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cTPAHOBE4EHHE

GREAT
BRITAIN
BEAUIKOEPI,ITAHIdN

floco6ne no crpaHoBeg,eHnro
iqJrfl craprunx KIaccoB rnuHasrrfi
tr rrrKo^ c yray6rreHHbrM tlBSrIIsHraM
anranficroro flgbrra

Cocrasurerrn IO. foangnrncrurfi

lllIAt!,lbctao
ffin@o
Crm-Ilemp6'pl'
2005
 www.frenglish.ru

Y\K 373.L67.1:811.111
6EK 81.2 Antn-922
f50

SECTION ONE
GENERAL INFORMATION

CHAPTER 1

GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Part 1. Geographical Position.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North-
ern Irelandr is situated on the British Isles2 a
fonuquncxnfi IO' E'
-
large group of islands lying off the north-western
-
f50 n*t*o6puraHlls' - CI6': KAPO' 2005' - 480 c'
coast of Europes and separated from the continent
ISBN 5-89815-015-3 by the English Channela and the Strait of Dovers in
HaM no poMa-
BenrKafl Hcropldt. 3aMeqarerbHag' I'r3BecrHaa co-
the south and the North Sea6 in the east.
HaM nplrPoAa, rereHAapHble 6PuraucruerPaAuqflx' peaJIIIH
,pa*a""ofi xusHH - o6o oiorra nogpo6Ho U AocryIIHO PaccKa-
"c.
*n"t. Io'6' fonuquxcroro' TpaAnIII{oHHble crPaHoBeA-
,l"o
" MarePI'tanbl AononHeHu 6uorpailurrr,t14 Benul(l4x aHrlnqaH'
qecKl're ' The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelgnd
.nta*o" 6pitancrr'rx MoHaPxoB u o6urupnrtu aHrno-pyccKl'lM Ide ju'nartrd'kr4dem av'grert'brltn end'nc:6en'atelend]
croBapeM. O6re4zxtinnoe KopoJIeBcrBo Benvrco6prararuvr u Cenepnofi
Vlptauguu
YIIK 373.167.1:811'111 'L the British Isles ['bltrJ'arlz]
- BpratancKrre ocrpoBa
EEK 81'2 1*trtt-922 Europe I juorop] .
a the -Eapona
English Channel rpoJ'II/IB JIa Manur
['4qlrJ'tJrnl]
r' the Strait of Dover [strbtt cv'douve]- - [poJrI{B fla ,[e Kane
't the North Sea ['nc:0'si:] Ceaepnoe Mope
-

@ rePo, rsss
rsBN 5-89815-015-3
 www.frenglish.ru
QUESTIONS.
1. Where is the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland situated?
2. Which waters separate the British Isles from the
continent of Europe?
3. What islands do the British Isles consist of?
4. Which four parts is the territory of the United
Kingdom historically divided into?
5. What is the total area of the United Kingdom?

The lsle of Wight Part 2. Nature.

Great Great Britain is situated in the temperate zone of
The British Isles consist of two large islands -
Britain and Ireland - separated by the Irish Seal, and Europe. The nature of Great Britain is greatly af-
a lot of small islands, the main of which are
the Isle of fected by the sea: there is no place situated more
Wigfrt' in the English Channel, Angleseaa and the Isle than 100-120 km from the seashore, in the northern
of ftann in the Irish Sea, the Hebridesb - a group of parts only 40-60 km.
islands off the north-western coast of Scotland6 ' and The territory of Great Britain can be divided into
t*o grorrps of islands lying to the north of Scotland: three natural regions:
tft" d"m"y Islands? and the Shetland Islands8 ' 1) Scotland with highland and upland relief and
Historically the territory of the United Kingdom coniferous and mixed forests;
is divided into four parts: Englande, Scotland' Waleslo 2) Wales and mountainous England with upland
and Northern Ireland. considerably cut by ravines and valleys and covered
The total area of the united Kingdom is 244 square with meadows, moorlandr and cultivated farmland,
kilometres. with patches of broadleaf forest;
3) South-east England with plain landscape, fer-
I the Irish Sea ['alarrJ'si:] - I'Ip;lanAcKoe Mope tile soils, the predominance of cultivated farmland,
2
the Isle of Wight [iatl av'watt] - ocrpon Vafir with patches of broadleaf forest.
3
Anglesea ['.rlglsi:] - Enr.ncu
{ the"Isle of nnut ['irl ev'rnren] - octpor Men QUESTIONS.
5
the Hebrides ['hebrrdi:z] - le6pu4rt 1. What natural zone is the United Kingdom situ-
6
Scotland ['skotl rJIaHArrfi
ih" ott tt.y ttl arlondz] o-p-xneftcxrre ocrpoBa ated in?
- Iller'nan4cKr4e ocrpoBa
the Shetlancl Is darlendz]
-
{' England [,rqglond] Anr.nus I
r0 Wales -
Valrc
moorland ['mualend]
- nycrorub, rropocrrrag BepecKoM
[wcrlz] -
4
 www.frenglish.ru

