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THE HINDU

10 Friday, January 19, 2024

Editorial Delhi

Beleaguered Indian media: Quo Vadis?


S
ince liberalisation in 1991, the audiovisual headlines — and rectification, if it comes at all, are sure their facts and accusations are accurate.
media has transformed itself. Economic comes too feebly and too late to undo the The rush to judgment on the basis of partial
growth, the freeing of broadcast media irreparable damage to innocent people’s information must stop.
Motivated litigation from government control and the Internet
have all prompted an explosion in the quantity, if
reputations.
The distinctions among fact, opinion and
Second, we must insist on better journalistic
training at accredited media institutes that
not quality, of media offerings. In the process, speculation, reportage and rumour, sourced emphasise values of accuracy, integrity and
Courts should not allow suits that seek Indian journalism changed in style as well as Shashi Tharoor information and unfounded allegation, which are fairness in their students. These standards should
to convert places of worship substance. But this has not always been a “good is third­term MP for drummed into journalism students’ heads the extend to media organisations: when false claims
thing”. Thiruvananthapuram world over, have blurred into irrelevance in or intentionally misleading statements are
Media now is driven by the “breaking news” and the Sahitya today’s Indian media. published or broadcast, TV and print news outlets

I
n staying the execution of an Allahabad culture and the search for the villain of the day: Akademi This should be a matter of serious concern to all should issue retractions with equal prominence.
High Court order to appoint a commission­ the news must be broken and so, it seems, must Award­winning author right­thinking Indians, because free media are the Third, we must welcome different perspectives
er to inspect the Shahi Idgah Mosque in the person. Television news in India, with far too of 24 books, including lifeblood of our democracy. They provide the in our newsrooms and not allow them to become
Mathura, the Supreme Court has stalled for a many channels competing 24/7 for the same sets The Battle of information that enables a free citizenry to make echo chambers forcing an opinion onto their
while a likely move to get the status of the place of eyeballs and ratings points (“TRPs”), has long Belonging: Patriotism, the choices of who governs them and how, and viewers in the guise of “the nation wants to
Nationalism and What
of worship altered through the courts. The top given up any pretence of providing a public ensures that those who govern will remain know”. Newsrooms must be required to maintain
It Means to Be Indian
court has halted the appointment of the commis­ service, with the “breaking news” story privileging and most recently,
accountable to those who put them there. It is the a more diverse journalistic environment. Every
sion after finding it was sought on vague grounds sensation over substance. (Indian TV epitomises Ambedkar: A Life media’s job to look critically at elected officials’ story plugging a point of view must be required to
without any particular reason. It has also taken the old witticism about why television is called a actions (or inaction), rather than at marginalia that provide some space for the alternative view, or for
into account a recent precedent in which the Su­ ‘medium’: ‘Because it is neither rare nor well have no impact on the public welfare. a refutation.
preme Court has ruled that civil courts should done.’) The Fourth Estate today serves Instead, the media’s obsession with the Fourth, journalists must welcome comments
not grant any interim relief if there is a question simultaneously as witness, prosecutor, judge, jury superficial and the sensational trivialises public and feedback from their viewers and readers, to
about the maintainability of the suit or if the suit and executioner. In ancient times, India put its discourse, abdicates the watchdog responsibility generate both an environment of trust between
is barred by law. The committee of management accused through agnipariksha, a trial by fire; that must be exercised by free media in a the consumers and the media, and the feeling on
of the Shahi Idgah Mosque has questioned the today, we put them through a trial by media. democracy, and serves as a weapon of mass the part of the public that they are not merely
maintainability of the suit in the name of the dei­ Social media, with its culture of unverified distraction for the public from the real questions passive recipients of a point of view. The Hindu is
ty, Bhagwan Sri Krishna Virajman, and other “fact” and viral opinion, compounds the problem: of accountability with which the governed must one of the newspapers to have had a Readers’
Hindu worshippers on the ground that it is it offers a ready platform for material that would confront the government. Editor who serves as an Ombudsman for the
barred by the Places of Worship (Special Provi­ not have passed editorial scrutiny. Sadly, matters Despite these concerns and criticisms, I remain newspaper and acknowledges mistakes of fact or
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sions) Act, 1991, which prohibits the conversion are not much better in the print media, despite its strongly wedded to a free press. I have always emphasis in the newspaper’s coverage. This helps
of the religious character of any place of worship ability to provide context, depth, and analysis that valued the evocative image of the canary in a cage drive a natural cycle of loyalty and engagement
as it was on August 15, 1947. It also bars any fresh television cannot. being sent down a mine­shaft to see if there is between the paper and its readers.
suit aimed at altering the status of a place of wor­ However, print media has also been affected; enough oxygen at the bottom; if it comes back Fifth, the government must introduce laws and
ship. Hindu devotees have been claiming that the journalists trying to keep up with the relentless dead, or spluttering for air, you know it is not safe regulations that limit control of multiple news
mosque, located adjacent to a Krishna temple 24x7 breaking news cycle, and the rise of social for miners to be sent down. The free press is like organisations by a single business or political
there, is standing on the birthplace of Lord media, now feel pressed to publish without the that canary; if it is choking or suffocated, that is a entity, thereby encouraging an independent and
Krishna. Several suits are pending in connection traditional recourse to fact­checking. clear indication that society is no longer safe for robust press in the country. A powerful business
with the mosque in Mathura and the Allahabad The result is that our media, in its rush to air the rest of us. interest, vulnerable to government pressure, will
High Court has transferred all the suits to itself the story, has fallen prey to the inevitable rush to Government needs a free and professional usually override ethical journalistic concerns.
for disposal. judgment: it has become a willing accomplice of media to keep it honest and efficient, to serve as India is one of the few major countries where no
The appointment of a commission to inspect the motivated leak and the malicious allegation. both mirror (to society) and scalpel (to probe restrictions currently exist when it comes to media
the premises appeared to be an exercise to show Charges are reported uncritically, without editors wrongdoing). If instead all we have is a blunt axe, ownership by its affluent citizens.
that architectural features and artefacts of Hindu asking even the most basic questions about their society is not well served. The free press is both Finally, a single overseer for print and television
provenance could be found. The legal strategy is plausibility. The damage is done in a blaze of lurid the mortar that binds together the bricks of our news companies, as recommended by the
similar to the one through which Hindu worship­ country’s freedom, and the open window Telecom Regulatory Authority of India and the
pers obtained official sanction for gathering pur­ embedded in those bricks. parliamentary Committee on Information
ported evidence to back their case at the Gyanva­ No Indian democrat would call for censorship, Technology when I chaired it, would help limit the
pi Mosque, Varanasi, where the Archaeological or for controls on the free press: it is bad enough power of corporate and political behemoths over
Survey of India (ASI) has been asked to do a that our current rulers have intimidated our media and help promote media standards.
scientific survey. The Mathura dispute, however, newspapers and blocked TV channels for The best is yet to come. India’s population is
was settled through a compromise between the publishing news that is prejudicial to government becoming more literate by the day, resulting in an
Sri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan and the The Fourth interests, as was the case three times in the past ever­growing mass of media consumers. But they
Shahi Idgah Trust in 1968, and implemented Estate having few years, arrest journalists under UAPA and deny deserve a media that contributes to shaping an
through a decree in 1973. As part of the settle­ slipped from its them bail. What democrats want is not less informed, educated and politically aware India,
ment, the Sansthan had given up a portion of the true place in a journalism, but better journalism. one ready to hold its governments accountable, its
land to the Idgah. The current suits challenge democracy is a society safe and its people ready to push
this compromise as ‘fraudulent’ and seek the serious concern How do we get there? boundaries.
transfer of the entire parcel of land to the deity. First, we must engender a culture of If India wishes to be taken seriously by the rest
The use of the judiciary to make a concerted at­
and there’s fact­verification and accuracy that the industry of the world as a responsible global player and a
tack on Muslim places of worship by claiming much to do to currently appears to lack. Journalists should not model 21st­century democracy, we will have to
that they were built on structures of Hindu origin set things right feel pressed by their employers to “break the take ourselves seriously and responsibly as well.
has become an unfortunately regular feature. again news”, but empowered to hold stories until they Our media would be a good place to start.
Courts must be wary of encouraging such motiv­
ated litigation, and determine at the earliest
stage whether such suits are maintainable in

Crafting a new phase in India­U.K. defence ties


view of the statutory bar in the 1991 Act.

Smaller citizens
D
efence Minister Rajnath Singh’s recent it is in the process of integrating electric on surface vessels such as guided missile
visit to the United Kingdom (U.K.) came propulsion into its warships such as the Type destroyers belonging to the next generation with
Despite rising enrolment, gaps in India’s after a hiatus of 22 years. Opportunities 054B frigates. a displacement of over 6,000 tonnes.
education system are not closing quickly have grown significantly in the past few years as The Indian Navy cannot sit idly and allow the While there are considerable opportunities in
opposed to two decades ago. The growth of Chinese navy to steal a march on a key piece of the India­U.K. defence relationship, challenges
Chinese military power and in particular, its maritime technology for its advanced surface remain. A key challenge relates to legacy issues,
Harsh V. Pant

T
he pandemic was difficult for India’s expansion into the Indian Ocean which threatens combatants in the future. The advantage of using especially in London’s effort to balance its ties
youngest citizens, the children, but the India and also Sea Lines of Communications is Vice President for electric propulsion is that warships integrated between India and Pakistan. Successive U.K.
true import of its impact is coming to (SLOCs), on which the U.K. depends, have given Studies and Foreign with this capability produce a low acoustic governments have simultaneously supplied India
light now. The Annual Status of Education Re­ the British an opportunity to reorient their Policy at Observer signature by removing the link between the and Pakistan with weapons or curbed weapons
port, titled “ASER 2023: Beyond Basics” and re­ strategic priorities. Research Foundation principal mover and propulsion. There is also the exports, leaving many in India frustrated with
leased on Wednesday, a survey by the civil socie­ The Indian Navy has several capability­related (ORF), New Delhi added advantage of enhanced electrical power British motives and objectives in the
ty organisation Pratham among rural students needs to make up for the shortfalls the service generation for subsystems in major warships of Subcontinent.
aged 14 to 18, reveals that more than half strug­ faces vis­à­vis the People’s Liberation Army Navy the Indian Navy’s surface fleet. Nettlesome issues surrounding Khalistan and
gled with basic mathematics, a skill they should (PLAN). Securing key technologies has been an The establishment of a joint working group Sikh separatism will cloud the relationship. But
have mastered in Classes 3 and 4. The household integral part of Mr. Singh’s visit to the U.K. The dubbed the “India­UK electric propulsion today strategic realities have shifted with the
survey, the first field­based one in four years, was U.K. is in a position to help redress the Indian capability partnership” first met in February emergence of the Peoples Republic of China
conducted in 28 districts across 26 States and as­ Navy’s technological gaps against the Chinese. 2023 and thereafter a delegation­level discussion (PRC) as a major naval power whose deployments
sessed the foundational reading and arithmetic One key area where London and New Delhi are was held on the Royal Navy frigate HMS in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) are expanding
Kartik
abilities of 34,745 students. In other findings, cementing cooperation is in electrical propulsion Lancaster, which made a port visit to Kochi in rapidly, creating a very strong rationale for
Bommakanti
about 25% of this age group cannot read a Class 2 to power aircraft carriers. The Indian Navy’s March last year. Extensive discussion took place forging closer defence ties between the U.K. and
level text in their mother tongue; boys are, ho­ carriers, at present, are not powered by electric the following month on the transfer of technical India. Several joint military exercises have
wever, better in arithmetic and English reading propulsion technology. The Queen Elizabeth know­how and the Royal Navy’s experience in already taken place between the two countries
skills than girls. Overall, 86.8% in the 14­18 year Class aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy (RN) use maritime electric propulsion for the Indian with deeper defence industrial cooperation on
age group are enrolled in an educational institu­ electric propulsion and the RN has mastered this Navy’s major surface combatants in the future. the anvil and during Mr. Singh’s visit, the British
tion, but there are gaps as they grow older — technology. In November 2023, the India­U.K. electric officially declared that they will be deploying a
while 3.9% of 14­year­olds are not in school, the fi­ In the run­up to Mr. Singh’s visit, there were propulsion capability partnership again met to littoral response group, a specialised amphibious
gure climbs to 32.6% for 18­year­olds. Also, for already preliminary engagements between the discuss the possibility of the Indian Navy’s future warfare group in 2024 and carrier strike group in
Class 11 and higher, most students opt for Human­ Indian and U.K. governments regarding the warships to be integrated with electric propulsion 2025 to train and increase interoperability with
ities; while girls are less likely to be enrolled in Indian Navy securing electric propulsion technology. The British have agreed to train, the Indian Navy.
the science stream (28.1%) compared with boys technology. Though the PLAN for its part equip and help establish the infrastructure With Mr. Singh’s visit to the U.K., London is
(36.3%), only 5.6% have opted for vocational struggled to overcome the technical challenges necessary to develop an electric propulsion both rediscovering and bolstering its military
training or other related courses. associated with electric propulsion, there is system. Initially, the technology is expected to be involvement and presence East of Suez, which it
The proportion of children opting for private increasing yet anecdotal evidence emerging that tested on landing platforms docks and thereafter had considerably until the late 1960s.
tuition nationwide went up from 25% in 2018 to
30% in 2022. Close to 90% of the youngsters sur­
veyed have a smartphone and know how to use
it, though many are unaware of online safety set­ LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
tings. The trends, especially the lag in reading
and solving simple arithmetic, give an inkling of The Ayodhya conundrum prioritise past rhetoric or gloss over the issue. A sports facilities, washrooms dimensions of some articles in India, several elected
what ails the education system, and the correc­ The BJP has often labelled acknowledge the sacred situation where the political and water supply). Many of of faith, these should leaders consider themselves
tive measures required. The National Education the Congress as being nature of the ceremony. Opposition, intellectuals, them run more than one remind devotees to as the state. It remains to
Policy 2020 says the top priority is to “achieve anti­Hindu, but with the Jigmet Chondol, human rights activists, class in one room which eventually promote be seen whether any ‘wise
universal foundational literacy and numeracy in Shankaracharyas declining Hunder Nubra, Ladakh filmmakers, and journalists creates disturbance for all. harmony. man’ of letters or political
primary school by 2025”. The report says all the invitation to the have been silenced should Even otherwise rooms are R. Janakiraman, leader will be emboldened
States have made a major push in foundational Ayodhya temple function, It is unfortunate that not arise here. congested, roofs leak, there Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu by the laureate’s words and
literacy and numeracy under the NIPUN Bharat will the BJP reassess its spiritual heads are being Kshirasagara Balaji Rao is scant water supply water. gather courage guts to
Mission, but the numbers show that in a diverse narrative? Will spiritual dragged into controversy Hyderabad One hopes that such a plan The remarks by Jnanpith speak truth to power.
and vast country such as India, there is a lot of leaders who have chosen over the Ayodhya is being thought of. laureate M.T. Vasudevan C.G. Kuriakose,
catching up to do. While rising enrolment is a not to participate be spared consecration ceremony, One hopes that the P.V. Rao Sreelekha, Nair, coming down on the Kothamangalam, Kerala
good thing, what awaits the students after they from having similar labels especially when they have donations made at the Secunderabad ‘ritualistic worship’ of
finish the compulsory school cycle (Class 8) is not affixed to them? This been playing a pivotal role Ayodhya temple will be leaders in power, must
all that rosy, sometimes because they are simply occasion prompts reflection in preserving Hindu culture. used to give life to a vision Ayodhya will have the serve as an eye­opener to
not able to cope with the ambitious curriculum on the delicate balance When they raised objections — one that leads to the distinction of having mega the autocratic leaders and
set for the higher secondary level. The Right to between spiritual traditions over the event, it is uplift of the poor, starting religious structures. The their shameless and Letters emailed to
Education Act, 2009 may have ensured universal and political engagements. expected that the national with the improvement of mosque after completion is die­hard admirers indulging letters@thehindu.co.in
access to education, but there is many a gap to fill The BJP’s stance on those party in power BJP discuss government schools bound to draw Muslims in unashamed sycophancy must carry the full postal
before it touches every child in the true spirit of who decline the invitation the issue but there appears (infrastructure, sufficient from across the world. and hero­worshipping address and the full name or
the legislation. will reveal whether they to be some sort of effort to teachers, laboratories, Given some of the (January 12). Unfortunately the name with initials.
CM A ND-NDE
YK
THE HINDU
Friday, January 19, 2024 11
Delhi
Opinion

Should AI models be allowed to use copyrighted material for training?


am I the author versus the AI? These are tough
PARLEY questions. So far the Copyright Office has
indicated that purely AI­generated content is not
In the case of generative AI, who is the

O
n December 27, 2023, the New York going to get copyright.
Times filed a lawsuit against OpenAI author? If I ask generative AI to edit a AGS: The Indian Copyright Office has sadly
and its backer Microsoft, accusing paragraph of mine, and then I edit it again, messed up on this matter. There was one
Cecilia Ziniti them of copyright infringement. The application for an AI­generated painting which
at what point am I the author versus the AI?
is a San NYT has alleged that OpenAI used thousands of CECILIA ZINITI
was initially rejected but when it was submitted
Francisco­based its articles to train ChatGPT, a large language again as a jointly authored work by a human and
lawyer model, without permission or compensation. an AI, the Indian Copyright Office accepted it
specialising in The lawsuit says that this has positioned training. Do you think that would have any without any deliberation on the consequences
technology and ChatGPT as a competing source of information influence on fair use analysis in the U.S.? or on the question of whether that was allowed
start­up to the NYT, which has implications for the CZ: One of the rights of a copyright holder is under the copyright statute. When the matter
companies
newspaper’s business model. control over how their content is displayed. became a controversy, it issued a notice saying
Should AI models be allowed to use Stripping the information on who the owner of a that it is withdrawing the copyright. But when I
copyrighted material for training? Arul George particular content is, is an additional claim. was looking at the Copyright Office records
Scaria and Cecilia Ziniti discuss the question in a The NYT’s lawsuit against OpenAI has kick­started a global conversation However, if it is fair use, then it’s not actually recently, it looks like that’s still under
conversation moderated by P.J. George. Edited around copyright infringement and the limits of AI inclusion. REUTERS part of the copyright and there is no claim. It is registration.
excerpts: not as if there has been a crime and fair use is a If you go by the spirit and letter of the
U.S. fair use analysis is broad in scope because defence. If it is fair use, there has been no crime Copyright Act of 1957 in India, there is no way a
In the context of the NYT versus OpenAI there is no purpose­specific limitation. If you because the copyright does not extend that far. non­human can be granted copyright
case, how does the fair use doctrine apply to can convince the court through the four factors AGS: Thanks for that clarification. If you look at protection. One of the important steps taken by
Arul George the training of AI models on copyrighted that Cecilia mentioned or any other additional the Indian situation, we still haven’t seen any the U.S. Copyright Office recently is that they
Scaria material? relevant factors, you might be able to establish specific litigation in the context of text and data have issued guidelines categorically mentioning
that it is fair use. India doesn’t have a broad mining. But any future litigation will have to be that the applicant should disclose whether AI
is an Associate Cecilia Ziniti: In U.S. law, fair use is Section 107 exception like the U.S. What we have is a fair within the ambit of the fair dealing exception, has been used, and if so, in what manner. Such
Professor at the of the Copyright Act. Essentially, it’s a four­factor dealing exception complemented with a long list provided under Section 52 (1a) of the Copyright disclosure is necessary in today’s context.
National Law
test, and it’s notoriously difficult to predict. of enumerated exceptions. It is unfortunate that Act. Under the statute, there are three categories
School of India
University
OpenAI has a good case, but so does the NYT. within the enumerated exceptions, we don’t of users that you need to fit into for fairness How do you see the situation evolving
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The first factor that goes into the fair use have a specific text and data mining exception. analysis. However, many scholars as well as around AI training or AI­generated works
analysis is the purpose and character of the use. This means that if a similar case happens in courts from other jurisdictions, particularly and copyright?
In other words, how is OpenAI using that India, the only way we can justify the training Canada, have shown that the courts can take a
content? The second is the nature of the might be in terms of fair dealing. liberal approach about the purposes mentioned CZ: When Napster came out and peer­to­peer
copyrighted work. Is it highly creative? Of Here, my view is that the court will have to in the fair dealing provision. file sharing took off, it was clear that there
course, the NYT would say that it is. The third is take a very liberal interpretation of the purposes On the specific issue of training­related needed to be a market solution where you could
the amount used. Is OpenAI using all of NYT’s mentioned if it wants to accommodate training. infringement claims, a strong argument in court pay for music. Enter iTunes, which created a
content or only as much as they need to Ideally, they should be doing that. There are could be that it is part of the broader research way for us to transact online to buy songs and
effectuate their use? The fourth is the effect of precedents from other parts of the globe, purpose. Ideally, what India should be doing if paved the way for Spotify, Amazon Music and
the use on the market value of the original. Does particularly Canada, wherein the courts have copyrighted materials are to be allowed for every other music service. I think it will be
OpenAI’s use of NYT’s content somehow made a very liberal interpretation for the training purposes is either have a text and data similar here. As the technology grows and as
decrease its (NYT’s) market opportunities? purposes mentioned under a similar fair dealing mining exception inserted into the copyright people want to create fan art or want to be
Fair use doctrine calls for the balancing of the provision. statute or turn the fair dealing exception into a inspired by different things that are copyrighted,
factors. OpenAI’s argument would be that [its CZ: Fair use as a doctrine goes back to 1841, to a fair use exception. Some jurisdictions which had you could have a mechanism to pay the artist. A
use of the material] is transformative. That is, by case about copying the writings of George been following the fair dealing exception have market­based solution is likely here.
using NYT’s work to train a model, it’s not Washington. A biographer got the copyright to already changed it into fair use exception, AGS: When we talk with the policymakers in
replacing the use of NYT. OpenAI would cite Washington’s papers, and another copied 353 particularly to deal with emerging technologies. India or Europe or elsewhere, one of the most
cases about Google Books, thumbnails, or pages of them. The court at that time came up evident things is the fear of missing out. On
scraping, where works that don’t replace the with this balancing test that we still use. There What is the law on copyright for ownership, many people tend to flag that the
original were found to be transformative and are lots of fun precedents we can look at. AI­generated material? Chinese courts are now allowing it. We should
therefore fair use. There is the case [in 1984] between Sony, the step away from that fear and ask, what is the
Arul George Scaria: This is a unique generative maker of the BetaMax videotape recording CZ: In the U.S., the Copyright Office has said that primary purpose of granting copyright
Artificial Intelligence (AI) case wherein both the technology (VCR), and Universal Studios, which AI­generated material is not copyrightable, protection? If it is promoting creativity, then yes,
parties are on strong grounds. NYT has argued that the technology could be used for which makes sense since the precedents talk we need to fine­tune our policies to ensure that
produced evidence which shows verbatim copyright infringement. The U.S. Supreme Court about a human needing to be involved. Funnily the broader objective is met. The use of
reproduction of content that it owns. This makes found that there was a substantial non­infringing enough, the case that is the best precedent on copyrighted materials for training purposes
the fair use analysis even tougher to predict. use, which was time­shifting [recording a this is about a monkey. A monkey in Indonesia should generally be considered fair use. At the
Another important exhibit is that if prompts programme to watch later]. Those are the kinds took several selfies on a camera set up by a same time, we should also ensure that if Open AI
were directed in a certain manner, it returned a of cases that the courts will look to. It’s also nature photographer. After several disputes over or anyone else is using copyrighted material for
specific paragraph of an NYT article. Would this possible that there is a legislative solution, such who can benefit from the copyright of these training, they don’t seek copyright protection
be considered as a substitute for subscribing to as what happened with the Digital Millennium images, it was shown that neither the for the content generated by the AI concerned.
the NYT? That’s something which the court Copyright Act, which is a way for online photographer nor the monkey can. This case
might have to look into. providers to manage copyright infringement on stands for the proposition in copyright law that
However, I take the view that the use of their platforms. there must be an author, which goes back to the
copyrighted material for the purpose of training AGS: Cecilia, in the NYT case, one of the U.S. Constitution. To listen to the full interview
an AI should not be considered infringement interesting claims is that the digital protection In the case of generative AI, who is the Scan the code or go to the link
because it comes within the broad ambit of the measures that were put in place by NYT were author? If I ask generative AI to edit a paragraph www.thehindu.com
fair use exception. A word of caution here: the overridden when the contents were used for AI of mine, and then I edit it again, at what point

PICTURE OF THE WEEK


NOTEBOOK
Cruising over water
The anxious Indian flier
While an insecure passenger is an unsafe traveller, should rules framed
to ensure safety clash with comfort and convenience of travellers?

