to operating voltage

1. Low voltage C.B: (Less than 1 KV)
2. Medium voltage C.B: (From 1 KV to 66 KV)
3. High voltage C.B: (From 66 KV to 132 KV)
4. Extra high voltage C.B: (From 132 KV to 750 KV)
5. Ultra-high voltage C.B: (Above 750KV)
 Based on location
1. Indoor (GIS)
2. Outdoor (AIS)
 Based on external design (enclosure)

1. Dead tank (earth tank)
2. Live tank (tank potential =system voltage)
Low voltage circuit breaker:

 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
- Rated current not more than 125 A.
50
- Current rating: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60A, for NEC code.
- Advantages of MCB compared to fuse:
It automatically switches off the electrical circuit during abnormal condition of the network
means in over load condition as well as faulty condition. The fuse does not sense but Miniature
Circuit Breaker does it in more reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to over current than
fuse.
 MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)

- Rated current up to 1600 A.
- Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.
 Air circuit breaker

The working principle of this breaker is rather different from those in any other types of circuit
breakers. The main aim of all kind of circuit breaker is to prevent the reestablishment of arcing
after current zero by creating a situation where in the contact gap will withstand the system
recovery voltage. The air circuit breaker does the same but in different manner.
51
For interrupting arc it creates an arc voltage in excess of the supply voltage. Arc voltage is
defined as the minimum voltage required maintaining the arc, its types:
- Air break circuit breaker.

- Air blast circuit breaker.
5.1.4 Calculation of circuit breaker ratings

Each circuit breaker has a specific rated amperage, or amount of current. When that amperage
is exceeded, the circuit breaker shuts down the flow of current to prevent damage to the wiring.
Learn how to calculate the actual amperage of the current and compare it to the rated amperage,
so you can avoid unnecessary power interruptions
After conducting load and diversity factor calculations, now we consider C.B capacity
calculations which are as follows:
𝑆 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝐼𝐶.𝐵 = × 1.25
380√3
Circuit breaker standard:
Selectivity and back up of circuit breaker:

Selectivity it is the coordination of automatic cut-off devices for a fault that occurs at any point
in the network to be eliminated by the upstream circuit breaker, the circuit breaker that is
immediately upstream of the fault and by that circuit breaker alone.
52
53
Back‐up protection:
In cases where the available short‐circuit current level exceeds the short‐circuit rating of the
downstream breaker a current‐limiting upstream breaker can be used to ensure proper
protection of the installation.
The take‐over current of the upstream breaker, i.e. the current at which the upstream breaker
starts to trip must not be larger than of the downstream breaker in order for that back‐up
protection providing breaker to ensure protection for all possible short‐circuit currents.
While back‐up protection enhances the protection level of the downstream breakers it can also
compromise selectivity since the upstream breaker is permitted to open and disconnect its
complete downstream installation.
54
5.2 DISTRIBUTION BOARD
Electrical distribution systems, whether simple or complex, typically include distribution

boards. The selection of distribution board is based first on the number of circuit must serve,
then the designer must ensure that the system retains three important features:
- Safety.
- Flexibility.
- Reliability.
According to the NEC definition, panel boards are:

- Used to control light, heat, or power circuits.
- Placed in a cabinet or cut-out box.
- Mounted in or against a wall.
- Accessible only from the front.
55
5.2.1 Types of distribution boards
1. Final distribution board
 Lighting distribution board:
The NEC state that lighting circuit has a connection to the neutral of the panel board and has
over current protection of 30 amperes or less in one or more circuit. Maximum rating for one
circuit of light is 2000 VA which connected to the board by a feeder of 1.5mm^2 cross section
area. Number of light distribution board in each zone depends on the quantity of lighting use.
 Power distribution board:
Aboard which considered as assembly of switch fuses for large motors and equipment
protected by a miniature circuit breaker of rated above 15 ampere.
 Emergency distribution board:
Aboard which contain important & critical loads to ensure continuity of power supplied even
if the main source interrupted. Emergency Distribution board feed from diesel generator or
another feeder through (ATS) for important loads, also we can use UPS for very important
loads.
56
2. Sub-Main distribution board

It's supplied from main panel to feeding the distribution boards in this zone and feeding also
heavy load which protected by molded case circuit breaker (MCCB). At least there is one sub-
main distribution board in each floor:
 Normal sub-main distribution board.

 Emergency sub-main distribution board.
3. Main distribution board

It is supplied from utility through one step down transformer (11KV/380 V) or more depend
on the rated of apparent power of total loads and the rated of transformer. The main panel
provide protection against over current fault and short circuit fault which can be controlled by
the rating selection of breakers and short circuit level which it’s depend on the load rating and
board distance from supply. The main breaker feed smaller molded case circuit breaker
depends on the number of sub-panel.
57
5.3 Medium voltage switchgear

What is the medium voltage switchgear?
Medium voltage switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or
circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used
both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This
type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.
 We have 4 transformers so MVSG is required to transfer the power from RMU to the
transformers.
 It consists of two section and bus coupler and riser.
 The Bus Coupler is 2 out of 3 (2/3) and is used to connect two bus bars incase if one of
the incoming was out of service to insure power sustainability to the loads.
58
5.4 SHORT CIRCUIT

A short circuit in an electrical circuit is a part of the circuit that for some reasons has become
“shorter” than it should be.
The current in an electrical circuit flows the easiest way and if two points in a circuit with
different potentials are connected with low electrical impedance the current is taking a
shortcut between the two points.
The short-circuit current must be calculated at each level in the installation in view of
determining the characteristics of the equipment required to withstand or break the fault
current
Fault currents cause equipment damage due to both thermal & mechanical processes.
5.4.1 Types of short circuit

In a 3 phase network the following types of faults occur:
1. Single line to ground fault.
2. Double line fault.
3. Double line to ground fault.
4. Three phase fault.
 Single line to ground fault
The single line-to-ground fault, the most common type, is caused by lightning or by conductors
making contact with grounded structures.
59
 Double line fault
It might seem logical to declare a Line-Line fault as a 2-phase Fault objects because the fault
involves two phases.
However, it is simply a 1-phase fault connected between two phases of the same bus.
 Double line to ground fault

Double line-to-ground - two lines come into contact with the ground (and each other), also
commonly due to storm damage.
 Three phase fault

