Theme: The Marvellous works of the Creator

Introduction: Psalm 104 is a hymn of praise to God for His divine creation and the majesty of His
creation. It is a poetic representation of the natural world, with its lush descriptions of the heavens, earth
and seas. Written by an unknown author, this psalm speaks of God as the Creator, Sustainer and Ruler of
the universe.
1. Form/Structure/ Setting: Psalm 104 is a Hebrew hymn in the Book of Psalms, a hymn of praise and
thanksgiving that exalts God as the Creator and Sustain of the natural world. The psalm begins with an
invocation, highlighting God’s greatness and majesty. The description of God’s Majesty and Creation
(Verses 2-30) focuses on God’s creative work and the wonders of the natural world, emphasizing His
control over elements, care for creation, and interdependent relationships. The section on God’s Provision
for Creation (Verses 27-30) emphasizes God’s providence in sustaining all living beings, acknowledging
that all creatures look to God for their food and that when He gives them breath (Spirit), they are created
anew. The final expression of praise and blessing (Verses 31-35) concludes with a renewed expression of
thanksgiving to God for His on-going creative work and provision. The overall form of Psalm 104 is a
powerful piece of literature, characterized by its poetic structure and vivid imagery, making it a beloved
part of the biblical Psalms.1
2. Immediate Context of The text: Psalms 104 is a self-contained hymn, meaning it does not have a direct
narrative or historical context like some other psalms that are linked to specific events in the life of King
David or Israel’s history. The immediate context of Psalms 104 can be understood by examining its content
and themes. The psalm is a celebration of God’s creation and His role as the sustainer of all life. It reflects
on the wonders of nature and praises God’s power and wisdom in forming and maintaining the universe.
The psalm is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of God’s creation. The
first section begins with an exclamation of praise, acknowledging God’s greatness and glory. The psalmist
describes God’s appearance and power, comparing Him to light and dwelling in the heavens. The next
section focuses on God’s role in establishing the earth’s foundations and boundaries, highlighting His
control over the waters and oceans. The next section highlights God’s provision for all living creatures,
emphasizing the diversity and abundance of life in the natural world. The next section emphasizes God’s
control over the cycles of day and night, as well as the changing seasons. The final section, verses 24-30,
continues to marvel at God’s creation, expressing dependence on Him for sustenance and life. The psalm
concludes with a call for on-going praise and meditation on God’s greatness and works.
The Book of Psalms, a collection of poetic and liturgical hymns, covers various themes, including
praise, lament, thanksgiving, and wisdom, providing spiritual insights and guidance for readers. Psalms 104
is a significant part of this collection, offering a hymn of praise and wonder at God’s creation and His
providence over the natural world.
3. Purpose: The purpose of Psalm 104 is to celebrate and praise the power and majesty of God as the
Creator of all things. The psalmist describes various aspects of the natural world, such as the sea, the
mountains, the clouds, and the creatures that inhabit them, as evidence of God’s work. The psalmist also
acknowledges God’s care and provision for his creation, providing food, drink, and shelter for all living
beings. Ultimately, the psalm expresses gratitude and reverence towards God’s divine sovereignty over all
creation.2
4. Exegesis:

