3.

MODE
Mode is another
S6=261
important
Matisticalseries. lt is the measuree of central
valuemeasur
theseries: that is, modal value has which oCCurs
mos tenden d

serzes. For example, if out of

100 the highest frequent'y n
t
modal students frequenev
recordtheir age as 15 years, the modal in aclass, 70 dentthe
age ofthe
in
be15 years. The word Mode' is derived from the students woald
Vode which means a thing in vogue or French word a
letter Z. fashion. In statistics, ts
generally represented by the
Definition
oaru nt
According to Kenny, "The value of the variable uhich
distribution is called themode."
"quently in a
Cowden state, "The mode may be vegarded as "
Croxton and
pical of a series of value. StatisticalData
Types of
Calculation of Mode for Different
statisticaldaa
or Statistical Series differenttypes
of
differently for
Mode is calculated
0r statistical series.
series
Individual Series individual
Calculation of Mode in
There are two ways ofcalculating
modein
DisCTete
tieque

(1) By Inspection. into

IndividualSeries into
2) By
Series.Converting
 This methodinvolves just an
Inspection:
by One is to simplyidentify the value that
(1) Modeseries. occurs
frequently intheseries. Sucha value is called mode.
inspection
ofthe
most

Mustration,4
students of a class is reported below. Find the modal
Age of 15
age.
Age (Years) 2224 17| 18|17 19 18 21 20 21 20 23 22 22 9

Solution:

Arrange the series in an ascending order as:

Age (Years) 17 17| 18|18| 19 20| 20| 21| 21|22 22 22 22 99 94

An inspection of the series shows that 22 occurs most frequent

in the series.
Hence, Mode (Z) = 22.
(2) By Converting Individual Series into Discrete Frequegy
Series: When the number of items in a series is very larg
Inspection Method of finding out the mode becomes er
difficult, ifnottimpossible. In such cases, individual seriesare
irst converted into discrete frequency seriesCorrespondi:;
or freque
array. The mode is then identified as the value d
to which there is highest
frequency.
JMustration. ditere
Thetable below presents death rate of populàtion across
countries. Find the mode.
1.3
10.6
Death Rate 11.1 10.9 10.7
10.4
(per thousand) 16.7 10.6 10.9 10.6 10.5

distribuav
Solution:
First, we convert the series into a discrete frequency
In ascending order as
under. 10.9
Death Rate 10.4 10.5 10.6
10.7

2
Frequency of5.
Hene.
10.6 is the value with highest frequency
Mode (Z) = 10.6.
Calculation of Mode in l Discrete Series
methods for (Frequency
Array)
There are two calculation of mode in discrete
frequency series: (0) Inspection Method; and (ii)
Method. Grouping
(1) Inspection Method
As in the case of individual series, Insfpeclion Method is sometimes Whento umeisoecto
Bsed for the calculation of mode in discrete frequency series as Method to identify Modal
Value of the Series?
well. An inspection of the _eries would show the mode or the
value that has the highest frequency in the series, provided the Insoection mehod s
to be used oniy in case
series are regular and homogeneous. of such seres where
different tems show
diferent irecuences
Mlustration. | 6
Find out mode of the following series:
140 150 160
120 130
Income ) 110
4
4 8 10
Number of Persons 2

Solution:
commands the highest
A glance at the series reveals that 140
Tequency of 10in the series.
Hence, 140 is the Mode (Z) of the series.
2) Grouping Method
method
In the case of discrete frequency distribution, inspection
homogeneity in
1s possible only when there is regularity andnot be regular or
the series. However, the series may sometimes

homogeneous.
ore than one value may command the ulation
Method of the calc of
te
highest frequency n mode
Series. In such cases, Grouping construction of: (a) Grouptns
S used, The method involves the illustration below explains (he
Table, and (b) Analysis Table. The
Calculation of mode using the grouping technique.
Alustration. J data, calculate mode using the groupn8
Given the following
technique. 4 7 8
Size 10 12 l6 14 I0
Frequency

edian gnt 'ode 267

Ateusutes of Centrctl Tendency
 the Mode ()
Ihus,
catningbydoing
jollowingseries:,
of the
loutmode 9, 15, 12, 7, 9, 7 Calculate mode. Ans =7
-4, 10, belo.
students
llghhof50. isgiven
50 49 50 51 32
48
Weight(inkg) 10 20 3
NumberofStudents 4 2

(Ans. Z= 50 bg)
inContinuous Series
Modein
calculationof
equencyDistribution)
frequency series, calculation. of mode in
athe caseof discrete methods: (1) lnspection Method, and
4s Series has two
Grouping Method. the
continuous series, we first find out
faserer. in the case of of these two methods, and afterwards,
class, using either
modal
exact value of mode with the aid of the following
alulate the
formula:
FORIMULA
f -fo
.Z=, +
2f -fo -f
Here, Z = Value of the mode: l, = lower limit of the modal
das; f, =The frequency of the modal class; fo= The frequency
úpre-modal class; f, = Frequency of the next higher class or
post-modalclass; i = Size of the modal group.)
boW we discuss with illustrations the application of twO methods
Ior the calculation of mode in
continuous series.
26
Measures of Central Tendency--Median and Mode
 (1) Inspection Method
ofa continuous series increase and
found decrmerel
e1Saseany
hen frequenies
I4
some svstematic order, the modal class may be
e bn an inspection of the series. The following illustration
where modal class is found by
Cample of such series
e v
Having found the modal class,
the
calulatcd using the formula given
actual value
above.
of the
inspectmodeion,
is

ustration. 8
Calculate mode from the following data:
0-10 10-20 20-30
Class Interval 30-40
Frequency
7 5 40-50
2