2. What factor is the nature of Great Britain af- QUESTIONS.

1. Why is the coastline of Great Britain especially
fected bY? WhY?
territory of Great greatly indented in the west and north-west?
3. What natural regions can the 2. Where are fiords especially numerous?
Britain be divided into?
3. How do the southern and eastern coasts of Great
Part 3. Coasts. Britain differ from the western and north-west-
ern coasts?
The coastline of Great Britain is greatly indented,
moun- Part 4. Relief.
especially in the west and north-west where the
tains come close to the coast' The coasts of Scotland' The general slope of the land is from north-west to
as well as the coasts of the Hebrides' the
Orkney
south-east.
Islands and the Shetland Islands, are cut by
numer-
gradually The mountains cover the greater part of northern,
ous fiords. In the south and east the land
western and middle Great Britain. Th.ey can be divid-
are sandy
slopes down towards the sea, and the coasts ed into the following groups:
ani gentle, here and there interrupted by the ends of 1) The Highlands of Scotlandl occupy most of the
hill-ianges, which form low cliffs' land to the north-west of a line drawn from Glasgow2
to Aberdeen3. Two parts of the Highlands the
North-western Highlandsa and the Grampiansb - are
separated by a narrow valley, through which- runs
the Caledonian Canalo. At the south-western end of
the Highlands rises Ben NevisT, 1343 m, the highest
mountain of the British Isles.
2) The Central Plain of Scotland8 separates
the Highlands from the Southern Uplands of Scot-
' The Highlands of Scotland |harlcndz ov'skotlendl
BbrconoropEafl qacrb TTTor;ranAran - ceBepnan
2 Glasgow ['glo:sgou] l.rasro
'I Aberdeen [,rcbo'di:rr]-- E6ep4rEu
tl-re North-western Higlilands ['nr:0'u,cstcn'harlondz]
aarra.quafl qacrb BbrcoKoropHofi ITlotnaugltr
- Cenepo-
' the Grarnpians ['gricnrprenz] -- fparvrnlraHcnrle ropbl
;' Ben Nevis ['bcn'ncvrs][.kclr'd:rrrlcn -- Ka.ne4onctir.ul xaHan
the Caledonian Canal kc'nrrl]
Ben Heenc
* The Central Plain of- Scotland ['sentrcl'plcrn cv'skrtlond]
I{enrpa,trnas TITot.uanAcKafl paBHrrHa -
The coast of Britain
7
 www.frenglish.ru

which Part 5. Glimate.

landl. The Southern Uplands and the Pennines2 '
north-
stretch in the north-south direction across the
form a practically
ern and middle parts of England, Great Britain enjoys the humid and mild marine
group.
-";;.o|fiv-ttt.t*ttole
continuous West-Coast climatel with warm winters and cool sum-
of Wales is occupied bv the mers and a lot of rainfall throughout the year.
is
Cumbrian.d. Th" highest peak of the Cumbrians The prevailing winds blow from the south-west.
Snowdona, 1085 m. t As these winds blow from the ocean, they are mild in
part of England is lowland' in- winter and cool in surnmer, and are heavily charged
The south-eastern
terrupted in places by low chalk ridges' with moisture at ali times. As they approach the moun-
QUESTIONS. tainous ar()as near the rvest coasts, they rise up tire
1. What is the general slope of the land in Great nlountain siopes. Their tenperahure drotrrs, which
Britain? canses condensation of rnoisture in the form of rain.
2. Which three groups can the mountains be
divided Therefor:e the wettest parts trf Britain are those areas
into? where high mountains lie near the west coast: the
3. Where are the Highlands of Scotland
situated? western I{ighlands of Scotland, the Lake District2 ancl
4. Which are the two parts of the Highlands?
What North Wales. The eastern part of Brilain is said to
are theY seParated bY? be in the rain-shadow, as the winds lose most of their
5. Which is thl highest mountain of the British Isles? rnoisture in tlieir passage over the highlands of the
How high is it? Can you show it on the map? west.
6. Where are the Souihern Uplands of Scotland? All parts of the British Isles receive rain at any
How are they separated from the Highlands? tinre of the year. Still autumn and winter are the
7. Where are the Plnnines situated? In what direc- wettest seasons, except in the Tharnesridistrict, where
tion do theY stretch? rnost r:ain falls in the sunrmer half of the -vear. Ox-
8. Where are the Cumbrians? fordr, for example, has 29 per cent of its rain in
9. Which is the highest peak of the Cumbrians? How surrnler and only.22 per cent in winter.
high is it? Find it on the maP' As to ternperature, Great Britain has warnrer win-
10. What is the relief of the south-eastern
part of ters than any other district in the sarle latitude. It is
England?
' the humid and mild marine West-Coast clirnate ['hjumrdcud'rnarld
the Southern Uplands of Scotland ['s'rr6an'nplendz - BirarrcHbrfi ra ltnrxnii uropcrcoir
av'skct- rnc'ri:n'westkoust'klarrnrt]
lend rb KJrr4Mar BanaAnoro no6epexcra
2 the Lake f)istrict
2
the ['lerk'drstnkt] - Oedpuufi rpafi
2 the Thames
I the roPbr [temz] - Tevrsa
I Oxford OrccQop4
CnoY4on ['oksfcd]
4
Snowdon ['snoudan] - -
9
8
 www.frenglish.ru

due in large measure to the prevalence of mild south-

west winds. Another factor is the Gulf Streaml, which
flows from the Gulf of Mexico2 and brings much
warmth from the equatorial regions to north-west-
ern Europe.
QUESTIONS.
1. What climate does Great Britain enjoy? What
are the characteristic features of this climate?
2. Which are the prevailing winds in Great Brit-
ain? What do they bring to the country?
3. Which are the wettest parts of Great Britain?
whv?
4. The eastern side of Great Britain is said to be in
the rain-shadow. What does it mean? erpool6, and the ClydeT in Scoiland, which flows west
5. Which are the wettest seasons in Great Britain? across the Southern Uplands and on.which the port
6. Why does Great Britain have warmer winters than of Glasgow is situated.
any other district in the same latitude? owing to the fact that British lakes are rather smail
and have no outlets, they afford limited economic
Part 6. lnland Waters. possibilities in the system of navigable waterways.
But most of them, especially those situated in ihe
The rivers of Britain are short; their direction and counties of Cumberlands, Westmorlande and north
character are determined by the position of the moun-
tains.
Most of the rivers flow in the eastward direction
since the west coast is mountainous.
Due to the humid climate and abundant rainfall,
the water level in the rivers is always high. The riv- I Severn
['sevanj p.
Cenepn
2 the Bristol -
channel
ers seldom freeze in winter, most of them remain ice- ['brrsteltJrenl] Epzcron'cxutrr BaJrrrB
"I the Tyne [tarn] - p. Taftn -
free. Many of the rivers are joined together by ca- the Trent [tr.ent] -- p.
nals. This system of rivers and canals provides a good '' the Mersey ['mc:zr]
means of cheap inland water transport. ' Liverpool ['hvopul] -
tn" ttuo" [krard] -p'
-
tlie Gulf Stream ['g,rlF.stri:m] qr l"#"1""J;J*"^
- fom(rcrpuvr
I