1
P. Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150 edited by Leslie C. Allen et. al
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2002), 48.
2
H. C. Leupold, Exposition of Psalms (Secunderabad: OM Books, 2014), 13.
1
Section 1: Praise for God’s Creation (Psalm 104:1-4)
In this section, the psalmist praises God for his creative power, wisdom and majesty. He acknowledges that
God is the source of all life and that he has created everything that exists. The psalmist uses vivid imagery
to describe God’s greatness and power, portraying him as a glorious and majestic ruler of the heavens.
Verse 1: “Bless the Lord, O my soul! O Lord my God, you are very great: You are clothed with honour and
majesty.”
The psalmist begins with a call to praise and worship the Lord. Addressing God directly, he acknowledges
God’s greatness, honour, and majesty. The use of the phrase “O my soul” emphasizes the personal and
intimate nature of the psalmist’s worship.3
Verse 2: “Who cover Yourself with light as with a garment, who stretch out the heavens like a curtain.”
This verse highlights God’s creative power and His splendour. The imagery of God clothing Himself with
light underscores His radiant and glorious nature. The parallelism with stretching out the heavens like a
curtain emphasizes God’s role as the cosmic architect, shaping the universe with wisdom and skill. The
ethereal substance called light alone is to be considered worthy to clothe God, who is a spirit.4
Verse 3: “He lays the beams of His upper chambers in the waters, who makes the clouds His chariot, who
walks on the wings of the wind,”
Continuing the depiction of God as the Creator, this verse portrays God’s control over the elements.
The “upper chambers” may refer to the skies or the celestial realms. The clouds symbolize God’s majesty
and mobility, while walking on the wings of the wind illustrates His authority over natural forces. God’s
high palace, or rooms, extends over the entire heavens and so the beam on which it rests must be laid on
the waters that lie out on the horizon.5
Verse 4: “Who makes His angels spirits, His ministers a flame of fire.”
In this verse, the psalmist acknowledges God’s angelic hosts. The angels are described as spirits and
ministers, serving God with great zeal and intensity, likened to flames of fire. This verse emphasizes the
celestial beings’ role in carrying out God’s divine purposes.6
Section 2: God’s Creation of the Earth (Psalm 104:5-9)
In this section, the psalmist describes God’s handiwork in creating the earth. He highlights the diversity and
beauty of the natural world, from the mountains and valleys to the rivers and sea. The psalmist recognizes
that God is in control of all creation, and that the earth and its inhabitants are sustained by his providence.
Verse 5: “You who laid the foundations of the earth, so that it should not be moved forever,”
Here, the psalmist praises God as the foundation and stabilizer of the earth. God’s creative act in
establishing the earth’s firm foundations ensures its stability and permanence. This verse acknowledges
God’s role as the Architect and Sustainer of the world.7
Verse 6: “You covered it with the deep as with a garment; The waters stood above the mountains.”

3
Augustine Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary edited by Brian Wintle and David Clarence
(Rajasthan, Open Door Publications, 2015), 728.
4
Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary.., 728.
5
Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary…,728.
6
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150 …,49.
7
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150…, 49.
2
This verse references the primordial state of the earth, where the waters covered the landmasses. The
psalmist acknowledges God’s control over the waters, using them as a covering for the earth before
creating dry land and seas.8
Verse 7: “At Your rebuke, they fled; At the voice of Your thunder, they hastened away.”
This verse recalls the account of God’s act of separating the waters during creation. With His powerful
voice, God commanded the waters to retreat and form the seas and land, demonstrating His authority over
the natural elements.9
Verse 8: “They went up over the mountains; They went down into the valleys, To the place which You
founded for them.”
Continuing the theme of God’s control over the waters, this verse describes their movement according to
God’s plan and design. The waters flow as directed by God, filling the valleys and covering the mountains,
shaping the landscape of the earth.10
Verse 9: “You have set a boundary that they may not pass over, That they may not return to cover the
earth.”
God’s sovereignty over the waters is reaffirmed here. He set a boundary, or a decree, for the waters,
preventing them from engulfing the earth once more. This decree establishes a stable order in creation,
maintaining the balance of the natural world.11
Section 3: God’s Provision for His Creatures (Psalm 104:10-30)
In this section, the psalmist praises God for his provision for his creatures. He acknowledges that God
provides food and shelter for animals, as well as water for the plants and trees. The psalmist recognizes that
God is a loving and compassionate Father who cares for his creation. He also acknowledges that the cycles
of life and death are part of God’s design for the natural world.
Verse 10: “He sends the springs into the valleys; They flow among the hills.”
This verse emphasizes God’s role in providing water to nourish the land. Springs emerge from the valleys,
and they flow throughout the hills, sustaining life and growth.12
Verse 11: “They give drink to every beast of the field; The wild donkeys quench their thirst.” God’s
provision extends to all living creatures. He ensures that the animals in the field, including the wild
donkeys, have access to water to quench their thirst.13
Verse 12: “By them, the birds of the heavens have their home; they sing among the branches.” The water
sources provided by God also sustain the birds, giving them a place to build their nests and raise their
young. The imagery of birds singing among the branches adds to the picture of a harmonious and well-
ordered creation.14
Verse 13: “He waters the hills from His upper chambers; the earth is satisfied with the fruit of Your
works.” This verse reinforces God’s role as the provider of water for the earth. The “upper chambers”

