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V. READINGCOMPREHENSION
READING 1: Read the following magazine article and choose the best answer to each question. (5 marks)
In the course of its history, human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy
available for use per person. Primitive peoples in cold regions burned wood and animal dung to heat their
caves, cook food, arid drive off animals by fire. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was
taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood.
Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The
Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it did not come extensive use until the
Industrial Revolution.
In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial evolution, most energy used in the United States and other
nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water
streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-
1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained
from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced
wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily
accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrate source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil
firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper to transport.
They burned more cleanly than coal arid polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid
fuels for vehicles; a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.
By 1984, nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the
commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear
fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and renewable fuels. such as biomass.
Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from the use of energy from local sources to a
centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from
nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the
case with most automobile fuels. In countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of
nonrenewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced.
Alternative fuel sources are numerous, and shale oil and hydrocarbons are just two examples. The extraction of
shale oil from large deposits in Asian and European regions has proven to be labor consuming and costly. The
resulting product is sulfur- and nitrogen- rich, arid large-scale extractions are presently prohibitive. Similarly,
the extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands in Alberta and Utah is complex.
Semi-solid hydrocarbons cannot easily separated from sandstone and limestone carry and technology not
sufficiently versatile for large-scale removal of the material. However, both may eventually needed petroleum
prices fuel availability make deposits more attractive.
41. What main topic of passage? A. Applications of various fuels B. Natural resources and fossil fuels
C. A history of energy use D. A historical overview of energy rates
42. The phrase "per person" line close meaning to A. per capita B. per year C. per family D. per day
43. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
A. coal mining essential for primitive peoples B. the Greeks used coal industrial production
C. the development of efficient fuels was a gradual process D. the efficient fuels was mostly accidental
44. phrase "in lieu" is closest in meaning to A. in spite B. in place C. in every way D. in charge
45. The author of the passage implies that in the 1700s, sources of energy were
A. used commercial purposes B. used various combinations
C. derived from mineral deposits D. not always easy to locate
46. The phrase "the latter" in line 16 refers to A. wood B. coa C. most regions D. climate zone
47. According the passage, what was the greatest advantage of oil fuel?
A. It was concentrated source energy. B. It was lighter and cheaper than coal
C. It replaced wood and coal reduced pollution. D. It could be converted to automobile fuel.
48. It can be inferred from the passage that the early 20th century, energy was obtained fossil fuels from
__________.A. fossil fuels B. nuclear fission C. hydraulic and solar source D.burning
biomass
49. The author of the passage implies alternative sources of fuel are currently
A. being used consumption B. being explored C. available in few locations D. examined on a large scale
50. The world "prohibitive" in line 35 is closest meaning to
A. prohibited B. provided C. too expensive D. to expedient
READING 2: Read the magazine article choose the best to each question. (5 marks)
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done the fireplace. Generally large,
fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those the Northeast were usually four or five feet
high, and in the South, they were often high enough for person walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree
was used a lintel to support the stonework above fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched
occasionally, but it was far enough front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.
Two ledges built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On the ends of "lug pole" from which
pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would but it be
replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the
dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug pole and later
fireplace had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue
leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometime the door of the oven faced the room, but most
ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a
roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were
extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed
shut until the bread was fully baked.
Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a
stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace,
surrounded by glowing with more embers piled on its lid.
51. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does passage mainly discuss?
A. Methods of baking bread B. Fireplace cooking
C. The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchenD. The types of wood used in preparing meals
52. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate
A. how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces
B. that served diverse functions C. that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces
D. were safer than northeastern fireplaces
53. word "scorched" closest in meaning to __________A. burned B. cut C. enlarged D. bent
54. The word "it" refers to __________
A. the stonework B. the fireplace opening C. the mantel tree D. the rising column of heat
55. According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in pot in the seventeenth century?
A. By placing the pot directly into the fire B. putting the pot in the oven
C. By the pot with hot waterD. By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
56. The word "obtain" is closest in meaning to __________
A. maintain B. reinforce C. manufacture D. acquire
57. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug pole?