2
the Gulf of Mexico ['meksrkou] Merccnnancrcurl saJrrrB ],,
Jlanxaurnp
-
10
11

and deep lakes, ravines, waterfalls and green mead-
ows. The Lake District is one of the most popular
holiday districts in Great Britain.
QUESruONS.
1. Why do most of the rivers in Great Britain flow
in the eastward direction?
2. Why is the water level in British riyers always
htgh?
3. Do British rivers freeze in winter?
4. Many rivers in Great Britain are joined together
by canals. What does the system of rivers and
canals provide?
5. Are British rivers navigable for ocean ships?
6. What prevents the formation of deltas at the
mouths of rivers?
7. Where are most of the large sea ports situated?
8. Which are the most important rivers in Great
Britain?
9. What are the British lakes famous for? Where
are most of them situated?
10. Give a description of the Lake District.
Part 7. Vegetation.
In the mountainous regions of Great'Britain the
vegetation is represented by coniferous and mixed
forests with the predominance of pine, oak and
birch. Many parts of highland Britain have only
thin, poor soils. As a result, there are large stretches 4. What
of moorland in the Highlands of Scotland, the Pen-
nines, the Lake District, the mountains of Wales
and in some parts of north-east and south-west
England. In most of these areas the farmers have ' hedges [hed3rz] xcprBbre r,rcropoAlr
12
www.frenglish.ru
cultivated only the varley lands and the plains where
the soils are deeper and richer.
With its mild climate and varied soils, Britain
has a rich natural vegetation. When the islands
were first settled, oak forests probably covered the
greater part of the lowland. In the course of the
centuries, nearly all the forests have been cut down,
and now woodlands occupy only about Z per cent of
the surface of the country. The greatest density of
woodland occurs in the north and east of scoiland,
in some parts of south-east England and on the
Welsh border. The most common trees are oak,
beech, ash and elm, and in Scoiland also pine and
birch.
Midland Britain appears to be well wooded be_
cause of the numerous hedgesr and isolated trees.
Hedges are a typical feature of countryside land_
scape in England. Farming land is divided inio
fields
by hedges or stone walls. Most of countryside p"S_
land is agricultural land, about a third of *hi"h i.
arable, and the rest is pasture and meadow.
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the vegetation represented by in the
mountainous regions of Great Britain?
2. Where are stretches of moorland to be found?
Why are these places covered with moorland?
3. Why does Great Britain have a rich natural veg_
etation?
has happened to nearly all the forests?
What parts of Great Britain do most woods still
remain in?
-
13
 www.frenglish.ru

D. Which are the most common trees in Great Bri-
tain?
6. What is a"typical feature of countryside land-
scape in England? Why does midland Britain
appear to be well wooded?
I Among other mineral resources, iron ores found
Part 8. Animal Life.
The animal life of the British Isles is now much
poorer than it was a few centuries ago. With the
disappearance of forests, many forest animals, in-
cluding the wolf, the bear, the boar, the deer and th
Irish elk, have become practically extinct. There are
foxes in most rural areas, and otters are found alon
Part 9. Mineral Resources.
Great Britain is rich in coal. There a,re rich coal
basins in Northumberlandr , Lancashire, yorkshire2,
Nottinghamshires, South Wales, North Wales and
near Glasgow.
alongside coal layers are of primary importance,
but
the iron content of most of the ores is very tow.
There are tin and copper mines in Cornrvalla and
De_vonshire5, copper and lead mines in England.
Lead and silver ores are also mined in DJrby"hi"eu
and CumberlandT and Lancashire.
QUESTIONS. !

many rivers and streams. Of smaller animals 1' what mineral resources is'Great Britain rich in?
are mice, rats, hedgehogs, moles, squirrels, hares 2. Where are the coal basins?
rabbits and weasels. 3' where are the iron ores found? what is the draw-
There are a lot of birds, including many song-birds. back of the iron ores in Great Britain?
Blackbirds, sparrows and starlings are probably mos 4. In what parts of Great Britain are the tin, cop-
common. There are many sea-birds, which nest rou per, lead and. silver deposits?
the coasts and often fly far inland in search of f
or shelter in rough weather. part 10. Economy.
QUESTIONS.
1. Why is the animal life of the British Isles mu The United Kingdom was the first country in
poorer now than it was a few centuries ago? Wha the world which became highly industrialized. Or"_
forest animals have become practically extinct? ing the rapid industrialization of the lgth century,
2. What animals can be found in most rural a
along many rivers and streams?
3. Are ther€ many birds in Great Britain? Whic
are most common?

t4
15

one of the most important factors was that
coal
a"potit. were situaied near the groundone-of-the
surface'
whieh made mining easy' CoaI mining is
*o.t developed industries in Great Britain' The big-
g".i .out urrd iron mines are-in the, lort-h-."T1..;.f
Errltur,a, near Newcastlel, in Lancashire and York-
s-hi-re; in Scotland near Glasgow; in
ales near
Cardiff2 and Bristols '
Untilrecenttimes,Britain'sheavyindustryw ir
mainly concentrated in the centre of England and
Cov
the London region. Such towns as Birminghama '
;;try; and sheffield6 produced h-eavy machines' rail
way carriages and motor-cars' In the 20th centurl
;; il;;h;s of industrv have appeared: electronics
radio, chemical industry and others'
Of great importance for Britain is ship-buildi
industry. It is concentrated in London' Glasgow
Newcasile, LivbrPool and BelfastT
Great Britain produces a lot of wool' and woolle
industry is deveioped in Yorkshire' British woolle
products
- are exported to many countries'
S"u-ports play a great'role in the life of the coun
try. l,ondorr, Lirr""pool and,Glasgow are the b
ilgfish ports, from which big liners go to all prod
of in" world. Great Britain exports industrial
ucts to other countries and imports food and somr
other products.
I Newcastle ['nju:ko:sl] Hlronacn
2
Cardiff ['ko:drtl -
-
KaP4utP(P
Bristol Ibrrstl] - BPucro.nr
I Birmingham ['bc:mrqcnt] - Blrpmrznreu
5
Coventry ['krvcntrl] - Koaenrplr
ft
Sheffield ['Jefi:ld] - ilIetbOurg
Belfast ['bclfo:st] - Belc[act
t6
www.frenglish.ru
Sheep-farming, cattle-farming and dairy-farming
are also important branches of Great Britain's econ-
omy. Chicken farms produee a great number of chick-
ens and eggs for the population.
The south of England is often called the "Garden
of England", because there are many gardens and
orchards there. In the orchards people grow apples,
pears, cherries, plums and other fruits, and there
are also large plantations of different berries.
QUESTIONS.
1. What was one of the most important factors of
the rapid industrialization of the country in the
19th century?
2. What industry is mostly developed in Great Brit-
ain? Where are the biggest coal and iron mines
situated?
3. Where was Britain's heavy industry mainly con-
eentrated until recent times? What was produied
in Birmingham, Coventry and Sheffield?
4. What branches of industry appeared in the 20th
century?
5. What towns is ship-building industry concen-
trated in?
6. Great Britain has always been a great exporter
of wool, hasn't it? Where is the woollen industry
concentrated?
7. Do sea-ports play a great role in the life of Great
Britain? Which are the biggest sea-ports of the
country?
8. Why is the south of England often called the
"Garden of England"? What fruits grow in the
orchards?
17
 www.frenglish.ru