8
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150…, 50.
9
Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary…, 728.
10
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150…, 50.
11
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150…, 50.
12
Allen P. Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament edited by John F. Walvoord and Roy B.
Zuck (Hyderbad: Authentic Books, 2000), 869.
13
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 869.
14
Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary…., 728.
3
likely refer to the heavenly storehouses from which God sends rain to water the hills and bring forth
vegetation. The earth is portrayed as being content and satisfied with the fruitfulness of God’s creation.15
Verse 14: “He causes the grass to grow for the cattle, and vegetation for the service of man, That he may
bring forth food from the earth,” Here, the psalmist celebrates God’s providence for both animals and
humans. God causes the grass to grow, providing food for cattle, while also nurturing vegetation for the
benefit of mankind. This verse acknowledges God’s care and concern for all of His creatures.16
Verse 15: “And wine that makes glad the heart of man, Oil to make his face shine, And bread which
strengthens man’s heart.” This verse continues to highlight God’s abundant provision for humanity. Wine,
oil, and bread represent joy, vitality, and sustenance, respectively. The gifts of God bring gladness and
strength to the human heart.17
Verse 16: “The trees of the Lord are full of sap, the cedars of Lebanon which He planted,” The psalmist
emphasizes that even the trees are a testament to God’s wisdom and care. The trees are filled with sap, a
symbol of vitality and life. The mention of the cedars of Lebanon underscores the grandeur and majesty of
God’s creation.18
Verse 17: “Where the birds make their nests; the stork has her home in the fir trees.” This verse reiterates
the idea that God provides a suitable habitat for birds to build their nests. Specific examples, such as the
stork nesting in the fir trees, illustrate the diversity and complexity of God’s creation.19
Verse 18: “The high hills are for the wild goats; the cliffs are a refuge for the rock badgers.” God’s care
extends even to the wild creatures. He has provided natural habitats for animals like the wild goats and
rock badgers to thrive in their respective environments.20
Verse 19: “He appointed the moon for seasons; The sun knows its going down.” This verse acknowledges
God’s ordering of the celestial bodies. He appointed the moon to mark the seasons, and the sun follows its
set course. This celestial order reflects God’s wisdom and precision in sustaining the earth’s rhythms.21
Verse 20: “You make darkness, and it is night, In which all the beasts of the forest creep about.” God’s
sovereignty is seen in the day and night cycle. He orchestrates the darkness of night, providing a time for
nocturnal creatures to roam freely.22
Verse 21: “The young lions roar after their prey, And seek their food from God.” This verse highlights the
instinctive behavior of predators, such as young lions roaring and seeking food from God. It emphasizes
that even in the animal kingdom, God’s provision is evident.23
Verse 22: “When the sun rises, they gather together And lie down in their dens.” This verse further
illustrates the cyclical patterns of nature. Creatures are active during the day, seeking food and carrying out
their daily routines, but when the sun sets, they return to their shelters to rest.24
Verse 23: “Man goes out to his work And to his labor until the evening.” The psalmist now shifts the focus
to humanity. This verse acknowledges human labor during the day, implying that people engage in various
activities to sustain their lives.25

