future time will and won't Use will and won't ‘© for factual predictions. Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months Inilation will almost certainly increase by 1% over the next twelve months ‘Other qualifying adverbials include definitely, probably, no doubt ‘© for habits of which the speaker disapproves. He will keep opening the window. Jack sso lazy He'l spend the whole day tying in bed reading the papers. ‘¢ for an assumption taken from the facts. The phone's ringing.” "That'll be Sue. I'm expecting her to phone.” © for an immediate decision. “Anything to drink, sir?” TU just have a glass of water please ‘© Willis used to express many other meanings connected with the future (see Unit 15). Offer I carry that for you. Refusal They won't give me my ball back! In speech, contractions are frequently used, so I, you'l, he'll etc are the usual spoken forms, shall and shan’t ‘© Shall and shat are forms of will used in frst person singular and plural in formal and deliberate Speech, and in many modal uses (see Unit 16) We shall inform you, upon adimision, ofthe rues of the Lira. "give you my work on Fiday:” ‘shal look forward to receiving it! be going to Use be going to © for personal plans and intentions. {'m going to stay in this evering and watch an od fin. What are you going to de now? I don't know! ‘@ when the cause of a possible event is present. Look at the colour ofthe sky! Its going to snow. '@ for decisions about the future. ‘ve decided what 'm going to do. 'm going to phone the police will oF going to? ‘@ In many cases, will as prediction can be replaced by going to, especially In ‘everyday speech. This s not true for other meanings of will Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months. Asse it inflation is going to increase by 1% over the next twelve months © Normally going to cannot be replaced by will without changing the meaning. ‘¢ Was going to describes events which were supposed to happen, but did not. | was going to come over and see you, but I eft (00 ate be to, be about to, be on the point of, be due to ‘@ Be tos used to describe arrangements with future reference. The conference isto take place in ly. ‘¢- The past arrangement form is was / were to have done. 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YOO] sBIdIEK® aso {sse24 Ua} 10} fuedwo9 sy: 3e Bupyom uaeq aAeY JL) 'VIUOL! aU) Jo pue ayy ‘6uyyiara wanoBs0y aney YL) Sui6aq were ay) aw ou2 "yulod auniny @ wos} Uo 3Peq PaxOO} aU JO} a5P snonunuo> pue ajduiss 210d 24 ens 257 Buyyfoe Bunuem aq MOK IA “sisanbeu jewios Kuan ung u mossoyy wy Buusopsad 29 jan soucrs Duyoy aus “ayep aumny e 10) paBueue useq Apeaute oney rey siuans jsopy>tes 2y) w yoeeg ay wo BuIA) aq 4,Aays. 29% GU 2uN0 SL {lod aunany ee ayers @J0 UaN9 UE & 4304 snonupuos emany as snonunuos aanyng 103 @ Ang 03 Buj06 wi) “suo. yBnous dn pares aj Se U00S Se ‘ued aunany e mous 03 [IMA $0 Pearsu 2IqIS5Od OsIe 1 0: BUIOD & nok doy i Y8u2) sn PaYstUy 941 5e WOOS SY “uonajdwo> mous oy ajduyysyuaseud yo pearsu! pasn osje s! 3}18d Uasa1s & ‘j0uy nok a 1,04 ‘voNDap @ ayeU! am se UOOS sy “apuas9ya1 aanany e 5! 2184p YBnoupje ajduuis wuasaid asn ami na, ‘uayus yun uawow ayn Nareypauwus ‘own ay) Aq ‘210499 1eYJe ‘Se UOOS se suO!sezdxe BWA Jey & sesnep aun ounang: -epsany @ vo sy seussuy> se6/ Hayy 1 2>]oup reuossad ous} azays qUaK9 alma paxy & 40} pasn aq UE> adul!sUDS—IE & 20701 140m nok og “epunies uo fued e aney 03 BuI06 21,0M, ‘uoRewsoju awies 4p san6 aiduexe si Ul 0) BuI05 Bush aw? 0 1ueM nak og epimes uo fed e Bumey 21,0m “{epew fyaujuyap Apeosje 2u0) juawaBueure paxye 10} pasn 2q ue> snonunuoD iwaseid. © snonupuos pue ajdus quasaid ‘anp sj wen a4; quBWoU! Aue Ye amuse 0} anp si UIE AL ‘vaddey 03 payradxe s! ey" 241259 anp aq ‘op 01 anp ag & ‘hued 4 Bune) 40 140d ay Uo 5} peg ‘01 snoge wet BulueaUs jewsi0} asoU & sey J0 1U/Od 242 UO 2g ‘Sues avoudl ay; vay paq 0} 06 03 snoge seat | “uoos uaddey 03 6uj06 sem yotyra sed ay UI UaAE Ue SORUDSAP UHO$ wed BL so 06 03 anoge snf wi) 240U yf) 1,Ue>) ‘uoos Kian uaddey 0% Bu108 s! YeYAA saquasap o1 snoge (Asn) 3g1 Underline the best verb form. ‘Have you decided yet?" ‘Yes, Il have /I have the roast beef, please. b Q: How will have known / will Tknow that I have won a prize? A: You are receiving / will receive an email giving full details © Quick get out of the car! Its going to burst / I's bursting into flames at any minute! 4 Don't come round before midday, because lle cleaning /1 clean the house until then. © Sorry I can't come on Thursday evening. I’m going to work /'m working late on an important project. £ The cost of construction is almost certainly rising / will almost certainly rise before the end of the year as wage increases begin to take effect. 9, The conferencé is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00, hh Here's the money you asked! for - €1000, What will you / are you going to do with it? i. Why don’t you give Helen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one! She won't have now / won't know the difference! j_ Tjust want to remind everyone that we'll be holding / we hold a Latin-American evening at the town hall this Friday. 2. Choose all possible forms, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. ‘The fish is very fresh. And the beef is very good too." ‘I think A, B. the fish.’ “There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it be at this time of night?" a Helen, She said she might come round to watch the midnight movie on TV.’ “T've just received some new sales figures. them very much, I'm afraid.’ ‘Over the next six months, the company ten new supermarkets in France. with this kind of problem before, I expect, so I'll leave you to get on with it. According to sources close to the prime minister’ office, the foreign minister ‘Well, that's all for today. you next week at the same time, if that’s all right. rye just received some new Next year some time travelling, and then look fora teaching job. sales figures ‘The problem we have with Jack is that he insist on opening all the windows in the cold weather. j There's not much bread, I’m afraid. I hope At this rate, by the time we get to the party, most people | ‘The rot police are running into the squate, There ‘at it all before the others arrive! trouble! ATim going to have Br have Cm about to have ‘A That's going to be 8 That t be Cts due to be 1A You're not going to like B You won't like You're not liking 8 will be opening Cis opening A You are going to deal ‘Ais om the point of resigning Alin going to see Am spending 1 Ais going to i Ayou won't kA will eave 1 Ais going to be b Ais going to open e f a h 8 You are dealing Bis due to resign B I'm seeing 8 1'm going to spend Bis about to 8 you aren't about 19 B will have left 8 will be € You't have dealt Cis about to resign CHU see CIM spend will you're not going to are on the point of leaving Cis due to beaun amny @ Tim - ou £q Jory axp auineD axvy aonod aun aoadxo | | im pie ypo1d Mau AUS qe4p auNS WH, NOK IO} ANAT eSA:OULL, | mu AMT # NOK 2afF 1 .At0p Ay Os epson, UO KeasuE spar] OF BUIAUIP WL ‘SNIOD “purer Aur paddns 1 1nq “1uBiUH se nog aud 08 papuBUET & aAVH iqeq v funpada st uel jsiou pon § OL umd mo seu ‘os ououd © 408 s,uoaey 9m pu ‘auaqfa.due wry Sop 93,96 “UO UDYOHG SEY WD a4] -= St sue ave] sn pnoy Aiba Bunter jo ney pea 24) 108 59H B nos so auo0 ree any oun dan Buse Joyo atp Uo sea UDA > ana (o€6 1 2104 ane 04 potzadxastquapisad aL “awe The vo "0d any OF HF PavADSNCD buNavAL yaIbNg HAI UL on “aun 21-§ to aoe ser