Acknowledgements We are grateful to many people whose

efforts have gone into the making of this report. The success and
outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and help from
many people. We are extremely privileged and thankful to Prof.
Izhar Ali for guiding us on each and every step of our report.
Furthermore, this project report and the data given is entirely
applicable only in case of given study and in the country of
Pakistan, therefore, it cannot be used in other similar cases or
countries. Moreover, this report is solely the result of the hard
work of Muhammad Hashir Rehan who contributed significantly
to this project

Abstract In order to reduce the driving problem and accidents

caused by insufficient light in Pakistan, it is necessary to design
the headlights up to some standards, so that the driver can see
the road information in front of him in time and make a timely
judgment. The dazzling of other cars driver due to headlights
comes in the law of torts as it can make suffer the claimant
because of engineering negligence and absence of proper design
standards, or safety inspections. Most of the night-time accidents
occur due to this, using high beam headlights of opposite car
users; while if these high beams are not used, the road cannot be
viewed with clarity and obstacles can not be identified in time.
Thus, to prevent both situations international laws and standards
have been studied in the report and the two great brands have
been analyzed based on these standards i.e. BMW and Audi. The
two technologies have been compared: BMW adaptive laser
lights and Audi digital matrix LEDs. It has been found that both
consist of such technologies that efficiently prevent the dazzling
and glare of drivers by darkening the specified areas, highlighting
pedestrians and traffic signs in front of them, and thus providing
a safe and secure travel. Thus, keeping in view the results of this
research, the survey taken, and the analysis performed, it has
been found out that the loopholes or the main factor of
Table of Contents Cover page
__________________________________________________________________ II
Acknowledgments ____________________________________________________________
III
Abstract____________________________________________________________________
_IV Literature Review
__________________________________________________________ 3 Headlights: The
Eyes of Automotive ________________________________________ 13 Background and
History:___________________________________________ 13 International Laws and
Technological Advancements____________________ 14 Engineering Innovations
___________________________________________ 16 Purpose of Research:
_____________________________________________ 18 Lights in
Motion___________________________________________________________ 19 BMW
Adaptive Laser Lights ________________________________________ 19 Working of Laser
Lights: _________________________________________ 19 Audi Digital Matrix LEDs
___________________________________________ 22 Working of Digital Matrix:
________________________________________ 23 Research: Illuminating the Laws
____________________________________________ 25
Methodology____________________________________________________ 25 Analysis
and Discussion ___________________________________________ 25 Headlights Design
Standards ______________________________________ 25 BMW VS Audi: Who will light
the way?______________________________ 29 Traffic Laws in Pakistan
__________________________________________ 30 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________ 32
References ________________________________________________________________
33

Table of Figures:
GRE Light Aims.................................................................................................................... 16
Dodge, Mercedes, BMW...................................................................................................... 17
Laser light working .............................................................................................................. 19
Laser boosted lights............................................................................................................. 21
Adaptive light technology.................................................................................................... 21
Audi Digital Matrix .............................................................................................................. 22
Audi Matrix LED (individual LED can be seen)....................................................................... 23
Light Carpet......................................................................................................................... 24
Headlight height adjustment ............................................................................................... 26
A survey question................................................................................................................ 31
BMW VS Audi...................................................................................................................... 32
Literature Review 1) F. Andrade, C.DE Santos and M. Castro published a research paper on
reliability-based safety evaluation of headlight sight distance. Given that the vehicle headlights
represent the fundamental source of light at night on rural roads, the sight distance provided by
the headlight beam is considered as the main criterion for determining the headlight designs. This
research proposes the use of probabilistic methods for determining the design of headlights and
the sight distance associated with it as opposed to the used deterministic methods, which are
known to present several drawbacks. This research study has applied the proposed method to
evaluate the risk level accompanied by the curves and uphill and downhill road configurations and
has also assessed the effect of variables involved in headlight sight distance (HSD). A total of 71,334
case studies were generated by combining the range of values of the variables involved in the HSD
as per the geometric design standard. The risk level associated to each case was calculated by
means of a Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that variables modeling headlight features
significantly affect the risk level. Moreover, the risk associated to design outputs that are
considered equivalent by the standard varies significantly. Therefore, the use reliability theory in
the development of standards and design guides was recommended by this study. 2) Lee and Kim
found that the obstacle color in nighttime determines the distance at which it is seen, and that the
minimum headlight beam illumination level should be 5 H M 3 2 2 | 4 lux. This highlights the
importance of taking night conditions into account in headlights design. 3) In an official report of
Audi R8 by Dr. Michael Hamm and Dr. Wolfgang Huhn, the first all-LED headlights were introduced.
A throwback to the past designs and previous technologies have been discussed and it has been
included that the first LEDs used in headlight modules were the turn signals in the original hybrid
lighting systems developed in 2004. Now, LED lights are fundamentally different from these. The
working, technological advancements, the new design options that this idea has opened, and the
minimized output and overall energy consumption of the vehicle lighting have been discussed. LED
lights increases the service life and efficiency of the lighting systems and this ensures the
importance of LED technology in the future according to the report. The report also confirms the
high efficiency of 85% in terms of light being monochromatic and emitting almost parallel lines.
Furthermore, the mechanism of dimming of lights and making of different shapes and patterns
accordingly are also mentioned in the report. It concludes that the headlights are the components
where the requirements of road safety and the demands of modern, innovative design meet head
on. Today’s headlights already have a much lower power consumption than conventional halogen
systems. By 2012 it will be possible to make energy savings and reductions in CO2 emissions of up
to 70 %, whilst retaining the same lighting quality, if LEDs are used for all the lighting functions. LED
technology is still in its infancy, but it promises exciting technical and design solutions in the future.
H M 3 2 2 | 5 4) In a thesis submitted by Danielle Fortier, the problem of not standardizing the
headlight configurations have been highlighted. As headlight configurations are not standardized,
drivers are confronted with headlights differing in size, separation distance, and brightness and due
to which many motor vehicle accidents involve a driver's misperceiving the distance to another
vehicle. Therefore, these three headlight variables were investigated, with regards to their effect on
the estimation of distance of a simulated vehicle, in this research thesis. In each experiment, ten
adult subjects estimated the distance to a simulated vehicle's headlights. "Headlights” were varied
in terms of brightness, size, and separation distance between the lights. The apparatus consisted of
a long dark tunnel in which extraneous cues to the distance of the actual light stimuli were
reduced. Dark adapted observers sat at one end and viewed light stimuli presented as one pair of
"headlights" at a time. According to the method of magnitude estimation, three standards of
distance in the form of three pairs of simulated headlights were presented to set a general scale of
response. Test presentations of lights varied around the three standards, or target distances. The
stimuli ranged from 40% less bright, less large, or less distance between the lights to 40% brighter,
larger, or more separation distance, around the standard for specific target distances.