Jagriti Chandra cocktail of factors that can quickly esca­


late into a disaster. An insecure passenger

T
he past few days have not been is an unsafe traveller, and the airlines
the best for air travel, especially must strive to ease the stress by showing
for Indian passengers and crew. that they care.
As the dense fog over North India led to While I am not condoning the attack
inordinate delays, temperatures soared on the IndiGo pilot, it’s possible that the
inside aircraft, at departure gates, and on passenger lost his cool because of inces­
the tarmac, with the crew and the pas­ sant delays, and poor communication.
sengers on a collision course. On one par­ The complex nature of airport operations
ticular day, hundreds of flights were can­ and security protocols requires that an
celled and hundreds more delayed. If you airline fill the plane with passengers and
have read the news or scanned social me­ close its doors to get into departure
dia, you would know the plight of the har­ mode, even if sometimes, take­offs can
ried passengers. One of them assaulted a be delayed for a few hours because of
pilot aboard an IndiGo Delhi­Goa flight poor visibility. Further, if passengers
because the service had been delayed for have to be deplaned because of the delay,
nine hours; at the Mumbai airport, pas­ fresh security check is required, which
sengers sat on the apron and had food af­ will push the aircraft further back in the
ter their flight from Goa to Delhi took off departure queue. But the onus is on the
12 hours late and was diverted to Mumbai airlines to impress upon those framing
and held up by procedural issues. rules and operating procedures that one
Worsening the weather­induced delay can’t confine hundreds of passengers or
is poor communication from the airlines. paying customers inside an aircraft for
As a journalist who covers the aviation several hours on the pretext of complex
sector, I can say that air travel laws procedures. The Mumbai apron incident X
around the world have been framed to occurred because the airline was more In the fast lane: Inaugurated on January 13, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Sewri­Nhava Sheva Atal Setu now stands as the longest sea bridge in the country. The six­lane bridge has
ensure the safety of passengers and air­ concerned about rotating aircraft from reduced the 42­km Mumbai­Navi Mumbai drive to 20 minutes. ANI
craft. Be it the rules regulating duty hours Goa to Delhi for the next morning’s flight
for pilots or those defining punishments rather than the well­being of passengers.
for disruptive passengers, all have as Airlines will have to put the customer
their rationale passengers safety. But at the centre of their operational philoso­
there is equally a need for airlines to look phy. Now, there seems to be too much FR O M T H E A R C H IVE S
at discontented passengers as a threat to emphasis on “on­time performance” and A HUNDRED YEARS AGO JANUARY 19, 1924
safety. offering the lowest­of­low airfares. Travel FIFTY YEARS AGO JANUARY 19, 1974 pending a global solution to this problem.
Gone are the days when passengers
were happy merely being carted from
anxiety is real, thanks to the long queues
at multiple points at the airport, and se­
During President Tito’s visit to Delhi later this
month to receive the Nehru award, India and
Mahatma improves
one place to another because flying was curity checks and several restrictions. Joint move by Non-Aligned on Yugoslavia will discuss how the non­aligned Our Special Representative had Darshan of
then a novel experience. Today, they de­ Airlines must extend a human touch to powers should proceed to persuade the Mahatmaji this noon and wires out the
mand attention and care. Airline heads calm frayed tempers, and that should re­ oil crisis planned oil­producing countries like Iran, Iraq, Saudi statement of Srimathi Kasturibhai Gandhi to the
acknowledge that the service levels in flect in aviation policies. Arabia, Kuwait, Libya and Algeria to come to country that there is no need for anxiety.
aviation have not kept pace with the retail After all, India is set to “power global New Delhi, Jan. 18: The principal non­aligned the rescue of the developing nations which Mahatmaji had less sleep last night, owing to
or hospitality sectors. Combine poor cus­ aviation”, in the words of Airbus India countries are exploring the possibilities of a have been hit badly by the punitive price pain in the wound consequent on the shifting of
tomer satisfaction with the absence of a head Remi Maillard, as the fastest­grow­ joint approach to the oil­rich Arab States to escalation. In the case of the poorer nations, the drainage tube from its position. This was
robust consumer rights framework, or ing aviation market. Can we then ignore help the poorer nations out of the present fuel the problem is their total inability to pay for immediately attended to by Col. Dudley; where
the lack of an ombudsman to handle pas­ the central figure of this growth story, the crisis by extending them reasonable credits to their petroleum requirements at the prevailing upon the pain subsiding, Mahatmaji dropped
senger grievances, and you have a deadly Indian passenger? pay for their petroleum requirements, world prices. into sleep.
CM A ND-NDE
YK
Delhi www.thehindu.com Friday, January 19, 2024
● ●

12

Text&Context 0
NEWS IN NUMBERS
Rise in India’s oilmeal Loss due to drought­ The troops to be The amount Jet The number of new
exports in the induced decline in involved in largest­ever Airways owners need aircraft India needs in
December quarter Panama canal traffic NATO exercise to deposit in SBI next 20 years

16 700 90,000 150 2,840


in percentage. The country’s in $ million. A severe NATO in ₹ crore. The Supreme India will also
oilmeal exports rose to 12.20 drought that began said Court directed the need 41,000
lakh tonne in the third quarter last year has forced it Jalan­Kalrock pilots and
of the current fiscal compared to the authorities to slash ship crossings by 36% would begin its largest military exercise in consortium, the new owners of Jet 47,000 technical staff in the next 20 years,
year­ago period. Around 10.53 lakh tonne in the Panama Canal. Canal authorities decades, testing allies’ ability over months Airways, to deposit the amount in SBI by according to aerospace corporation,
of oilmeals were exported during the attributed the drought to the El Niño to engage in a conflict with an adversary as January 31. They have to pay over ₹200 Airbus. PTI
October­December quarter of 2022­23. PTI weather pattern. AP capable as Russia. AFP crore towards PF and gratuity dues. PTI COMPILED BY THE HINDU DATA TEAM

Follow us facebook.com/thehindu twitter.com/the_hindu instagram.com/the_hindu

How satellites track the weather


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What do the different colours on an IMD weather map indicate? How does fog or snow show up on these maps? What are radiometres and atmospheric
sounders and how do they help the satellites measure weather conditions?

EXPLAINER indicates it is also very cold. Further THE GIST


north of Delhi, flecks of green dominate,
indicating a preponderance of lower
Vasudevan Mukunth clouds. The sky even further north is 쑽
dominated by a high and heavy cloud According to a paper published
The story so far: system that encompasses lower clouds as by IMD scientists in February

L
arge parts of North India, well. 2019, the INSAT 3D satellite has
including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, By combining day and night a red­green­blue, or RGB,
Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, microphysics data, atmospheric scientists imager whose images’ colours
and Punjab, have been can elucidate the presence of moisture are determined by two factors:
grappling with heavy fog since December droplets of different shapes and solar reflectance and
2023. At around 2 pm on January 16, for temperature differences over time, and in brightness temperature.
example, the India Meteorological turn track the formation, evolution and
Department (IMD) warned of a high depletion of cyclones and other weather

likelihood of “very dense fog” in Haryana, events. The INSAT 3D and 3DR
Chandigarh, and Delhi, where it said For example, taking advantage of the satellites are currently active in
visibility would be lower than 50 metres fact that INSAT 3D can produce images geostationary orbits around
in “night/morning hours”. It issued based on signals of multiple wavelengths, the earth, at inclinations of 82
similar alerts for Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, the authors of the 2019 paper have degrees and 74 degrees east
and Madhya Pradesh, where it said proposed day and night microphysics longitudes respectively.
visibility could be limited to 50­200 data that they say would indicate a 쑽
metres. On the social media platform X thunderstorm impending in one to three
(formerly Twitter), the IMD has hours. Both INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR
use radiometres to make their
accompanied these alerts with maps from
spectral measurements.
the INSAT 3D satellite, and sometimes How do the satellites collect weather
from the INSAT 3DR satellite. The fog in data?
these maps is both clearly visible and Both INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR use
annotated by the IMD. radiometres to make their spectral
measurements. A radiometre is a device
How does one read the maps? What that measures various useful properties of
do the colours represent? radiation, typically by taking advantage of
At the bottom right of a map from 2021 radiation’s interaction with matter, for
(map 1) is a clue — ‘Night Microphysics’. example in the form of temperature or
According to a paper published by IMD electrical activity.
scientists in February 2019, the INSAT 3D Both satellites also carry atmospheric
satellite has a red­green­blue, or RGB, sounders. These are devices that measure
imager whose images’ colours are temperature and humidity, and study
determined by two factors: solar water vapour as a function of their
reflectance and brightness temperature. heights from the ground.
Solar reflectance is a ratio of the Scientists combine the radiometre and
amount of solar energy reflected by a sounder measurements to understand
surface and the amount of solar energy various atmospheric characteristics.
incident on it. Brightness temperature has
to do with the relationship between the What weather satellites does India
temperature of an object and the have?
corresponding brightness of its surface. It According to the INSAT 3DR brochure, its
is different from temperature as we radiometer is an upgraded version of the
usually understand it — like the very­high­resolution radiometer (VHRR)
temperature we ‘feel’ when we touch a that the Kalpana 1 and INSAT 3A satellites
glass of hot tea — because brightness used (launched in 2002 and 2003,
temperature also has to do with how the respectively).
tea glass emits the thermal radiation, The Space Application Centre’s brief
which is at different frequencies in for INSAT 3A states: “For meteorological
different directions. observation, INSAT­3A carries a three
The INSAT 3D’s ‘day microphysics’ data channel Very High Resolution Radiometer
component studies solar reflectance at (VHRR) with 2 km resolution in the visible
three wavelengths: 0.5 micrometres band and 8 km resolution in thermal
(visible radiation), 1.6 micrometres infrared and water vapour bands.” The
(shortwave infrared radiation) and 10.8 radiometers onboard 3D and 3DR have
micrometres (thermal infrared radiation). “significant improvements in spatial
That is, detectors onboard the satellite resolution, number of spectral channels
track radiation coming from over India in and functionality”.
these wavelengths. The strength of the The Kalpana 1 and INSATs 3A, 3D, and
0.5 micrometre visible signal determines 3DR satellites aided India’s weather
the amount of green colour; the strength monitoring and warning services with the
of the 1.6 micrometre shortwave infrared best technology available in the country
signal, the amount of red colour; and the at the time, and with each new satellite
strength of the 10.8 micrometre thermal being a better­equipped version of the
infrared signal, the amount of blue colour. previous one. So while Kalpana 1 had a
This way, the INSAT 3D computer launch mass of 1,060 kg and carried a
determines the colour on each point of early VHRR and a data­relay transponder,
the image. INSAT 3DR had a launch mass of 2,211 kg
— in 2016 — and carried an upgraded
How does the satellite track snow? VHRR, a sounder, a data­relay
According to the paper, “the major transponder and a search­and­rescue
applications of this colour scheme are an transponder. India deactivated Kalpana 1
analysis of different cloud types, initial in September 2017, after 15 years in orbit.
stages of convection, maturing stages of a The INSAT 3D and 3DR satellites are
thunderstorm, identification of snow currently active in geostationary orbits
area, and the detection of fires.” around the earth, at inclinations of 82
While the solar reflectance of snow and degrees and 74 degrees east longitudes
that of clouds is similar in the visible part two colours are determined not by a The amount of blue colour is not a respectively.
of the spectrum, snow strongly absorbs single signal but by the strength of the difference but is determined by the In February 2024, the Indian Space
radiation of wavelength 1.6 micrometre, difference between two signals. The strength of a thermal infrared signal of Research Organisation is expected to
that is the shortwave infrared. As a result, computer determines the amount of red wavelength 10.8 micrometre. launch the INSAT 3DS meteorological
when the satellite tracks snow, the red colour according to the difference For example, in map 3, the data satellite onboard its GSLV Mk II launch
component of the colour scheme between two thermal infrared signals — 12 indicates three kinds of clouds. (‘K’ vehicle, with a launch mass of two tonnes.
becomes very weak. micrometre and 10 micrometre. The denotes the temperature differences in While “3DR” stood for “3D repeat”, “3DS”
amount of green colour varies according kelvin.) A mature cumulonimbus (“CB”) stands for “3D second repeat”.
How are the colours determined? to the difference between a thermal cell, possibly part of a tropical storm, This article was first published on the
The satellite’s ‘night microphysics’ infrared and a middle infrared signal — hangs over West Bengal and is visible author’s blog and is republished here with
component is a little more involved. Here, 10.8 micrometre and 3.9 micrometre. mostly in red, but whose blue component updates.
CM A ND-NDE
YK
THE HINDU
Friday, January 19, 2024 13
Delhi
Text&Context
IN THE LIMELIGHT

FROM THE ARCHIVES

Know your
English
K. Subrahmanian
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“Mr. S. U. N. RadhaKrishna, Malkajgiri,
Hyderabad wants to know whether
‘gentlewoman’ is the opposite of
‘gentleman’.”
“ ‘A gentleman’ is ‘a man who is polite
and shows consideration for the feelings
of other people, one who always acts in
an honourable way’. ‘Gentlewoman’ was
once used of a woman with similar
A still from Drive-Away Dolls. YOUTUBE/FOCUS FEATURES qualities, this word has been replaced by
‘lady’. When we address a gathering of

From ‘Drive­Away Dolls’ to ‘Viduthalai:


men and women, we begin with ‘Ladies
and gentlemen’. We do it out of
politeness. Even though it would be
truthful, we should not say ‘Ladies and

Part 2,’ films to watch out for in 2024 gentlemen and others’. If you did, you
won’t be considered a gentleman/lady!”
“Mr. K. V. Rao, SBH, Rajendanagar,
Hyderabad, says that the word
‘non­vegetarian’ gives the impression that
The new year is looking up for movies, both in India and internationally. Have the Coen brothers split up for good? Will ‘Challengers’ score? What is non­vegetarians don’t eat vegetables at all
Vathiyaar’s backstory in ‘Viduthalai’? A look at three movies set to release in 2024 and what makes them special and hence we should have another word
to convey that non­vegetarians eat both
vegetables and meat’.”
Preetha Jayaraman Dolls, a road trip comedy caper, it was the prickly theme of cannibalism, machinery, and find ways to exhibit them. “In Britain, as in the west in general,
clear that he was ready to have some fun followed. Luca doesn’t pick easy stories to It is evident today that big hero films draw almost everybody eats meat, the odd

T
he year 2024 is looking up for again. It’s hinted that it could be the first tell. This year he brings to the theatres audiences to theatres, and scale matters person is the one who doesn’t eat meat.
movies, both in India and of a queer trilogy. Drive­Away Dolls looks Challengers, a love triangle set in the more than story. So in a milieu where This person is called a vegetarian. In
internationally. Ethan Coen has Thelma and Louise­ esque in its trailer. hyper­kinetic world of tennis. Sports films what we watch watches us, and content is English, the word ‘non­vegetarian’
his second solo directorial in Jamie played by Margaret Qualley has are usually doomed by their trajectory; pushed to viewers through all possible doesn’t exist. In India, we use this word as
the offing, while Luca Guadagnino and suffered a bad break­up and her friend they keep getting made but they are platforms, Vetrimaaran doesn’t look like we have a lot of vegetarians and we want
Vetrimaaran are bringing their much Marian played by Geraldine mostly predictable — intense training, he wants to push anything but his own to distinguish the one from the other.
awaited films. After the carnage at the end Vishwanathan needs a vacation exultant winning, nasty injury, epic limits as a filmmaker. His human dramas Vegetarians in India do not eat meat, fish
of 2023, a look into the new year and desperately. Both thirsty for a change of failure, roaring redemption. Sports by have made the common man’s story or eggs. In Britain, a vegetarian is one
what it holds. scene head off on a road trip to nature is unforgiving, stretching the mind commercially viable. Viduthalai Part 1, who doesn’t eat meat. He may eat fish
Tallahassee. They rent a car which carries with the body, testing brutally the player’s which released last year, with comedian and eggs. A ‘vegan’ is one who is a strict
‘Drive­Away Dolls’ – Ethan Coen a suitcase that’s not theirs (of course). As endurance and focus but when you throw Soori doing the flip as the protagonist vegetarian. A vegan is one ‘who does not
There was much furore among die­hard they run for their lives from a bunch of in some jealousy into the game, it could Kumaresan, is the story of an idealistic eat meat, fish, eggs or cheese or drink
fans of the Coen brothers when they twitty goons who are after the suitcase, soar higher. rookie cop stationed in a remote hill milk’. A vegan won’t use animal products
separated and started doing their own the film promises one hell of a road trip. Challengers has the sleek Zendaya station. After a terrorist train blast, the like silk. leather. The ‘e’ in ‘vegan’ is
projects. Joel went off and directed The Then there’s the stellar supporting cast of whose role as Rue in the series Euphoria insurgents are still at large. pronounced like the “ee” in ‘feel’, ‘a’ is
Tragedy of Macbeth and Ethan made Jerry Matt Damon and Pedro Pascal. remains transcendental. Here, she plays The film follows Kumaresan, an idealist pronounced like the ‘a’ in ‘India’; ‘g’ is
Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind, a Ethan has written the film with his wife Tashi alongside Josh O’Connor as Patrick who bears witness to the happenings pronounced like the ‘g’ in ‘give’. The
documentary about the rock and roll Tricia Cooke and directed it. There is as and Mike Faist as Art. All three are grand around him and starts waking up to its stress is on the first syllable.”
legend. Ethan when presenting his much panic among fans as there must slam players who become messily harsh realities. He sees that caste politics “Mr. H, R. Chawla, Motia Khas, New
documentary at Cannes in 2022 declared have been when The Beatles split up and entangled. Tashi whom both the men doesn’t escape the police force and Delhi, wants to know the meaning of
that he was done making movies, and the John and Yoko went off to make an desire and admire from first sight on kindness or humanitarianism are not at ‘charlatan’.”
last two films the duo had made had left album. Have they split forever? Will the court dates one but marries the other. She its heart. Instead, it’s bigotry and “A charlatan is a ‘person who deceives
him jaded. Makes one wonder if it’s the music ever sound as good? With the Coen gets injured and drops out of the game, pettiness. A run­in with the wanted rebel others by falsely claiming to have a special
pressure of putting out decades of brothers, the answers to a real split are becomes her husband’s coach. When his leader, ‘Vathiyaar’ (Teacher) played by knowledge or skill, specially in medicine’.
extraordinary content? Or is it just that vague as Reuters keeps picking up news career nosedives she signs him up to play Vijay Sethupathi, who is trying to set the Don’t go to him. He’s a charlatan.
the industry has morphed and evolved snippets that they will be reuniting soon. against the ex­boyfriend. It’s a messy past and present oppressions right from It’s from Italian ‘ciarlare’, ‘to prate, to
into a beast that bays for spectacle? Judging from their personal interviews, reunion and reeks of sensuality, jealousy behind the scenes makes Kumaresan chatter, to babble’. The ‘ch’ is
Hollywood is producing grand spectacle they are still spending summers together and strife. The film feels more like a question more of his own core beliefs. pronounced ‘sh’ as in ‘shall’. The first ‘a’
after spectacle, with some of them just as a family. Phew. complex drama than just a sports film, Viduthalai Part 1 was a tad long but is pronounced like the ‘a’ in ‘glass’, the
making a spectacle of themselves while superb in its execution and emotion, other two like the ‘a’ in India’. The stress
others fill coffers, ka­ ching over ka­ ching. ‘Challengers’ – Luca Guadagnino Viduthalai Part 2 ­Vetrimaaran leaving one wanting to know what comes is on the first syllable.”
The brothers, however, never fit into any Luca Guadagnino has wedged himself Vetrimaaran said in an interview that he next. Viduthalai Part 2 which releases this “Ms. Suananda Datta, Shillong, wants
boxes and have remained creative gently but firmly into cinema history with sees a future for Tamil cinema where 10 year is said to be in parts about to know the meaning of ‘The coast is
vagabonds so Ethan’s answer was his film Call Me by Your Name. The film to 15 big heroes will continue to make Vathiyaar’s backstory. It’s all a bit clear’.”
interesting. When asked why producing starring Timothy Chalamet was a slow their films with a clutch of directors for hush­hush but none of the intrigue ever “It means that there is no danger of
movies had lost its sheen, he said that it dance that haunted audiences. Suspiria, large­scale theatrical releases, while he goes to waste with Vetrimaaran’s films. being seen or caught. It was originally a
had become more of a grind and less fun. his horror film with Tilda Swinton, and and his tribe will keep telling their stories The writer is a cinematographer who term used by smugglers. They looked
Then when he announced Drive­Away Bones and All, a love story that explores independent of big heroes or its related works in the Indian film industry around to see if there were coastguards.
When they were sure that there were
none, they said, ‘The coast is clear’.
When the coast was clear, she went into
the manager’s room and took away some
THE DAILY QUIZ Please send in your answers to
dailyquiz@thehindu.co.in
important files.
The idiom is generally limited to
contexts implying some wrongdoing.”
Published in The Hindu on October 9,
Stars are the universe’s engines, producing warmth, light, and the chemical 1990.

elements that will make more stars, planets, and life. A quiz on stars
Vasudevan Mukunth for which fusion releases less energy than it Questions and Answers to the previous
consumes. day’s daily quiz: 1. The three periods of the
X X history of the German Empire. Ans: German
QUESTION 1 QUESTION 3 Reich, Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany
In 1957, the B2FH paper was published — Scientists have hypothesised that stars have 2. This actor is known for films like His Girl
so named based on the initials of its two main fusion reactions by which they Friday and The Philadelphia Story. Ans: Cary
authors. Its title was ‘Synthesis of the convert hydrogen to helium — the start of Grant
Elements in Stars’, and provided some of stellar nucleosynthesis. Of these, the 3. Peter Mark Roget is known for publishing
the first data to support stellar proton­proton cycle starts at around 4 this English­language synonym dictionary.
nucleosynthesis: that nuclear fusion inside million K and the ___ cycle, at around 15 Ans: Roget’s Thesaurus
stars produces chemical elements. Name million K. Fill in the blanks. 4. This man was among the three members of
the first author of this paper. X the Great Triumvirate along with Henry Clay
X QUESTION 4 and John C. Calhoun. Ans: Daniel Webster
QUESTION 2 A star also produces elements when it ‘dies’. 5. Willie O’Ree’s debut is known for being a
Stars, like the Sun, host nuclear fusion In this process, the star’s core, which no milestone in the hockey league. Ans: He was
reactions that each release more energy longer has fuel to fuse, starts to collapse the first Black player in the National
than they consume. If an atom’s nucleus is rapidly under the weight of its own gravity Hockey League
bound together with some energy, and if it’s while its outer layers are blown away. This X Visual: Name the creator, and both characters
fused with another similar nucleus to blow­away pushes a large number of Visual question: in the image. Ans: A.A. Milne; For feedback and suggestions for
produce a third nucleus that requires less neutrons through its surroundings, which This image shows a ___________­_______ diagram, an Winnie­the­Pooh and Christopher Robin Text & Context, please write to
binding energy, the ‘excess’ is released in smash into atoms and produce roughly half important way to understand stars' evolution, and their Early Birds: Sumeet Parmar| K. N. letters@thehindu.co.in
the reaction. Name the element on the of all elements in the universe heavier than ability to synthesise various elements. Fill in the blanks. CC Viswanathan| Akshansh Thakur| Aaryaman with the subject ‘Text & Context’
Periodic Table whose nucleus is the lightest iron. What is this process called? BY­SA 2.5 Thakur| Sunil Kannada
CM A ND-NDE
YK
6 . bl . think
DELHI

businessline.
FRIDAY ­ JANUARY 19 ­ 2024

FRIDAY ­ JANUARY 19, 2024

SANJIB POHIT

GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCKPHOTO
Not so poor
CHETANA CHAUDHURI