aouazaya0r Ronen, sig wT UL © . sjexide> uj puom ayy Buwjeyuo> Bujuea aules aL YpiM a2UayUES MEU E LM onto Jo no (09) 399 30 yunoure au ‘anssi sit Uo auaIHDNRE Ue (ypeay) squeg aun aun aun Ay ‘fs 3x0 auf 0} presuoy OF te> nox soxpIau (@ppap) ‘9m aloyoq uoneaydde nox (ssasse uot) uieay saounosas ueuNy NE “ssiau Aur (oaeq) ax uouiour aun nox {@>eqU09) aayyo NE 4 suowusasfie aun (us) soquedasos tnog se Luoos sv ais gas no uo (avodde) samy aun Jo usnop-feaig payerep ¥ = “pPeu stun uy wuUNsoAUy soKPANG yy“ (oxoudur) uorenys aysouoD9 ap THA P “ynyssanons (onoxd) aes sil ayy se uoos se (arfiag) asaloud auf Jo aes puoses axp uO OM, > oes & {yeup 0} quounedap yea] sno yse Lam ‘iuaUUaEIBe Ue (qovas) om ua wep ‘gare (@ntooas) as Stayeypauu sounbua 0} puodsar Aqjensn ja. aM & “syeypeig ul quan ayy Jo wu0y aunany ja 40 ayduuts quasaid aya yal aouayuas aip araidwoy —5 Complete the text with will be, will have or will have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets. iH =| What are your hopes for the future? 2 Whar to make predictions too far nto the future, but think can 2 say quite a lot about my life in about ten years’ time. think 8 2 live) ill be. tving in the same ity. By that time y 1b (finish) my studies, and, who knows, perhaps find) 2 good job. And 4 (probably go out with the same friends to! "m optimistic abou the future, | think that bythe time m 35, sy, (mae) ny fortune: By hen fun ae tamer een) fered center ieee] a milla! S01 (ive anexpensve sports ca, hope! | think we should all be worried about what the world I (be) like infitty years’ time, By then, | hope that the world’s governments j (ind) an answer to the problem of _global warming, but perhaps scientists k (still search) {or technological solutions I's quite possible that we (tll talk) about the problem, as we are now! By the time I'm fifty, | expect that nearly everything m (change) and everyone n (try) their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example, | can’t imagine that we o (use) ‘ars, because by then ‘most of the oil in the world p (run out). People g (travel) in electric cars, or perhaps we r (walk) everywhere. hope that scientists s (solve) the pollution problem, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse problem (come) along by then!awn amny @ “sieak yyy pou ayn rnoge suo|>Ipaid as0U pul 04 r9WI=IUI 94 UO 40 Avesqi| e ul ypueasas asn 0502 Ul YOU 2°6 OF UoIIIa £°9 wE:IND ‘a\R wio1s Bulssed ‘s1eaK Ep 2¥OU ByA JaN0 UOIq $2 Aq aSea.DUL ‘Aqeqoid jm Uoneindod puom aus ‘vorsinay 9002 243 03 SuIps02>y, ‘aun fg auop aney 3,uom jm NOK rey 84 1,u0M / NOK 124 BuLop 2q 3,v0M / I! NOK EY “(eun Jo Wybua| sayoue ‘as00y> 10) awin 122K ua} ynoge suoNDIpaid [euosied alos 22/214 Pees Erne) ponds 01 S08 > apoio me a apoyo ef amp 51> sayin 01 So8 som uo nme 2a ag iawn 34u0p 2901 24 0) SoS ou UD 2171 9401p YOU UID Y Sys 1419 pousqd 2004 1 posal ayy & sands 901 1 28 puods 9H 8 os 03 Smo Saw § Spine Suppr8) 29 149 Suyatana Sao) yg @ Sian SPBio| Ly > au tat > aay on nog asp a Sus aw y pone ps yon day pads pou 0 SuoS aBw g oqo Su 0g se ¢ > Sussod ag 14 9 ssod 04 S08 8 ssod iw @ “ao a8 1 ‘ianoy nf 4 noo SoS nf uy © i qutog aug june IND mou aynuru Sue a1, dauay 1 01 posoddns aunjd ayy Siow wyM, | “poseyap 19815) MoU nO YO] LANG * 14 “Ado e aye) ues nox pur “uayy Aq yodar ayy OE" INGE YoRG AMID _& ‘wopuys aun 40 1n0 u1yoo] pur aajjo> SupyUUp Sep a7oUs AMT 0m ypnUT oP USP SHED f {ex9 atf op oF UNO 1S | MOU et aUns WL Ng “UOySTAD!Jo.O] €aUOP as, 2 ‘AMID 01 NO< ay! P,dM PUk ‘FurUada Aepuy UO UETTY sOssajo4g JO} Ayred P aM P -sueyd sou afueyo 0} pew aa,coup anq ey Ur ‘uesng pur pisea > "94 30} 54009 at 2A} pINOD | 9] NOK J! Os ‘wOLOWION asnou Sang~————“SFEMBy_g 1g Kaos , IHW e 105 NOK OF WEL THED, ‘2ouaquas aup ayajduio> 04 ‘> 40 