The three phase fault is the one when all three lines are shorted to ground. It is usually rare,
but can happen.
60
5.4.2 Short circuit calculations:

 Manual
By excel sheet
 Etap
61
62
CHAPTER 6
POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION
Chapter Contents:
6.1 Power factor definition.
6.2 Why to improve power factor.
6.3 How to improve power factor.
6.4 By using what equipment.
26
CHAPTER 6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
CHAPTER 1
6. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

6.1 Power factor definition:
The Power Factor is an indicator of the quality of design and management of an electrical
installation. It relies on two very basic notions: active and apparent power.
The active power P (kW) is the real power transmitted to loads such as motors, lamps,
heaters, and computers. The electrical active power is transformed into mechanical power,
heat or light.
The apparent power S (kVA) is the product: VRMS X IRMS. The apparent power is the
basis for electrical equipment rating.
The Power Factor λ is the ratio of the active power P (kW) to the apparent power S(kVA):
λ = P(kW)/S(kVA)
The value of power factor will range from 0 to 1.
The nature of reactive power:

All inductive (i.e. electromagnetic) machines and devices that operate on AC systems
convert electrical energy from the power system generators into mechanical work and heat.
This energy is measured by kWh meters, and is referred to as active energy.
In order to perform this conversion, magnetic fields have to be established in the machines.
The magnetic field is created by the circulation of current in coils, which are mainly
inductive.
All AC equipment and appliances that include electromagnetic devices, or depend on

magnetically coupled windings, require some degree of reactive current to create magnetic
flux.
It should be noted that while reactive current does not draw power from the system, it does
cause power losses in transmission and distribution systems by heating the conductors.
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CHAPTER 1
For these two reasons (transmission power losses and voltage drop), the Network Operators
work for reducing the amount of reactive (inductive) current as much as possible.
6.2 Why to improve the power factor?
1. Reduction in the cost of electricity:

Good management in the consumption of reactive energy brings economic advantages.
These notes are based on an actual tariff structure commonly applied, designed to
encourage consumers to minimize their consumption of reactive energy. The installation
of power factor correction equipment on installations permits the consumer to reduce
his electricity bill by maintaining the level of reactive-power consumption below a value
contractually agreed with the authority.
 According to the Egyptian code the power factor shouldn’t be less than 0.9.
2. Technical/economic optimization:
65
CHAPTER 1
A high power factor allows the optimization of the components of an installation.
Overrating of certain equipment can be avoided, but to achieve the best results, the
correction should be affected as close to the individual inductive items as possible.
3. Reduction of cable size:

This figure shows the required increase in the size of cables as the power factor is
reduced from unity to 0.4, for the same active power transmitted.
4. Reduction of losses (P, kW) in cables:

Losses in cables are proportional to the current squared, and are measured by the kWh
meter of the installation. Reduction of the total current in a conductor by 10% for
example, will reduce the losses by almost 20%.
5. Reduction of voltage drop:

Power factor correction equipment reduce or even cancel completely the (inductive)
reactive current in upstream conductors, thereby reducing or eliminating voltage drops.
Note: Over compensation will produce a voltage rise at the equipment level.
6. Increase in available power:

By improving the power factor of a load supplied from a transformer, the current
through the transformer will be reduced, thereby allowing more load to be added.
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CHAPTER 1
6.3 How to improve the power factor?

 Reactive power of capacitors:
 The current flowing through capacitors is leading the voltage by 90°. The corresponding
current vector is then in opposition to the current vector of inductive loads. This why
capacitors are commonly used in the electrical systems, in order to compensate the
reactive power absorbed by inductive loads such as motors. Inductive-reactive power is
conventionally positive (absorbed by an inductive load), while capacitive-reactive
power is negative (supplied by a capacitive load). As reactive-inductive loads and line
reactance are responsible for voltage drops, reactive-capacitive currents have the
reverse effect on voltage levels and produce voltage-rises in power systems.
 Theoretical principles:
QC can be calculated by the following formula deduced from figure:
QC = P. (tan (ϕ)-tan (ϕ'))
 If a bank of shunt capacitors is added to the load, its (capacitive) reactive current will
take the same path through the power system as that of the load reactive current. Since,
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this capacitive current Ic (which leads the system voltage by 90 degrees) is in direct
phase opposition to the load reactive current (IL). The two components flowing through
the same path will cancel each other, such that if the capacitor bank is sufficiently large
and Ic = IL, there will be no reactive current flow in the system upstream of the
capacitors.
6.4 By using what equipment?
At low voltage, compensation is provided by:

1. Fixed-value capacitor:
This arrangement employs one or more capacitor(s) to form a constant level of
compensation. Control may be:
 Manual: by circuit-breaker or load-break switch.

 Semi-automatic: by contactor.
 Direct connection to an appliance and switched with it.
 At the terminals of inductive devices (motors and transformers).
 At busbars supplying numerous small motors and inductive appliance for which
individual compensation would be too costly.
 In cases where the level of load is reasonably constant.
2. Automatic capacitor banks:
This kind of equipment provides automatic control of compensation, maintaining the power
factor within close limits around a selected level. Such equipment is applied at points in an
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installation where the active-power and/or reactive-power variations are relatively large,
for example:
 At the busbars of a general power distribution board.
8 At the terminals of a heavily-loaded feeder cable.
6.5 Where to install power factor?

1. Global compensation:
- Principle The capacitor bank is connected to the busbars of the main LV distribution
board for the installation, and remains in service during the period of normal load.
 Advantages
- Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of KVAR
- Reduces the apparent power kVA demand.
 Comments
- Reactive current still flows in all conductors of cables leaving the main LV
distribution board.
- For the above reason, the sizing of these cables, and power losses in them, are not
improved by the global mode of compensation.
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2. Compensation by sector:
 Capacitor banks are connected to busbars of each local distribution board.
 A significant part of the installation benefits from this arrangement, notably the feeder
cables from the main distribution board to each of the local distribution boards at which
the compensation measures are applied.
 Advantages
- Reduces the tariff penalties for excessive consumption of kvars
- Reduces the apparent power kVA demand,
- The size of the cables supplying the local distribution boards may be reduced, or will
have additional capacity for possible load increases
- Losses in the same cables will be reduced
 Comments
- Reactive current still flows in all cables downstream of the local distribution boards
- For the above reason, the sizing of these cables, and the power losses in them, are
not improved by compensation by sector.
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6.6 Power factor correction implementation:
 With total demand load of 1680 KW with power factor equals 0.8 at each main
distribution board.
 We need to compensate the power factor to 0.92
 From the following table we need 0.321 KVAR for each KW
 So we need 0.321*1680 = 540 KVAR in steps
 Capacitor bank and Circuit breaker sizing:
- KVAR = (3)^0.5 *V*I*sin(theta) & sin(90)=1