C
OP28 emphasised that
transitioning from fossil
NITI poverty paper heartening, but raises questions fuels in energy systems is
required in a just, orderly
hatever cynics might say, there is cause to

W
and equitable manner. The
take heart from the NITI Aayog’s path of decarbonisation requires shift to
low­carbon options. Demand­side
recently released discussion paper on management measures like production
reduction in multi­dimensional poverty (MDP) in the and supply chain adaptation or
country over nine years ending FY23. The paper, improving energy efficiency are not
sufficient to reduce energy requirement.
which defines MDP in terms of 12 indices However, the social and economic
encompassing education, health and living standards transformation required to facilitate the
(three, three and six metrics, respectively, in each green transition will inexorably bring in
change in the labour market.
category), says that poverty so defined has fallen from
29.17 per cent of the population in FY14 to 11.28 per
cent in FY23, with the poorer states – Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan – doing
Currently, India’s share of renewables
in power generation is only 12 per cent
(as of February 2023), and coal is still the
dominant source of energy for power
generation (73 per cent in 2023). Energy
‘Green jobs’ from
particularly well.
As a result, regional disparities have
narrowed. The total number of people
having ‘escaped’ MDP has been estimated at
is one of the key sectors in India, which is
inter­linked with almost all other sectors.
It is used as an input to all the sectors in
manufacturing, services and also is an
important input in the agriculture sector.
It itself receives inputs from several
green power
24.82 crore. Odisha and Chhattisgarh have manufacturing and services sectors. So, JOB POTENTIAL. Installation, maintenance in renewable energy
done just as well. The MDP indices have been the effect of energy transition would not will create jobs, even as energy transition poses challenges
derived from three National Family Health be just limited to energy sector alone, but
Surveys (2005­06, 2015­16 and 2019­21), also would have impact on other sectors
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in the economy which provide input to concentrated at the beginning of the adoption of green fuels will have major challenge of widescale
with backward and forward projections for the energy sectors. power plant’s life span. different impact on different States. For implementation of renewable energy
the remaining years based on the observed NCAER’s study finds that direct and The requirement of skills would also example, only 0.15 per cent of usually projects, especially for States like Kerala.
rates of reduction. The improvements, SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) differ across technologies. Odisha, where working persons as defined in Periodic Land acquisition can also disrupt ecology
all­India, have been most impressive (since employment multiplier for solar power coal mining sector is a source of Labour Force Survey 2021­22 in Kerala in and biodiversity.
2005­06, and markedly after 2015­16) in the generation is higher than coal, and livelihood to many low­skilled and engaged in mining and quarrying while It is also important to note that
comparatively less for wind for India. unskilled labours, needs to generate 1.10 per cent of Odisha is engaged in that lifespan of renewable energy power
areas of bank account addition, assets, This means that to produce the same appropriate jobs for people losing sector. plants is less (approximately 30 years for
school attendance, access to electricity and amount of output in monetary terms, livelihood in the process of transition. Transition to green energy will impact PV module or 20 years for wind­based
drinking water. Access to cooking fuel, generation of solar power requires There is major concern that the jobs employment in the mining sector and power plants) as compared to fossil
sanitation, housing, maternal health and employment of more workers as generated in India for renewable sources States which are dependent on mining as fuel­based power plants (40 years for
compared to coal, while wind power are generally low­skill jobs and there is asource of revenue and employment, coal). This would require replacement of
nutrition remains a cause for concern, even requires comparatively smaller number not much job generated for high­skilled would be affected more as compared to PV solar panels or wind turbines more
if some of these indices looked worse 18 of workers. workers in manufacturing and thosewhich are not that much frequently as compared to
years back. The indices take into account the installation. resource­intensive. fossil­fuel­based power plants; thus,
headcount of deprivation as well as its NEW JOBS One important fact that we need to generating more employment in
As we shift away from ‘brown’ energy remember here that India is highly STATE SOPS manufacturing and installation of
intensity, although it is not entirely clear sources for power generation, there dependent on imported goods for The government, in 1952, introduced renewable power plants.
how deprivation itself is assessed. Perhaps, would be reduction in employment in manufacturing of renewable power Freight Equalisation Policy (which was in But a recent paper by Heather Mirletz
the report writers could clarify here, as there coal sector, while adaptation of ‘green’ plants. For example, India imported solar place till 1993), to promote balanced and colleagues, published in Nature
is evidently no clear ‘line’ to define poverty energy would pave the way for cells, assembled in modules or made up regional development. Under that policy, Physicsestimates that due to shorter
that is not income­based. As for employment in renewable energy sectors into panels worth $3,363.20 million and the Centre was subsidising the lifespan, globally, the solar waste
like solar or wind. And this employment, wind mill, wind turbine and engines transportation of ‘essential’ items which generation would amount to 54 to 160
income­based poverty, the report cites would not only be created in operation worth $0.07 millionin 2021­22. If included coal, steel and cement among million tonnes between 2016 and 2050,
World Bank’s assessment to say that on the and management of power plants, which domestic production of these others, from resource­rich States to resulting in huge quantities of dumped
basis of $2.15 per capita (2017 PPP), poverty was captured in earlier multiplier commodities are encouraged, it can be a resource­deficit ones. panels.
headcount ratio fell from 18.73 per cent in estimates, but also for manufacturing significant contributor to employment Coastal States like Maharashtra, Tamil Wind turbines which are generally 170
and installation of new renewable power generation. However, the impact of the Nadu and Gujarat benefited from this feet long, are also mostly dumped (and
2015 to 11.9 per cent in 2021. plants. step and resource­rich States like not recycled in practice) after its lifetime,
The MDP findings have, however, given Estimates show that in India too, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and are going to add 43 million tonnes of
rise to some questions. Unlike in the case of renewable energy sources, especially The domestic production (now Jharkhand) or Odisha lost some of blade waste by 2050 globally, a study by
the UN HDIs, MDP does not explicitly solar power have substantial potential of key renewable energy their competitive advantage. Now, when Liu and Barlow estimates. India needs to
for employment generation in coastal States have the advantage with be prepared for the social and
include income, although bank account, manufacturing and installation. While components like solar wind and some States are more endowed environmental consequences of the
assets and housing can be seen as proxies. the jobs related to O&M are generally of panels and wind turbines with longer daytime for production of offtake of renewable energy sources.
The HDI accords equal weights to education, longer duration, nature of employment solar energy, policies need to support the
health and standard of living based on per for manufacturing and installation of needs to be encouraged as States which lack such resources or The writers are Researchers at NCAER. Views expressed
capita income. While the assessment of power plants can be transient in nature, it can create plenty of jobs infrastructure. Land availability is a are personal

poverty has come a long way from being


income or calorie­based to include a basket
of factors, downplaying income is not a great
idea. Indeed, India’s GDP growth took a hit
between FY18 and FY23. The annual growth
rates of the four States that have shown good
TN needs skilled workforce to stay ahead
MDP progress are below the national Tamil Nadu has been losing out as an FDI destination to Maharashtra and Gujarat. Its MSMEs need a skilled workforce
average (2012­22) . It is remarkable that
industrial sector. With a substantial World Bank’s studies further underscore
MDP has fallen sharply amidst rather low Ganesh Valiachi investment of ₹2.73­lakh crore, the the impact, showing that companies
growth rates. MSME sector becomes a formidable with a higher percentage of skilled

I
This, as the report rightly points out, can f economists concur that skilling source of livelihood for 151.61 lakh workers experience up to 20 per cent
perhaps be explained by the success of the workforce is imperative to people in Tamil Nadu. This robust higher productivity. Further, as
Central schemes such as Jan Dhan Yojana, compete with China in foundation unequivocally establishes acknowledged by various reports,
manufacturing, then micro, small and the State’s MSMEs as pivotal drivers MSMEs stand at the forefront of driving
Poshan Abhiyaan and Garib Kalyan Yojana. medium enterprises (MSMEs) should propelling it toward the ambitious economic growth and job creation, but
But the success of such welfarism also raises emerge as the central focus to catalyse economic milestone set for 2030. their success hinges on access to a
a disturbing thought: in the absence of Tamil Nadu’s ambitious goal of In the context of becoming a skilled workforce.
strong growth, can the population becoming a $1­trillion economy by 2030. $1­trillion economy, it is imperative to Disturbingly, a glaring skill gap is
MSMEs are an integral part of the discuss the Tamil Nadu Industrial Policy evident, with an estimated 50 per cent of
eventually do without these ‘antyodaya’ manufacturing sector. Not only do they 2021­2025. This policy was crafted to
MSMES. The vital manufacturing
MSME jobs requiring specialised skills,
schemes? Poverty reduction works best cogPICHUMANI K
account for 45 per cent of India’s attract investments exceeding ₹10­lakh according to the Assocham Skill
when inclusive growth and welfarism go manufactured goods, but also contribute crore ($135 billion) by 2025, fostering Development Summit in 2023. The
together. to over 50 per cent of total exports, an annual growth rate of 15 per cent in 2023. In stark contrast, Maharashtra and challenges persist, as highlighted by the
manufacturing over 8,000 products with the manufacturing sector during the Gujarat attracted $53.97 billion and FICCI Survey of 2022, where 70 per cent
added value. policy period. $31.9 billion, respectively, during the of MSMEs reported difficulty in securing
Tamil Nadu has the third­largest Another pivotal aim is to raise the same period. The unavailability of a workers with the necessary skills,
POCKET RAVIKANTH number of MSMEs, with five million
enterprises, contributing a noteworthy
share manufacturing sector to 30 per
cent of the State’s economy by 2030, up
skilled workforce can significantly
influence FDI decisions.
impacting productivity and growth.
In the context of Tamil Nadu’s
8.6 per cent to the national total. What from 25 per cent. The highest A study conducted by the Madras economic ambitions, the demand for
sets the State apart is its workforce investment priority is assigned to the Institute of Development Studies skilled human resources (13.5 million),
engagement, with over 2.5 million manufacturing sector, requiring $598 (MIDS) found that Tamil Nadu’s share as outlined in the Ministry of Skill
individuals powering the factory sector billion, reflecting the State’s intent to of FDI inflows into India declined from Development and Entrepreneurship's
— undeniably the highest figure across foster industrial growth. 12.4 per cent in 2000­01 to 5.8 per cent annual report (2022­23), places the
the country. in 2015­16, citing a shortage of skilled State in a position of promise. The State
Boasting 37,987 factories, Tamil Nadu FDI INFLOWS NOT ROBUST labour as one of the contributing factors needs to revisit its strategies,
secures the fourth position in the nation Despite these efforts, Tamil Nadu's for this decline. particularly within the MSME sector.
for its industrial prowess. Furthermore, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow The significance of bridging the skill
the State is third in both invested capital is less pronounced, amounting to $8.5 gap emerges as a linchpin for Tamil The writer is a Researcher at Alagappa University,
and total industrial output within the billion from October 2019 to March Nadu's economic aspirations. The Karaikudi. Views are personal

LETTERS TO EDITOR Send your letters by email to bleditor@thehindu.co.in or by post to ‘Letters to the Editor’, The Hindu Business Line, Kasturi Buildings, 859­860, Anna Salai, Chennai 600002.

70­hour conundrum The employer must respect the various techniques used by fraudsters, the produce. Farmers must be made aware players are finely segmenting the
This is with reference to the article ‘70 roles that an employee plays. ‘outsourced’ helpline centres are of little of the dwindling ground water market, creating tailor­made products
work hour week is not a great idea’ Veena Shenoy help. Banks must have a mechanism to availability and the need to shift from for specific groups of consumers.
(January 18). Narayana Murthy is a role Thane flag such frauds. water guzzling rice and wheat to millets Banks must analyse customer
model for millions of Indians but his Vinayak G and pulses. Both the Agriculture preferences, and insurers must create
70­hour work is not a great idea. 5­day week, a misnomer New Delhi Ministry along with the state products based on their bank partners’
It is a wrong notion that productivity This refers to 'Bankers need 5­day agricultural departments have a recommendations and requirements.
increases with long working hours. As week' (January 18). Its author's plea Boosting millets greater role to play in getting the Needs­based selling, effective
per ILO data India’s productivity is that it happens to be a global norm This refers to 'Let's prepare for a millets farmers the required inputs and price cross­selling and marketing of
among the lowest in the world. This is while justifying the Bank Unions' decade' (January 18). 2023 was for a sustained growth in millet customised products are essential.
not because Indians do not work for demand so as to increase their proclaimed as 'The International Year of production. Banks’ significant data advantage over
long hours but because of poor 'efficiency' may be a 'misnomer' in the Millets' to globally showcase millets’ GS Santharam other insurance distribution channels
working conditions. Indian context, if bank customers’ advantages.Per Statistics, total rice and Madurai offers unique opportunities. A
As per ILO data, the average weekly experience is an indication. wheat production a year is about 240 mt bancassurance strategy based on
work hours in India is 48 hourswhich is However, the writer should have also and the share of all millets put together Need based selling targetted innovative products allow
one of the highest in the world, but mentioned about the growing menace hovers around 69 mt. Unlike rice and This is with reference to ‘Ways to boost insurers to capitalise on opportunities
worker productivity is quite low. So of digital banking frauds and suggested wheat, millets do consume very less bancassurance’, (January 18). and expand into new market segments.
long working hours do not increase measures to stop them. water, and less fertilisers. Millet farmers Traditionally, bancassurance has S Muthulakshmi
productivity but other factors matter. Given the increasingly sophisticated need fair prices and markets for their targeted the mass market – but today Virudhunagar

Published by Nirmala Lakshman and Printed by S. Ramanujam at HT Media Ltd. Plot No. 8, Udyog Vihar, Greater Noida Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P. 201306, on behalf of THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD., Chennai­600002. Editor: Raghuvir Srinivasan (Editor responsible for selection of news under the PRB Act). ISSN 0971 ­ 7528

CM
YK . . . . . . . . ND­NDE
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DELHI

businessline.
FRIDAY ­ JANUARY 19 ­ 2024

A leg-up for tribal welfare


PM JANMAN is making healthy progress
India did well in not joining RCEP
Arjun Munda
TAKING STOCK. In the two years since it came into force, RCEP has benefited China much more than other member nations
to be negative in the post­RCEP, there

P
rime Minister Narendra has been a noteworthy reduction in the
Modi has been at the trade deficit, particularly evident in the
forefront of a case of South Korea. The deficit with
transformative initiative aimed at respect to South Korea, which stood at
uplifting vulnerable tribal groups ZAKI HUSSAIN (­) $48.6 billion in January­September
and reshaping the future of India. AISHWARY KANT GUPTA 2021, considerably diminished to (­)
The initiative, PM JANMAN, goes $6.6 billion in the corresponding

O
beyond being just a scheme. It n November 4, 2019, at January­September 2023 period.
embodies a sentiment of the third Regional The product level analysis reveals that
inclusivity and empowerment for HINTERLAND. Getting connected Comprehensive China registered a significant increase in
the tribal population. Economic Partnership trade balance in the post­RCEP period
The focus is on ensuring (RCEP) summit in mainly on account of the manufacturing
increased political representation pucca houses to 1 lakh Bangkok, India decided to withdraw sector (see Chart 2). Nuclear reactors,
and social protection for tribal beneficiaries and 1,200 km of road from one of the world largest regional boilers, machinery and mechanical
societies, with a vision centred on in more than 400 PVTG free trade agreements (FTAs). RCEP is appliances, vehicles other than railway,
ensuring justice, equality and dominated bastions. Other an FTA among 15 countries in the plastics and articles thereof, inorganic
fundamental rights to every initiatives by different ministries Asia­Pacific region, including major chemicals, and articles of iron or steel
individual, especially those in the include sanction of hostels, economies such as China, Japan, South are some of the product categories that
remotest corners of the country. anganwadis, mobile medical units, Korea and members of the Association saw a substantial increase in BoT .
Launched on November 15, multi­purpose centres, Van Dhan of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Exports of machinery and mechanical
2023, PM JANMAN has Kendras, and electricity projects, These countries together represent appliances (chapter 85) witnessed an
earmarked ₹24,000 crore for the showcasing the government’s around 30 per cent of global GDP and impressive change in BoT — a nearly
upliftment of 75 Particularly commitment to a speedy and population. three­fold increase post­RCEP, from a
Vulnerable Tribal Groups decisive approach for tribal The fundamental reasons for India high base of $9.2 billion
(PVTGs) across 23,000 villages in welfare. not joining RCEP was (January­September 2021) to $29.2
18 States and the Union Territory In a transformative alliance non­consideration of five key demands, billion (January­September 2023).
of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. aimed at uplifting tribal namely, amendments in tariff Similarly, another notable sector that
The PVTGs, residing in remote communities, TRIFED (Tribal differentials, alterations in the base rate saw a substantial export growth from
and inaccessible forest areas, have Cooperative Marketing of customs duty, modifications to the China is vehicles (chapter 87), which
faced decades of marginalisation. Development Federation of India most favoured nation (MFN) rule, surged from $1.8 billion to $15.2 billion
1869753

1869753
During the launch of PM­ Ltd) has forged a strategic incorporation of certain exemptions during the same period.
JANMAN, the Prime Minister partnership with ITC, a into ratchet obligations within the
emphasised a shift from working prominent Indian conglomerate. agreement, and the recognition of RIGHT MOVE BY INDIA?
in silos and envisioned the The joint initiative is poised to India’s federal character in investment Did India make the right choice by
mission to adopt a “Government launch a pioneering pilot project determinations. withdrawing from RCEP? Answering
as a whole” approach. PM in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, However, apart from these, the most this would require detailed ex­post
JANMAN focusses on integrating Meghalaya and Jharkhand, crucial factor behind India’s withdrawal impact assessment of RCEP. However,
11 interventions from nine targeting 60 Van Dhan Vikas from RCEP was the presence of China — analysing exclusively from the
ministries for ensuring benefits of Kendras. These centres will play a a country with which India already has a standpoint of BoT with China, initial
various government welfare pivotal role in enabling local tribal substantial trade deficit even without a data indicates that India’s decision to
schemes at the grassroots level. communities, including PVTGs, formal FTA. The fear was that India’s abstain appears to be one of foresight.
to enhance the value of products trade deficit could widen further if it Early trends indicate that this stance
INFORMATION CAMPAIGN like turmeric, thereby securing opened its markets to cheaper Chinese was crucial in safeguarding India’s
To ensure the success of the improved remuneration. goods without commensurate market domestic manufacturing base, especially
scheme, an ICE (information, In another initiative to access for Indian products in other the MSME sector. Opening up the
education and communication) promote livelihood opportunities, RCEP countries. Also, there was Indian market to RCEP members,
campaign, along with camps for TRIFED is dispatching a increased opposition from various particularly China, could have had an
enrolment of beneficiaries under consignment of 10­15 PVTG industry segments and bodies, raising adverse impact on the country’s
this and other schemes, was products to Indian embassies in doubts about how RCEP would bring manufacturing sector and some of the
launched on December 25. This Hungary, Ghana, Hong Kong, about a difference considering that flagship initiatives of the government
campaign targets PVTG Cyprus, Bangladesh, Nepal, comparable benefits hadn’t materialised like the Production Linked Incentive
dominated districts, to engender Austria, Vietnam, Mauritius, from certain existing FTAs. (PLI) scheme.
development amongst tribal Poland, Lusaka, the UAE, and It must, however, be noted that the
communities. Seychelles. The products, CHINA’S BALANCE OF TRADE impact of an FTA cannot be assessed
Over the three weeks, more accompanied by QR codes, will be It has been around two years since the relying solely on the movement of
than 8,000 camps have been showcased in embassies and RCEP came into force in January 2022. goods; services and investments must
organised in PVTG habitations missions, creating a global and The balance of trade (BoT) between also be considered.
across 100 districts, facilitating an domestic marketing base. This China and the 15 combined members of An additional concern is with respect
outreach of services, and enabling initiative promotes PVTG the RCEP reveals a noteworthy shift to the question of dependency. Given
deprived individuals to access craftsmanship and orders (see Chart 1(A)). On average, the BoT the prevailing political tensions with
various schemes. These include through Indian missions abroad. has transitioned from a negative value China, it appears sensible for India to
Ayushman Bharat, Pradhan An initiative to revive 1,000 during the pre­RCEP period to a positive value in the post­RCEP period. This a negative trade balance. A case in point maintain a level of autonomy in its
Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, PM Kisan springs in the tribal areas of 100 indicates the significant benefits that is China’s BoT with ASEAN, which, supply chains.
Samman Nidhi Yojna, Aadhaar districts with the aim to provide RCEP has brought to China. having already been in surplus at $61.2 Relying heavily on China, especially
Card, Kisan Credit Card, PM Jan access to safe and adequate water The most crucial factor A detailed examination of China’s billion pre­RCEP (January­September for crucial inputs, could potentially
Dhan Yojana, PM Matru Vandana where the PVTGs are located will behind India’s withdrawal BoT with RCEP members provides a 2021), further increased to $106.7 undermine our ability to assertively
Yojna, Community Certificate, be undertaken. Convergence with nuanced perspective (see Chart 1(B)). billion post­RCEP (January­September address any misconduct by that nation.
and more. the Ministry of Jal Shakti and from RCEP was the Notably, following the implementation 2023). Similarly, in the case of Japan, Thus, by ensuring a degree of
Projects worth ₹4,700 crore State Government shall be the presence of China, of RCEP, China saw notable China’s BoT underwent a self­sufficiency, India can not only
have been sanctioned by various hallmark of the initiative. enhancement in its trade surplus with transformation from a negative $31.3 safeguards its economic interests but
ministries in a short period of two a country with which India nations where it previously maintained a billion to a positive $0.3 billion. also take a firm stance in response to any
months. The Ministry of Rural The writer is Minister of Tribal Affairs & already has a substantial positive trade balance. Contrastingly, China’s BoT with unfavourable actions by China.
Development has sanctioned Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
trade deficit even without a Simultaneously, there was a Australia, South Korea and New Zealand
substantial reduction in the trade deficit during the pre­RCEP period displayed a The writers are Senior Research Fellows at the Centre
formal FTA. with countries that previously exhibited negative trend. While the BoT continued for WTO Studies, IIFT. Views are personal

businessline.
TWENTY YEARS AGO TODAY.
January 19, 2004 How to lift Indian football’s refereeing system
SBI readies exit option for ‘frustrated’ staff Anjana PV the development of emerging talent. Review System’. Kalyan Chaubey, AIFF
The country’s premier bank — SBI — is readying itself for the implementation of Despite the clamour for President, addressed refereeing

T
an ‘exit option’ aimed at shedding staff who are “frustrated and de­motivated due he Indian Super League (ISL), improvements, the All India Football concerns in a mid­season ‘Refereeing
to lack of career prospects.” The exit option aims at all staff segments including celebrating its decade­long Federation (AIFF) has taken a Review Meeting’, urging officials to be
officers, clerks and other subordinate staff who are over 50 years. existence, grapples with restrictive approach by imposing fines more accountable and rectify the
persistent refereeing issues that have on coaches who publicly criticise the recurring errors.
₹100­cr poll blitzkrieg on cards sparked widespread criticism from refereeing system. Notably, Ivan The stakes are high as the referee
The BJP­led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is in election mode. It’s not just clubs and coaches alike. Vukomanovic, head coach of Kerala remains the ultimate decision­maker
about wooing voters by doling out goodies in the form of tax and other fiscal Recent controversies, such as East Blasters FC, faced a ₹50,000 fine and a in football. Failure to address and
sops, but about image­building at an estimated budget of over ₹100 crore at the Bengal FC being denied two penalties match ban for expressing concerns elevate refereeing standards in Indian
taxpayers’ expense. According to top Government sources, various Ministries and against Odisha FC, have intensified about the disproportionate influence NEW TECH. Can curb errors football could kill the spirit and
public sector enterprises have already been sounded out to highlight their calls for the introduction of VAR or of referees on this season’s outcomes. progress of the sport in the country.
achievements during the last five years. VAR­lite systems to enhance the He said, “I see this year’s outcomes decision to enlist legendary Italian The proposed interventions, including
league’s standards. won’t be decided by teams or players, referee Pierluigi Collina to train Indian technological advancements and
Govt may allow pvt cos to sell surplus domestic LPG Fans, coaches, and club management but by referees. Our system, referees signifies a potential positive international training, offer glimpses
The Government is planning to allow sale of surplus domestic LPG by private argue that embracing new technologies technologies — we'll deal with it.” shift. Additionally, the AIFF has of hope for a more refined and fair
sector ‘parallel marketing’ companies. Although there has been a robust growth would not only address refereeing However, there are promising reached out to FIFA for participation in refereeing system in the evolving
in LPG demand this year of over 10 per cent, there is a lean season during the inconsistencies but also contribute to developments on the horizon. FIFA’s the trial of the ‘Additional Video landscape of Indian football.
summer months when supply outstrips demand.