Solution:
Calculation of Mode
Class Interval
0-10 Frequency
2
10-20
5 (fo)
1,) 20-30
7 (t)
3040
5 (E,)
40-50
2
A glance at the series reveals that 20-30 is the
modal class becase
it has the maximum frequency, 1.e., 7. Following formula isused
to calculate modal value:

Z=, + f-f
2f-fo- f,
= 20 + 7-5
2(7)-5-5X 10
= 20 + 2 X 10
14-10
= 20+ x10
= 20 +5 = 25
Mode (Z) = 25.
(2) Grouping Method
spection method of finding out modal class
decreasing
slt
tails insome
or one than
frequencies of the series are not increasing
there are ln
more such
systematic pattern. It fails also, when distribution. method

class intervals with higher Irequenciesinthe

the grouping
cases, modal class is determined using
 We have already disc
Cussed
series; it tbhe
dis rete Irequency
seriesas well. is
After the modal ethe grouping methlcaein the ae A
dasssame in
has beenthe f
value of mode is calc
Culated using the same foridentifed, the
ss
nula, z artuai
yMostration. | 9
Calculate mode. of the
following series:
Class Interval (0-5 5-10 10-15 15 20 20 25
Frequency 2 2%0 W5
2

Solution:

Grouping of the irequencies 1s essential in this series, hecaue

.here are two class intervals, i.e., 10-15 and 20-23 with
highest
frequency, 10.
Hence, the grouping table and the subsequent Analysis Table are
as follows:

Grouping Table
Class (I) (II) (III) TV)
Interval
(1+2) (2+3) (1+2+3) 2-3+4

0-5
1+2 = 3
5-0 2 +2+ 10 =13
2+ 10 =12 |2- 10- 4= 16
J0-15
10 + 4 = 14
15-20 4
4+ 10 =(149
20-25 4+-10 - 9=3
25-30
10 +9 -(9 10 - 9-2 =
9
9+2=11
30-35 2

s-zE=
- Analysis Table
Class intervals corresponding to highest frequencies in the Grouping Table
25-30
36-35
Column 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

VI
6
Total 2
271
Tendency-MedianondMode
Measures of Central
 Anths Iabe shwws that of all the
he bughest dass
hcqneney (6).
leodngk, 20-25 is the
bal value of mode is.
has got the
maxium
modal dass interval intervals,
7-1, +
i,= lowcr limit of21,-,-,
of

(merIesArk
he
Ihe

f,= frequency of modal group = 20

fh= modal class = 10
f,= frcqucncy of class preceding the modal
frequency of =class following the modal class
= class

Hence,
interval 25 - 20 =5
Z= 20 + 10 4
chass (13-20)==,
(25-30)
\

20 4g X5
= 20 + x5
= 20 +
4.29
= 24.29
Mode (Z) = 24.29
Learning by doing
Calculate mode of the following series:
Class Interval 0-5
5-10
10-15
Frequency 20
24 32
15-20
28
20-25 23-30
20
26
Calculate mode, given the following (Ans. Z=13.3
Class Interval 4-8 8-12
distribution of data:
12-16 16-20 20-24
Frequency 10 12 16 14 10
24-28 28-32 32-36 36-4
8

(Ans. Z= 1467)
\
Calculation of Mode when Class Intervals are Unequal
In case of unequal class intervals. mode will be
determined bua
different method. To calculate mode, unequal class
made intervas a
equal, as in the following illustration.

Class Interval 04 4-8

yustration.0 3440 40HIA
8-12|12-14 14-16 16-20 20-24 24-2626-32 32-34
Erequency 4 5 3 2 13 5 3

Statistics for Economics

 folution:
(hangeunequalclassintervals into cqual
an
analSistable, as under: class-intervals and work
(1 (Il)
Class (III)
Interval Frequency (1+2) (IV)
(2+3)
9+4=6 I, (1+2+3) (2+3+4)
7+5+8=Q),
6+ 20 - 3+4451
6 + 20 + 5
=3|
3+2=5 l
I6-24
1+13=14
5+ 14= 19 20 +3 +1|-19
5+3=8
32-40 +12 = 20 14 + 8+ 12 =(34)
3+9=12
4(0-48

Analysis Table
Column 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32-40 40 48

VI
Total 4
3 2

Mode is in 8-16 class interval.