- KVAR=540 & V=380 v
- I = 820.4 A
- CB rating = 1.5 * 820.4 = 1230 A
- Standard size of CB=1250 A
- Thermal sitting = I * 1.5 = 1250 A
- Magnetic sitting = 10 *I = 12500 A
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 According to Schneider Electric installation guide:
- Installation of power factor correction in MDB:
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CHAPTER 7
ELECTRICAL POWER
SUPPLIES
Chapter Contents:
7.1 Ring Main Unit.
7.2 Transformer.
7.2.1 Types of transformers.
7.2.2 Equivalent circuit.
7.3 Uninterruptable Power Supply.
7.3.1 What is the UPS.
7.3.2 UPS circuit diagram.
7.3.3 Types of UPS.
7.4 Generator.
7.4.1 What is the generator.
7.4.2 A standby generator.
7.4.3 Uses of standby generator.
CHAPTER 7 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLIES
7.1 Ring Main Unit (RMU)
In electrical power distribution system, a Ring Main Unit is a factory assembled, metal
enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection point of a ring – type distribution
network.
It include in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main conductor,
and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution transformer, the metal
enclosed unit connects to the transformer either through a bus throat of a standardized
dimension, or else through cable and is usually installed outdoors.
Ring Main cables enter and leave the cabinet.
This type of switchgear used for Medium – voltage power distribution from 7200 volts to
36000 volts.
 Types of RMU:
Ring main units can be characterized by their type of insulation, air, oil or gas. The switch
used to isolate the transformer can be a fusible switch, or may be a circuit breaker using
vacuum or gas-insulated interrupters. The unit may also include protective relays to operate
the circuit breaker on a fault.
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 Function of RMU:
1. Connect the Substation with each other.
2. Connect the distributer transformer to medium voltage network.
3. Connect many transformers which rated less than 5 MVA.
11Kv and 630 A RMU:
Load Break Switch (LBS):

It is interrupted by Mechanical Interlock When fault occur, Manual and have no role to
protect the transformer just using for maintenance and it’s rated 630 A from standard.
Earthing Switch:
Used to discharge the charges are trapped on the RMU.
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7.2 Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying electromotive
force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be transferred between the two coils,
without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered
in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating
voltages in electric power applications.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current
electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric
power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic
centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.
7.2.1 Types of Transformer:
Various specific electrical application designs require a variety of transformer types.
Although they all share the basic characteristic transformer principles, they are customized in
construction or electrical properties for certain installation requirements or circuit conditions.
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Autotransformer: Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary circuits, leading to increased efficiency, smaller size, and a higher degree of voltage
regulation.
Capacitor voltage transformer: Transformer in which capacitor divider is used to reduce

high voltage before application to the primary winding.
Distribution transformer, power transformer: International standards make a distinction in

terms of distribution transformers being used to distribute energy from transmission lines and
networks for local consumption and power transformers being used to transfer electric energy
between the generator and distribution primary circuits.
Phase angle regulating transformer: A specialized transformer used to control the flow of
real power on three-phase electricity transmission networks.
Scott-T transformer: Transformer used for phase transformation from three-phase to two-
phase and vice versa.
Poly phase transformer: Any transformer with more than one phase.
Grounding transformer: Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits to create a

neutral in a three wire system, using a wye-delta transformer, or more commonly, a zigzag
grounding winding.
Leakage transformer: Transformer that has loosely coupled windings.

Resonant transformer: Transformer that uses resonance to generate a high secondary
voltage.
Audio transformer: Transformer used in audio equipment.
Output transformer: Transformer used to match the output of a valve amplifier to its load.
Instrument transformer: Potential or current transformer used to accurately and safely

represent voltage, current or phase position of high voltage or high power circuits.
Pulse transformer: Specialized small-signal transformer used to transmit digital signaling

while providing electrical isolation, commonly used in Ethernet computer networks as
10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T.
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7.2.2 Equivalent circuit:
Referring to the diagram, a practical transformer's physical behavior may be represented by

an equivalent circuit model, which can incorporate an ideal transformer.
Winding joule losses and leakage reactance are represented by the following series loop
impedances of the model:
 Primary winding: RP, XP.

 Secondary winding: RS, XS.
In normal course of circuit equivalence transformation, RS and XS are in practice usually

referred to the primary side by multiplying these impedances by the turns ratio squared,
(NP/NS)2 = a2.
Real transformer equivalent circuit
Core loss and reactance is represented by the following shunt leg impedances of the model:
 Core or iron losses: RC.

 Magnetizing reactance: XM.
RC and XM are collectively termed the magnetizing branch of the model.
Core losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the core and are
proportional to the square of the core flux for operation at a given frequency. The finite
78
permeability core requires a magnetizing current IM to maintain mutual flux in the core.
Magnetizing current is in phase with the flux, the relationship between the two is non-linear
due to saturation effects. However, all impedances of the equivalent circuit shown are by
definition linear and such non-linearity effects are not typically reflected in transformer
equivalent circuits. With sinusoidal supply, core flux lags the induced EMF by 90°. With
open-circuited secondary winding, magnetizing branch current I0 equals transformer no-load
current.
Instrument transformer, with polarity dot and X1 markings on LV side terminal
The resulting model, though sometimes termed exact equivalent circuit based
on linearity assumptions, retains a number of approximations. Analysis may be simplified by
assuming that magnetizing branch impedance is relatively high and relocating the branch to
the left of the primary impedances. This introduces error but allows combination of primary
and referred secondary resistances and reactance by simple summation as two series
impedances.
Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived
from the following tests: open-circuit test, short-circuit test, winding resistance test, and
transformer ratio test.
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 In our project
We Used 4 transformers: 11\.4 KV … 2500 KVA ... 50 HZ (DRY TYPE).
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CHAPTER 7 ELEECTRICAL POWER SUPPLIES
CHAPTER 1
7.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