BL TWO­WAY CROSSWORD 2358 EASY NOT SO EASY


ACROSS DOWN ACROSS DOWN
1. An office without work (8) 1. A play copy (6) 1. A good job the Romans were without a remedy for it! (8) 1. Cast lines? (6)
4. Architectural feature that spans (4) 2. Point opposite the zenith (5) 4. Fifty would make it a tree : a thousand, a month (4) 2. Lowest point attainable from drain (5)
8. Pole, perch (3) 3. Unbending (5) 8. The spare child­spoiler (3) 3. I had to follow the outfit without bending (5)
9. Uncertain (5) 5. Form of stuffed pasta 9. Is uncertain as to how five got the fever (5) 5. Mix oil, air and touch of vinegar for this
10. By way of (3) cases (7) 10. It is by way of those five giving one a finish (3) dish (7)
11. Studied carefully (7) 6. Fireplace (6) 11. Having studied S American country, half missed the 6. On this, cricket was novel (6)
12. Sleeping­perch (5) 7. Revivifying (10) finish (7) 7. How her fingers may prove invigorating (10)
13. Business arrangement for two 9. Appearance of supernatural 12. Go to one's rest or return to nothing on the street (5) 9. A divine dispensation it is vain to destroy (10)
or more (11) being (10) 13. Is this a vessel for the co­director? (11) 14. The thing is, it will appear in the
17. Piece for eight (5) 14. Piece written for 17. It takes a month and, for the French, eight musicians (5) newspaper (7)
18. Lithographer, for one (7) publication (7) 18. A person who does an impressive job (7) 15. Gives one a push that to boss is not
20. Biological pouch (3) 15. Gives fresh impetus to (6) 20. Pouch one almost gets on dismissal (3) straightforward (6)
21. Due (5) 16. Marcus ______, conspirator 21. It is due to being in the red (5) 16. Roman brute? Not quite : American! (6)
22. Fruit with a kernel (3) against Caesar (6) 22. Food item frequently bolted (3) 18. Award that is a highly valued acquisition (5)
23. Garden structure (4) 18. Something awarded (5) 23. How she would shortly appear to be put off (4) 19. It gives a touch of colour in satin
24. Spiritless, helpless (8) 19. A suffusion of colour (5) 24. Not a feck for the futile! (8) generally (5)

SOLUTION: BL TWO­WAY CROSSWORD 2357


ACROSS 1. Columbine 5. Rib 7. Awry 8. Contessa 10. Trestles 11. Silk 13. Regret 15. Blanco 18. Away 19. Credible 22. Sedative 23. Ajar 24. Ten 25. Harlequin
DOWN 1. Clatter 2. Large 3. Ironed 4. Eats 5. Russian 6. Blank 9. Steel 12. Glide 14. Gladden 16. Overrun 17. Driver 18. Asset 20. Bijou 21. Itch
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OPINION 11
STAY INFORMED THROUGH THE DAY @ WWW.BUSINESS-STANDARD.COM

VOLUME XXX NUMBER 237 ILLUSTRATION: BINAY SINHA


the house, as it is in the green zone. The development
NEW DELHI | FRIDAY, 19 JANUARY 2024 authority, in performing this legislative function, is
one of a piece with the Indian administrative state —

Regulating fintech the rule of officials — where the basics of democracy


are faltering. Their legislative actions run through the
executive branch and often constitute expropriation
RBI draft guidelines kick off the process without compensation. Some courts have directed the
development authority to acquire the land and convert

T
he Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI’s) draft norms for self-regulatory organ- the same into a park within a specified timeline or
isations for the financial technology sector (SRO-FT) broadly define the release the land from the green zone classification. In
ideal qualities these bodies should possess, but they leave some room practice, this seldom happens, and landholders often

Cities: Trapped in
for flexibility within the contours. The draft framework notes, to maintain find themselves running around development author-
credibility, an SRO-FT should operate independently — remain free from the influ- ities without any relief.
The anger of expropriated individuals, and the eco-
ence of a single member or a group of members, avoid conflicts of interest, and
nomic incentive for private persons to rationally use
ensure unbiased oversight of its members. Independence would enhance an SRO- land in ways not imagined by the central planners cre-
FT’s reputation as a neutral and reliable entity, which is essential for gaining the
trust of industry participants and regulators. It is important that these entities
have a robust information technology infrastructure and the ability to deploy tech-
nological solutions “within a reasonable timeframe”. They should also have sufficient
central planning ate a mess. Town plans are violated on a large scale.
Violations are grounded in corruption, and create arbi-
trary power for authorities who can choose which pri-
vate person to attack.
net worth and a demonstrated capability to establish the necessary infrastructure. India’s urban policy continues to follow old-style bureaucratic Another culprit is building regulation. They require
land to be left open for many reasons. There are set-
An SRO-FT should be capable of motivating its members to align with regula-
tory priorities and promote a culture of compliance. It should also be empowered
control, leading to dysfunctional cities. An overhaul is needed backs from plot boundaries, from other buildings and
cart tracks. The regulations provide for approach roads

I
to investigate and take disciplinary action against members for non-adherence to magine a greenfield city being built from the urban infrastructure, the state has aspired to control within plots and require common open space and an
codes, standards, and rules. This would help it shape a regulatory environment ground up. Imagine also that there is no statutory the built environment in great detail. additional setback from the common open space! In
conducive to innovation while ensuring consumer protection. Though membership monopoly on the development of colonies or lay- Within each city (or a bigger urban agglomeration), addition, there are requirements for greenery, parking,
outs as granted to a Delhi Development Authority or there are “development authorities” that meticulously space for fire tender movement and clearances from
of an SRO-FT would be voluntary, financial technology companies (fintechs) would a Bangalore Development Authority. Imagine that plan the city in great detail. They write “comprehensive trunk infrastructure and natural features. Over and
be encouraged to become members. The draft norms have left it to the sector to the private sector is building on the land in an unco- development plans” that carve out the city into resi- above this, most cities have regulations restricting
decide whether there should be one or multiple SROs for fintechs, but they seem ordinated way, based on simple self-interest. What dential, commercial, industrial, and green zones, and building coverage. All these rules waste land.
to nudge stakeholders in the direction of the latter. The draft notes, given the would go wrong? specify the use of all the space in minute detail. These Mr Patel’s big idea is that land in Indian cities is
diverse nature of fintechs, not restricting the number to one might dilute some Simple profit-seeking behaviour of private individ- are not aspirational documents that seek to inspire poorly used. Between 50 and 60 per cent of land is
uals would lead to excessive use of land for private private landowners to think better: They are binding used up for private open spaces with just under a quar-
industry concerns. On the other hand, having multiple SRO-FTs could undermine
projects, leaving insufficient land for parks and streets. and legally enforceable. ter available as building footprint. In nice cities abroad,
the representative character of self-regulation. Fintechs will have to find a consensus Urban infrastructure, such as water, sanitation, solid This approach works poorly because no govern- less than 10 per cent of land is private open space. In
on this subject. Assuming that multiple SROs are set up, the guidelines leave room waste, electricity, and telecom would also be poorly ment organisation knows enough about society to cor- addition to a building footprint of over 50 per cent on
for different SRO-FTs to achieve the goals in different ways. executed in a simple uncoordinated pri- rectly centrally plan it. The right way an average, they also have close to 40 per cent space
The draft also lays down guidelines on structure. The SRO should be set up as a vate-sector sprint. There is market fail- to organise a society is to base it on for parks and streets. In India, we have the worst of all
not-for-profit company registered under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. The ure, which motivates state intervention. freedom, where private persons do worlds, with a shortage of land in parks, in streets and
The field of urban policy consists of what they want, with narrow excep- in privately built structures.
applicant should represent the fintech sector with membership of entities across
understanding this market failure, and tions for state intervention that are The failures of town planning in India are ground-
sizes, stages, and activities. If representation is inadequate at the time of application, devising the most effective path for state motivated by market failure and ed in the lack of economics knowledge. As pointed
a road map for achieving this within a reasonable timeline should also be given. The intervention to address the failure. The enveloped in constitutionalism and out by Alain Bertaud, “unfamiliarity with basic urban
RBI clearly outlines its veto powers on the fit-and-proper status of the applicant com- fact that India does not have nice cities the rule of law. While many in the economic concepts by those in charge of managing
pany, the board of directors, and key managerial persons. It could also nominate proves that at present, urban policy — Indian elite readily slip into dreams cities is one of the major problems of our time”. A
observers on the board and inspect the books of the SRO-FT, or arrange to have that is, the tactics, techniques and pro- of a planned city like Chandigarh, the good reorientation of the foundations for India is the
cedures of state intervention in city for- fact is that the great cities of the world problem statement of the Barker review of 2006 in
the books audited. The expenses of such an inspection or audit would be borne by
mation — works poorly. evolved organically, through myriad the UK, where the terms of the reference were “to
the SRO-FT in question. Most fintechs are not directly regulated at present. In the brilliant inaugural lecture at AARTHIKAM decisions by private persons, without consider how planning policy and procedures can
This fast-growing industry has been a prime mover when it comes to enabling
financial inclusion. However, there is a need to find ways to create incentives for
the Emerging Markets Conference in
Mumbai in December, urban thinker
CHINTANAM central planning.
Leaving aside the high objective of
better deliver economic growth and prosperity along-
side other sustainable development goals”.
SRO membership. The sector must adopt the best governance and operational Bimal Patel drew our attention to the K P KRISHNAN achieving nice cities, there is a more As with most fields in India, the need of the
practices. SROs would be expected to monitor the sector and guide growth in the ground reality of how town planning basic problem of violations of consti- hour for Indian urban policy is a new level of intel-
works at present in India. There is widespread rhetoric tutional principles. You could be the owner of a piece lectual capability in understanding market failure,
right direction. This draft does well in setting up broad guidelines for the tasks
that after 1991, India put an end to central planning. of land that falls in the green zone (e.g. meant for in establishing frugal tools of state intervention,
they must fulfil, without imposing a straitjacket on processes. But there is a big gap between this slogan and the parks). The development authority is legally within and in designing laws and organisations that
ground reality of the Indian state, where intricate inter- its rights to refuse you permission to build a house if achieve state capacity.
vention into the economy happens on an extravagant the land is vacant. Worse still, if there is an existing
Policy learnings scale. And so it is with town planning. Far from adopt-
ing a restrained role in focusing on streets, parks, and
house in which you are living, the development author-
ity can refuse you permission to modify or reconstruct
The writer is an honorary professor at CPR, member of a few
for-profit and not-for-profit boards, and a former civil servant

ASER findings should shift the debate

A Landscaping growth with tech


ny broader analysis of India’s human capital, arguably the most important
source of its long-term growth and development, paints a sobering picture.
The latest Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) by the non-profit

L
organisation Pratham is no different. It gives a glimpse of what 14-18- and, a vital factor of production, plays a pivotal nomic liberalisation, 2021 will remain etched as the details on 95,742 parcels of land measuring 384,000
year-olds in rural India are doing. The report must be commended for the insights it role in economic growth. For the world’s most year of geospatial liberalisation. acres. However, the extent of unutilised/under-
gives into the preparedness of a cohort that would soon take responsibility as adult populous country, escalating pressure on land GIS has enabled unprecedented social and eco- utilised land remains contentious, with depart-
citizens and join the workforce. However, as the findings over the years have shown, calls for efficient land management practices. Yet, inef- nomic benefits. As has been said, the application of ments/organisations conservatively assessing what
ficiencies persist, often due to deep-rooted vested inter- GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who can be spared. Technology emerges as a game-
although students complete elementary education, many of them just fail to acquire
ests. Consequently, the untapped economic potential use it. The Svamitva scheme, using drone surveys, changer. In 2021, the Directorate General, Defence
basic foundational skills. This will not only hamper their chances in the labour market of land remains suboptimally harnessed. Recent provides a record of rights to millions of people in vil- Estates (DGDE) under MoD pioneered artificial intel-
but also impede the pursuit of higher education or professional training. reforms and technology interventions are changing lages. PM Gati Shakti, a GIS-based national masterplan ligence or AI-based image analysis technology, pro-
Some of the pointers in the latest report need attention and should prompt the landscape, though more needs to be done. for multimodal connectivity, provides great efficiencies viding detailed identification of land-use based on
recalibration of policy intervention. Among those surveyed, over 86 per cent in the Economists emphasise that geospatial information in infrastructure investments. The Ministry of Defence satellite or drone imagery. This technology should
age group of 14-18 years were enrolled at educational institutions. This is heartening can contribute 0.5 per cent to annual gross domestic (MoD), the largest land-owning government ministry, be used to assess surplus land. State governments,
product growth. Although Geographic Information with over 177,800 acres of land, mostly in inaccessible responsible for managing land resources such as
and shows that efforts to increase enrolment have been fairly successful. Despite
System (GIS) as a commercial technology has been areas, completed its land-survey for the first time since seacoasts, riverbanks, forests, should make extensive
the hardships and uncertainties caused by Covid in recent years, the fact that house- available since 1981 when Esri made ArcInfo accessi- independence using satellite and drones. Traditional use of the aforementioned technology as well.
holds continued their children’s education is an encouraging sign. However, the ble, its governmental use in India remained limited, survey maps were two-dimensional (2D). In hilly or Governments, despite extensive land holdings,
educational institutions, perhaps, are not doing justice to the expectations of both except in Gujarat. Narendra Modi, as sloping terrain, 2D maps can be inac- have a penchant for additional acquisitions.
students and their parents. As the report shows, about 25 per cent of those surveyed chief minister, leveraged GIS for spatial curate by 50 per cent in surface area Geospatial technology can help intelligently identify
could not read Class-II-level text fluently in their regional languages, and only a planning and decision-making in the measurement. The use of Lidar, pho- available government land before any new acquisi-
2000s. However, the formation of the togrammetry or Structure in Motion tions are made as tried by DGDE. In Arunachal
little over half could read sentences in English. Further, only a bit more than 40 per
National Centre of Geo-informatics, techniques allowed creation of 3D GIS Pradesh, land acquisitions by entities like the
cent could solve basic division problems (three digits by one digit), and just about with the assistance of Bhaskaracharya maps, extremely pertinent for our Railways have raised concerns, especially because
50 per cent could do other calculations like adding weights and calculating time. National Institute for Space remote borders. the land prices are fixed administratively and lack
Interestingly, the study this time also delved into the prevalence of digital Applications and Geo-informatics (BIS- Cantonments are now part of met- market validation. Land prices vary hugely for dif-
awareness. The outcomes present both opportunities and threats. About 90 per AG) in 2015, and the subsequent eleva- ros occupying prime urban land. ferent types of land — grasslands, rocky, hilly, agri-
cent of the youth reported having smartphones in the household and knowing tion of BISAG into a national institution Established by the British to meet cultural, with road access, and so on. Given inacces-
in 2020, brought about a paradigm their colonial security needs, these sible terrain, in the past it was difficult to verify the
how to use them. However, access to smartphones was much higher for males,
which, in a way, could indicate discrimination within households. Further, over
shift. GIS started to be seamlessly incor-
porated into e-governance applications
OFF THE GRID enclaves are not required from a secu-
rity perspective. On the contrary,
actual category of land being acquired. The DGDE
used AI and satellite imagery to correctly assess land
90 per cent reported using social media in the reference week. But among those across India. Nevertheless, one limita- AJAY KUMAR there is an additional burden of secur- category in recent cases. A framework for land acqui-
using social media, only about half knew about safety settings. Given the presence tion persisted: Until 2021, GIS was based ing these neighbourhoods from sition which develops on DGDE experience could
of smartphones in households and students having access to them, this medium on Google Maps as Indian policy did not allow the ingress of alien elements. If it is possible to redevelop bring greater efficiency in government acquisitions.
can be leveraged to improve learning outcomes. Modules can be prepared to freedom to create maps. cantonments retaining essential defence facilities like Thousands of acres of government land have
Peter Drucker’s wisdom, “What you cannot mea- offices and housing, about 100,000 acres of urban been encroached upon over the years. Such adverse
supplement classroom teaching. However, the prevalent use of social media is sure, you cannot manage”, starkly highlights the land could be released. Another potential opportunity possession becomes difficult to evict if the encroach-
clearly a risk. With a limited understanding of how such mediums function, this absurdity of the regressive Map Policy of 2005. This is streamlining the 2011 MoD security guidelines that ments are not detected early. An AI-based system,
cohort could be targeted with content that might cause harm in some way. policy, reminiscent of colonial restrictions, imposed restrict construction around any defence establish- which uses satellite imagery and longitudinal image
At the broad policy level, considering the learning outcomes, some funda- burdensome licensing requirements on map-making. ment, thereby locking acres of private land. analysis, can help here. It ensures timely detection
mental issues must be debated. It is now clear that enrolment is no longer a Ironically, while Indian entities grappled with these Technology-based security measures such as laser of encroachments and unauthorised constructions.
policy challenge. Several initiatives taken by both the Union and state govern- stifling restrictions, Google Earth freely provided sensing, thermal imaging, drone surveillance, video- Continuous surveillance acts as a deterrent for
high-resolution maps, exposing the folly of the sys- analytics, and smart lighting offer enhanced security potential encroachers. These technologies have been
ments have ensured higher enrolment. Thus, the focus should now shift to learn- tem. Attempts by MapMyIndia, India’s first mapping over physical distancing. Reform in these outdated deployed in cantonments. An institutional mecha-
ing outcomes. What will it take to dramatically improve learning outcomes? Is startup, to map India ended with criminal charges policies alongside modern technology-based planning nism needs to be put in place for its rollout in munic-
there a significant shortage of teachers, or do teachers lack the incentive to per- in a Kafkaesque legal struggle. In a major reform, could unlock trillions in economic activity. ipal bodies throughout the country.
form? Do states need to build better monitoring systems, or are teachers them- geospatial guidelines of February 15, 2021, shattered While government entities hold vast expanses of Technology coupled with enabling policies can
selves not adequately trained? Answers to some of these questions are important. these barriers, opening doors to unhindered geospa- land, there was no centralised database for the same. upend entrenched interests in land and significantly
tial data collection and transfer. Subsequently, drone Initiated in 2015, the effort required persistent ded- contribute to the vision of Viksit Bharat.
A lack of adequate education for India’s youth would not only undermine growth
rules instituted on August 25, 2021, sanctioned drone ication over the years, as government entities exhibit
and development goals but also exacerbate inequality in a world driven by skills. surveys, marking a seismic shift in India’s mapping intense land-hoarding tendencies. The Government The writer is a distinguished visiting professor, IIT Kanpur,
framework. If 1991 is remembered as the year of eco- Land Information System, now developed, contains and former defence secretary

Capitalism is dead, long live the techno-rentiers


class has been noted by other scholars in (and Silicon Valley) shows that
different countries — though none of dominance can be fleeting — either
them have gone as far as Mr Varoufakis to because the entrepreneurs made wrong
pronounce the end of capitalism. Earlier bets about the direction of the next big
any service. Consumers do not have any techno-feudalism, is essentially his technology giants have become too authors had pointed out that when the tech revolution or because regulators
options, either, to move out of this view of all that is wrong currently. powerful — and become too big to Soviet Union disintegrated and Russia stepped in. Apart from regulators and
system. They are locked in by Big Tech. The first couple of chapters are be disciplined. and the other former USSR states competition, I think geopolitical strife
We are essentially in a rentier economy slightly circuitous and dart off in Across the globe, regulators have embraced market economy, it was not will also play a big role in curbing the
and Technology overlords are the different directions, giving glimpses of become worried enough to try cutting really a free economy in the classical unfettered rise of the Big Tech of Silicon
new aristocrats. Mr Varoufakis’ thinking and ideas. It is by them down to size — and in the US, there form that they adopted. Instead, Valley. China’s ambitions in tech and
Mr Varoufakis builds his case the third chapter that he starts focusing is even some thought powerful oligarchs European worries about digital
BOOK REVIEW painstakingly. It helps that he has not on the thesis he is proposing — about of breaking down TECHNO-FEUDALISM: cropped up in the technologies are likely to help curb
written what would be considered a why we are not living in a capitalist era some of the most What Killed chaos, building Silicon Valley’s powers.
PROSENJIT DATTA hardcore economics volume. It is even though we often mistake it for one. powerful Big Tech Capitalism businesses that Does that mean that things are not
instead a wide and rambling journey Cloud capital, according to Mr companies in order Author: were more about quite grim and we can all sleep more