By using the formula,

Z=h+ f-fo
h=8,f = 20; f, = 6; f, = 5;i= 8
20 -6
Z=8+ 2(20) -X8
6 -5^
= 8+ 14 14
40-17X8= 8+ 29X8
Z= 8 + 3.86
= 11.86
Mode (Z)= 11.86.
yMustration) |
Calculate mode ofthe following data:
Marks 0-5 5-10 80-90 90-100
10-20
Number of Students 5 9
20-40
25
40-60
30
60-80
24 8 6

Measures of CentralTendency-Median and Mode 273

 Solution:
This is a senes with uncqual dass intervals. Calulation
Tequires that this seies bc (onvetcd into one with
interval of 20. as shown below eal
Marks Number of Studente
6-20
20-40 23 = 25 f
d,)40-60 30 = 3 )
60-80 24 = 24 (f,)
80-100 8 4 6 = |4

Aglane at the table reveals that 40-60 is the modal

actual value of mode is. Ilass he
7=,+21, -f,-2 Xi

30 - 25
= 40 + X 20
2(30) 25- 24
5
= 40 + X 20
60 49
5
= 40 + x 20 = 40 + 9.09 = 49.09
Mode (Z) = 49.09.
2Calculation of Mode in Case of Inclusive Series
Jidstration. >
Calculate: mode of the following series:
Note
Class Interval J0-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 6069 7
Frequency J2 18
Solution:
For thC calculation of mode, inclusive
series are first to be
onverted into Cxclusivc scries, as under:
Ciass Snterval Exclusive Class Intervals Frequency
9.-19.5
20-29
19.5-29,5
29.5-30,5
4)-49 (l,) 30.5-40.5 30 ()
49.5-69,5

70 79
60.5 7).

274 S1ati:tics for teonortI

 the above table reveals that
glanceat
mMeval. The actual| value of mode is, 39.549.5 is the modal
ass
7. =, 2,
-,-, 30-18
= 39.5 +
2(30) - 18-J6 X l0
= 39.5 t 12
60-34
= 39.5 + 12X 10
26
= 39.5 + 4.62 = 44.12
14.12
/ode Z) =
Calculation of, Mode when Only Mid-v-values of the Class Interva ls
3areKnown

Mastration. 23
Calculate mode, given the following data-set:
Mid-value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 83
12 16 28 15 3
Frequency

Solution:

Aseries with 'mid-value' is first to be expanded as a series with

class intervals, as under:
Expansion of Mid-values as Class Intervals
for the Estimation of Mode
Mid-value Class Interval
Frequency
15 10-20
25 20-30 8
35
30-40 12
45
40-50 l6 ()
55
)50-60 28 (f)
65
60-70 15
75
70-80
85
80-90 2
lass interval 50-60 is the
ne modal class one with highest frequency.
interval, as the are increasingss
decreasing in a systematic pattern.frequencies or
The actual value of mode is,

Xi

Measures of Central Tendency--Median an

 28-16
2(28) 16- XT0
12
50 + X 10
56-31
= 50 + 12 x 10
25
= 50 + 4.8 = 54.8

Mode (/)= 548.

Calculation of Mode in 'Less than'
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
JHustration.2 4
Find out mode of the following series:
Wages () less than 200 300 400 500 600 700
Number of Workers 18 38 70 800 900
90 95
98

Solution:
For the calculation of Mode, 'Less-than' cumulative
distribution is first to be converted into
frequency distribution, as under:
a normal fcontrequenc
inuoUS
Wages Number of Workers
(
100-200 5
200-300 18 5= 13
300-400 38- 18 = 20 (f)
() 400-500 70-38=32 (t)
500-600 90 70 = 20(,)
600-700 95 - 90 = 5
700-800 98 95 =3
800-900 100 98 = 2

An inspection of the series reveals that 400-500 is the modal dis

The value of mode is,
Z =+ 2,-,-1, Xi

32-20
2(32)-20-20 X100
= 400+
12 X 100
= 400 +
64-40

ics for Economics

 = 400 4 12 x 100
24
=400 + 50 = 450

earningbydoing
modeof
Caleulate the following series:
ClassInterval 30-59 60-89 90-119
120-149 130-179
Frequency
4 7 12 I80-209 210-230

Thefollowingdata-set gives midI-values and frequencies. Calculate its mode. (Ans. Z=155.5)
10 15 20
Mid-value 2 36
7 13 24 40 45
Frequency 32 28

(Ans. Z = 25.83)

Calculation of Mode through Arithmetic Mean and Median

ancalculate mode is:of aseries through mean and median of
formula
that series. The
FORMULA
Z= 3M -2X
Here. Z=Mode; M = Median; and X = Mean.)
Here. it may be noted that in the case of normal distributions. Note
or symmetrical distributions, mean, median and mode coincide That in case of normal
with each other. Thus, this formula is most useful in this case.
distributions, mean.
However, in asymmetrical distribution the formula may also be median and mode of the
used for the calculation of mode. series tend to coincide.

Mstration.2
Calculate mode of a series, the mean and median values of which
are 16 cm and 20 cm respectively.
Solution:
cas Mode =3 Median 2 Mean
Or, Z = 3M-2X
Here, M= 20 cm, X= 16 cm
Z =3 X 20-2 x 16
= 60 -32
=28
Thus, Mode (Z)= 28 cm.
2T7
Measures of Central Tendency-Median and Mode