g "y “ulHo} 1991109 a4R BSO04)tense contrasts 1 Complete the sentence using a suitable form of the verb in brackets, a ‘What exactly did you do when you saw the smoke? “I pressed the fice alarm (@o By the time we gt tothe stadium, the match (tae) etree ers here fr?I don't know. I havent decided yet (sty) 4 Jackson the Nobel Prize but says she iss hoping for ee (rim) “e Ifyou happen to see any one inthe garden, don’t worry. It tne gardener, (be) ‘tm sory to be late. hope you tong. (vate 5 Anna didn't understand why the mysterious stanger her such a ete. Gena) ig isersents Sy spoloutes at he afew minutes late. be) iT dont like this bed, uncomfortable. (een j There a strike this morning, but thas been cancelled. (be) kets really unfaie You (aways) ed (ctticie 1 Ym glad Pve run into you. 1 to get in touch with you — (mean) 2 Unséerline the best verb form, The arguments about climate change ‘According to all the measurements, climate change a happens / i ‘happening, but science b appears / is appearing to be split on what to do about it. Unfortunately, scientists ¢ do not all agree / are not all agreeing ‘about the causes of global warming. In a recent book, two scientists = Fred Singer, a climate physicist, and Dennis Avery a biologist ~ dl argue / are arguing that the warming elrently observed around the world is part ‘of a 1,500-year eyele n solar energy. Singer, an outspoken eftic of the idea that humans e warm / are warming the planet, and Avery believe are believing that a welLestablished, 1,500,year cycle in the Earth's climate can explain most ofthe global warming that g takes place / has taken place in the last 100 years. We are currently on an upswing, getting warmer after the Little Ice Age, but ina few hundred years h wil be / are back on the downswing, and getting colder again. They i say / are saying that efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically ‘damaging. Tis, of course, is not what the fourth assessment report of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) j has sald / sald a few weeks ago. That report from the UN climate science working F0up k has concluded / concluded that it | is / has been likely that rising greenhouse gas concentrations m have caused / caused most recent ‘warming and that, depending on our actions now to slow the growth of emissions, warming by 2100 n will probably be / Is probably between about 4.5°C and 6°C. So, which scientists o tell / are teling us the truth?© ee — = uoul om 219 Jo uonduosep (ens) g pw (oveanson) 9 eaog wen ayn © ut tuo owe) 3 ow om ou. 0P 1 woHR (8) weues9 ane founsse) 4 a “pous ou (orquassesip) 6 foun jy usu 19 (oonou cI ‘ouyn snoguiau ¥ -vapie Buowm ayn OWL (08) 9 | Bnou | “aseuy BuNOU eit Agus sem o1041,“S3K9 S14 anarjaq 3,upInoD 94 sn (aw) p Miaweg "peoy sioverg ut a (an 2 oun weyer uey ‘Lope ¥oe9 iy wos pays on (aie) q C 2uoawos ew pul 0 eps Uo Wom wey auoy Job 0B) e uew poseakze y Q3HS ONISSIN W4aS 30TI0d ‘1@ypeg UI qI9A ay) Jo UO} areudosdde our YaIm 2x03 a4R ar—IdOD wom st suvou paioa ph oj ary Seis Eb apnpourqias adeys Suryer Iwojs st ZL vuaddey 07 paraynsasey LL furo® you ses se pap. URsH peu 6 Surpring are. osu sey 8 MOTTE [1 ‘ey 2 pue omy Asn 0 sano sng shop} Wouy UBL PUR YDUNZ UaaMIag aw ane ayy Burpnpas ‘(yds 6bT) YRD| OPe J0 SPaBCS Y>ead OF ‘au ayy Bussn suey ~~ 0 sty Tana] 9s anoge CY (059°1) seriaW 00S Jo 9PRAIE aus 2493 uy) Kemyes aanua ayy yyy 904 ays} “odsueNy ‘uy 03 aU s} youu oafaud 94p $0 MBBS £04 y yauum YS96U0] 5 p}4OM ayy “SAH GE) SANEWOIDY LF ye war-weqy pue youinz uaansaq iu yea paads-yBqy eB | ssimg axa 'Sdhy ayn qpeauag aaa 2 fanwuag 3STz ain Joey Buaaujoua ‘24 AGE 322f03d ap mou yn "yyOIUsBHO upyd Sremgure ue yons ‘jyesmyeN “sKemed ayy oTUO Aayuno9 su) 6485019 604 2 7nd cy NBUBIAFAY