. CHAPTER REVIEW
II. Write a 20o-word composition on the geography
of Great Britain.
I. Fill in the blanks with the correct'words from the
'

CHAPTER 2
COMPOSITION OF THE COUNTRY
The territory of the United Kingdom of Great Brit-
ernpties, agricultural, pasture , !^-: ^- ^ ain and Northern Ireland is historically divided into
t. Vtost of ttt" Iarge sea-ports of Great rritain are four parts:
situated in the 1) England; 2\ Scotland; 3) Wales; 4) Northern
a,
Most of countrYside England is Iand,
Ireland.
about a third of which is and the rest is
and Part 1. England.
S. Ttt" *i"ds blowing from the ocean are heavilY
charged with - Of the four countries which make up the United
zone of
4. Gre-at Britain is situated in the Kingdom, England is the largest. It occupies an area
Europe' of 131,8 thousand sq. km.
5. Farming land is divided into fields bY ' England borders on Scotland in the north. In the
and stone walls. east it is washed by the North Sea. In the south it is
6. Great Britain enjoYs the West-Coast cli- separated from the continent by the English Chan-
mate. nel. In the west it borders on Wales and is washed by
7. The coastline of Great Britain is
greatly the Bristol Channel and by the Irish Sea.
is greatly by
8. The nature of Great Britain The highest part of England is in the west, from
the sea. where the land gradually slopes down to the east.
9. The Thames - into the North Sea. The Atlantic Ocean washes the rock"y and broken
10. South-east England has -
landscaPe and west coast of England, Wales and Scotland and is
soils. gradually wearing it away, leaving caves and sandy
11. f-h" rrigttlands of Scotland are
covered wi beaches. On the east coast the land is low and sandy.
;nd fdrests'
tn-
The rivers flowing to the east and emptying into
t2. Tn" .onttt-eastern part of England is the North Sea form deep estuaries well protected
from the sea. The greatest port of the country Lon-
clon is conveniently situated in the Thames estu-
-' ary.
The white chalk cliffs of the south coast washed
19

miles
by the English Channel ean be seen from many
QUESTIONS,
1. Which four parts is the United Kin om of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland historicatly divided
into?
2. How does the west coast of England look? To*
does the east coast differ from the west
one?
3. Where is the port of London situated? What
makes its Position convenient?
4. What is characteristic of the south coast of Eng
Iand?
5. What parts can England be divided into as con
cerns the relief?
Part 2. Scotland'
tha
Scotland is the most northern of the countries
constitute the United Kingdom' It occupies an
-- 78,8 thousand sq. km'
of
in
Scotland i's washed by the Atlantic Ocean
north and west and by the North Sea in the east'
The coastline of Scotland is greatly indented'-I
many places deep fiords penetrate very far inland'
- -Cuogtuphically
the territory of Scotland can
divided inlo three regions: the Northern Highlands
it C"rrttal Lowlands and the Southern Uplands'
"The Highlands are the highest mountains in th
British Isles. Their average height does not
20
www.frenglish.ru
457 m above sea level, though some peaks are much
higher, rising over a thousand metres. Ben Nevis,
the highest peak in the BritishJsles, reacheB the height
of 1343 m.
The Lowlands are the cradle of the Scottish, na-
tion. They are densely populated.
The Southern Uplands seldom rise over 579 m above
sea level. It is one of the most sparsely populated
districts in Great Britain.
QUESTIONS.
1. Where is Scotland situated?
2. What is the coastline of Scotland like?
3. Which three regions can the territory of Seot-
land be divided into?
4. Are the Highlands very high?
5. What part of Scotland can be called the cradle of
the Scottish nation?
Part 3. Wales.
Wales is a peninsula washed by the sea on three
sides: the Bristol Channel in the south, the St.
George's Channelr in the west, and the Irish Sea in
the north. Its territory is 20,8 thousand sq. km.
Geographieally Wales may be considered part of
highland Britain, the Cumbrian Mountains occupy-
ing most of the land. It is an area of high mountains,
deep valleys, waterfalls and lakes.
Wales is a region of heavy rainfall brought by the
bt
prevailing west winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The
valleys are sheltered by the high mountains from-told
east winds. The climate is rather mild.
I the St. George's Channel [srrt'd3o:d3iz'tJrenl]
feopra - npo.nnr Ca.
21
 www.frenglish.ru