A. It was made of wood not readily available.B. It was difficult to move or rotate.
C. It occasionally broke.D. It became too hot to touch.
58. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, "oven wood" produced
A. less smoke B. more heat C. fewer embers D. lower flames
59. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT:
A. It was used to heat the kitchen every day.B. It was built as part of the main fireplace.
C. The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney. D. It was heated with maple sticks.
60. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a "bake kettle"?
A. It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.B. It did not need to be tightly closed.
C. It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven. D. It could be used to cook several foods at one time.
VI. CLOZE TEST CLOZE TEST 1
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
word for each of the blanks. (5 marks) THE BEGINNINGS OF FLIGHT
The story of man's mastery of the air is almost as old as man himself, a puzzle in which the essential (0)
__________ were not found until a very late stage. However, to (61) __________this we must first go back to
the time when primitive man hunted for his food, and only birds and insects flew. We cannot know with any
certainly when man first deliberately shaped weapons for throwing, but that (62) __________ of conscious
design marked the first step on a road that leads from the spear and the arrow to the aero-plane and the giant
rocket of the present (63) __________. It would seem, in fact, that this (64) __________to throw things is one
of the most primitive and deep seated of our instincts, (65) __________ in childhood and persisting into old age.
The more mature ambition to throw things swiftly and accurately, which is the origin of most outdoor games,
probably has its roots in the ages when the possession of a (66) __________ weapon and the ability to throw it
with force and accuracy (67) __________ the difference between eating and starving.
It is significant that such weapons were (68) __________ and brought to their final form at an early stage in
history. If we were restricted to the same (69) __________ it is doubtful if we could produce better bows and
arrows than those that destroyed the armies of the past. The arrow was the first true weapon capable of
maintaining direction over considerable (70) __________. It was to be centuries before man himself could fly.
0. A. clues B. keys C. responses D. resolutions
61. A. value B. approve C. understand D. realize
62. A. act B. deed C. action D. event
63. A. instant B. day C. hour D. moment
64. A. feeling B. urge C. encouragement D. emotion
65. A. coming B. arriving C. appearing D. growing
66. A. suitable B. fitting C. related D. chosen
67. A. involved B. meant C. told D. showed
68. A. invented B. imagined C. planned D. produced
69. A. matters B. substances C. materials D. sources
70. A. length B. extents C. areas D. distances
CLOZE TEST 2: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. (5 marks) A LACK OF COMMUNICATION
Recent research has (0) __________ that a third of people in Britain have not met their (71) __________
neighbours, and those who know each other (72) __________ speak. Neighbours gossiping over garden fences
and in the street was a common (73) __________ in the 1950s, says Dr. Carl Chinn, an expert on local
communities. Now, however, longer hours spent working at the office, together with the Internet and satellite
television, are eroding neighbourhood (74) __________. 'Poor neighbourhoods once had strong kinship, but
now prosperity buys privacy,' said Chinn.
Professor John Locke, a social scientist at Cambridge University, has analysed a large (75) __________ of
surveys. He found that in America and Britain the (76) __________ of time spent in social activity is
decreasing. A third of people said they never spoke to their neighbours at (77) __________. Andrew Mayer, 25,
a strategy consultant, rents a large apartment in west London, with two flat-mates, who work in e-commerce.
"We have a family of teachers in upstairs and lawyers below, but our only contact comes via letters (78)
__________ to the communal facilities or complaints that we've not put out our bin bags properly." said Mayer.
The (79) __________ of communities can have serious effects. Concerned at the rise in burglaries and (80)
__________ of vandalism, the police have re-launched crime prevention schemes such as Neighbourhood
Watch, calling on people who live in the same area to keep an eye on each other's houses and report anything
they see which is unusual.