apr mUONEU w Uy SSIS BLP HOB Se OBE Bu0] Sy 1 fuvew yoiyis ul $4006 usp 3se] ayy SaAy Jofew ~~ 6 jauUN) peos aUeIq wOWY s,20vE4 pur jut peou preyai99 s,puE}azaIag yNog “SheMyes a4} OUD PUP SpeOA ayy 40 1461244 ano! 03 aunssaud f1q oy ~~ Arayes 1ato sveay pue wawuoainve auidiy ayy 40} swaaUD Ing “OTe Ka paysadxe sasea.9u 61g seyjang ypp's2uu0) vom 0% 8) @ FEU TOOZ Uw peo4 Ky” p SALUDY UOW KU Op PAYEWISD UE DBET Luy-sope9ap on 3b} aly 49N0 AiLACYS > SBIAIBN'SPOOBNEEY Ur sy 249 Burss049 3UBION} Jo yunoUre ays “sassed sano pur sjauuny ybnoayy‘Sfaien aulay moze fuoye Aauunol mos ‘Bu0] & ~~ q 292819 oF SaUIyDEW BUIYSEM UEUaD 40 SpUELOYADN aYY OF UIA UEL/EHL Suipuag “adoun warjnos pue via\p Jou UBoMyoqBUAEG/EpEN jeinyeU e seg] © Sdly ay S@LaMU—D 105 sdiy ua yaeeueq peuuejd jouuns MeN Rteoien) “de6 ypea 104 1 04 | asesyd ape109 ap as00yD =Prefer eat 5 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Life expectancy Cur county a (go) i. 0inq.. through a period of accelerating change, Today, there b (be) around 37 milion people aged over 60 inthis country but the large numbers of people who c (belong) to the baby-boom generation d (produce) ‘an explosion in the number of elderly people from around 2011. By 2030, there e (be) ‘some 8.8 million and because the birth-rate in the period after the postwar baby boom f (decine) sharply, these elderly people g (represent) a much larger share ofthe country’s population than ever before in our history. In 1966, when ‘we h (introduce) ‘our national pension scheme, there i (be) about eight working. ‘age people for every retired person, whereas today there j be) about five, and in 2030, there ibe) ‘only three. There (be) another dramati¢ change which also m affect) this situation, a thanks to medical advances and higher living standards, life expectancy (increase) and o (continue) to increase in future years. Today people can expect to lve thee years longer than in 1966. By 2030, they p tive) an average of 45 yeas longer. 6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. ‘There's a party at our house on Friday. WE We. are. having, a partys on Friday “This is my fist trip to Siberia. BEFORE What's your job, exactly? bo Karen’s hair was short once, HAVE Vm leaving in a minute, so I can't talk now. Just It’ along time since [last went to the theatre. FOR ‘When was the invasion of Britain by the Romans? INVADE ?m sure it won't rain tomorrow, DONT Is this your suitcase? DOES When I have enough money, 'm going to buy a new computer, SAVEDjalqissod se Gunsas9qut se punos jlasinok ayewy “Ajsu9294 auop ane of sBulua pue ‘Bujop axe nok yeym ‘op nok zeym anoge uoneWHo}Ut ‘apnppul 221495 Buntep aul|uo ue 404 jasinof ynoge oda: e axLsm, 3 ayeysuen pue a6enBue} umo snok ul yoda: e pulp ‘yajaid nok jt 989J9%3 Ul U0 axp 241] "Hoda: smu THOUS eI wv eS Eee] sjsesjUo> asuay @ _sapeap au eon ae oe eee (exo) x25 sone uno (aap) m pu exp fa GEE orp 2n p00 (axa) n dys ese Boon dys (aa) or ayn aap dary BRIE p0 sont im (eon s nfm 900 ou san eee ee xp omy wip (mc) bao en F039) o wewadieg ewoKAN Sei eee een ere prose sp pn og en prom suey 0 sn ere aie a ep © yuo SUF 00 pny ona ht oa @oepea eas (a) wo 9008 a4 4101102 (Caz) suing uot “2>epns a Uo SEALED so pur eke uot pu oo Jo sed dn Sao! TRAE 430 poowunoggouaxp 40) eee coo! ropa fa 0300 soap pur Sun po Spas at eee rarer ees (our ve yourw: potpoq Sunes 91300 Uopuon e (po apy bg oper yg sons sae 4,591 240 e9puoT dood Buyton 200d anOge oN TH HL PS, Coane sepa aeaoey = ase Lamon Rei oy yoo prs a on (qua) 0 oy: ps0 (68) papa an um (em) 9 nq 09 0H SN (op200)g Any sory ny a 0 IO HB sont peg a¢rIe. so payaavas” GENS) «OWN Uap 19H Ne PR "wOpUET WTA urerg uepoI1, Uy uaUTdoydure pry, “1992819 UI GI9A 243 Jo WuO$ ByeUIdosdde ay YIM Ix BLA aIdUIOD _f