etables and potatoes. Large areas are taken up by

Wales has never been densely populated:. T1" rs meadows, where cattle graze. On the river banks and
Welshl have kept their own language, but FJngtrsn on the coasts the population is engaged in fishing.
spoken in town as well.
QUESTIONS.
QUESTIANS. 1. Where is Northern Ireland situated? What coun-
1.'What kind of relief does Wales have? try does it border on?
a lot of
2. How do you explain the fact that the;e is 2. Describe the relief of Northern Ireland.
rainfall in Wales? 3. What is characteristic of the coastline of North-
3. What language is sPoken in Wales? ern Ireland?
4. What kind of climate does Northern Ireland en-
Part 4. Northern lreland' joy?
5. What vegetation prevails in Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland occupies the north-easterrr Pa 6. What do people grow on their farms?
of Ireland, which is separated from the island ",19::
Britain by the North Channel2. In the south-we \
CHAPTER REVIEW
Northern Ireland borders on the Irish Republi I. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the
(Eirea ).
a plai list:
Almost all the area of Northern Ireland is historically, rnahe up, slopes, rochy, brohen, sandy,
t-".1"
of volcanic origin, deepening in the centre-to estuaries, conueniently, chalh, Pennine, peninsula,
the largest lake of the British Isles, Lou.9h ^l-i^{i-- Irel sheltered, cradle, sparcely, uolcanic, indented, agrari-
The greatly indented coastline oi Notthern
un, graze.
is
- abundant in rocks and cliffs. 1. Wales is a washed by the sea on three
ii;;h;;; i""i""a has a tvpical ocebnic climate with sides.
mild damp winters (the mean temperatutg,ltt- (the *l:, 2. The rivers form deep _, well protected from
ary is +4, +5) and cool rainy suLmers the sea.
temperature in July is +14, +15'). , --- - Cattle in large meadows.
;ili]';;';;il"' scarie, moors and meado
4. The greatly coastline of Northern lre-
prevail.
land is abundant in rocks and cliffs.
Northern Ireland is mostly an agratian distriveg 5. The territory of the United Kingdom is
oats'
on small farms they grow crops' ".pE"iuilv divided into four parts:
I The Welsh [wclJ] YeJIbcqbI 6. The territory of Northern England is mostly taken
2 the North Channel- [inr:0'tJtcrrl] Cenepnrrfi flpo-'rrlB---.--.-
- pecnyoruri up by the low Mountains.
Irish Repubri"i'i,,"tiitip^ui'r.t llpianacfias
''a- the - 7. The Southern Uplands are populafed.
Eire ['ccrc]
; Lough Neagh - EfiPe
['lox'ner] 03. JIox Hefi
- 23
22
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8. The land in England graduallY down from the Established Church of Englandr and the head of
west to east. the British Commonwealth of Nations.
9. Northern Ireland is mostlY an district. QUESTTONS.
10. Of all the four countries which the United 1. Who is the official head of the state of Great
Kingdom, England is the largest' Britain?
11. On ihe east coast the land is low- and 2. What are the official titles of Queen Elizabeth II?
L2. The whit e cliffs of the so coast are
- 3. The monarchy in Great Britain is founded on he-
washed bf the Engllsh Channel' reditary principle, isn't it? What does "heredi-
13. The Central Lowlands are the of the Scot- tary principle" mean?
tish nation.- 4. Explain the following sentence: "The power of
14. Almost all the area of Northern Ireland is a
plain the monarch is not absolute but constitutional."
of origin. -
15. The port of London is situated in Part 1. The Constitution.
Thames estuarY.
16. The- Atlantic Ocean washes the -- and Practically speaking, there is no written constitu-
west coasts of England, Wales and Scotland' tion in Great Britain. The term "English Constitu-
17. The valleys ate by the high mountains tion" means the leading principles, conventions and
from the cold east winds' laws, many of which have been existing for centu-
ries, though they have undergone modifications and
-
CHAPTER 3 extensions in agreement with the advance of civiliza-
POLITICAL SYSTEM tion. These principles are expressed in such docu-
ments of major importance as Magna Carta2, a fa-
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy' Official mous document in English history agreed upon in
pt
Iy the head of the state is the king or queen' The L2t5 by King Johns and the barons, which set cer-
ol tt," monarch is not absolute but constitutional. tain limits on royal power and which was later re-
monarch acts only on the advice of the ministers' garded as a law stating basic civil rights; Habeas
The hereditary principle upon which the monar Corpus Acta , a law passed in 1679, which guarantees
chy is founded is strictly observed' The now reigni
monarch, Queen Elizabetlr, II is a descendant of t I the Established Church of England locuo4crByroqafl
-
Saxon king Egbert. rlepKoBb Anrnnu
The monarch, be it king or queen' is the head '' Magna Carta ['rnrcgno'ko:tc] - Marna Kapra ( Beturcaa xapmufl
ao,nunocnt.eil )
the executive body, an integral part of the legisla ' King John [tl3rn] KopoJrb,[rxon (Hoarun Benemenunwii)
ture, the head of ihe judicial body, the commander ' Habeas Corpus Act - ['hcrbjos'ko:pes irkt] --. Xa6eac Kopnyc
in-chief of the armed forces of the crown' the head (Jq,rou 1679 e. o HenpurcocHoleHHocmu nuvruocntu)
25
24
 www.frenglish.ru

acts, separate laws and agreements'