Y
anis Varoufakis, maverick Marxist that uses philosophy, material science, Varoufakis, has replaced old capital and to curb their power. Yanis Varoufakis rentiers than peacefully now? Not really. While we
economist, former finance pop culture, mythology, technology, the era of Big Tech overseers is not really In Europe, Publisher: Penguin capitalism. may not see a full-fledged techno-feudal
minister of Greece, and raconteur and economic and political history to any form of capitalism. This shift was lawmakers have My rentier economic system taking over the
Pages: 214
par excellence, proposes an original and illustrate his points. The book is in the aided and abetted by the low interest long frowned upon disagreement with world, I doubt we are going back to better
controversial theory in his new book, form of a letter to his father, who died rates and easy money policies followed Big Tech and they Price: ~799 Mr Varoufakis’ times anytime soon. Marxism has failed
Techno-Feudalism . While many of his recently. It is a conversation exploring by central banks to help their economies are increasingly thesis is that I do and capitalism has reached a point
contemporaries have bemoaned the fact strands of earlier conversations. recover from the 2008 global financial bringing in not think we have where it is exacerbating inequality. The
that we are experiencing the darkest side Georgios, Yanis’ father, was a Greek- meltdown. In turn, this allowed legislation and regulations to curb the shifted to a techno-feudalism system as future is gloomy — unless you are one of
of capitalism, Mr Varaoufakis says that Egyptian communist who retained the technology giants to become powerful amount of harm the companies can do. yet, despite some characteristics of the the fortunate members of the 0.1 per
capitalism — at least as it is understood in faith till the very end. He rose to be the and unleash a different economic model In other parts of the world too, curbs on rentier economy in specific areas. Sure, cent of the world’s elite. But we are not
the classical sense — is already dead. It chairman of one of Greece’s biggest than what was practised till then. many big platforms and companies are half a dozen Big Tech players from shifting to a new form of feudalism and
has been replaced by something steelmakers. Yanis credits him for many The book couldn’t have come at a being contemplated. Silicon Valley have become dominant in rentier economy either.
infinitely worse — a new form of of the early lessons he learned about all better time. The rise of Generative AI I am not very sure if I would agree with multiple areas — and their business
feudalism where tech giants have sorts of subjects. He, too, has not shed (GenAI) as well as the dominance of all of Mr Varoufakis’ assertions, though model is not what is classically The reviewer is editor, Prosaicview.com,
essentially taken over all assets and force communism — and his view of Silicon Valley’s Big Tech has accelerated he has argued his case very well in the understood as capitalism. However, a and former editor, Business Today and
citizens of the world to pay rent for using capitalism and feudalism, or rather the debate about whether multinational book. Certainly, the rise of the rentier reading of the history of technology Businessworld
16 NEW DELHI
FRIDAY
JANUARY 19, 2024

Opinion

{ OUR TAKE }
E STA B L I S H E D I N 1 9 24
India need not rush in
The challenges where US dares to go
post enrolment US securities market
regulator has allowed
much like they do any other asset. veering towards regulating crypto-
Till now the trading in crypto was currencies rather than banning
done through unregulated exchanges them. In fact, the G20 Delhi Declara-
that put investor money at risk. The tion, to which India is a signatory,
Bitcoin ETFs. India risk was brought home with the col- also tilts towards regulation. The
School enrolments are rising and becoming should not follow blindly. lapse of the $32-billion FTX crypto declaration says that the crypto
more equal in terms of gender, caste gaps. But exchange in November 2022 that assets must be subject to: “…regula-

O
n January 10, the US vapourised investor money as the tion, supervision and oversight.” The Bitcoin ETF approval is significant because now Bitcoin will be traded
skill sets of students leave a lot to be desired securities market regu- exchange owner, Sam Bankman- As policymakers and regulators much like a gold or silver or any other commodity-based ETF REUTERS
lator, the Securities and Fried, dipped into client funds to grapple with this new entrant in the

I
ndia is now the most populous country in the Exchange Commission prop up his hedge fund. global financial arena, we domestic payment systems to facili- Reserve Bank of India has said that
world. It also has a very large young population. (SEC) allowed 11 spot Investors who want to must understand that there tate global transactions. The Bank for there is no plan to do so in the near
Bitcoin exchange- trade in Bitcoin now have a are two different aspects of a International Settlements (BIS) Inno- future. But this decision will be left to
In the normal course of things, a younger traded funds (ETFs) to list and trade much safer route than ear- digital currency. One is as a vation Hub in Singapore, for exam- the ministry of finance with the regu-
population is an asset for any country’s on the stock market. This has opened lier through the regulated means of transaction and ple, is experimenting with a multilat- lator being the Securities and
economy for a simple reason: It means more a window for retail investors to trade part of the market. But the the other is as a store of eral network called Nexus, which Exchange Board of India who would
safely in a digital token. The future of question is, should they be Monika value. The use case for a connects multiple domestic instant have to put down rules for such a
working hands in both the short-term and the long- cryptocurrency has been hanging investing in it at all? SEC low-cost and instant means payment systems. Already Italy, product. Given the nascent nature of
term. More working hands means more income Halan
between the ban-it or regulate-it chairman Gary Gensler of international transfer of Malaysia and Singapore are working financialisation in India and the lack
and better living standards. On the other hand, debate. With this step, it looks as if himself seems unconvinced money is obvious when you together to see if this can work. of financial literacy, it would be a
the regulate-it argument has won. by this but was nudged by the courts see the huge costs of money, time While the transaction piece might mistake for India to open the door to
countries with older populations struggle with a Though the United States (US) has to allow Bitcoin ETFs. In a statement and paperwork the current bank- be solved by a global government-to- a highly speculative product. We
high ratio of dependents and are prone to either opened the doors for legitimising the issued the day he cleared the Bitcoin based system imposes on people. government multilateral handshake, should wait and watch and allow
stagnation or even a decline in living standards. trading of a digital token, India need ETFs, he wrote: “Though we’re merit Anybody who has sent money it is the role of cryptos as an asset other countries to experiment with it
not rush in just yet. And investors neutral, I’d note that the underlying abroad knows how cumbersome and that needs some debate. Die-hard before we take a call.
While the general principle of a positive need to understand that this is a assets in the metals ETFs have con- expensive the process is. A World crypto fans say that it is the asset Retail investors must understand
relationship between the younger population and high-risk speculative trade, not an sumer and industrial uses, while in Bank report puts the average cost of class of the future and naysayers like that this is a highly speculative prod-
economic well-being is true, it cannot be taken for investment. contrast, bitcoin is primarily a specu- sending $200 from one country to me say that since there is no underly- uct that forms just a tiny part of the
The Bitcoin ETF approval is signif- lative, volatile asset that’s also used another at $12.50 or a huge 6.25% in ing asset giving value to these digital portfolios of the super-rich. To break
granted in today’s world. Income generation has a icant because now Bitcoin will be for illicit activity including ransom- 2023. tokens, the value is only because fixed deposits to channel large
stronger link with skilled labour than the size of a traded much like gold, silver or any ware, money laundering, sanction While the use of a digital token is there is a demand for its own sake. chunks of money into crypto will be
country’s population. A skilled workforce or lack of other commodity-based ETF. An ETF evasion, and terrorist financing.” one route to reducing this cost, sov- The green signal to allow a Bitcoin a big mistake for the average retail
is a mutual fund that is listed on the While regulators are wary of a pri- ereign nations would not like to hand ETF in the US will put pressure on investor in India. Beware.
it also has a significant impact on a country’s stock market and its price mimics vate code-linked digital token that over control to a private token over other markets, especially India,
position within the global economy. This is where the price of a commodity or an index. has value because enough people which they have little control. To where there is a large appetite for Monika Halan is the author of the
India’s biggest challenge vis-à-vis exploiting its This opens the door to retail inves- demand it, and not because it has any overcome this, some countries are get-rich-quick schemes, to allow sim- best-selling book Let’s Talk Money.
tors trading in a cryptocurrency underlying asset, the global debate is experimenting with linking their ilar products. The governor of The views expressed are personal
demographic dividend lies. The ASER 2023 report
titled “Beyond Basics” released on Monday shows
that even basic learning outcomes continue to be
very poor among people in the 14–18 age group.
On some fronts, there has been a deterioration In Morbi’s debris, role { ANTÓNIO GUTERRES } UN SECRETARY-GENERAL
compared to pre-pandemic levels. There is good P
reason to believe that the results of the ASER
survey are representative of the skill sets (or lack of)
of State in PPP projects AI is now undoubtedly the most
of a very large cohort of rural students. With this
early a year ago, shortly after Octo- the weight of the structure itself without any
important potential contribution for

N
kind of learning deficit, it is almost a given that they ber 30, 2022, I visited the site of the human activity on it and live load is the global development. Governments
will never be able to land respectable jobs. The Morbi bridge collapse. The horrify- weight of human activity on the structure —
report also shows that our schools are not doing a ing images of the cables hanging and people walking on the bridge, for example. are, to a certain extent, ill-equipped,
good job in terms of equipping students with skill
swinging in the wind and parts of the bridge Early investigations of the bridge collapse ill-prepared, to deal with this

A
scattered like scrap metal are fresh in my indicated that replacing the wooden planks
sets or providing them clarity with what could be a memory. I had visited the site with many of the bridge with metal plates increased its new reality
more appropriate career choice for them. If India architectural questions that were missing dead load and when excessive live load —
from mainstream news. After a year of poli- people — was added, the cables snapped.
has to realise its economic potential and, more tics, photo-ops, judicial proceedings, and While the guards and clerks manning the
importantly, prevent an explosion of discontent in reports, the questions remain unanswered. bridge — regulating its live load — have been
its labour markets, this crisis has to be solved at the Whenever a project is floated by the gov- charge-sheeted, we don’t know who
earliest. This is the most important policy challenge
facing the country’s economy as well as politics.
Solving this challenge also requires a sober
ernment, a Request for Proposal (RFP) is approved the increase in its dead load.
published. The RFP document lays out two Fourth, after several revisions, a good-for-
things — the requirements that the govern- construction (GFC) drawing is issued. This is
ment has for which it is requesting proposals the most important drawing of all because it
Plotting India’s rise from
realisation that the time to draw solace from the
rise in enrolment levels in the country is now over.
from professionals and the qualifications is issued to the site and used to make actual
that applicants must meet to participate in material changes to the structure. Where is
the bid. the GFC drawing of the Morbi bridge? Was it
rule-taker to rule-maker
Almost all data sources, including the ASER report, First, where is this RFP? If the RFP was ever submitted? If yes, who approved it?
ever floated, what were its contents and how Moreover, who was the structural engineer mbassador Mohan Kumar’s book, ment was particularly notable considering

A
show that enrolments have been rising and did the Oreva Group qualify to be engaged as who approved the GFC to be fit for construc- India’s Moment, is an insightful and the heightened global tensions surrounding
becoming more equal in terms of gender or caste a consultant for this project? The tion and where are those calcula- comprehensive exploration of India’s the war in Ukraine.
gaps. But laudable as that may be, it is clearly not SIT report revealed that the profes- tions? role in international negotiations and India’s success in brokering a compromise
sionals engaged by Oreva were not And last, after a project is com- its evolution as a global stakeholder. The book between the G7/western countries and Rus-
enough from a forward-looking nation-building experts in structural engineering or pleted, an as-built drawing is pre- delves into crucial historical events, including sia/China highlights its role as an honest bro-
approach. architecture. If that is true, then pared. An as-built drawing is the India’s participation in the Paris Peace Con- ker on the international stage. India used its
who approved the company’s can- cumulation of all revisions and ference in 1919 and its representation at the diplomatic influence to convince the G7/west-
didacy to undertake the project? In Fahad depicts the structure as it was fin- League of Nations and the United Nations. ern countries that the language used in previ-
the case of public-private partner- Zuberi ished at the end of the project. Through meticulous research and analysis, ous declarations condemning Russian actions
ships (PPPs), this is the most critical Where is the as-built drawing of Kumar sheds light on India’s multifaceted in Ukraine must be more balanced. The book

China’s population dip point. Here, a representative of the


State assesses a company’s expert-
Morbi bridge? The municipal corpo-
ration, whose office is within a few
ise to undertake work on public infrastruc- kilometres from the bridge, claimed that it
approach to international negotiations, mak- appreciated how India displayed linguistic
ing a compelling case for the country’s transi- finesse by crafting a language that allowed all
tion from a rule-taker to a potential rule- parties to claim their concerns had been

is a global concern ture and then engages it. did not know that the bridge had been
Second, when a conservation project is opened while Jaysukh Patel, the managing
undertaken, a drawing is prepared showing director of Oreva Group, actually did a press
shaper on the global stage. addressed, thereby preserving the integrity of
One of the commendable aspects of the the G20 as a premier forum for global eco-
book is its well-structured and engaging nar- nomic cooperation.
the condition in which the structure was conference accompanied by a detailed tour of rative. Kumar takes readers on a journey Furthermore, India’s ability to navigate the
hina’s population fell by 2.08 million in 2023, a

C
found. This drawing has markings that show the bridge on a local social media news chan- through India’s diplomatic history, offering delicate balance between major powers such
decline for the second straight year, the the problems with the structure and is then nel called ‘Morbi Update’, announcing the valuable insights into the country’s decision- as the United States (US) and Russia was
country’s National Bureau of Statistics said used as a base drawing. Where are these opening of the bridge. All the victims I talked making processes, principles, and strategic instrumental in achieving a satisfactory reso-
drawings? Were they ever made? Was the to said that they went to the bridge because considerations. He highlights India’s commit- lution. PM Modi’s meetings with US President
Wednesday. Add the decline of 850,000 in 2022, and scope of work ever audited? If such a draw- they had seen this announcement. The cor- ment to multilateralism, as evi- Joe Biden and his telephonic conver-
it means that the population of the world’s second ing was never prepared, who was responsi- poration’s claim of ignorance about the denced by its active participation in sation with Russian President Vlad-
most populous nation has declined by nearly three ble for its submission? What action has been bridge’s opening means that Oreva did not various international forums and imir Putin played pivotal roles in this
taken, beyond suspension, on the representa- submit the as-built drawing and neither did negotiations. diplomatic triumph. India’s strategic
million in two years. Notably, the 2022 decline was tives of the State who operated in utter the press conference about the town’s central The integrated assessment frame- approach to multi-alignment, a cor-
the first since 1961, recorded in the aftermath of a neglect? tourist attraction ever reach the govern- work introduced in the book pro- nerstone of its foreign policy, played
widespread famine in Mao Zedong’s time. The Third, after assessment, the consultant ment’s ears. vides a clear and comprehensive Amitabh a significant role in mediating
prepares a drawing that shows the work that These questions are important because the lens to assess India’s negotiating Kant between opposing sides. This
bureau also said 9.02 million babies were born in is to be undertaken. In the case of Morbi very basis of the system of PPP is trust in the stance in different areas, such as approach enabled India to position
2023, down from 9.56 million in 2022. bridge, for example, this would include State’s representatives. To put the entire trade, the climate crisis, and foreign itself as a bridge between differing
The new figures reflect old worries. China’s replacing and repairing suspension cables blame of the accident on a private firm that policy. It offers a nuanced under- global perspectives.
and adding new structural members. This is undertook the project ignores the serious- standing of the complex factors influencing The G20 New Delhi Declaration not only
declining — and aging — population brings with it indicated in a drawing called a proposal or ness of the role of people’s representatives in India’s positions in these negotiations. Fur- reflected India’s diplomatic acumen but also
crippling economic and social problems. A falling conceptual drawing, which is discussed with infrastructure development. India’s era of thermore, Kumar’s discussion of contempo- showcased its commitment to being the voice
population means a shrinking, and more expensive, experts and overseen by a representative of bureaucratic socialism taught us that the rary issues, such as India’s role in the climate of the Global South. India’s presidency of the
the State — usually a bureaucrat. Where is government does not have the capacity to crisis negotiations and its stance on the war in G20 aimed to address the concerns of devel-
labour force, a smaller market, fewer consumers this drawing? Was it ever prepared? Who undertake complex professional projects Ukraine, makes the book very contemporary. oping countries on various issues, including
and, in turn, a slowing of the world’s second-largest approved it? and, therefore, the PPP is an effective model The analysis of how India’s foreign policy has sustainable development goals, the climate
economy. A structure is designed for two types of of infrastructure development. But for the adapted to navigate these challenges is both crisis, and debt. Facilitating the African
loads — dead load and live load. Dead load is PPP to be a trustworthy model for the devel- insightful and thought-provoking. This book Union’s admission as a member of the G20
Given that China’s elderly population, aged 60 and opment of our cities, we need to hold the gov- is an essential read for anyone interested in underscored India’s dedication to represent-
above reached 280.04 million by the end of 2022, the ernment accountable for such works and not understanding India’s evolving role in global ing the interests of the Global South on the
country’s social security system will be stretched just limit our scrutiny to private actors. negotiations. It not only appreciates India’s world stage. Moreover, India’s hosting of the
Public infrastructure is the everyday inter- past contributions but also offers a forward- G20 summit was an opportunity to present
over health care costs and pension funds: Those bills face between the State and its citizens. It is looking perspective on the country’s potential the country’s rich diversity and culture to the
will only get heftier and increase the financial where we experience the State in the most to shape the rules of the international game. world. By making the G20 summit people-
burden on the fewer, younger citizens. The world tangible ways — roads, sidewalks, bridges, In that way, it is a valuable resource that centric and taking it to various regions of
and flyovers. Public infrastructure dictates greatly appreciates the complexities and India, the country showcased its unique iden-
will not be insulated either in the backdrop of not just the quality of our lives but also, as we nuances of Delhi’s engagement with the tity on the global stage.
China’s critical role in driving the global economy. saw in the case of the horrific Morbi disaster, world. India’s Moment demonstrates how India’s
The UN called China a “global trade titan” in 2021. places bodies of citizens at the mercy of the The epilogue to the book provides valuable diplomatic victories, commitment to the
State’s supervision. This conversation is insights into India’s remarkable hosting of the Global South, and ability to mediate between
Countries felt the pain when supply chains were missing from the story of Morbi and the State G20 summit in New Delhi, showcasing its global powers have positioned it as a force in
impacted because of the Asian country’s pandemic- is disturbingly absent in the narrative. prowess in global diplomacy. The G20 sum- shaping international rules and maintaining
control policies. In 2022, for example, China was the At present, the conversation around Morbi mit in New Delhi served as a platform for a significant presence in the global arena. As
is opaque and the ignored questions about India to demonstrate its prowess in interna- India’s stock continues to rise, it is poised to
world’s second-largest goods importer, accounting the bridge collapse stand as evidence of a pol- tional diplomacy. Under Prime Minister (PM) play an even more influential role in future
for nearly 11% of the world’s goods imports; in 2023, itics of neglect. Narendra Modi’s leadership, India pulled off negotiations and global affairs.
the value of China’s foreign trade was $5.87 trillion. a diplomatic feat by reaching a consensus on
Where is the good-for-construction Fahad Zuberi is an architect and a scholar of the leaders’ declaration despite vehement dis- Amitabh Kant is India’s G20 Sherpa and
So, any slowing down and contraction of the Chinese drawing of Morbi Bridge? Was it ever South Asia at University of Oxford. agreements among the G20 members, partic- ex-CEO, NITI Aayog.
economy will be felt globally. submitted? If yes, who approved it? PTI The views expressed are personal ularly on the issue of Ukraine. This achieve- The views expressed are personal

R. N. I. No. 503/1957 ● Postal Reg. No. DL(ND)-11/6058/2018-19-20 ‘Licensed to post without prepayment’ LICENCE No. U(C)-113/2006-08, AIR SURCHARGE: Raipur and beyond by Rail or Road - Re 5/-, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Chennai, Cochin, Goa, Hyderabad, Khajuraho, Mumbai, Trivandrum, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and beyond by Rail or Road - Rs. 10/-;

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14 FrIDAy, 19 JANuAry 2024
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OUR VIEW MY VIEW | TECh WhIspERs


AFP

AI could herald a new digital era


as apps give way to voice agents
AI assistants acting on verbal commands can transform our lives just as apps on digital devices did

Microsoft Word and Google Docs to install an app when he asked a ques-
draft a business proposal, but they can’t tion.” You can use an app to order a
help you send an email, share a selfie, pizza, an agent will know that you want
analyse data, schedule a party, or buy something to eat based on your history,
movie tickets. In the next five years, this and that you like a kind of pizza, and it
will change completely. You won’t have will offer to order one for you. Bill Gates
to use different apps for different tasks. explains how agents will go farther than
You’ll simply tell your device, in every- today’s AI bots: “…bots are limited to
day language, what you want to do.” To one app and generally only step in when
JASPREET BINDRA put it simply, AI is the interface. you write a particular word or ask for
is a technology expert, author of ‘The Tech You can see that happening in help. Because they don’t remember
Whisperer’, and a Masters in AI and Ethics another such innovation: the AI Pin. how you use them from one time to the
from Cambridge University. Launched last year to great acclaim, next, they don’t get better or learn any
Humane revealed its AI Pin, which you of your preferences. Agents are smarter.

Skiers may be staring at


wear on your chest and summon it They’re proactive—capable of making
when you need something done. There suggestions before you ask for them.