15
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 869.
16
Pagolu “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary…., 729.
17
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 870.
18
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 870.
19
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 870.
20
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150…, 51.
21
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 870.
22
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 870.
23
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…, 871.
24
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
4
Verse 24: “O Lord, how manifold are Your works! In wisdom, You have made them all. The earth is full of
Your possessions” The psalmist expresses awe and wonder at the abundance and diversity of God’s
creation. He acknowledges that God’s wisdom is evident in every aspect of His handiwork, and the entire
earth is filled with the possessions of the Lord.26
Verse 25: “This great and wide sea, In which are innumerable teeming things, Living things both small and
great.” This verse specifically highlights the wonders of the sea, which is filled with countless living
creatures, both large and small. God’s creativity and life-giving power are evident in the vastness of the
ocean and the diversity of marine life.27
Verse 26: “There the ships sail about; There is that Leviathan Which You have made to play there.” God’s
creation extends to the sea and the ships that navigate its waters. The mention of Leviathan, a sea monster,
illustrates God’s mastery over even the most formidable creatures. The Leviathan is said to be made by
God to “play” in the sea, indicating God’s control over all aspects of creation.28
Verse 27: “These all wait for You, That You may give them their food in due season.”
This verse highlights the theme of dependence on God’s providence. All living creatures look to Him for
sustenance, and God provides their food at the appropriate time.29
Verse 28: “What You give them, they gather in; You open Your hand, they are filled with good.”
This verse emphasizes God’s generosity and open-handedness. He provides for the needs of all His
creatures, and when He opens His hand, they are satisfied with good things.30
Verse 29: “You hide Your face, they are troubled; You take away their breath, they die and return to their
dust.” This verse acknowledges the sovereignty of God over life and death. When God “hides His face,” or
withdraws His presence, trouble and distress follow. Ultimately, God is the source of life, and when He
takes away breath, life ends, and all living beings return to the dust.31
Verse 30: “You send forth Your Spirit, they are created; And You renew the face of the earth.” This verse
emphasizes the ongoing creative power of God. His Spirit is the source of life and creation. By His Spirit,
He continually renews and sustains the earth, giving life to new generations and refreshing the world.32
Section 4: The Majesty and Immortality of God (Psalm 104:31-35)
In this section, the psalmist recognizes God’s majesty and immortality. He acknowledges that God’s glory
will endure forever and that he is worthy of eternal praise. The psalmist encourages others to praise God for
his greatness and to join him in celebrating the wonders of God’s creation.
Verse 31: “May the glory of the Lord endure forever; May the Lord rejoice in His works.” The psalmist
expresses a desire for the enduring glory of the Lord and His continued delight in His creation. This verse
reflects the psalmist’s heartfelt wish for God’s ongoing involvement and joy in the works of His hands.
Verse 32: “He looks on the earth, and it trembles; He touches the hills, and they smoke.” This verse
emphasizes God’s power and authority. The mere glance of God causes the earth to tremble, and His touch