QUESTIONS.
1. Is there a written constitution in Great Britain?
What does the term "English Constitution" mean?
2. Name some important documents which contain
the leading principles of government'
3. When was Magna Carta signed? Who signed it
What did Magna Carta set limits on?
4. When was Habeas Corpus Act passed? What do
Habeas CorPus Act guarantee?
5. When did Parliament pass The BilI of Rights? Parliament Square
What did The Bilt of Rights confirm? The legislative branch is represented by parliament,
which consists of two chambers, or houses: the House
Part 2. Three Branches of Lordsr and the House of Commons2.
of Government. Parliament in Britain has existed since I26b. Hav_
ing been organized in the reign of King Edward Ia, it
Power in Great Britain is divided among th is the oldest parliament in the world.
branches: the legislatives branch, the executiv The House of Lords consists of more than 1000
branch and the judicialT branch. Jreersa, including the "lords spiritual"t: the Arch_
bishop of Canterburyo, the Archbishop of yorkz, and
I court of justice ['kc:t ev'd3nstrs] cy4
2 the jury ['d3ucrr] ilprrcfllrcnble- saceAareJrlr the House of Lords
3 The Bill of Rights- Bu.nnr o rpaBax the House of Commons - Ilanara JrropAoB
flanara o6rqran
- successionlsck'scJn] of the royal famil
r the laws clecidi'g the -
King Edward I ['cdrvcd do'tb:st]
SaKOHbI , OUpeAeJ'IflIOIqUe UOpflAOri HaCJIeAOBaHI4 peers [prcz] napbr - Koporrb E.qyapg I
- npecro.Ila
- Ispr'rrqjucl]" Bbrcruee
"lords spiritual
KOpOJIeBCKOTO AyxoBerrcrBo
'' legislative ['led3rslctrv] - aaxonoAareJlbHas the Archbishop [o:tJ'br1cp]- of Canterbury ['k:rnrebcrr] _
executive Irg'zckjutrv] - racuo;rrulreJlbHafl apxrrerrr{crcou Kenrep6eplrricxHii
'ii the Archbisllop of York
judicial [cl3tr'drJcl] cy4e6naa apxuerr4crcou froprccxrzft
- -
26 27
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24 bishoPs of the
Church of England.
The peers (with the
exception of th
"lords sPiritual"
have the right to si
in Parliament
their lifetimel
transmit their righ
to their eldest sons.
During the
sent century a
practice has aPPea fhe House of Commons
red: the practice The nrembers of the House of Commons are elected
"creating" ne lry a general electionr. The whole country is divided
peers. TheY are cal
rrrto constituencies2, every one of which chooses one
Ied "life peers", be rlclegate. Big cities are divided into several constitu-
cause their child
trrcies each. Members of the House of Commons are
do not inherit thei r,lected for five years.
r,itles like the chil
The House of Lords Parliament's main function is to make laws. The
dren of heredit grrocedure of making new laws is as follows: a mem-
peers. New peers are created by the monarch on th lrt:r of the House of Commons proposes a bill3, which
ud-ri"" of the Prime Minster. Sometimes a prominen is discussed by the House. If the bill is approved, it
fotti"iutt is made a peer' sometimes a leading civi is sent to the House of Lords, which, in case it does
'servantt who has served the country well' As a re
rrot like it, has the right to veto it for one year. If the
sult, about one-third of the Lords today are not rep llouse of Commons passes the bill again the follow-
resentatives of hereditary nobilitya but company
di
ng year, the House of Lords cannot reject it. Finally
rectors, bankers, newspaper proprietors and ot lre bill is sent to the Queen for the "royal assent"a,
businessmen. rl'ter which it becomes a law.

by a general election
2 &Barb cBoe rrpaBo
Ift rocY4aPcrBenlrbl
- eceo6rqzM
constituencies [kan'strtjuonsrz]
roJrocoBauueM
lra6npareJrbrrbre oxpyra
3 -
a bill 3axoHorrpoexr
C,rYXaUlr'rfi "royal-assent [c'scnt]"
' hereclitary [hr'rcdrtcrr] nobility - HacJIeAcrBeHHafl 3Harb - KopoJreBcroe ogo6penlre
28 29
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ll. The British Parliament is the oldest parliament

The executive branch is headed by the Prime in the world, isn't it? Since what time has it ex-
ister, who is appointed by the king (queen)' Ac isted? How old is it?
ing to tradition, the Prime Minister is the leader 4. Which are the two chambers of the British Par-
ItZ pu.tv that has won the elections Td. h*.:l-t,l
Ministt liament?
loriiy in-the House of Commons' The Prime l'r. How many peers are there in the House of Lords?
uppoints the ministers to compose th.e,Sover"*:l Who are the "lords spiritual"?
After that the newly appointed minigters are 6. Who are "hereditary peers'.' and "life peersl'? How
serited to the *orr'u""h for the formal bpproval' are life peers created?
*.tt important ministers of the government-(abo
^fot* 7. How are the members of the House of Commons
l*""tvl the Cabinetl' Memb"It.of tl:. 9uPio elected? How often do general elections of the
mak" loi"t decisions or advise the Prime
Minister'
of House of Commons take place?
The main function of the executive branch .tl 8. What is the main function of Parliament?
government is to administer the liws (to see to it,thl
the countryj 9. Explain in detail how new laws are made.
Th" h*. are carried out, actually to rule 0. Who is the executive branch headed by?
The iudicial branch interprets the laws'
"friett"st judicial 1. How is the Prime Minister chosen?
itt. body is the Supreme 9""* t What is the procedure of forming the government?
Hi
.luJicatui2, which consists of two divisions: the 3. What is the Cabinet? What is the work of the
C."* Justices and the Court of Appealalaw ' It is^ ofl
"f to the of Cabinet?
."iJ tnut English law is superior judicial What is the highest judici.al body of the country
other countries. Indeed, the English s
called? Which two divisions does it consist of?
many rules which protect the individual agait Why is it often said that English law is superior
"""iti". actions by the police and the government'
""Ufi*w to the law of most other countries?
QUESTIONS,
power
1. Which are the three branches of state Part 3. Political Parties.
the United Kingdom?
Z. Wfrat body is the legislative power represented The two main political parties of Great Britain are
tre Conservative Partyr and the Labour Party2.
I the Cabinet - rca6unet MrltHrrcrpoB The Conservative Party (otherwise called the Tory3
2
the Supreme [rju"pri,m]t";-ik;*i Li 'luaicuture ['d3u:c'katJa] ' arty) is right-wing, tending to be opposed to great
Bepxoanrtft cY4
3
ths rrioh cnrrrt of .Iustice ['d:,rstrs'l -^nBucor-lrl :Xl:-.1
1anam c nPuc0urcqu
nep the Conservative [kon'sc:votrv] Party KoncepnarvBHafl naprr{ff
Hu uu)
the.Labour ['lcrbc] Party -
Jleft6opucrcKas raprr.Ifl
qraonnuft cy4 -
the Tory ['o:r'r]
arb Jrbgbre geficreuc - Topu
)1
v0
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and sudden changes in the established

order of corrrseof centuries, the huge British Empirer came
lt is against state control of industry'Socialis into being. After World War II, with the growth of
"tV. the rrutional liberation movement2 in the world, the coun-
The Labour Party, sometimes called
has a close u.ro"iuiion with the Trade
Unionsl ' tries which were dependent on Great Britain and
though it is now not as left-wing as it used to be' l'ormed parts of the British Empire, began claiming
working-cl inclependences. As a result of this movement, the
has many supporters, especially among
and middle-class PeoPle'
1 llritish Empire fell aparta. However, centuries-long
cconomic, cultural and political ties of these former
QUESTIONS. colonies and dominions with Great Britain were too
1. Which are the two main political parties in Gret strong for them to completely break away from each
Britain? other, and it was found advisable to maintain the old
Z. Wnat is the Conservative Party otherwise bies. A new organization was established: the British
How can the general policy of the Conservati Clommonwealth of Nationss, including about 50 inde-
Party be described? llendent states which were formerly parts of the Brit-
3. Whai is the Labour Party sometimes called?a c ish Empire. The British Commonwealth of Nations
organization does the Labour Party have oncourages trade and friendly relations among its
u.So"iution with? Where does the Labour
Pr
trtembers. The Queen is the official head of the Com-
have the majoritY of suPPorters? monwealth.