7.3.1 What is the UPS?
Uninterruptible power supply is a device used for protection against over voltage, under
voltage, provide continuous supply in case of supply outage, protection against voltage spikes,
frequency fluctuation and against distortion in voltage wave form.
• Required for critical loads (in places that can’t live without Electricity not even for only one
second) like:
(Operations room, labs, data centers, Dialysis rooms, fire alarm control panels)
7.3.2 UPS circuit diagram:

The circuit diagram of the UPS is shown below, which shows how the batteries in the
equipment controls during a power disruption. The input voltage of the primary winding of
the transformer (TR1) is 240V. The secondary winding of the transformer (TR2) can be raised
up to 15V if the value is at least 12V running 2 amps .The fuse is used to give the protection
to the circuit from the short circuits. The electricity presence will cause the led1 to light. The
light of LED will set off upon power disruption and the battery of the UPS will take over. This
circuit is designed to provide a more flexible pattern where it can be modified by using
different batteries and regulators to offer regulated & unregulated voltages. Using two 12V
batteries in series and a positive input of 7815 regulators, we can control a 15Volts supply.
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7.3.3 Types of UPS:
Three types of UPS are mainly used:
1. On-line UPS:
The Online UPS consist of a rectifier, battery and inverter in-line with AC mains and load.
The AC power supplied to the Online UPS is fed first to the rectifier circuit, then it will convert
it into DC power. Then, this DC power is used to charge the battery, and this DC power is
supplied to the inverter circuit, and then it is supplied to load. There is transfer switch, but that
will always be in ON position. Thus, at every instant of time, the power delivered to the load
will be from the combination of rectifier and inverter circuit. The main advantage of using
Online UPS is that no switching is required between the main power line path and battery
backup path in case of power outage and In Online UPS the inverter is always in ON condition,
thus the power delivered to the load will be available at every instant of time.
2. Off-line UPS:
The Offline UPS directly supply the AC power to the device connected to the load. In case of
power failure, the offline UPS changes the position of the transfer switch. And it connects the
load to the battery backup path.
The battery of the offline Ups gets charged during the availability of AC power. In that
condition, the AC power is directly supplied to the load circuit, and at the same time the battery
of the offline ups gets charged with the help of rectifier circuit.
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In case of power outage, the charged battery is used to supply DC power to the inverter which
in turn converts the DC power into AC and supply it to the load terminal.
3. Hybrid UPS:
The Standby-Ferro UPS was once the dominant form of UPS. This design depends on a special
saturating transformer that has three windings (power connections). The primary power path
is from AC input through a transfer switch, through the transformer, and to the output.
In the case of a power failure, the transfer switch is opened, and the inverter picks up the
output load. In the Standby-Ferro design, the inverter is in the standby mode, and is energized
when the input power fails and the transfer switch is opened.
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7.4 Generator
7.4.1 What is the Generator?
Generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power
for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas
turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines and hand cranks.
7.4.2 A standby generator:
is a back-up electrical system that operates automatically within seconds of a utility outage
when an automatic transfer switch senses the power loss, commands the generator to start and
then transfers the electrical load to the generator. The standby generator begins supplying
power to the circuits. After utility power returns, the automatic transfer switch transfers the
electrical load back to the utility and signals the standby generator to shut off. It then returns
to standby mode where it awaits the next outage, a standby generator runs weekly self-tests.
Most units run on diesel, natural gas or liquid propane gas.
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7.4.3 Uses of the Standby Generator:
A standby generator is required for feeding emergency loads like:
(Elevators, Water pumps, Chillers, Fire pumps, Exhaust fans, X-ray equipment, Medical
gas equipment).
 In our project
We use two diesel standby generators of rating 1125 KVA, 50 Hz, 400/230 V, the diagram of
generator from the single line diagram is shown below.
The difference between the UPS and the generator:

Both generator and an uninterruptible power supply serve the same purpose – provide backup
power supply to electronic devices. And not only a backup power supply, Generator and an
uninterruptible power supply also prevent:
 minor or more serious damage to electronics.

 loss of stored data.
 loss of a hard drive.
 early breakdown of more delicate electronic device and accessories.
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If both backup power supply devices bring same benefits, you may wonder which one is better.
Should you buy Ups or the generator. To help you decide whether to buy UPS or the generator,
we will go over few major differences between the two backup power supply systems.
For starters, uninterruptible power supply works like a battery backup power supply. It
converts the electrical AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current), stores the energy
which is used to backup power supply when the power shuts off. Put in plain English,
uninterruptible power supply charges when the power is on and uses stored energy to support
electronic devices the instant the power is out. However, even though uninterruptible power
supply system delivers instant backup power supply, it does not last long. Other beneficial
features of the uninterruptible power supply are:
 Immediate backup power supply.

 Makes no noise.
 Cheaper than the generator.
 Eco-friendly (does not create any emissions harmful to the environment).
 Portable.
 Requires no maintenance.
On the other hand, the generator provides hours of backup power supply, but has slower start
up time. It needs about 10 or more seconds to start up which is more than enough to lose data
you’ve been working on. Also, backup power supply depends on the size of the generator.
Unlike uninterruptible power supply, the generator:
 Is a more expensive backup power supply system.

 Creates more noise and harmful emissions.
 Can either be portable or standby.
 Can be turned on/off either manually or automatically.
 Requires some sort of maintenance.
 Costs more.
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CHAPTER 8
EARTHING SYSTEM
Chapter Contents:
8.1 What affects the ground resistance.
8.2 Ground system design.
8.3 Earthing system classifications.
8.4 Project’s earthing system design.
CHAPTER 8 EARTHING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
8. EARTHING SYSTEM
The earthing system is the total set of measures used to connect an electrically conductive
part to earth. The earthing system is an essential part of power networks at both high- and
low-voltage levels.
A good earthing system is required for:

 Protection of buildings and installations against lightning.
 Safety of human and animal life by limiting touch and step voltages to safe values.
 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) i.e. limitation of electromagnetic disturbances.
 Correct operation of the electricity supply network and to ensure good power quality.
Components of a ground electrode: 1.