25
William R. Taylor, “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible edited by George Arthur Butrick et. al. (Nashville: Abingdon
Press, 1995), 551.
26
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
27
Taylor, “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible…, 551.
28
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
29
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
30
Taylor, “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible…, 551.
31
Taylor, “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible…, 552.
32
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…,
5
results in smoke rising from the hills, symbolizing the intensity of His presence and the magnitude of His
power.33
Verse 33: “I will sing to the Lord as long as I live; I will sing praise to my God while I have my being.”
The psalmist pledges to praise and sing to the Lord for the duration of his life. His devotion to worship is
unwavering and lifelong.34
Verse 34: “May my meditation be sweet to Him; I will be glad in the Lord.” The psalmist desires that his
thoughts and contemplation be pleasing to God. His joy and gladness find their source in the Lord.35
Verse 35: “May sinners be consumed from the earth, And the wicked be no more. Bless the Lord, O my
soul! Praise the Lord!” The psalm concludes with a prayer for the end of wickedness and evil on the earth.
The psalmist affirms his commitment to bless and praise the Lord, ending the psalm with a final call to
worship and adoration.36
5. Theological Reflections:
Psalm 104 provides rich theological reflections on several key aspects of God’s character and His
relationship with His creation. Here are some theological reflections drawn from the psalm:
5.1. God’s Sovereignty and Power: God’s absolute sovereignty and power over creation in Psalms 104.
He commands the waters, controls the weather, and shapes the landscape with His voice. This reflection
highlights God’s authority over all things, both in the natural world and in the affairs of humanity. The
psalmist celebrates the sovereignty and power of God as the Creator and Sustainer of all things. The
psalmist describes God as clothed in honor and majesty, who stretches out the heavens like a tent and lays
the beams of his chambers on the waters. He makes the clouds his chariot, rides on the wings of the wind,
and makes the flames of fire his servants. God has command over all of creation, from the highest
mountains to the deepest seas, from the creatures on land to those in the air and sea. The psalmist
recognizes that all of creation is sustained by God’s hand, and that when God withdraws his breath, they
perish and return to dust. The psalmist calls on all of creation to bless and praise the Lord, for his power
and love endure forever. Ultimately, Psalm 104 is a testimony to the power and sovereignty of God, who
reigns over all of creation with wisdom and might.37
5.2. God’s Immanence and Transcendence: The psalmist recognizes God’s simultaneous immanence and
transcendence. God is immanent, intimately involved in the details of His creation, providing for its needs.
At the same time, He is transcendent, far beyond the limits of creation, existing outside of time and space.
Theological reflection here acknowledges God’s ability to be both intimately near and exalted above all.38
5.3. Human Responsibility as Stewards: While celebrating God’s creative power, the psalm also implies
human responsibility as stewards of God’s creation. God has given humans a special place in His creation,
and this role comes with the responsibility to care for and protect the environment and its resources.
Theological reflection here encourages a sense of environmental stewardship and an ethical approach to
how we interact with the world around us. An important concept that is highlighted in this chapter. As
stewards of the earth, humans have a responsibility to care for and protect the natural resources that God
has given us. In this psalm, we see examples of God’s creation, such as the mountains, oceans, and animals,
and how they all work together to sustain life. However, this also means that we must do our part to ensure

33
Ross, “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament…,
34
Taylor, “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible…., 552.
35
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
36
Auffret, “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150
37
Christopher J. H. Wright, Old Testament Ethics for the People of God (Secunderabad: OM Authentic Media, 2004),
106.
38
Daniel J. Estes, Handbook on The Wisdom Books and Psalms (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 194.

6
that these resources are not depleted or destroyed. We are called to be good stewards by using these
resources wisely and making sure that future generations will also be able to enjoy them. This includes
taking care of the environment, treating animals with respect, and using resources in a sustainable way. 39
5.4. God’s Delight in His Creation: The psalmist expresses the idea that God delights in His works. This
reflection reminds us that God takes pleasure in what He has made, and this includes both the grandeur of
the natural world and the intricate details of His handiwork. Understanding that God delights in creation
can lead to a deeper appreciation of the beauty and purpose in every aspect of the world around us. The
Psalmist describe God’s great delight and creativity in the creation of the world. It speaks of God’s joy in
the sheer variety and complexity of His handiwork, from the deep sea creatures to the soaring birds of the
air, from the towering mountains to the gentle streams. God takes pleasure in the way He has ordered the
world, setting its boundaries and seasons, controlling its wind and rain. And yet, what is most amazing
about God’s delight in creation is that it is not purely aesthetic. His joy extends to the way He sustains and
provides for all that He has made, from giving water to the thirsty to providing food for the hungry
animals. In all of this, we see a God who is not only powerful and majestic but also loving and caring, a
God who takes delight in His creation and in His people.40
5.5. Worship and Gratitude: The overarching theme of the psalm is one of worship and gratitude. The
psalmist’s response to the grandeur of God’s creation is to praise and sing to the Lord continually.
Theological reflection here emphasizes the importance of worship as a natural response to recognizing
God’s glory, creativity, and care. Throughout the psalm, the psalmist’s worship and gratitude for God are
intertwined. The psalmist praises God for his goodness and mercy towards his creatures. The psalmist is
thankful for the abundance of blessings that God has given them, recognizing that they are undeserving of
such grace. The psalmist’s gratitude manifests in their desire to bless and praise God for all that he has
done. Psalm 104 is a beautiful expression of worship and gratitude towards God. The psalmist recognizes
God as the creator and sustainer of all things and praises him for his goodness and mercy towards his
creatures. The psalmist’s gratitude is motivated by a deep sense of humility and awe at the marvellous
works of God that surround them.41
6. Implication:
Psalm 104 offers a message of hope and joy to individuals in the 21st century who may be facing stress and
uncertainty by reminding them of God’s providence and care for his creation. The Psalm offers a vision of
a world filled with wonder, beauty, and diversity, created and sustained by God’s power and wisdom. The
Psalm assures us that God is a God of goodness and love, who provides for all creatures and satisfies their
needs. In the face of the challenges of life, Psalm 104 encourages us to trust in God’s care and provision,
and to give thanks and worship to him for all his blessings. The Psalm reminds us that amidst the
complexities of modern life, we can find joy and hope by turning to God and acknowledging his
sovereignty over all things.
6.1. Social justice: Psalm 104 portrays God as a God of justice, who cares for the poor and oppressed. The
Psalm reminds us that God’s love extends to all people, regardless of their social status, race, or nationality.
Using Psalm 104, we can advocate for social justice and work towards a more equitable society.
6.2. Spiritual enrichment: Psalm 104 offers a message of hope and joy in God’s providential care for the
world. The Psalm encourages us to find spiritual enrichment through worship and gratitude for God’s
blessings. By using Psalm 104, we can offer pastoral care and spiritual support to those struggling with
stress, anxiety, or uncertainty.