Part 4. The British Gommonwealth QUESTIONS,

of Nations. 1. How was the British Empire formed?
2. What international movement brought about the
For centuries British sailors and merchants a fall of the British Empire? When did this move-
lands
ettea aII over the world, discovered new ment start?
in Not
.i.i*"a them for England2 ' Large territories
of Ausl
3. Why didn't for.mer dependent countries com-
Americas, Africaa, the whole continent pletely break away from Great Britain? Why was
i;;; N"; Zealand', India? ""q3 lot of ftarl$s i1 it found advisable to maintain the old ties?
;;; llt ,rna"t British rule' Thus' graduallv' in t the British Empire ['hrrtr{'cnrpara] BpuraHcrcaa rrMrreprrfl
national ['nrc]cncl] liberation -ilrbc'rcrJn] movernent -
:
1A
- Atlpuxa
r"yxTH;H*"'
Ha rlrlroHa.rrbno-ocao6o4IrTeJIbHoe ABrl)KeHrre
began clairning independence Irndc'pendcns]
BATb HESABIICI4MOCTII
flell apalt
- EaqaJrrr rpe6o-

i, A rerljc]-Aacrpa,rur pacnaJ'Iacb
,, -N 'nji:'ii:lcnd] - Hoaas Senangua the British -Comrrronwealth ['krrncnwcl0] of Nations
- BpuraH-
7 India llugua crioe coApyxrecrBo naquft
['rndro] - 11
)2
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association of f I 1. Habeas Corpus Act to a person arrested

4. What is the name of the new the right to appear in court of _.
British colonies and dominions? The monarch Queen Elizabeth II is a
5. What does the British
Commonwealth of Na
of the Saxon king Egbert.
encourage? I il. The main function of the executive branch is to
British Common
6. Wh; i. ihe official head of the laws.
. wealth of Nations? 1,4. Many leading principles, conventions and laws
have modifications in agreement with the
CHAPTER REVIEW advance of civilization.
words from
I. Fill in the blanks with the correct I l-r. The power of the queen of England is not
lfi. The branch of power is represented by
Parliament.
17. The House of Lords consists of more than 1000

lli. Magna Carta set certain limits on royal

branch of power is headed by the
Prime Minister.
20. Parliament's main function is to make
l. The House of Lords has the right to a bill
for one year.
Write a 200-word composition on the political sys-
;m of the United Kingdom.
peoPle. t
to
6. i;i;"itensaid that English law is
Iaw of most other countries'
is founded
7. The motu,"hy-i" Ct"ut Britain -
orinciPle.
8. The most imPortant ministers o
f the governme
form the _-- Minister.is t
9. According to tridition' the Prime rn
leader of the party which has
the ---
Ilouse of Commons'
do not
10. The children of life peers
titles.
15
34
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SECTION TWO
HISTORY

UNIT ONE
THE EARLY DAYS OF BRITAIN
peopled
Around, 10,O0O BC Britain was They fo ^b
Jroup'' oS t'unters and fishers'
";;il
lowed' herd's of d'eer ' wh ich
prouid'ed them wit A hut of ancient people inhabiting the British lsles (reconstruction)
food' and' clothing'
In the "ou,r" i1 tim'e' d'iff erent g.roul:
p":
their cu.s gists find their tools and weapons, as well as remains
".f
pt) taept arritting in Britain'bringin$ p i e d''B r it oli primitive houses.
', olnr- i'o a sh iLLs.-T h R o * an s' w h o o c cu These people were religious, though we know very
"
c"ntury' broug-ht th"
ain in the -l*t ,ty.::I:r:
was im' little about their religion. Some temples which they
reading ona *'iii"g' frry wriiten word'
culture'
lrrrilt still stand in many parts of England and Scot-
piortan"t for spreaans ideas and lund. These temples are also very primitive. They
rr:e just circles of great stones standing vertically.
CHAPTER 1 he greatest of them is Stonehengel in the south
ANCIENT BRITONS rf England.
QUESTIONS
Part 1. The Ancient PoPulation' 1. Where did the ancient population of Britain live?
population How did they get their food?
Little is known about the ancient 2. What material did they use to make tools and
the British Isles' iitt" otft"r primitive people in ot weapons?
;;il' ;;;t'"tood. Graclually they learned to
*o'ta, t1"v.. ti13{ ll ":"^": -1*:::
grow co ;]. What is known about the religion of the ancient
ilt"Li" ftt They made primitive-t^or
population of Britain?
and breed domestic animals'
and weapons of t1o""' Later they learned to smel
metal and make *Lt"f tools and
weapons' Archaeolc Stonehenge ['stounhcrrd3]
- Ctoyuxen4x
)7
36
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Part 2. Who were the Britons?

these people Britons and

island Britannia. In th
-
course of centuries the Brito
partly killed the native PoPu
lation, partlY mixed with it'
The Britons were skilfu
workers. TheY made things ou
of iron, bronze, tin, cIaY
wood, and decorated them wi
beautifully drawn lines and Pa
terns2. TheY made moneY out
gold and silver. TheY began
make roads, along which
travelled about the country, buying and selling things
There were some good and rather big houses it
Britain, which had many rooms and corridors'
richer Britons lived in these big houses' When
had feasts in their houses, they sat round low tabl
There were no forks or spoons. They took big pi
of meat in their fingers and tore them apart' or cu
them with their knives. They drank from big
made of earthenware or silver'
1 the Celts [kelts] KeJlbrbr
2 patterns -
Ysopbr
A village of Britons
-
38 39
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In the moun offer up sacrifices of human beings. The Druids put