L
ast week, I watched at the Con- are no screens and no apps; to get things They accomplish tasks across applica-
sumer Electronics Show (CES) the done, you speak to it. It is expensive, tions. They improve over time because
launch of a product called Rabbit priced as high as a phone, and maybe it they remember your activities and

snowless slopes for ages R1. At the end of the 30-minute video,
I paid $200 and became one of the
10,000 people who ordered it on Day
Zero. It looks like a small boxy phone,
will not succeed, and nor will Rabbit.
But what these products presage is our
move from apps to agents. Apps are the
universal user interface today, and they
recognize intent and patterns in your
behavior. Based on this information,
they offer to provide what they think
you need, although you will always
with a camera (called the Rabbit Eye), help us do a lot of stuff, but they are make the final decisions.”
but what makes it special is the inter- actually dumb and clunky—you need to We can see the beginning of this
A snow scarcity at Gulmarg and Auli has disappointed skiing buffs. Since global warming, face. Instead of a grid of apps which tell them what to do, and it takes a while revolution with Rabbit and AI Pin, and
smartphones have gotten us used to, navigating through them. Agents are even with Microsoft’s Windows Copilot,
unlike El Niño, isn’t about to reverse, this problem may persist. They’ll need innovative lures Rabbit is an AI assistant that conveys intelligent, and they do stuff for you. which can boost human productivity.
what you want to your favourite app and As John Koetsier writes in Forbes This profound shift to AI will upend
makes it happen (bit.ly/48SMEfN). (bit.ly/48NUsA5): “Apps are an interface smartphone platforms, much like these
This is just not about a Siri or Alexa to accomplish a task, but the best inter- disrupted feature phones. Gates expects

A
perfect winter day is all about analysed and causes studied, experts are clear like voice-command. What breakout face is simply doing the requested that natural language interfaces and
wrapping our fingers around a that this season’s snow deficit in the western products like the Rabbit or Humane’s AI action. Star Trek’s virtual omniscient agents will “bring about the biggest
Pin herald is a completely new era of ship AI didn’t ask Captain Picard to revolution in computing since we went
mug of hot chocolate, lazing Himalayas is on account of feeble WDs, which computing. No less than Bill Gates says from typing commands to tapping on
about in a pair of warm socks and have been losing both intensity and frequency so. He foresaw the era of the PC with a icons… Agents will be the next plat-
finding a cozy blanket to snuggle for a while now. The prime suspect is climate graphical user interface (GUI) on every form.” As Microsoft’s current CEO Satya
in. On holiday, this can be done change, of course, given the complex ways in desk a few decades back, and he is again QUICK READ Nadella says: “It was about us under-
nestled in a Himalayan cottage, or resort, with which it plays havoc with atmospheric systems predicting a fundamental shift in how standing computers, but now it’s about
humans work with machines—this time Rabbit R1 and other products computers understanding us.”
or without getting the crackle of a fire-place across the globe. And the past year has had an with AI and a natural language interface like AI Pin herald a new digital ChatGPT and other bots, however
going. Some of us are less given to the laze of a added phenomenon: El Niño. This is part of an (NLI). Thus far, you had to learn the lan- era where these will act as our impressive, are just the very beginning
good hurkle-durkle, a Scottish term for staying oceanic seesaw of warm water in the Pacific, guage of a computer to communicate interface and do what we say of the AI era. AI goes far beyond a tech-
snugly indoors, and prefer to brave the icy thrill with warmth tilting away from the Asian sea- with it and have it do your bidding; this rather than us having to open nology. As Gartner says: “It is not just
of Alpine skiing, a sport that’s every bit as niche board resulting in dry conditions in Asia, even is why we have ‘computer languages’ various apps for specific tasks. a technology or business trend. It is a
like Python, JavaScript, etc. With AI and profound shift in how humans and
in India as it’s demanding. It demands sub-zero as thermal maps in many places elsewhere glow Large Language Models, that changes It will boost productivity and machines interact.” The power of natu-
gear, especially good snow-boots, and skills that warmer. As global temperatures change, so do to using human languages—English, transform our technology usage ral language AI agents will reshape Big
take some practice to sharpen—not perfect, wind patterns, and experts suspect El Niño too French or Bengali. “To do any task the way we went from typing Tech, fundamentally upend computing,
mind you, even if claims of perfection are made. of an oblique role in the dryness we have seen on a computer,” writes Bill Gates commands to tapping icons. and change our lives the same way that
It demands alertness, even if the serenity of a this January. This ocean effect is cyclical, and a (bit.ly/3tSMNkB), “you have to tell your Early AI agents could fail but the PCs and smartphones did, as we go
device which app to use. You can use concept has much going for it. down this new Rabbit hole.
snow-clad slope puts one ‘in the zone,’ a Zen- reversal could take place soon, perhaps within a
like state of mind, something Formula-1 racing year. So the real worry is global warming, which
champs are said to experience too. It demands is an upward trend the world is struggling just
many other things. Above all, it demands snow- to flatten, let alone reverse. If snowless slopes
fall. To the disappointment and dread of Indian spell skier disappointment, the prospect of
skiers, however, India’s two big skiing resorts, drier climate evokes dread.
Gulmarg in Kashmir and Auli in Uttarakhand, Will February bring respite? This has been www.livemint.com
New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chandigarh*, Pune* Monday, January 20, 2014 Vol.8 No.17 `4.00 in Delhi­NCR/`5.00 outside Delhi­NCR 24 PAGES

have had a largely dry winter so far. For long the talk of Gulmarg and Auli, reports suggest. MONEY: The best insurance

stretches, as reported this week, there has been But maybe it’s time for their tourist-serving CONTENT PARTNER
for your health >14­15
CAPITAL CALCULUS: India’s crisis of
learning >4
BANKER’S TRUST: Who will be RBI’s
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VIEWS: India and the two waves of
globalization >22
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no white in sight. Barren slopes stare back in businesses to look farther over the horizon and
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by Bibek Debroy
Modi outlines India Shining debacle led to sharp A cheerful

stark contrast with what’s usual at this time of start working out contingency plans. As their rise in social sector spending
development STATE OF SPENDING Social sector expenditure* to total expenditure for all states (in %)
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
MANAS CHAKRAVARTY
week
T here were three bits of
good news last week.
The World Bank said in its
latest forecast that the

model for India T CHART 1a


he success of the Aam Indian economy will see a

the year. News of it led to a surge of travel-plan unique appeal as skiing spots comes under an
45 Aadmi Party (AAP) in the rapid growth recovery over
recent Delhi assembly elec- the next three years. In
40 38.6 39 39.8 40 tions has led to much angst fact, India and China
36.8 37.6 about the resurgence of pop- could perhaps be expand-
34.6 35.3 ulism. Especially so as some ing at the same rate by
BJP’s PM hopeful says 35 other states have lost no time 2017. Finance minister P.
will develop brand India Cracks in 30 28.4 29.6
in copying AAP’s promises to
slash electricity tariffs and of-
Chidambaram said that
the current account deficit

Flyers eat on the tarmac.


by focusing on talent, govt’s plan to fer free water. for the ongoing fiscal year

cancellations, leaving small local enterprises existential threat, the two towns may not find it
tradition, tourism, But populism is a politically will be around $50 billion,
trade and technology speed up 25
loaded term. In a desperately
poor country, if people want
far lower than the $85 bil-
lion private sector econo-

B Y G YAN V ARMA
infrastructure 20
’90-91 ’94-95 ’00-01 ’03-04 ’04-05 ’07-08 ’08-09 ’10-11 ’11-12 ’12-13 affordable electricity, water,
health services, education,
mists were predicting
around the time of the
projects
(Revised) (Budgeted)

gyan.v@livemint.com For data on non-special category states, see page 3 transport and food, is it rea- rupee scare in mid-2013.
························· *Includes expenditure on social services, rural development and food storage and warehousing under revenue expenditure, sonable to call it populism? And the latest inflation
NEW DELHI capital outlay and loans and advances by the state governments.
Should we grudge the people data suggests that the pace

N arendra Modi on Sun- B Y R AGINI V ERMA Central govt expenditure on social services, rural development even the rudiments of a social of price increases is

that depend on ski tourism in a flap. easy adapting to snow insufficiency. Yet, novel
day unveiled his devel- ragini.v@livemint.com and rural roads as % of total central govt expenditure safety net? Or should we call it abating, though inflation is

A passenger gives a pilot a whack.


····················· CHART 2
opment and economic 20
part of the right to life? still too high for comfort.
NEW DELHI
vision for India, promising a While there has been some The Indian economy
18 18 17.4
number of measures from
massive urbanization and
price control to women’s em-
T he government’s plan
to hasten a raft of in-
frastructure projects with
18

16 16.8 16.8
hand-wringing in the media
about populism, political par-
ties, regardless of ideology,
has had several false
dawns in recent quarters,
especially on the inflation
powerment and welfare of the a total investment of 13.8 14.8 seem to be remarkably blasé front. So there is still time
14
poor and backward classes if `1 trillion ahead of the about it. All of them seem to before we can assume that
13.4
his Bharatiya Janata Party wins general election that’s 12 10.5 have come to a consensus that we’re finally out of the

What happened? Much of the winter rain and ideas to attract tourists could possibly offer
the national election. due by May has started a higher proportion of spend- woods. A sustainable
10 10.8
Analysts dubbed his vision a fraying at the edges. ing on social services is essen- recovery will require a
development-plus model that A panel appointed by tial. pick-up in corporate

Cushion missing on a seat,


8
seeks to expand on Modi’s rep- Prime Minister Manmo- 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Let’s take a look at the facts. investments. But there is
utation for development in Gu- han Singh to boost invest- Revised 2012-13 Charts 1a and 1b show the per- no doubt that the first days
2003-04 estimates Budgeted
jarat to include caste, poverty ment in key infrastruc- centage of social sector ex- of 2014 provide scope for
and issues that are core to the ture projects, including Source: Economic Survey, budget documents of the state governments, state finance accounts, CAG for 2010-11 modest optimism.
in respect of Jammu and Kashmir.
BJP’s ideology. the Mumbai Rail Corri- TURN TO PAGE 3®
AHMED RAZA KHAN/MINT
Modi’s vision, outlined Sun- dor, Navi Mumbai air-

snow (at altitudes above 1,600-odd-metres) that them a security cushion. Auli, which is just
day at an address to a huge port, Eastern Peripheral
crowd of BJP cadre, includes Expressway and 14 oth-
the creation of 100 new, so-
called smart cities; bringing
ers, set deadlines for their
award and completion to Irda: No grand
premier institutes such as the
design behind

Food that’s not fit to eat.


Indian Institutes of Technolo- TURN TO PAGE 4®
gy (IITs), the Indian Institutes
of Management (IIMs) and the
All India Institutes of Medical ent, tradition, tourism, trade
ETF guidelines
for insurers

northern states get is brought by ‘westerly dis- 35km from Valley of Flowers, a trekker’s delight
Sciences (AIIMS) to every and technology. We can use
state; job creation; a develop- them to build the brand of the
ment model for farmers; water country because I feel terror-
grids; national optical fibre ism divides but tourism B Y D EEPTI B HASKARAN
networks; and the introduction unites,” Modi said on the final deepti.bh@livemint.com
of bullet trains as part of a day of the BJP’s three-day na- ·························
MUMBAI
much-needed modernization tional executive and council

T
Locked in a toilet, aviation’s dismal stack.
of the Indian Railways. meet in Delhi. he Insurance Regulatory
Unveiling the BJP’s electoral In potentially his last formal and Development Authori-

turbances’ (WD), which are extratropical storm in warmer months, has always attracted hikers.
strategy for the Lok Sabha address to party members be- ty (Irda), which has unveiled
election due by May, Modi, the fore the election, Modi said draft guidelines allowing in-
party’s prime ministerial can- many see urbanization in the surers to invest in equity ex-
didate, said its governance country as a challenge instead change-traded funds (ETFs)
model will be built around tal- of as an opportunity. run by mutual fund compa-
ent, tradition, tourism, trade “Why can’t we build 100 spe- nies, says the guidelines have
and technology. cialised cities, smart cities like nothing to do with the govern-
“We have to develop brand health cities, sports city and ment’s asset sale plan for the

systems formed over the Mediterranean region, So has Gulmarg, with its natural splendour. The
India by focusing on 5Ts—tal- twin cities?” he asked. current fiscal year.
On education, Modi said The announcement on 9
there could be no compro- January came on the eve of the
mise. “We can develop IITs, government’s nod for the roll-
IIMs and AIIMs in every state out of an ETF soon, comprising
of the country,” he said. the stocks of 11 public sector
The BJP, if it forms the gov- units, to help achieve its
`40,000 crore divestment tar-
TURN TO PAGE 7® get in the current fiscal year.

moving from west to east. Their usual patterns winter landscape need not always be snow-clad
So far in the year, the govern-
ALSO SEE ment has not raised as much
money as it expected to from
>The two ideas of India >P6 asset sales.
An ETF is a basket of securi-
NOTE TO READERS ties which tracks the stock
prices of the companies in its
The Media Marketing Initiative on portfolio and is traded on the
Page 17 is the equivalent of a paid­ exchanges.

of precipitation, though, have been disrupted in to be fabulous. And then there are the joys
for advertisement, and no Mint An ETF combines the
journalists were involved in breadth of a portfolio of secu-
creating it. Readers would do well rities with the ease of trading a
Mint is also available for R8 with to treat it as an advertisement.
Hindustan Times in Delhi-NCR only TURN TO PAGE 2®

recent years. While these changes are still being of hurkle-durkle too.

GUEST VIEW

Focus on public transportation to improve productivity


only achieving 46% of its projected ridership system. Special attention must be given to A single entity can ensure ‘value for can alleviate the debt burden of state gov-
JAgAn ShAh because private two-wheelers are more effi- planning for the expansion of public trans- money’ and maximize leverage by treating ernments that bear the cost of ‘white ele-
cient in servicing the city’s average trip port networks, and this requires accurate every project as catalytic. For example, a phant’ metro systems. A comprehensive
length of less than 10km. Even if Delhi Metro and updated transport-related data, a ‘single metro rail company could successfully also financial model for the city could help plan
were run free, it would be short of riders source of truth’ for all stakeholders. run a bus or para-transit system that grants its public-private-partnership concessions for
because motorized two-wheelers are owned Effective planning calls for the establish- riders last-mile connectivity. The newly cre- life-cycle management, manage contracts,

C
ity governments in India must focus by a majority of the city’s households. And ment of a Unified Metropolitan Transporta- ated Indian Port Rail Corporation does pre- resolve disputes and attract investors to buy
attention on the planning of inclu- even if two-wheelers go fully electric, they tion Authority for large urban agglomera- cisely that, by operating the railway that con- stakes in public transportation companies.
sive, safe and efficient public trans- occupy road space and contribute to conges- tions, or a regional authority for small and nects a port with its hinterland. A unified Local governments also need to remove
portation if they want residents to be healthy tion. Further, every user of public transport medium-sized towns. It is a ‘best practice’ authority can aggregate all transportation hidden subsidies for personal vehicles, such
and lead economically productive as well as is also a pedestrian, whereas walking in enshrined in the National Urban Transport related revenues and feed them back into as the constant widening of roads, free park-
socially active lives. Whether citizens choose Indian cities can be hazardous. Policy of 2006, as it creates a single point of public transportation. Hard decisions like ing and easy financing. Until fossil fuels are
to walk, drive or use a train, proper planning The objective should be to shift from two- coordination and decision-making. A uni- regular and publicly agreed fare revisions can phased out, petrol and diesel vehicles will be
is necessary for them to reach their destina- wheelers to buses, rather than leap to metro fied authority can shep- be justified better by an sources of pollution, and governments need
tions fast and safe. If their needs are met by networks. These are tricky political econ- herd long-term trans- agency that commands a to make “polluters pay” through congestion
is chief executive officer of The public transportation, people opt for public omy choices, but must be made because our portation infrastructure QUICK READ holistic view. It can also taxes and tightening of exhaust and noise
Infravision Foundation. modes; otherwise, for private vehicles. urban policies need significant evolution. investment plans. Such leverage information and pollution controls. Similarly, a “beneficiaries
Prosperous cities across the globe have Urban transportation requires several plans would give inves- Smooth public transportation communication technol- pay” policy implies that property owners
invested in public transportation and imperatives to be fulfilled. It needs signifi- tors confidence in the has various social and economic ogies for seamless con- who benefit from proximity to public trans-
adopted policies that make the cost of own- cant planning and must account for travel government’s foresight. benefits. It would not only make nectivity through passen- portation should pay a premium, possibly
ing and operating private vehicles signifi- patterns, which are linked to land-uses that It would also guarantee the people of our cities more ger information systems, through property tax increments and cesses.
cantly higher than public transportation. generate travel demand, the city’s existing the required policy con- productive but also upgrade ease of fare collection and India has rightly placed a major bet on
The reverse is true in India, with its bur- infrastructure for mobility, which dictates tinuity. For example, if a the quality of their lives. delivery of incentives urbanization. For it to pay off, it must reduce
geoning middle-class finding it easier to use new investment requirements, and the vary- metro system is designed such as discounts on retail externalities caused by unplanned urbaniza-
private vehicles—with insalubrious results: ing operational logic of different systems— to shift people away from We also need to disincentivize transactions at stations. tion and reap the benefits of well-planned cit-
air pollution, noise, wasted productivity due walking, for example, requires good pave- congested roads, road private vehicles by levying more Cities with long-term ies. Every city must plan its own transport
to long commutes on congested roads, and ments, whereas railways require dedicated widening along the same taxes on their use and ending plans for transportation solutions and finance them sustainably. With
loss of time for recreation. Even Delhi’s lines, and the two should never clash. Users routes must be avoided their hidden subsidies. Unified become magnets for transportation to be planned for almost
400km world-class Metro rail, which domi- being able to switch modes smoothly is the to protect the metro transportation authorities could credit enhancement and 8,000 cities, governments at the central,
nates our imagination of public transport, is most important feature of a well-planned project’s bottom-line. draft and implement urban plans. sovereign guarantees and state and local levels must get moving.
LIVEMINT.COM VIEWS FrIDAy, 19 JANuAry 2024
New DelhI 15

THEIR VIEW M I N T C U R AT O R

The world confronts four major Beware: OpenAI is going after


the global attention economy
economic challenges right now Bots based on its AI model will make money by engaging people

Conventional economics needn’t be dumped but economists must apply their tools to the objectives and constraints of the day

PTI

PARMY OLSON
is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering
technology.

DANI RODRIk
is a professor of international political economy
at Harvard Kennedy School, and the author of
‘Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World
Economy’.

O
penAI is expanding beyond nifty
products like ChatGPT and has
announced that it is following

A
nother tumultuous year has con- through with its pledge to distribute AI’s Online-engagement business models have
firmed that the global economy is at benefits to all of humanity. Just kidding! already had adverse effects AP
a turning point. We face four big It’s actually launched a ‘store’ to monetize
challenges: a climate transition, its language model technology and share spark outrage. That has created political
good-jobs problem, an economic- that wealth with other businesses. And it’s echo chambers and lured people into
development crisis and the search using an incentive structure that has a his- groups that spread conspiracy theories.
for a newer, healthier form of globalization. To tory of unpleasant side effects on, yes, YouTube’s model has led creators to
address each, we must leave behind established humanity. The ‘GPT Store’ is available to focus on sensational or controversial con-
modes of thinking and seek creative workable OpenAI’s enterprise customers and any- tent to drive views, motivating influencers
solutions, while recognizing that these efforts will one who pays $20 a month to use ChatGPT to post provocative videos, while news sites
be necessarily uncoordinated and experimental. Plus, offering a selection of specialized ver- have gravitated towards click-bait head-
Climate change is the most daunting challenge, sions of the tool for research, education, lines, many of them focused on trending
and the one that has been overlooked the longest, design, etc, that are created by third-party topics, instead of in-depth journalism. The
at great cost. If we are to avoid condemning developers. Think of them like apps you engagement-based model has even hit TV.
humanity to a dystopian future, we must act fast to can talk to. For instance, I asked AllTrails David Chase, creator of The Sopranos,
decarbonize the global economy. We have long GPT to recommend running routes and it recently complained that the golden age of
known that we must wean ourselves from fossil gave me a list of ideas with links to maps. TV had come to an end after he was warned
fuels, develop green alternatives and shore up our Coloring Book Hero generated pictures of by executives to not make shows that
defences against the environmental damage that copyrighted characters for my kids to “require an audience to focus.”
past inaction has already caused. However, it’s scribble over and Books GPT churned out Sam Altman has previously denied that
clear that little of this is likely to be achieved enced ‘premature de-industrialization’: their and national-security imperatives. One possibility a list of wilderness survival novels after I OpenAI used engagement as part of its
through global cooperation or economists’ absorption of workers into formal manufacturing is that the US or China will take an overly expansive told it that I’d re-watched The Revenant. business model. When he testified before
favoured policies. firms is now very limited, which keeps them from view of its security needs, seeking global primacy OpenAI says developers have already Congress last year, OpenAI’s CEO con-
Instead, individual countries will forge ahead pursuing the kind of export-oriented development (in the US case) or regional domination (China). created more than 3 million of these GPTs, curred with a lawmaker who warned the
with their own green agendas, with policies that strategy that was effective in East Asia and a few The result would be a ‘weaponization’ of economic which led The Atlantic to point out that this company against repeating the mistakes of
best account for their specific political constraints, other countries. Together with the climate chal- interdependence and significant economic decou- was ChatGPT’s “FarmVille Moment.” social media networks. “We try to design
as the US, EU and China have already been doing. lenge, this crisis of growth strategies in low-in- pling, with trade and investment treated as a zero- Indeed, it harks back to when Facebook systems that do not maximize for engage-
The result will be a hodge-podge of emission caps, come countries calls for a whole new development sum game. allowed other software engineers to create ment,” Altman said. “We’re not an adver-
tax incentives, R&D support and green industrial model. But there could also be a more favourable sce- apps for the site in 2007. But OpenAI’s tising based model. We’re not trying to get
policies with little global coherence and occasional As in advanced economies, services will be low- nario in which both powers keep their geopoliti- store is similar to Facebook in a more dis- people to use it more and more.” But other
costs for other countries. Messy though it may be, and middle-income countries’ main source of job cal ambitions in check, recognizing that their turbing way too: It has an engagement- developers likely will, and the GPT Store
an uncoordinated push for climate action may be creation. But most services in these economies are competing economic goals are better served based revenue structure. doesn’t have to be ad-based to maximize
the best we can realistically hope for. dominated by small informal through accommodation and Builders “will be paid based on user for engagement. Subscription models like
But our physical environment is not the only enterprises and there are essen- cooperation. This scenario engagement with their GPTs,” OpenAI has Netflix do that too. They are part of today’s
threat we face. Inequality, an erosion of middle tially no ready-made models of QUICK READ might serve the global economy said, which means that the more popular attention economy.
classes and labour-market polarization have service-led development to well, even if (or perhaps and potentially addictive a GPT service is, One thing that seems to draw people’s
caused equally significant damage to our social emulate. Governments will have We face a climate transition, because) it falls short of hyper- the more money its developers can make. attention to AI is relationships. Based on a
environment. The consequences are now widely to experiment, combining good-jobs problem, an globalization. As the Bretton OpenAI might be the world’s leading AI cursory search of what’s currently availa-
evident. Economic, regional and cultural gaps investment in the green transi- economic-development crisis Woods era showed, a significant firm, but it is harnessing one of the oldest ble, dozens of developers have already sub-
within countries are widening, and liberal democ- tion with productivity enhance- and the search for a better form expansion of global trade and business models on the internet. Compa- mitted ‘girlfriend’ bots to OpenAI’s store.
racy (and the values that support it) appears to be in ments in job-giving services. of globalization. Each requires investment is compatible with a nies from Facebook to YouTube to e-com Users can only seek relationship advice or
decline, reflecting rising support for xenophobic, Finally, globalization itself economists to think afresh. thin model of globalization, sites and news outlets use engagement as engage in friendly chatter with these bots,
authoritarian populists and the growing backlash must be reinvented. The post- wherein countries retain con- their primary metric for paying, or charg- since OpenAI forbids developers from
against scientific and technical expertise. 1990 hyper-globalization model As the world shifts its policy siderable policy autonomy with ing, third parties. That has made attention launching bots that foster “romantic com-
Social transfers and the welfare state can help, has been overtaken by the priorities, economic advisors which to foster social cohesion the currency that drives our online econ- panionship.” Yet with more than three-
but what is most needed is an increase in the sup- US-China geopolitical rivalry, must be open to experiments and economic growth at home. omy. Facebook’s business model, for million-and-counting GPTs to oversee and
ply of good jobs for less-educated workers. We and by the higher priority placed and sympathetic if governments The biggest gift major powers instance, revolves around maximizing user likely more to come, it’ll get harder to
need more productive and well-paid employment on domestic social, economic, act in ways that do not conform can give the world economy is to engagement to drive ad revenue. The more ensure all of them follow those rules.
opportunities that can provide dignity and social public-health and environmen- with conventional advice. manage their own domestic time people spend on the platform, the OpenAI is cracking open a Pandora’s Box
recognition for those without a college degree. tal concerns. No longer fit for economies well. more ads they can be shown. YouTube of potential side effects with its adoption of
Expanding the supply of such jobs will require not purpose, globalization as we know it will have to be All these challenges call for new ideas and pays creators based on the number of views a business model that has reshaped human
only more investment in education and more replaced by a new understanding that rebalances frameworks. We do not need to throw conven- their videos receive, while TikTok pays behaviour in repugnant ways. Social media
robust defence of workers’ rights, but also a new national needs and the needs of a healthy global tional economics out the window. But to remain influencers based on their followers’ firms whose algorithms subtly encouraged
brand of industrial policies for services, where the economy that facilitates global trade and long- relevant, economists must learn to apply the tools engagement with their posts. toxic activity often failed to enforce their
bulk of future employment will be created. term foreign investment. of their trade to the objectives and constraints The great benefit of this model has been guidelines against such behaviour. OpenAI
The disappearance of manufacturing jobs over Most likely, the new globalization model will be of the day. They will have to be open to experimen- to make most internet content free. But can set itself apart from its predecessors if
time reflects both greater automation and stronger less intrusive, acknowledging the needs of all tation and sympathetic if governments engage there are downsides. By prioritizing con- it can enforce those guidelines properly.
global competition. Developing countries have not countries (not just major powers) that want greater in actions that do not conform to playbooks tent that keeps people on Facebook for That would be a welcome change, but it’ll
been immune to either factor. Many have experi- policy flexibility to address domestic challenges of the past. ©2024/PROJECT SYNDICATE longer, its algorithms often show posts that be tough to pull off. ©BLOOMBERG