2.
3.
1. Ground conductor.
2. Connection between the ground conductor and the ground electrode.
3. Ground electrode.
8.1 What affects the grounding resistance?
First, the NEC code (1987, 250-83-3) requires a minimum ground electrode length of 2.5
meters (8.0 feet) to be in contact with soil.
But, there are three variables that affect the ground resistance of a ground system:
 Length/depth of the ground electrode.

 Diameter of the ground electrode.
 Number of ground electrodes.
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8.2 Ground system design:
Simple grounding systems consist of a single ground electrode driven into the ground. The
use of a single ground electrode is the most common form of grounding and can be found
outside your home or place of business. Complex grounding systems consist of multiple
ground rods, connected, mesh or grid networks, ground plates, and ground loops. These
systems are typically installed at power generating substations, central offices, and cell
tower sites Complex networks dramatically increase the amount of contact with the
surrounding earth and lower ground resistances.
Soil resistivity:
Soil Resistivity is most necessary when determining the design of the grounding system for
new installations (green field applications) to meet your ground resistance requirements.
Ideally, you would find a location with the lowest possible resistance. But as we discussed
before, poor soil conditions can be overcome with more elaborate grounding systems. The soil
composition, moisture content, and temperature all impact the soil resistivity. Soil is rarely
homogenous and the resistivity of the soil will vary geographically and at different soil depths.
Moisture content changes season ally, varies according to the nature of the sublayers of earth,
and the depth of the permanent water table. Since soil and water are generally more stable at
deeper strata, it is recommended that the ground rods be placed as deep as possible into the
earth, at the water table if possible. Also, ground rods should be installed where there is a
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stable temperature, i.e. below the frost line. For a grounding system to be effective, it should
be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions.
Note: soil resistivity depends on soil type.
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8.3 Earthing system classifications:
 TT system.
 TN-S system.
 TN-C-S system
 TN-C system
 IT system
TT systems:
This arrangement covers installations not provided with an earth terminal by the Electricity
Supply Company. Thus it is the method employed by most (usually rural) installations fed by
an overhead supply. Neutral and earth (protective) conductors must be kept quite separate
throughout the installation, with the final earth terminal connected to an earth electrode by
means of an earthing conductor.
TN-S system:
This is probably the most usual earthing system in the world, with the Electricity
Supply Company providing an earth terminal at the incoming mains position. This earth
terminal is connected by the supply protective conductor (PE) back to the star point (neutral)
of the secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also connected at that point
to an earth electrode. The earth conductor usually takes the form of the armour and
sheath (if applicable) of the underground supply cable.
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TN-C-S system:
In this system, the installation is TN-S, with separate neutral and protective Conductors. The
supply, however, uses a common conductor for both the neutral and the earth .This
combined and neutral system is sometimes called the 'protective and neutral conductor' (PEN)
the “combined neutral and earth” conductor (CNE). The system, which is shown In Fig is
most usually protective multiple earth (PME) system.
TN-C system:
This installation is unusual, because combined neutral and earth wiring is used in both the
supply and within the installation itself. Where used, the installation will usually be the earthed
concentric system, which can only be installed under the special conditions (mostly used in
France).
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IT system:
The installation arrangements in the IT system are the same for those of the TT system
. However, the supply earthing is totally different. The IT system can have an unearthed
supply, or one which is not solidly earthed but is connected to earth through a current
limiting impedance. IT system is shown in Fig:
IT system
8.4 Project’s earthing system calculations and design:
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CHAPTER 9
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Chapter Contents:
9.1 Objective of system.
9.2 Main components of system.
9.3 Steps of design.
9.4 Precautions during design.
9.5 Automatic fire detector.
9.6 Audible devices.
CHAPTER 9 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
9. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
9.1 Objective of this system

Early warning of exist fire to declare emergency in the place thus the speed of fighting and the
speed of the exit of individual from the place.
9.2 Main components of the system:

 Sensors and fire detectors.
 Call point
 Sound or visual alarm unit
 Fire Alarm control panel
 Network (Cable & Pipe fitting)
9.3 Steps of design:

1. Choosing the detector according to place application.
Smoke detectors it's divided into two types:

 Ionization small detectors used in fast fire and energy fire.
 Optical smoke detectors used in slow fire, used double detectors (smoke detector
light and ion) in high value places which must protected such as computer room,
and not used in in places which contain smoke or dust.
Heat detectors it's divided into two types:
 Fixed types used in places which accuse changes in temperature.

 Rate of rise heat detectors used in places where there is smoke or steam or dust.
 Flame detectors used in places of high altitude.
 Gas detectors work in case of exist pipes to transport gases and it's transported near
to the pipes to discover any leakage of gases.
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2. Distribution of detectors to cover total area of project and other elements as
Manual Switch, alarm bell, flasher, control panel.
3. Drawing network and dividing the project to more zones.
Control panel
1. Conventional type:
A fire alarm system is often a natural option for small systems or budget constraints
because it’s cheaper.
How to work
During occurring fire the control panel receives a signal from the detectors
or calling point as there is a fire as a result the control panel send signal to alarm
system (sound or light) to make fire alarm.
The conventional detectors usually connect to the control panel through the circuits
to protect a particular region.
2. Addressable type
It's used in many places such as hotels and administrative building.
How to work
- The digital fire alarm system wraps through a wire around the building with
each detector having its own address.
- This system may contain one or more rings depending on the size of the system
and design requirements.
- Its control panel reports each detector separately.
- Each detector has a unique address on the control panel, making it able to
display the signal at the specified location.
It’s clear that this help to quickly determine the location of the accident and that is why the
fire system entitled digital is the natural choice of large buildings and system that requires
more complexities.
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Control module
The unit is installed on the alarms and this unit is installed on the speakers so that
these speakers are given in the motherboard and convert it to addressable.
Isolation module
 Used in case of separation of detectors in case of short circuits.
 Usually put 20 unit in new reagents provide each reagent with this unit.
Repeater
- Put in wide places, the fire board is placed in the villa and placed repeater in the security
room.
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- According to Egyptian code, if the ceilings are higher than 3m above the floor, the
interior distance of the reagents should be reduced
9.4 Precaution during design:

1. We must not put call point or glass breaker behind the door that the goal is to be in the
way out.
2. Distance from elevators adjustment outlets.
Cables and wires