0. A. exhibited B. conducted C. displayed D. reveal
71. A. side-on B. next-door C. close-up D. nearside
72. A. barely B. roughly C. nearly D. virtually
73. A. outlook B. view C. vision D. sight
74. A. ties B. joins C. strings D. laces
75. A. deal B. amount C. number D. measure
76. A. deal B. amount C. number D. measure
77. A. least B. once C. all D. most
78. A. concerning B. regarding C. applying D. relating
79. A. breakout B. break though C. breakdown D. breakaway
80. A. acts B. shows C. counts D. works
B. WRITTEN TEST (60 sentences / 70 marks)
1. OPEN CLOZE TEST (20 marks)
CLOZE TEST 1 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word
in each space. THE SLOW ARRIVAL OF THE WHEEL
It is nearly impossible in our post-industrial society to conceive of a world without wheels. From clocks to huge
machinery and from cars to computer disks, (1) __________ employs cogs, wheels or other types of cylindrical
components that spin on an axis. (2) __________ the wheel took a relatively long time to be invented and
several civilizations reached a relatively high level of technological sophistication (3) __________ it. The most
likely explanation is that neither terrain nor climate suited the wheel. Until 10,000 BC, much of the world was
(4) __________ the grip of the last vestiges of the lee Age. (5) __________ was not under ice sheet was
covered by desert, jungle or bog - conditions obviously unsuited for something like the wheel. Most experts
agree that the wheel evolved from the fact that Neolithic man was familiar with moving heavy objects (6)
__________ putting a roller, such as a tree trunk, under the load. Such techniques were used to move the huge
stone blocks to build the pyramids around 2980 BC and probably Stonehenge, which dates back to around 2000
BC. (7) __________ technique for moving large, heavy objects was to place them on sledges and to put the
sledges on rollers. In time, it is likely that the sledge wore grooves into the rollers with the result that ancient
man had a ratio - a small turn of the inner edge of the worn groove generated a larger turn of the outer edge of
the roller. The next (8) __________ final step in the invention of the wheel was to reduce the weight of the
reoller by cutting away the wood between grooves, in (9) __________ way creating an axle with a wheel at
each end. At last man (10) __________ better indulge his passions for travel, speed and movement.
TEST 2 Read test and think of the word which only one in each space. ENJOY BENEFITS OF STRESS!
Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according some experts. They argue the stress
encountered in our daily not only good for us, but essential to survival. They say that the response to (11)
__________ which creates chemical called adreal in, helps the mind and body to act quickly (12) __________
emergencies. Animals and human beings use it to meet the hostile conditions which on planet.
Whilst nobody denies the pressures everyday life,what is surprising is that we are yet to develop successful
ways of dealing with them. (13) __________ the experts consider the current strategies to be inadequate and
often dangerous. They believe that (14) __________ of trying to manage our response stress with drugs or
relaxation of techniques, we must exploit it. Apparently, research shows that people (15) __________ create
conditions of stress for (16) __________ by doing citing and risky sports or looking challenges, cope much
better life's problems. Activities of this type have been shown to create a lot of emotion; people may actually
cry or feel extremely uncomfortable. But there is a point (17) __________ which they realise they have
succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn through challenge and difficulty.
That’s (18) __________ we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately, understand this fact. For example, many
people believe (19) __________ from stress at work, and take time as a result. Yet it has been found in some
companies that by far (20) __________ healthiest people are those with the most responsibility. So next time
you're in stressful situation, just remember it will be positive learning experience and could benefit your health!
II. WORD FORM (20 marks)
A. Give the correct form of the word in brackets
1. The act of __________ should be prohibited under any circumstances. Everyone all has equal rights vote.
(FRANCHISE)
2. The boss ordered his staff to be __________ with each other in dealing with the company's end-of-year
burden (LABOR)
3. It is such a _______ the story that the mom lost her child when family immigrated from Africa into Euro.
(LUCK)
4. The mayor was determined that he would do everything in power to __________ the murder case.
(MYSTERY)
5. The government stressed it was not abandoning its tough __________ policies. (INFLATE)
6. The woman detected her __________ conditions soon after she felt ill in her body. (CANCER)
7. I cast my eyes __________ and saw the geese flying in V-line. (HEAVEN)
8. __________ programs are offered to those who want to do professional training while being paid to work.
(SERVICE)
9. It is inhumane to sell __________ limbs of the animals, such as rhinoceros or elephants, in the market place.
(MEMBER)
10. He was regarded as a __________ winner as he beat his opponents in three straight sets. (RUN)