MY VIEW | PEN DRIVE

Tee-off or not to tee-off: The dilemma of Delhi’s smog


Lutyens’ Delhi, acronyms, rather than smog—or so I thought before this week. delight in making the prosaic mystic. AQI readings that rival Delhi’s on some
RAhul JAcob action with long-term benefits, are the The haze as I emerged from the airport At the other end of the capital’s spectrum days. He reported that his firm has seen a
order of the day. GRAP III is once again in bordered on an apocalyptic vision. The are people such as my hosts who monitor air huge increase in demand; business is grow-
place as the government responds with rationalizations offered by many of the city’s quality as if their three-year old toddlers’ ing exponentially in both cities. Putting its
familiar, ineffectual measures: banning residents seem to have grown over the past lives depended on it. Last month, they systems in costs about ₹1.6 lakh plus taxes
certain kinds of fossil-fuelled vehicles, decade. At a dinner on Monday, friends replaced their 10 air-purifier machines with for a 1,500-square-foot apartment, which

A
ir quality levels plummeting may be demolition work and construction activity; complained about the nightmare of… traffic a retrofitted central air purifying unit. The includes a year’s maintenance.
front-page news in New Delhi this and using water trucks that leave an in Bengaluru. I have lost count of the living earlier machines had led to a CO2 and mois- As Yamini Aiyar, head of the Centre for
week, but on its pristine golf courses ephemeral mist on traffic-choked roads. rooms I sat in this week with air purifiers ture build-up in the house, which required Policy Research, pointed out last November
where peacocks roost among medieval Delhi is often a case of déjà vu all over turned off. These new-age, Godrej almirah- dehumidifiers. Their current Yoga Air sys- in a column for Deccan Herald, such high-
tombs, the game carries on with a few adap- again, as the old line goes. And life goes on in like motifs of what might be called Resur- tem, which is like an old-fashioned window end solutions for those who can afford them
tations. For the first tee-offs of the early an air bubble of exuberant cognitive disso- gent India are everywhere. (And never mind AC, had a PMI 2.5 reading of just one this are another example of the well-off in effect
morning, visibility is so low that caddies run nance from the reality of acrid air. I heard that India last year pre- morning. Intrigued by ‘migrating’ further away from the realities
ahead to call from the next hole on mobile the Wodehousian golfing story at an out- poned the usual year- how well it worked in faced by the rest of India, a widening gulf
phones to indicate that the players ahead door party on Sunday from a renowned end G20 summit of QUICK READ keeping away the per- that can be traced to the grossly inadequate
is a Mint columnist and a have moved on. They sometimes resort to Delhi doctor passionate about his daily world leaders to Sep- sistent Delhi sore throat provision of public services by the govern-
former Financial Times shouting to help these fearless first golfers round of golf. I did not therefore ask the tember to avoid Delhi’s Visibility is so low that caddies that has replaced Delhi ment, especially in the fields of education
foreign correspondent. get a general sense of their target—and then obvious question: Was it sensible to be play- high winter pollution.) run ahead and call from the next belly, I interviewed one and medical care.
hide behind the nearest tree. Many golfers ing a sport outdoors for a couple of hours? I I spoke with a fitness golf hole on their phones to say of the four founders of This week’s release of the Annual Survey
use glow balls, which can be spotted in the had arrived in New Delhi via Terminal 3 and trainer who specializes players ahead have moved on, the Gurgaon-based firm of Education Report has confirmed again
smog, but the local rule is that a first ball that thought I saw smoke in the baggage termi- in biodynamic move- often hiding behind the nearest Yoga Air. In a sign of how that more than half of our 14-to-18-year-olds
lands in the rough is not penalized. nal. The smog inside was because the city ment and Reiki, and he tree as golfers take their shot. the capital’s pollution in rural India struggle with simple math
Imagine that you have landed in India’s and the states around it were celebrating said he was certain his problems are increas- problems. Yoga Air’s team is impressively
capital city from another end of the coun- Lohri, a pre-harvest festival, in time-hon- clients who used such At the other end of the city’s ingly characteristic of efficient in providing clean air indoors, but
try. The experience is akin to being from oured tradition by burning wood-fires. machines lost their spectrum are people who install cities across north India its very name is an inadvertent metaphor for
Mars, rather than in my case merely from I lived in Delhi a decade ago before mov- immunity as a result. air purifiers, a boom business and Kolkata, Rahul Seh- the ultimate gated community: ‘Yoga’
Bengaluru, while one tries to make sense of ing away, in large part because it was so haz- Indians, as Jan Morris not just in north India, and then rawat spoke to me from stands for ‘Your Own Green Area.’ As with
the capital’s idiosyncratic responses to its ardous to do any kind of high-intensity sport observed in an essay on monitor their indoor air quality construction-crazed quality school education, clean air is a privi-
frequent pollution spikes. As so often in outdoors. So I know Delhi and I know Delhi New Delhi of the 1970s, as if their lives depend on it. Mumbai, which now has lege in urban India.
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��� �����
We do not agree with the communist
teachings, we do not agree with the
anti-communist teachings, because Jawaharlal
they are both based on wrong principles Nehru

10 CHENNAI FRIDAY 19 01 2024


� �

R
ASANANDA Bhoi’s elder son Handwriting has deteriorated for everyone, not doctors multiple choice questions, it will be impos-
died of snake-bite and he ex- sible to pass. This is equally true of medi-
INDIAN EXPRESS IS NOT AN pected an ex gratia payment alone. But it’s a rare profession that still needs a lot to be cal entrance exams. Thus, the problem is
INDUSTRY. IT IS A MISSION. from the Odisha government. written by hand. An illegible scrawl could be perilous subsequent. For other professions, in how
— Ramnath Goenka When this was not forthcom- many instances do we confront something

AN ODE TO
ing, he filed a writ petition be- written by the professional by hand, as op-
fore Orissa High Court. Natu- posed to digital? Not too many. Doctors are
rally, there would have to be a post mortem, an exception, through prescriptions and

PEACE EFFORTS SHOULD


but the judge could not read the doctor’s
post mortem report. Peeved, Justice S K THE DOCTOR’S reports, a regular interface. That’s the rea-
son why whenever we think of bad hand-

SCRIBBLE
Panigrahi observed, “The tendency of writing we think of doctors.

BE REDOUBLED AS WEST writing in a zigzag manner which cannot


be read by any common man or a judicial
There is a lot to be said for digitising
health records and the numbers under Ay-

ASIA WAR SPREADS WIDER


officer has become a fashion among doc- ushman Bharat Digital Mission are impres-
tors of the state. A substantial number of sive. How many doctors are there in India?
doctors resort to such handwriting which If one sticks to allopathic doctors, the reg-

T
cannot be read by any ordinary person. istered number is somewhere in the vicin-
HE West Asia war between Israel and Hamas is spread- The judge continued, “It is expected ity of 1.3 million. (The number practising
ing. The Iran-backed Houthi and Hezbollah militias have that doctors who are dealing with medico- Chairman, Economic Advisory Council must be less.) Think of whichever doctor
BIBEK DEBROY
already joined the war. Israel has launched attacks on legal issues and writing casually in very to the Prime Minister you go to, and ask yourself, is the prescrip-
Lebanon and Syria to target these groups and the Hamas poor handwriting, are required to change tion printed through a computer? Does the
leaders based in these countries. The Houthis have taken their attitude and write either in capital doctor have access to a printer and a com-
letter or in a typed form or in good hand- puter, even if the doctor is associated with
the war to the Red Sea, one of the busiest shipping lanes of the
writing so that the judicial system does a relatively fancy hospital? I suspect, with a
world, by launching attacks on western commercial vessels. not suffer from unnecessary fatigue in clear urban bias in the responses, the
This has brought the US into the war. The US is leading an in- reading their handwriting.” He issued an number won’t be that high.
ternational patrol mission in the Red Sea to safeguard ships order to the effect that the chief secretary A slightly dated study suggests a pri-
against attacks by the Houthis and has launched missile at- should issue a directive to all medical cen- mary care consultant—the neighbour-
tacks in Iraq, Syria and Yemen to neutralise the Iran-backed tres, private clinics, medical colleges and hood doctor, so to speak—spends two min-
militia groups. The war that was so far confined to West Asia hospitals requiring that handwriting in utes with the average patient. Ignoring
prescriptions and medico-legal reports specialists, how many patients does a pri-
with the players including Iran, Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Leba- should be legible. (The doctor appeared mary care doctor see per day? Depending
non, besides Israel and Palestine, has now arrived at the door- virtually before the court and explained on the doctor, and public versus private,
steps of the Indian subcontinent with Iran and Pakistan what he had written. Rasananda Bhoi’s the range will be from something like 25 to
launching missile attacks on each other. son had indeed died of snake-bite and he a number approaching 150. With two min-
Iran and Pakistan have had problems on their 900-km border was thus entitled to compensation.) utes or 150, you can’t reasonably expect a
for a long time. Both countries have accused each other of har- This order is from January 2024. But this neat computer printout as prescription.
is not the first time the Orissa High Court An illegible scrawl is the default template.
bouring militants who have fomented trouble on the other side.
and Justice Panigrahi have been upset. Besides, who does a doctor write a pre-
Iran attacked Pakistan after nearly a hundred Iranians were There was a similar case in 2020, when the scription for? Traditionally, for a colleague
killed by a bomb that exploded during an event in the memory court heard the bail application of a man or a pharmacist, not for the patient.
of commander Qassem Soleimani, who was killed by the US in who wanted to take care of his ailing wife. The etymology of the word prescription
2020. Iran blamed the Pakistan-based Jaish al-Adl group and The wife’s medical records were produced, reflects this and explains why doctors often
launched missiles at the group’s hideout in Pakistani territory but they were illegible. At that time, the SOURAV ROY use mysterious acronyms and abbrevia-
court observed, “Such illegible scrawls tions incomprehensible to patients. This is
in Balochistan. Pakistan has launched retaliatory missile at-
composed by doctors creates unnecessary tioners only, it shall not serve the purpose mention of legibility and capital letters. It a bit like lawyers and judges unnecessarily
tacks against what it calls the sarmachar or the separatists nuisance at the end of the patients, phar- for which it is made. This is despite the fact didn’t seem to be an important issue in 2002, using Latin. Had it been for patients, would
living inside Iran. While the world was warned, including by macists, police, prosecutors, judges who are that computers are available in all medical but became one in 2016. expressions like “ac”, “bid” and “qd” have
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, about the Israel-Hamas con- bound to deal with such medical reports.” facilities. In some of the states, practice is There are several jokes about bad hand- been used? But as patients have become
flict turning into a regional war, few expected it to spread out- This is not a problem specific to Odisha. being followed where medico legal reports writing of physicians. It is standard stere- more demanding and as doctors have them-
side the West Asian region. The war has already put global In 2018, in three separate cases from three and post mortem reports are made on com- otyping. Naturally, all generalisations are selves become unfamiliar with such Latinic
connectivity and energy supply at a risk. Any further escala- separate districts of Sitapur, Unnao and puters/printers.” Precisely, there are com- subject to exceptions and I know doctors abbreviations, their use has declined.
Gonda, the Lucknow bench of the Alla- puters everywhere. with beautiful handwriting, a few who still Greater external scrutiny and possibili-
tion between Iran and Pakistan is sure to bring other major habad High Court fined three doctors `5,000 Let me mention the September 2016 noti- use fountain pens. Everywhere, calligra- ty of litigation and medical negligence
powers into the game and create instability in the region. each because their reports were illegible. fication of the Medical Council of India phy and good handwriting are now at a cases probably explains why legibility be-
The road to peace is difficult but the dividends are rich. UN The high court observed in Fahad and oth- (MCI). “Every physician should prescribe discount. Indeed, with the switch to digital, came important to MCI in 2016, though it
Secretary General António Guterres’s call for a ceasefire be- ers vs state of UP, “The doctors have been drugs with generic names legibly and pref- conventional writing itself is at a discount. wasn’t the case in 2002. Did the doctor write
tween Israel and Hamas has been ignored. Regional peacemak- scribing medico-legal report, injury report, erably in capital letters and he/she shall Handwriting has deteriorated for every- Losec or Lasix? There have been actual in-
ers such as Qatar, a small country that brokered peace between bed head tickets, prescriptions and post- ensure that there is a rational prescription one, not doctors alone. As one moves verti- stances of wrong treatment. Besides, if the
mortem examination reports in such hand- and use of drugs.” This was added to MCI’s cally up the career path, it continues to hand-written prescription is illegible,
the US and Taliban, and Egypt, which has had a longest-stand-
writing that it cannot be read by the prose- 2002 (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and deteriorate. For example, everyone passes which software, or AI, is capable of con-
ing peace treaty with Israel, need to double their efforts to en- cutor, the defence lawyer or the court.… If Ethics) Regulations. There was a reference exams, entrance or otherwise. With illegi- verting it to a digital prescription?
gage the two sides. Israel and Palestine need to be brought back such a report is readable by medical practi- to generics in 2002 too. But there was no ble handwriting, despite the emphasis on (bibek.debroy@gov.in)
to the table for a lasting global peace.

CLEARER UNDERSTANDING
OF CHILD ABUSE NEEDED AYODHYA TEMPLE SIGNIFIES
INDIA’S CIVILISATIONAL VALUES
T
Free speech
HERE appears to be a confusion among members of the Ref: Chithra too deserves freedom of
public regarding what the term ‘child pornography’ refers expression (Jan 18). I fully endorse these
observations. Everybody has a right to

W
to. The term ‘pornography’ implies that the persons de-
HEN polymath K Parasaran was propagate their own religion. Though singer
picted in the image or video have consented to the produc-
offered a seat to argue the Ram K S Chithra’s intention would not have been
tion of the said media. Given that children are rarely in Janmabhoomi case in 2019, he that. One doesn’t see any mistake in Chithra
positions to meaningfully offer consent (an exception perhaps politely told the bench that his il- urging people to chant Ram’s name and light
might be of a teen couple close in age sharing images with each lustrious career was made com- S VAIDHYASUBRAMANIAM Vice Chancellor and Tata Sons chair professor of lamps at home.
other), and legally in India they cannot consent to sexual activity, plete by arguing on his legs for management, SASTRA (Deemed) University S Ramakrishnasayee, Chennai
what is described as child pornography is in actuality media pro- many clients and he would prefer
to remain standing to argue for Ram Lalla Safeguard consumers
duced of children being abused. The accepted term, therefore, is
in what turned out to be his last Supreme with the ideal values of Ram. The 1980s and 1990s saw a nationwide Ref: Dark patterns: how design tricks
child sexual abuse materials or CSAM. Court appearance. Though it was his last, it In the book Ayodhya and the Future of ideological churning that sowed the seeds manipulate users (Jan 17). These
This context is important given the recent Madras HC order paved the way for many firsts, as the Su- India, edited by Jitendra Bajaj (1993), he re- for the forthcoming celebrations. The schol- manipulative tactics not only compromise
quashing the criminal proceedings against a man for downloading preme Court delivered a historic verdict on calls how a newly independent India that arly underpinnings of the changing dis- user privacy but also warrant serious
two videos depicting children being sexually abused. The man was the Ram Janmabhoomi case on November appeared to be nobody’s responsibility re- course was captured in the commentaries attention from regulatory bodies. It is
booked under section 67B of the IT Act as well provisions of the 9, 2019 and put to an end the long struggle verted to its roots. The deep turn towards written by a variety of scholars on the Dr encouraging India taking steps to prevent
POCSO Act. However, the court said his action was not an offence of the Hindu society in the contemporary the civilisational moorings of India was M Ismail Farooqui v the Union of India unfair trade practices and misleading
history of Bharat. As the nation celebrates tellingly visible as the people sought refuge judgement delivered in 1994 and published advertisements. However, proactive vigilance
under the IT Act (section 67B, subsection b) despite the law crimi- its collective cultural conscience for its civi- in Lord Ram to rediscover the essence of as the Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court is crucial to safeguard consumer rights.
nalising the seeking, browsing or downloading of CSAM. Instead lisational moment, anecdotal memories being Indian and recapture the lost spirit of Judgment and Commentaries (1995). In it, Humaira Haani A, Bengaluru
the court relied on a Kerala HC judgement to say that merely view- stand out in our minds. the late Arun Jaitley powerfully wrote on
ing ‘child pornography’ is not an offence. The Kerala order re- In our numerous interactions with K the need for the court to arrive at a judicial Reading omens
ferred to an individual viewing pornography (of adults) in private Parasaran, we have witnessed flashes of solution through legally manageable stand- Ref: There are shades of Nuremberg at
and held that it could not be an offence. The nature of the case wisdom not only covering law but also on ards. The unseen presence of Arun Jaitley Ayodhya (Jan 18). This is the most accurate
the kaleidoscopic cultural contours of In- is best visible now as the Ram temple move- analysis of the Ayodhya issue. But the sad
before the Madras High Court was entirely different. However, the
dia’s heritage. We often wondered and fi- ment shall soon attain fruition. truth is that no one is concerned about the
court, while terming the act as possibly evidence of moral decay, nally asked him why he needed the full text Renowned political scientist Samuel clouds gathering in the sky, with one man
undermined its gravity by conflating the viewing of CSAM with of the Constitution during our discussions Huntington in his seminal work Who Are growing in power and rising like Colossus.
the viewing of pornography by Generation Z. By doing so, it lost despite being an expert on all its provisions. We (2004) emphasised the core values that K P Jayachandran, Kozhikode
His reply was an eye-opener: “To me, every defined American identity. The revival of
EXPRESS

sight of the reason why the production, dissemination and even


client’s case is new and every time I read the Indian nationalism through Atmanirbhar Punishing lynching
downloading of CSAM is considered unlawful.
For one, the production entails the sexual exploitation of chil- provisions of the Constitution, I get a new Bharat and Viksit Bharat@2047 that ena- Ref: Victim-centric laws to ensure swift
meaning which is relevant to the case in K Parasaran, the polymath who argued bles the renewal of individual identity is and timely justice: Amit Shah (Jan 17).
dren, while the consumption perpetuates the exploitation both Mob-lynching is an extremely vile act where
hand. This germinates from my habit of the Ayodhya case, used to have the full also being collectively harmonised and dif-
by creating a demand as well as re-objectifying and exploiting the reading the Valmiki Ramayan everyday, fused into the mainstream cultural narra- those accused of thievery or those couples in
text of the Constitution at hand. When
child victim through each viewing. Second, several studies have and each time it layers itself into a different tive of our times. India’s Puranic wisdom inter-caste or inter-faith marriages become
asked why, he said every time he read
shown that a significant number of viewers of CSAM (including and varied meaning—poetic, factual and believes that the normative values of good victims. The punishment for lynching, which
philosophical. What an epic indeed.” it, he inferred something new from it. and bad—though subjective and hard to ranges from seven years of imprisonment to
material digitally generated) may go on to commit in-person
Providentially ordained to represent This habit came to him from reading define—used to reside in two different death penalty, is a remarkable feature of the
abuse of a child. The viewing of such materials contributes to
Ram Lalla, K Parasaran’s persuasive and the Ramayan every day worlds during the Krita Yuga, they descend- new criminal laws.
lowering a moral threshold that might otherwise prevent ‘contact
devotional role during the Supreme ed into two different countries at the time Dharmarajan A K,Thalassery
abuse’. While every accused is entitled to their day in court, the Court arguments needs special attention Indianness in the people. The surging cul- of Treta Yuga, it existed between two fami-
voice of the children victimised by their alleged consumption of for selfless commitment and nuanced tural nationalism among the people and the lies of the same clan in the Dwapara Yuga; Timely justice
materials produced through their abuse should not be silenced. scholarship in everyday advocacy and alignment with the sixteen-fold qualities of during the Kali Yuga, it is believed to reside Ref: Victim-centric laws to ensure swift and
nuanced arguments. Lord Ram reinforces the civilisational val- in the same individual. This warrants the timely justice: Amit Shah (Jan 17). Home
His scholarly advocacy, interlaced with ues of India, that is Bharat. reinforcement of the collective civilisation- Minister Amit Shah’s efforts to implement the
Q U I C K TA K E literary allusions and legal vignettes, il- Lord Ram’s credos emphasised the six- al values during epochal challenges with new law can revolutionise the justice system.
luminated the judicial spectrum of facts, teen noble qualities of life—unconditional, episodic emphasis on epic lessons. ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’ will soon be
LEARN FROM SIKKIM ON GROWTH reasons, dates and events so suffused righteous, assertive, grateful, truthful, In this stage of India’s rise to becoming an obsolete saying as the new law promises
with the ebb and flow of changing times steadfast, charismatic, emancipative, Vishwaguru, the value-god, Lord Ram, be- swift action. Revamping the system using

T
HE NITI Aayog recently said that the poverty levels in Bi- and contexts. It was all marked by his en- thoughtful, capable, presentable, spiritual, comes the pivot of the wheel that steers to- technology is a significant change. Adding
har, Meghalaya, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya cyclopaedic mastery of civil law. Repre- dreaded, radiant, admirable and calm, All wards its march for Amrit Kaal. India and scientific procedures will help provide speedy
Pradesh—the worst five performers on the Aayog’s multi- senting a bundle of values worthy of of this together made him the ideal Marya- Indian values are at the heart of this civili- and fair judgements.
emulation, he stands tall today as a lode- da Purushottam. These Shodasha Kalyana sational memory. The greatest tribute to Ravi Nair, Kollengode
dimensional metrics—are all above the 15 percent mark. Per- star radiating values. Gunas, as they are known in Sanskrit, de- both will be the consecration of the Ram
haps the big laggards can learn from the least populated state, Swami Dayananda Saraswati once said, fine the human way of living that tran- temple in Janmabhoomi Ayodhya, which is Mother tongue
Sikkim. At 2.1 percent, it is one of the best performers on the “A value is a value if the value of value is scends boundaries making it globally rele- an epicentre of the civilisational karmab- Ref: 25% teens can’t even fluently read
2023 table. As its per capita income grew in double-digit per- valuable to oneself.” An individual’s val- vant. The Ram temple movement had its hoomi of the world’s largest democracy, for Class 2 text in mother tongue (Jan 18). It is
centages during 2004-2014, Sikkim invested heavily on human ue set, if collectively harmonised, char- own sixteen dimensions due to its religious, Treta Yuga’s value-god Ram best connects necessary to inculcate one’s mother tongue
ters a nation’s character. The relevance of social, cultural, spiritual, anthropological, with Kali Yuga’s value-searching humans. within them as India’s diversity is what makes
development parameters such as education and health—much Lord Ram in a contemporaneously asser- philosophical, judicial, liberal, historical, (Views are personal) her unique. Recruiting better vernacular
more than its neighbours. It is reaping the benefits now. The tive India cannot come at a more appro- local, regional, national, global, geographi- With inputs from Amrith Bhargav, language teachers could be a solution.
big states would do well to learn from the smallest one. priate time as the nation’s mood connects cal, mercurial and political contours. advocate and research scholar Sreshtha Roy, email

THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS


Chairman of the Board: Manoj Kumar Sonthalia Editor: Santwana Bhattacharya
Resident Editor (Tamil Nadu): Anto T Joseph * Printed and Published by R K Jhunjhunwala on behalf of Express Publications (Madurai) Private Ltd., at Express Press, ‘Express Gardens’, 29, Second Main Road, Ambattur Industrial Estate, Chennai - 600 058. Chennai: Vol. 94, No. 16. RNI Reg. No. TNENG/ 1002/57.
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VKLSVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG7KLVGRHVQRWDXJXUZHOOIRUZRUOGHFRQRP\LQJHQHUDODQG ment. At the Ministry of Ayush, was predominantly based on lifestyle diseases like Chronic Ayush Morbidity and
a strong framework has been the health conditions diagnos- Insomnia are included in this Standardised Terminologies
,QGLDQEXVLQHVVHVLQSDUWLFXODU,WFRXOGGHOD\RUGHUGHOLYHULHVDQGKLWWKHSURILWPDU structured to cater to this need. able through biomedicine only. classification. Diseases like Electronic (NAMASTE) Portal
JLQVDQGZDVOLNHO\WRUHVXOWLQDFKRSS\VKDUHPDUNHW,QWKLVVFHQDULRVPDOOLQYHVWRUV The recent establishment of the The stats and glossaries about Giddiness disorder with the (2017) was a consequence of
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Gujarat by the World Health Unani systems from Ayush C7424=CA0; Azal Kirukiruppu, and Sadr- validation of Ayurveda-Unani-
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care has witnessed a significant tion systems for many years, D=34AC74 through ICD11. through the Ayush-Hospital
PXVWNHHSDFORVHZDWFKRQWKHSULFHPRYHPHQWDQGDFWEHIRUHWKLQJVJHWRXWRIKDQG paradigm shift in recent years, the information from such By incorporating TM2 into Management Information
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medicine (TM). ally. By including Ayush with- tion of traditional practices. The Donor Agreement signed
This time, the Ministry of Ayush in the ICD, international stan- F4;50A402CB0B0 This move can lead to more between the Ministry of Ayush
?82D1<; is coming up with a wave of inter-
national medical revolution. Now
dardization will be possible
allowing for measuring, count- F7>
robust research on TM modal-
ities, ensuring that effective
and WHO for developing a
second module in the tradi-
the terminologies of various dis-
eases in Ayush healthcare,
ing, comparing, formulating
questions, and monitoring
2>;;01>A0C8=6 and safe treatments are utilised
in clinical settings.
tional medicine chapter of the
International Classification of
Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani over time. With this initiative 24=CA45>A823 The inclusion of TM2 in ICD- Diseases-11, (ICD-11) on 11th
will be included in the of the World Health 11 facilitates the exchange of February 2020 was a break-
International Classification of Organisation and the support A4;0C4302C8E8C84B medical knowledge between through development. It’s a
Diseases (ICD) 11 prepared by
the World Health Organisation.
of the Ministry of Ayush, the
collected data about the disease
0=35028;8C0C4B different cultures and health-
care systems. This cross-cul-
matter of satisfaction that the
global reach of the traditional
The International Classification of terminologies from Ayurveda, <>A1838CH0=3 tural collaboration can lead to medicine system is intensify-
Diseases maintained by WHO is Unani, and Siddha will be a more comprehensive under- ing many other member coun-
the key instrument for member converted into morbidity <>AC0;8CH30C0 standing of health and disease, tries of WHO to apply the
countries like India to collect pri-
mary as well as secondary data on
codes and included in the
international classification of
2>;;42C8>=0=3 paving the way for innovative
and inclusive healthcare solu-
same format of inclusion of
Traditional Medicine diseases
various communicable and non- diseases. 38BB4<8=0C8>= tions. This integration can terminologies to ICD. There is
communicable diseases and mor- India is committed to imple- expand access to healthcare demand for a more holistic
tality statistics. menting the ICD 11 TM2 and promote cost-effective approach to patient care.
The Central Bureau of Health module for the collection of interventions. Continuous (The writer is Secretary,
Intelligence (CBHI) under the morbidity statistics for public demand from different dimen- Union Ministry of Ayush;
Ministry of Health and Family health care delivery, Ayush sions of Ayush systems across views are personal)

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ender parity in corpo- female labour force participa- impediments to their growth Abhiyan) are instrumental in realising \P]h\^aTfW^fTaTU^d]SfXcWcWTXafX]Vb

G rate India faces


numerous challenges
that impede the progress
tion rate, currently hovering
around 27-28%. To tackle
this issue credible data is
within these organizations,
hitting a glass ceiling that hin-
ders their career progression.
the aspirations of vulnerable groups and
marginalized societies, facilitating their
transition to permanent residences.
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diverse workplace. One signif- data-backed evidence, col- must be on creating a network being conducted to raise awareness ]TTSc^U^bcTacWT\U^a[XUT<^bc^UcWTQXaSb
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processes, leading to unequal for fostering an equitable a must efforts to make workplaces Samman Nidhi cards. WT\dRWcP[ZTSPQ^dc<P]YPdbTSU^aZXcT aTbRdTS^UfWXRW!fTaTX]YdaTSQh<P]YP
opportunities for women. work environment. The "Close the Gender Gap" more gender-diverse. The Sustainable habitation in these houses U[hX]VSdaX]V<PZPaBP]ZaP]cXX]<d\QPX CWT<P]YPXbRPdbX]VUPcP[X]YdaXTbP]ScWTaT
Stereotypes and cultural Moreover, transparently shar- platform analyses annual organization aims to provide is envisioned through collaborative P]SXcbbdQdaQbRPdbTSVaTPcR^]RTa]U^a \dbcQTWXVWUX]TbU^a\XbdbT^U<P]YPSTb_XcT
norms further contribute to ing this information helps reports of 2000 NSC compa- data that not only highlights efforts involving local, central, and QXaSbX]VT]TaP[P]SWd\P]bX]_PacXRd[PaCWT aTbcaXRcX^]b
the underrepresentation of raise awareness and encour- nies and 450 Business the importance of diversity for state administrations. Ensuring last-mile bP[T^UbdRWcWaTPSbP]SU[hX]VZXcTb\PST^U C K Subramaniam| Chennai
women in leadership roles. ages a collective effort from Responsibility and its own sake but also demon- connectivity through education about
Discriminatory workplace stakeholders, including Sustainability Reporting strates the positive impact on basic rights is crucial to prevent eligi- from hatred is a critical challenge for poses a significant challenge. In the
practices, such as the gender employees, leaders, and pol- (BRSRs). This platform aims business outcomes. ble individuals from being inadvertent- educators in India. The need for teach- ever-evolving landscape of AI, where
pay gap, hinder the profes- icymakers, to actively con- to provide insights into gen- The government initiatives ly excluded. ers to unlearn their own "caste educa- technology advances at an unprecedent-
sional growth of women, cre- tribute to achieving gender der parameters, such as the like Mission Shakti and PM Dimple Wadhawan | Kanpur tion" is apparent, emphasising the ed pace, safeguarding against mali-
ating a barrier to achieving parity in corporate India. representation of women in Swanidhi can make a vital dif- urgency of addressing this issue. cious applications becomes paramount.
parity. The NGOs like Udaiti key management positions ference. The conversation has 31CD5291C9C1B51<9DI Sujit De | Kolkata As India assumes a pivotal role in the
To address these challenges, Foundations have taken ini- and on corporate boards. shifted from questioning the Sir —The paramount challenge in edu- global AI ecosystem, it is imperative for
gathering data becomes a tiatives for data-driven gender While some sectors, like ser- need for gender diversity to cating children in our nation is impart- D85=5>135?6455@61;5C tech companies to not only enhance
crucial tool in understanding parity in the corporate world. vices and healthcare, show figuring out how to imple- ing the understanding that caste Sir — Recent instances of deepfake detection mechanisms but also proac-
and dismantling gender dis- It is accelerating women's improvement in women's ment it effectively. Many inequality is a stain on society that needs videos featuring cricketer Sachin tively devise preventive measures.
parities within corporate economic empowerment in employment, others like IT, NGOs are actively working eradication, akin to sati. In certain Tendulkar underscore the vulnerabili- The implementation of features like
structures. By collecting com- India and aims to address the Consumer Goods, and with state governments, lever- schools in Tamil Nadu, students wear ty we face in the realm of Artificial watermarks on AI-generated content
prehensive data on hiring challenges hindering the Financial Services remain aging successful case studies, color-coded wristbands signifying their Intelligence. could serve as a deterrent, mitigating the
practices, promotion rates, growth of female participa- stagnant. and publishing white papers caste, exemplifying the pervasive nature Deepfakes, utilising AI tools to craft fab- potential negative repercussions of AI
pay scales, and overall repre- tion in the workforce. In larger corporations, to guide the public and private of this issue. ricated images, audio, and videos, pose on individuals and society at large. As
sentation, companies can India stands at an exciting although there is an initial sectors towards gender pari- Incidents such as a teacher from a lower a serious threat. Targeting individuals, we embrace the benefits of AI, a con-
identify specific areas of con- point in its economic history, attraction to women's talent, ty.Probably within the next caste being attacked with a firecracker including men, this not only impacts certed effort towards responsible and
cern and implement targeted with sustainable growth and there is a significant drop in decade, the initiatives for in response to her teaching a class in a mental health but also damages self- ethical AI practices will be crucial in
strategies. This data-driven ambitions to become a 5 tril- the representation of women gender parity in corporte school dominated by upper-caste stu- esteem, strains relationships, and tar- ensuring a secure digital future for all.
approach allows organiza- lion-dollar economy in the in key management posi- India will no longer be nec- dents exemplify the harm "caste-educat- nishes reputations. Gourja Soni | Delhi
tions to establish benchmarks, near future. However, achiev- tions as the company size essary, fingers crossed. ed" children can inflict. Sensitising The inability to easily detect deepfakes
track progress over time, and ing this goal is closely tied to increases. This suggests that (The writer is a gender children to the dangers of caste inequal- due to the absence of traditional indi- BT]Shh^daUUTTSQPRZcc^)
hold themselves accountable addressing the country's low women face challenges and activist; views are personal) ity and fostering an environment free cators used by visual forensic experts [TccTabc^_X^]TTa/V\PX[R^\
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T off enters its fourth year and
there are intermittent aberra-
tions from both countries.
Even problems in third-world
countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka and now
in Maldives have also become irritants for
both the Asian giants. The most recent
way with India.
Unlike frequent bonhomie
between Prime Minister Mr
Narendra Modi and Chinese
President Xi Jinping, diplomatic
relations are not on good terms for
over three years. But as the famous
duced an agreement that the two
sides should resolve the remain-
ing issues on which they disagreed
“in an expeditious manner.”
India’s National Security Advisor
Ajit Doval and China’s Foreign
Minister Wang Yi held talks before
top leaders. Negotiations on sta-
bilizing the border itself continue,
most recently with the 28th round
of talks that form part of the
Working Mechanism for
Consultation and Coordination on
India-China Border Affairs.
one is the avoidable situation created by saying goes in international rela- their respective leaders were Apart from all these factors, India,
a very small country like Maldives. There tions, there are no permanent scheduled to meet and worked on its diplomatic relations with Asian
is also natural competition between the friends or permanent enemies, disengagement in the two remain- countries including China are
two rising economic powers especially in only permanent interests. Bilateral ing areas of immediate tensions on deeply rooted in history and cul-
the neighbourhood. relations between two countries the border. The Economist, a tural ties. Ancient trade routes like
But as India’s External Affairs Minister, who are both big in population, famous British weekly stated a the Silk Road connected India to
Dr S Jaishankar recently said the rise of
China is a reality but there is an equal
5>A8=3808CB size, economy and many other
fields are also governed by the
“detente” between China and
India, Xi and Modi discussed
various parts of Asia, facilitating
cultural exchanges.
reality that is the rise of India. During a 38?;><0C82 same principle mostly - Economy. relations in person at the BRICS Buddhism, which originated in
conversation with a journalist at the High This trend is slowly but steadily summit in Johannesburg and India, spread to several Asian
Commission of India in London, Dr A4;0C8>=BF8C7 becoming visible in the relation- agreed “to intensify efforts at nations, creating lasting cultural
($0-DLVKDQNDULQKLVMRLQWVWDWHPHQWZLWKWKHPLQLVWHURIIRUHLJQDIIDLUV
Jaishankar emphasised that the rise of
China is a reality but there is an equal
0B80=2>D=CA84B ship between India and China in
recent times despite the border
expeditious disengagement and
de-escalation,” according to the
and religious connections. Such
historical and cultural linkages
RI,UDQVWDWHG´7KHUHKDYHDOVREHHQUHFHQWO\DSHUFHSWLEOHLQFUHDVHLQ reality that is the rise of India. “The rise 8=2;D38=6278=0 standoff. One should also remem- Indian side. prove to be strong foundations of
WKUHDWVWRWKHVDIHW\RIPDULWLPHFRPPHUFLDOWUDIILFLQWKLVLPSRUWDQWSDUW may be different...quantitatively or qual- ber that the nearly four yearlong It was not that there was no diplomatic ties. India also has a lot
RIWKH,QGLDQ2FHDQ7KLVLVDPDWWHURIJUHDWFRQFHUQWRWKHLQWHUQD itatively they may not be identical," he 0A4344?;H border impasse has not deteriorat- damper. Xi did not attend the G- to gain by forming regional
WLRQDOFRPPXQLW\2EYLRXVO\LWDOVRKDVDGLUHFWEHDULQJRQ,QGLD VHQHU said. “The two (India and China) are
among the oldest civilisations in the
A>>C438= ed further and there are regular
talks even though there is not
20 summit in Delhi in September
through his Prime Minister. There
alliances, such as economic oppor-
tunities, strategic partnerships
J\DQGHFRQRPLFLQWHUHVWV7KLVIUDXJKWVLWXDWLRQLVQRWWRWKHEHQHILWRI
DQ\SDUW\DQGWKLVPXVWEHFOHDUO\UHFRJQLVHGµ0HDQZKLOHLQDEDO
world...Some realities need to be recog- 78BC>A820;0=3 much progress. There are no fur- is tension in the Indo-Pacific and cultural diplomacy.
nised,” he pointed out. ther clashes. The year 2023 saw region and the emergence of Economically, Asia is one of the
DQFLQJDFWKHGLGPHQWLRQWKHORVVRIFLYLOLDQOLYHVLQ*D]DDQGVWDWHG In between two small but important 2D;CDA0;C84B some stabilization in relations, QUAD, a diplomatic network fastest-growing regions globally
´,QGLDKDVDORQJVWDQGLQJDQGXQFRPSURPLVLQJSRVLWLRQDJDLQVWWHUURU
LVPLQDOOIRUPVDQGPDQLIHVWDWLRQV7KLVUHPDLQVVRYHU\PXFK
events took place in India which points
out a possible détente if not now but in
0=284=CCA034 which offers promise for the
future. The two sides discuss
between Australia, India, Japan
and the United States. The person-
and stronger ties could open new
markets for trade and investment.
$WWKHVDPHWLPHZHVWURQJO\EHOLHYHWKDWLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWRDYRLGORVV future. A group of top Chinese scholars A>DC4B;8:4C74 resolving the border standoff and al chemistry between the top two Politically, a united Asian front
visited Smruti Mandir (memorial of RSS signal interest in restoring some is yet to be revived. Both countries could serve as a counterbalance
RIFLYLOLDQOLIHLQDQ\FRQIOLFWVLWXDWLRQ7KHGHHSO\FRQFHUQLQJVLWXDWLRQ
founder Keshav Baliram Hedgewar) in B8;:A>DC4 normalcy in their relations, but keep on trying to spread presence allowing for a more multipolar
LQ*D]DZDVQDWXUDOO\DVXEMHFWRIRXUGLVFXVVLRQV7KHORVVRIFLYLOLDQ
OLYHVHVSHFLDOO\WKDWRIZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZDVRXUSULPDU\IRFXV
RSS headquarters, BapuKutir, Mahatma
Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi
2>==42C438=380 their militarized border remained
mostly quiet in the last year.
and influence in the neighbour-
hood. But all these are natural
world order where India plays a
significant role.
7KHUHLVDYLVLEOHKXPDQLWDULDQFULVLVWKDWQHHGVWREHDGGUHVVHGDQG Vishwavidyalaya (Mahatma Gandhi C>E0A8>DB Symbolically, with momentum trends for any country in today’s India will be the biggest beneficia-
WKHFUHDWLRQRIVXVWDLQDEOHKXPDQLWDULDQFRUULGRUVLVWKHQHHGRIWKHGD\ International Hindi University) in Nagpur from the 2022 handshake and complete world. ry of such a wonderful partnership
:HZHOFRPHWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\·VHIIRUWVLQWKDWGLUHFWLRQ,QGLD and nearby Wardha. Though many for- ?0ACB>50B80 brief exchange between the Indian At the same time as former Prime as it will give a chance to cross bor-
LWVHOIKDVGHOLYHUHGVKLSPHQWVRIUHOLHIPDWHULDOWR*D]DDQGFRQWULEXWHG eign delegates visit Nagpur frequently, this
visit was not that significant on the face
5028;8C0C8=6 Prime Minister and Chinese
President at the G-20 summit in
Minister Dr Manmohan Singh,
the world has enough space for the
ders more easily and explore their
Asian culture through trade, trav-
WRWKH815:$2QWKHLVVXHRI3DOHVWLQHOHWPHUHLWHUDWH,QGLD·VORQJ
VWDQGLQJVXSSRUWIRUDWZRVWDWHVROXWLRQZKHUHWKH3DOHVWLQLDQSHRSOH
of it. But it was the high-level visit of a 2D;CDA0; Indonesia, disengagement in five growth ambitions of India and el and employment opportunities.
group of scholars from China with whom areas on the border, and the fast China. In practice, both New But all depends on the result of the
DUHDEOHWROLYHIUHHO\LQDQLQGHSHQGHQWFRXQWU\ZLWKLQVHFXUHERUGHUV India does not have a once excellent rela- 4G270=64B and quiet resolution of the border Delhi and Beijing have main- Parliament elections in India
,VWUHVVHGWKHQHHGIRUDOOSDUWLHVWRDYRLGSURYRFDWLYHDQGHVFDODWRU\ tionship after the 2021-22 clashes in the clash at the Yangtze, the back- tained a status quo that has not before this mid-year. But to put it
DFWLRQVDQGWRIDFLOLWDWHPRYHPHQWWRZDUGVGLDORJXHDQGGLSORPDF\µ vast borders. Prior to this the leading ground seemed promising. There worsened the situation. Moreover, in the words of late Atal Behari
,UDQKDVDFUXFLDOYRLFHLQPDWWHUVUHODWHGWR:HVW$VLDDQGHQVXU Chinese media Global Times in an were also meetings between the the two sides are actively talking Vajpayee “we can change our
LQJWKHVDIHW\RI,QGLDQVDLORUVDQGJRRGVRQVKLSVEHVLGHVLPSDFW unusual article lauded India's foreign pol- defence and foreign ministers of to each other and discussing their friends but not our neighbours.
LQJWKHIDWHRIH[SRUWHUVRQVKLSV,WZDVSHUKDSVQRFRLQFLGHQFH icy strategy under Modi, highlighting the the two sides as part of India’s troubled relationship and the (The writer is former member of
nation's multi-alignment approach and hosting of the Shanghai tense situation on the disputed of press council of India and
WKDWHYHQDV($0ZDVLQ,UDQWKHODWWHUKDGODXQFKHGPDVVLYHVWULNHV bolstering ties with major global powers Cooperation Organization border. This has been happening presently coordinator of World
RQWHUURULVWVLWHVLQ3DNLVWDQ such as the US, Japan, and Russia. allowed discussion of border ten- both between the military and Association of Press Councils;
7KHZULWHULVDSROLF\DQDO\VWYLHZVDUHSHUVRQDO Normally, the official media in China do sions, while the 19th round of the diplomatic establishments of the views are personal)

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t the onset of 2024, one such village, where young into the study of science. vor among children is truly than boys'. The challenges of nificant concerns. Addressing

A when the entire world


was celebrating the
arrival of the new year, a his-
girls are now aspiring towards
careers in space exploration.
Mahima Joshi, a 19-year-old
Gopal Joshi, a septuagenarian
from the village, expressed
that he had never witnessed
gratifying. I am optimistic
that the children of Baisani vil-
lage will make significant
remoteness, challenging geog-
raphy, and harsh weather con-
ditions significantly contribute
these fundamental deficiencies
is crucial for unlocking the
true potential of these vil-
toric moment unfolded at the student in Class 12 from such a keen interest in science progress in the field of science.” to their exclusion from the lages.
Satish Dhawan Space Centre Baisani Village, expressed, among children in the village This indeed highlights that the country's progress. The If the government and the edu-
in Andhra Pradesh. At that "The consecutive successes of before. Remarkably, even girls, success of Indian scientists absence of fundamental infra- cation department collabora-
very moment, scientists at ISRO scientists have motivat- have now set goals to study has inspired the children espe- structure, such as roads, edu- tively tackle not only the visi-
ISRO successfully launched ed me to delve into the realm and pursue careers as scien- cially young girls of Baisani vil- cation, healthcare, telecom- ble symptoms but also the root
the 'X-Ray Polarimeter CE>9D19>B78 of space exploration. Studying tists. The surge in enthusiasm lage towards science and tech- munication, and internet facil- causes, the path can be paved
Satellite,' making it the second ISRO scientists revealed that for science is particularly nology. But several challenges ities, poses a hindrance. for the emergence of the next
in the world and the first in nuclei, and non-thermal they encountered failures heartening for schoolteach- mar their dreams of becoming The challenges faced by youth, generation of scientists, poten-
India to study radiation supernovae. despite their unwavering ers. a space scientist and the list is especially young girls, in the tially from places like Baisani
beyond the Moon, Mars, and The achievements of Indian efforts. However, their is so significant that girls, in Uma Shankar Joshi, a geogra- quite long. These girls face var- remotest villages of a country village. It is essential to nurture
the Sun. This satellite will be scientists have not only resilience, ability to learn from particular, have now begun to phy teacher at the Government ious challenges – a lot more like India in pursuing STEM and empower the youth,
able to explore black holes, the enhanced India's global stand- mistakes, persistent dedica- take a keen interest in space. Middle School in Baisani, than boys do. More specifical- (Science, Technology, ensuring that opportunities
cosmic web, and radiation ing but have also become a tion, and eventual triumph in Observing them explore noted, “While there was lim- ly the social and cultural Engineering and Math) fields in Science, Technology,
spread throughout space. It wellspring of inspiration for creating history have left a last- space-related information on ited interest in space science norms that do not allow girls are deeply rooted in the defi- Engineering, and Math
will not only identify the the country's youth, particular- ing impact on me." social media is indeed a posi- among children before, they to even fulfil their basic right ciencies of the educational (STEM) are accessible to all,
sources of radiation and cap- ly in regions where even the The growing interest in space tive development. The strides now pose questions that go to education. Early child mar- system. The inadequacy of transcending geographical and
ture their images but also sight of an aeroplane in the sky science among children brings made by Indian scientists in beyond our expectations. riages, preference given to facilities in rural schools, such societal barriers.
study the 50 most shining is a rare occurrence. Baisani, immense joy to parents. space research have not only Children are eager to partici- sons in the family, social as the absence of advanced sci- (The author is a young peer
sources in the universe, such nestled in the vast Himalayan Chandra Prakash, a 52-year- captivated the curiosity of pate in science-related quizzes taboos, and poverty are some ence laboratories and pro- leader from Uttarakhand;
as pulsars, X-ray binaries with hills of Uttarakhand’s old resident, emphasized that adolescent boys but also girls, and competitions at school. As of the socio-economic factors longed vacancies in science views are personal. Charkha
black holes, active galactic Bageshwar district, stands as the impact of scientists' success encouraging them to delve a teacher, witnessing this fer- that impact girls' lives more teaching positions, raises sig- Features)
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