39
Wright, Old Testament Ethics for the People of God..., 116.
40
Yim Tesu, “Eco-Justice in the Old Testament,” Green Theology, edited by Wati Longchar (Kolkata: SCEPTRE,
2014), 115.
41
D. E. Stedman, God’s Message to All People (Katunayake: New Life Literature, 2000), 29.
7
6.3. Education: Psalm 104 provides rich and diverse imagery of God’s creation, which could be used in
educational settings to teach about ecological, biological, and environmental concepts. The Psalm can be a
means of inspiring students to appreciate and respect nature’s richness and diversity, urging them to
become ecologically conscious and responsible individuals.
Psalm 104 offers a message of hope, joy, and responsibility that can address many issues in the 21st
century, from environmental conservation to social justice and spiritual enrichment. By using the Psalm,
we can draw inspiration from God’s creation and providence to live faithful and responsible lives, both in
our personal and public spheres.
Conclusion: Psalm 104 is a profound expression of praise and wonder at God’s creative power, His
sustaining care for His creation, and His wisdom evident in every aspect of the natural world. It is a poetic
celebration of the beauty and diversity of God’s handiwork, urging readers to respond with awe, reverence,
and joyful worship. Psalm 104 offers profound theological reflections on God’s creative power, His
sustaining care, His wisdom, sovereignty, immanence, and transcendence. It also calls us to embrace our
role as stewards of God’s creation and respond with worship and gratitude for His Marvellous works.
Through this psalm, we are invited to contemplate the majesty of God and find deeper meaning and
purpose in our relationship with Him and the world He has made.

Bibliography:

Books:

Estes, Daniel J. Handbook on The Wisdom Books and Psalms. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005.

Leupold, H. C. Exposition of Psalms. Secunderabad: OM Books, 2014.

Wright, Christopher J. H. Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Secunderabad: OM Authentic
Media, 2004.

Tesu, Yim. “Eco-Justice in the Old Testament,” Green Theology. edited by Wati Longchar. Kolkata:
SCEPTRE, 2014.

Stedman, D. E. God’s Message to All People. Katunayake: New Life Literature, 2000.

Commentaries:
Auffret, P. “How Great Thou Art,” Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 101-150. edited by Leslie C. Allen
et. al. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2002. 34-49.

Pagolu, Augustine. “Psalms 104,” South Asian Bible Commentary. edited by Brian Wintle and David
Clarence. Rajasthan, Open Door Publications, 2015. 728-730.

Ross, Allen P. “Psalms,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament. edited by John F. Walvoord
and Roy B. Zuck. Hyderbad: Authentic Books, 2000. 868-869.

Taylor, William R. “Psalms,” The Interpreter’s Bible. edited by George Arthur Butrick et. al. Nashville:
Abingdon Press, 1995. 550-556.