- Copper wire must be of the appropriate type for purpose.
- Wire segments should be selected so that they don’t cause low voltage and do not affect
the efficiency of the equipment.
- The outer shell of the wire shall be of moisture resistant and non-flammable type.
- The electrical connections of the detection and warning system shall be installed on an
area not less than 50mm from any other electrical connection.
9.5 Automatic fire detectors

1. Spot detectors: provide detection concentration in a particular location – heat & smoke
detectors.
2. Line detectors: provide continues detection along path-thermal cable &beam detectors.
3. Air sampling: system draw air through pipes to an enclosed chamber for testing. –
(VESDA&DUCT DETECTORS).
Automatic fire detectors

1. Photoelectric
2. Light-scattering (reflective)
3. Light-obscuring (beam)
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4. Ionization
5. Thermal (heat)
6. Duct.
Light scattering type

These detectors use a light – emitting diode (LED) that sends a beam of light into a dark
chamber. A photon diodes sits on the other side of a partition within the chamber.
Smoke particles entering the chamber deflect some of the light rays into the photocell. The
photo cell generates a current reaches a certain level, the smoke detector alarm.
Light scattering principal
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Light obscuration type
In a projected Beam Detector, alarms are generated by diffusing the projected light beam by a
specified percentage of obscuration. Total beam blockage generally results in a trouble signal.
Photoelectric Smoke Detectors Light Obscuration Type
Wire the receiver unit as a 4-wire detector (separate power and sensing connections to the
control panel.
9.6 Audible devices

Sounders: Electronic or mechanical audible devices, which are capable of producing a variety
of tones. Often, the tone is selectable during installation of the device.
Chimes: Soft-toned appliances used where loud noises could be disruptive to other operations.
Generally used where qualified personnel are continuously in attendance.
Sirens: Extremely loud devices generally limited in use to outdoor or heavy industrial areas.
Speakers: Audible devices used in conjunction with voice evacuation messages. Life-Safety
speakers are not generally associated with Muzak systems.
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Intelligent System
- Always an Addressable System.
- Processes detailed, analog data from detectors about smoke levels.
- Can provide sensitivity data for each detector.
- Employs Drift Compensation (self-calibration) in its detectors.
Spot Detector Placement

Spot detector placement is based on central mounting of a detector in a 30’ X 30’ room. No
area may be more than 21’ from the detector.
Note that in this application, two detectors are not required because all areas within the room
are within 21 feet of the detector.
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Heat Detector Spacing
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A sample from our project:
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CHAPTER 10
LIGHT CURRENT
TELEPHONE, DATA AND NURSE CALL
SYSTEM
Chapter Contents:
10.1 Telephone Network.
10.1.1 Major system elements.
10.1.2 Types of telephone cables.
10.1.3 Telephone network components.
10.2 Data System.
10.2.1 System components.
10.2.2 Design steps.
10.3 Nurse Call System.
10.3.1 Patient room equipment.
10.3.2 Nurse station.
CHAPTER 10 LIGHT CURRENT
10.1 Telephone Network

Telephone communication is a system involving the telephone instruments and
network of switched transmission circuit that enables any telephone line to be connected
quickly to other line.
These are used exclusively for internal inter communication without exchange
and the telephone station are connected directly together via lines In many building, it
is necessary to have a system of calling staff which are on duty in staff room to link
with other rooms in the building. This can be found for example; in hotels, hospitals and
old people homes. All such systems can be arranged electrically and form part of the
electrical services in a building.
Some buildings have an internal telephone system switch which may consist of
extensions to the public telephone or may be an entirely separate installation. Here again
the essential matter for the electrical service designer is to be agree the outlet positions
with his customer and to arrange for them to be linked to each other by (conduit or
trunking).
Trunking
 Can be a useful alternative to conduit when the system is complex one needing many
cables with a large number of junctions. Telephone cables do not have a protective
sheathing and therefore need the mechanical protection of conduit trunking.
 An internal telephone installation which independent of the public telephones must
receive power from somewhere, all telephone work on low voltage and this is
provided either by a battery or by an electric power pack.
 A battery:-
 Needs to be kept charged by a battery charger to be supplied by main power. A power
pack usually contains its own transformer but this must then be fed from the mains.
107
 In whichever way the telephone works, main power has to be provided somewhere,
usually at the central exchanger of the system the power required is very small and
can be supplied from a socket outlet or fused spur unit on the nearest convenient
general purpose.
10.1.1 The technology of a telephone communication system consists of four

major system elements:
 The first element is a telephone instrument itself, or any other form of apparatus that
is attached to the telephone line.
 The second element is involved with the various techniques used to signal and
control the operation of the vast communication network. The communication
network itself involves the switching equipment that connects communication circuits
formed by a variety of transmission media.
 The last two elements are transmission and switching.
10.1.2 Types of Telephone Cables:
Telephone wire and cable has generally been grouped into three categories:
 Fiber.
 Copper.
 Hybrid (composed).
- Telephone cable is usually classified according to its location of use.

- Cable used outdoors between the telephone company central office and the building
(outside cable) or sometimes called (black) cable
- Wire or cable used indoor, e.g., inside homes and commercial building is referred to as
(premises distribution wiring) or more simply as inside cable.
108
10.1.3 Telephone Network Components:
1. Main Distribution Frame (MDF).

2. Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
3. Battery and charger.
4. Telephone sets
5. Telephone Terminal Cabinets (TTC) & boxes.
6. Telephone outlets.
7. Complete work and wiring installation.
 Private Automatic Branch Exchanger:
PABX stands for “private automatic branch exchanger”. It’s a telephone exchange that
serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone
company operates for many businesses or for the general public.
PABX is designed so that it full fills the following functions:

 Some branches can take access to external lines directly.
 Some branches can take access to external lines through the telephonist.
 Some branches are internal only.
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 Main Distribution Frame
MDF stands for “main distribution frame”.
In Telephony, a Main Distribution Frame (MDF or Main Frame) is a signal distribution frame
for connecting equipment (inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment (outside
plant).
 The MDF is a termination point within the local Telephone exchange where exchange
equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF.
 All copper pairs supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated at the
MDF and distributed through the MDF to equipment within the local Exchange.
110
 Like other distribution frames the MDF provides flexibility in assigning facilities, at
lower cost and higher capacity than a patch panel.
 Distribution frames are essential to the delivery of telecommunications services. They
provide a scalable means by which services can be delivered to individual subscribers
without requiring major cabling installations or changes.
 In addition, by serving as a termination point for all copper pairs going to subscriber
locations, they are an ideal location for test access into the last mile, allowing service
providers to monitor and manage their entire physical copper infrastructure. Finally,
distribution frames often serve as a demarcation point between different carriers'
domains. As a result, they provide a simple means by which multiple service providers
can work together in a deregulated environment while maintaining independent network
infrastructures.
111
 Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Hardware
- SYSTIMAX 110-type hardware: is used for the Main Distribution Frame (MDF).
- 110-type hardware is available in two basic types: the 110A and 110P. The 110A
requires less wall space than the 110P. The 110P includes horizontal and vertical cable
troughs for managing cross-connect cables. The system is connected to the MDF with
the supplied B25A male to female 25-pair cables. The cables are provided in 10-foot (3
m) and 15-foot (4.5 m) lengths.
- Example MDF Connections (Single-Carrier Cabinet) shows a detailed example of

Single-Carrier Cabinet cables connecting system cabinets and satellite closets to the
Main Distribution Frame (MDF). The figure shows the cross-connections for one
example station circuit.
112
- Example MDF Connections (Multicarrier Cabinet) shows the cross-connections for

common circuit packs. Refer to this figure when cross-connecting wire pairs to the
MDF.
 Telephone Terminal Cabinet
TTC stands for “Telephone Terminal Cabinet”. Telephone cabinet is used in telephone
networks of large buildings like hotels, companies, organizations, etc. as a termination of
outlets for connection of telephone sets.
One is used for connections of wall mounted type telephones & the other for connection of
desk type & fax type.
113
 Telephone Terminal Wall Cabinet Specifications
- Generally inside terminal room are preferred. This allows for access to power for
telephone equipment. With engineering approval wall Cabinets are acceptable for
buildings less than 20,000 square feet with external mounted SRP power cabinets.
- If power is provided in an inside terminal room Saddleback will collocate with them.
Sun West Engineering, Inc. MPOP-09604808 cabinet is the only one approved by
Saddleback Communications engineering. Other cabinets may be used but must be
approved prior to installation.
- An area 8’ in front of the cabinet must be kept clear for technician access.
- One isolated 20 Amp breaker circuit is extended to plywood backboard inside the
cabinet is to be provided.
- One #6 insulated copper wire terminated at the main power service panel ground bus
bar at one end and the other end terminated on a suitable buss bar located on the left
side of the cabinet near the splice compartment is to be provided.
- All access handles to accommodate a padlock.
- A maximum on four three foot radius 90 degree bends are allowed in each pulling
section.
 Telephone socket
- It is a metallic box imbedded inside the wall arid inside it parts for connection of two
lines.
 Telephone lines and branches

- All connections must be according to the specifications.
- All telephone connections must be totally isolated from other electrical connections.
- For each telephone socket there are 2 pairs of lines, one is the main and the other is a
backup to the main.
- Telephone lines must be isolated using plastic, of minimum diameter 0.6 mm.
114
10.2 DATA SYSTEM
10.2.1 Components of the system:
In a simple way the system consists of:
10.2.2 Design Steps
1. Determine the number and type of exits.

2. Select the type of cable and the pullover.
115
A patch cord (usually a 7 meter cable) is used to connect the output between the computer and
the number of cables used is equal to the required number of outputs.
Based on the cable used in Cat6 example, a Cat6 socket jump will be used
3. Selection patch panel
A keyboard that connects the switch between the computer and its features is numbered and
thus help you to arrange the cables from the switch to the computer and when a problem can
find the cable of the device to repair. If the cables are connected directly to the devices of the
switch we will find a forest of cables unorganized so we use the patch panel
It has several capacities: (08, 84, 42… Port)
It is selected according to the number of exits. For example, the second stage has 73 outputs
and accordingly a panel will be selected contains 48 ports.
116
4. Connects Inside the sub – rac
Connectors:
After fixing the number of patch panel and is often empty, it is filled with connectors.
The connectors number = number of ports per patch panel.
Patch cord:
The patch panel is connected to the switch (the switches are determined by the network
engineer and are not described during the design) by patch cord 1 m.
117
Cable Organizer:
In order to maintain the regulation of the cables during the conduction within the conductor, a
regulator is used for the passage of the wires and uses 1 for each patch panel.
5. Connects from the sub-RAC to the main- RAC
The cable is connected by a normal data cable cat6, unless the distance between the drips is
more than 110 meters. The fiber cable is connected to the same cable as the normal data cable.
It is used in long distances. It is more expensive than ordinary cable and has its own
components. Use special patch panel and special components.
6. Select the RACK
It is the structure in which the contents are installed or by cab and are characterized by cab
width & height
The RAC 42U is often used for the main building track and 18: 22U for the sub-rigs in the
rotors according to the number of appliances used.
118
The difference between RJ45 &RJ11
Registered Jack is the meaning of the acronym RJ which is the acronym that cable connectors
usually start with. Two of the most common jacks are the RJ45 and RJ11, each with their own
specific purpose. The main difference between these two is in where they are actually used.
RJ45 jacks are used in networking, where you connect computers or other network elements
to each other. RJ11 is the cable connector that is being used in telephone sets.
119
10.3 NURSE CALL SYSTEM

(NCS) is an electronic system intended to provide:
 Audible and visual communication between patients and hospital personnel.
 Communications between hospitals staff each other.
 Help hospital staff in determining some problems.
 Help hospital staff in monitoring patients’ life.
Whatever the system, all contain some form of the following:
 Call initiation devices.
 Emergency Switches.
 Dome Lamps.
 Room controllers.
 Nurse Master Station/ Central Equipment.
 Power supplies.
120
10.3.1 Patient Room Equipment:
1. Patient Stations.
2. Call Devices.
3. Emergency, Presence, and Auxiliary Stations.
A device located on the wall behind the patient bed that allows patients or staff to
summon help. It is typically activated by a call cord or pillow speaker. It normally has
a call assurance lamp, which lights when a call is placed, and a reset switch for canceling
121
a call. Common options include an intercom speaker/microphone and entertainment

circuits for television control.
 Common specs for all Patient Stations:

- Each button has a dedicated Status LED (ON, OFF, and Flashing) to indicate its
condition.
- Buttons (and software) can be customized on site for function, color, and
wording.
- Sockets for call cords are supervised.
- Supervision can be de-activated at station for call cord replacement.
 Specs for Audible stations:

- Available in single or dual bed configurations.
- Separate speaker and microphone.
- Speaker/microphone volume adjustments for room acoustics can be individually
programmed.
 Call Cords:
- Cord sets are directly interchangeable to meet varying requirements.
- All call cord sets are approved and listed under UL1069 standards.
- All switches are totally enclosed for complete protection.
122
- Pressure pad cord set is available for elderly patients and others unable to use
their hands.
- The oxygen pressure pad cord set is safe for use in oxygen tents.
- The Dummy Plug deactivates stations when Pillow Speakers are removed.
 Other Call Cords/options:

- Call Pendants.
- Pillow Speakers.
- Hill-Rom Interface Module.
- Hill-Rom Bed w/ Side Rail Controls.
123
 Emergency and Auxiliary Devices:

- Pull Stations (High-Level Alarm Devices).
- Staff Emergency Station.
- Code Blue Station.
 Room controller and Dome lamps:
- Room lamp:
A visual annunciator, mounted on the wall (or ceiling) outside a room that indicates calling
activities and the presence of staff members. It may have a single bulb or several bulbs of
different colors to indicate the types of calls and staff members. Also referred to as a dome
light.
124
- Room controller:
The components needed to process and distribute signals among nurse and patient stations and
other peripheral devices.
Room Controllers –Heart & Brains of the N. Call System:
- Core Nodes, Stand-Alone Subsystems

- Typically installed in corridor
- Two Types:
1. Audio-Visual.
2. Tone-visual.
- Standalone or Integrated with Dome Lamp.-
- All Dome Lamps can use pluggable LEDs and have four/three lamp sockets.
- Red, White, Blue, Green, Yellow, Red/White, and Blue/White LEDs are currently
available.
125
10.3.2 Nurse Stations:
- Wall-Mounted Nurse Control Station/duty room station.Desktop Nurse Master Station.
 Nurse Stations sample specs:
- Interactive Backlit Display.

- Functional Buttons with LEDs.
- Built-in Interactive Sounder.
- Audio Handset (optional for voice communications).
126
 Nurse Station sample:
Master station ClinoOpt 99 from Ackermann.
- Call and status identification with indication for zones, rooms, beds, normal calls,
bathroom / WC emergency calls, plug release calls, diagnostic calls, doctor calls,
call on hold, Presence I and II, failure, further calls .
- Free selectable zone interconnection.
- Call answering.
- Multiple calls and presence signals are indicated in parallel.
- Functions are activated via touch screen.
- Menu navigation and free assignment of buttons (alphanumeric display).
Equipped with:
1. 1 call push-button –red –with LED orientation / reassurance lamp.
2. 1 doctor call lamp -blue -with LED reassurance lamp.
3. 2 presence push-buttons –green and yellow –with LED reminder lamp.
4. 1 sound generator for call transfer.
5. 1 illuminated LCD with touch-sensitive surface.
 Staff station:
- A station typically used by the staff to place calls to the nurse control station. It
is typically located in staff areas but can also be located in areas used by
ambulatory patients.
 Duty station:
- A station that uses tones and lamps to annunciate calls by their type or priority. It
is normally installed in a location where nurses tend to be when they are not at
the nurse control station or in patient rooms (e.g., clean linens, soiled linens, and
nurses’ lounge).
127
- Sample from AutoCAD distribution plane:-
128
APPENDIX
LOAD ESTIMATIOM
PANEL SCHEDULES
131
132
133
134
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
 Egyptian code for electrical designs.
 CIBSE for lighting design.
 National Electrical Code (NEC).
 “Electrical Installation Guide”, by Schneider Electric.
136
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Electrical Distribution Works of A Central Hospital

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Electrical Distribution Works of A Central Hospital

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Benha University

Shoubra Faculty of Engineering

Graduation Project 2018

Under supervision: Dr. Mahmoud Omar.

We would like to express our great appreciation to

‫رمنلتنا ‪ /‬شارة إشامة على‪ ،‬والتى رحلت عن عالمنا متد شهور‪.‬‬

‫رحم إلله روحها الطاهرة‪.‬‬

1. Mustafa Gamal Salem Abdelmahfouz.

1.2 Hospital Design Criteria

Healthcare facilities are often complex several different processes, including:

 Critical medical processes: Operating theatres, Intensive care, labs, etc.

 Important medical processes: patient rooms, normal care, radiology rooms.

 Non-critical and not medical: Parking, cafeteria, sterilization, etc.

1.3 Project overview & Layout

 Ground floor: emergency department, laboratories, pharmacy, radiology section,

1.4 Scope of work

 Two Ring Main Units.

As shown in following main single line diagram

2.1 Healthcare application

 According to the mounting type:

 According to lamp type:

3. High pressure mercury:

 According to optical cover:

 According to IP (Ingress Protection)

- in this project we define IP of luminaire according to the used application like in

2.4 Lighting calculations

Sample from Dialux for the same room:

 Lighting fixtures description must include the following:

2.7 Project samples:

3.1 Electrical sockets

 1000---- 1500 Watt.

A sample of normal sockets wiring using AUTOCAD program.

Distribution of sockets in room depends on the following factors:

3.2 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)

 Chilled Water System Basics

 How a Chilled Water System Works

 Chillers and Cooling Towers

2. Air Handling Unit

2. According to building height

 Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories)

3. According to building type

 Hospital Stretcher Lift

The pump power is calculated according to the following equation:

P is the pump power.

W is density (1000 kg/m3).

H is static raiser (m).

CABLE SIZING AND VOLTAGE

4. CABLE SIZING AND VOLTAGE DROP

4.1 The Factors Affecting the Selection of Cable:

4.2 Construction of Cable:

4.3 Cables Classification:

• Highly resistant against humidity.

3) According to number of cores

• SWA (Steel Wire Armouring).

• DST (Double Steel Tape Armouring).

• AWA (Aluminum Wire Armouring).

4.5 CABLE SIZING

Moreover, the protective devices (circuit-breakers or fuses) must:

Conductor sizing procedure:

IB is the max. load current in ampere.

S is the rated KVA of the load.

V is the supply voltage in volt.

These derating factors are:

- KVAR = (3)^0.5 VI*sin(theta) & sin(90)=1