Not all parts of Britain were civilized' there wer lrren into huge baskets and burned them in the pres-
tains and forests of the west and
north
did not know the use of iron and did nc ence of the people.
;;;;";ho house:'b:'-"'llll":.1: The Britons often fought among themselves. The
use money. They tt"J tto real remains of forts built by the Britons can be seen in
;;; The parts in the south-east of Britain werr
*o.t "irrilized, because theygot were neare;t t3;!-he con rlifferent parts of the country. From time to time
new knowledge' t,he Britons had feasts arid entertainments. During
il"."t, from which people n feast a minstrel usually sang songs about brave
QUESTIONS rleeds of famous warriors. After the minstrel's songs
How did
1. Where did the Britons come Jrom? his listeners began to boast of their own brave deeds.
look? What were theY armed-with? And when they had drunk too much, they began
were skiiful workers' weren't rluarrelling and fighting, and usually some men
2. The Britons
What could theY do? of life were killed.
we t<,'ow about the Britons' way
-' What do
3. have? QUES?/ONS
Wit"t kind of houses did thev they ?td
make th
i.h: l. What do we call the people who believe in many
nuV" to"t s or knives? What did gods?
plates and cuPs of? W 2. Where did the gods live, according to the early
a. frni"f, parts o1B'ituitt were most civilized? Britons' religion?
3. Who were the Druids? How did they worship their
Part 3. Their Religion' gods?
The Britons were polytheistic'
that is they believeJ 4. How did the Britons entertain themselves during
i" *."v g"ds. Thev felievedparts that diffet?11-s-""1t:i":l the feasts?
of the fores'ts' So
in the thickest and darkest
;ch as the mistl"t': 11-11".??l;i"-T:-1 CHAPTER REVIEW
;ir""; think that th
ffi#'#'J;";i. some
by
historians
a class,:f ptlu^tT
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the
Britons were Sorr"t""a
over them' Stonehe
:1t]: ist:
ilidJ *ft"ft"ua greatDruids' just as it
powgr minstrel, temples, to smelt, sacred, polytheistic,
*"" ift" temple oith" Td P::lwi rtt id s, c an) e s, sw ord s, c orn, u orshippin g, hunt e d, b ree d,
The Druids
ffi;;iit-" p"i*itive men^before'
of worshipPi"g th"tt'sl
crifices, to boast, ancient,
;;;;T;"" ur,d th"i' wavs
god w
1. The
oft"tt declared that a in and animals for food.
;;; ""tut too. They god's pardon the people had
to get thl 2. Gradually people learned to grow and
""UtU, ""d domestic animals.
I Druids ['dlurdz] APYI'IAbI
- 41
40 -
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3. The Britons were armed

with iron
knives.
bY a class of Pries
4. The Britons were governed
called
liked
b. During their feasts the Britons
their brave deeds.
6. The Druids' waYs of their gods
strange and cruel'
7. The Druids offered uP'
of human bei
8. The Britons were , that is theY beli
in manY gods.
9. The mistletoe and the oak-tree were
conslctere(

to. I-n.irnt people learned metal and mak

metal tools and weaPons'
11. Some ancient still stand in many parts
England and Scotland'
12. Du-ring a feast a usually sang songs abou
brave deeds of famous warriors'
-
CHAPTER 2
THE ROMANS
Part 1. The Goming of the Romans' Julius Caesar in Britain

In the year 55 BC the great Roman general J llre battle, but did not stay long and soon depart-
tiris Caesart sailed to Britain with aboutnear
Lz'Ol
th
r.d. In the I'ollowing year Julius Caesar came to
,ofai"tt in eighty ships' When they were llritain again. This time, after fighting the Brit-
.outt, they saw the Britons armed with Roman
spears an ons on the shore, the Romans marched north-west
.*otit, ready to fight them'theStill the sol where London stands today. The British attacked
;tr* landed and fought with Britons' They wo l,hem in chariots and on foot, but the Romans had
lretter arms and armour, and were much better
t Julius Caesar ['d3u:hes'si:za] - IO'nufi I{esapr lrained. The Britons could not stop them.
42 43
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Having staY 8U ESTION S

in Britain som . How many times
time, the Roman ctid Julius Cae-
Ieft again and di sar come to Brit-
not appear on ain? When was
British shores f it? What did he
about a hund do the first and
years.'Then, in the second time?
year 43 AD, t l. When did the
Roman EmPero Romans come
Claudiusl sent and stay in
general wit Britain?
40 ,000 men t i. What facts show
conquer Britai that the Ronrans
all over again. Th were practical
British ough
f people?
bravely, but cou [. How were the
not hold back th Roman ports
trained Roman ar built and what
my. Soon th equipment did
whole of the sout they have?
The Romans landing in Britain of Britain wa
conquered.
pructical people' and thl Part 2. The Revolt of Queen Boadiceal .
The Romans were very
first thing they clid in Britain was to make and forti Although the Romans had occupied Britain, there
fy the po"t. where they landed their soldiers and sup re many British men and women hidden away in
pii... th" Rornun pottt were-very well built' wit] lre great forests and swamps who refused to submit.
,ton" quays and warehouses' There were big cranes hese men were fierce fighters, and they often came
which tittea the cargo from the ships' holds' and manl rrrt of their hiding places and attacked small Roman
carts transported goods along the great Roman road orts or outposts. Then, when the Romans brouglrt
which ,un it long straight lines to different parts o p reinforcements, they disappeared into the forests
the countrY. here the Romans could not find them.

I Clauclirts ['kl:r:djcs] K;ran4rlli Boadicea [,bouctlr'src]

- Boa4lrcea
-
44 45
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Some of the Brit- l he revolt of the Ice-

ish tribes were mo rri reached him, he
warlike than others was in the middle of
and one of these w rr campaign against
the tribe of the Ice l,he men of Wales. In
ri1, who lived i npite of it he decid-
what is now Nor t,cl that he must
folk2. In those da rrrarch across Eng-
this part of Englan lrrnd and attack Boa-
was covered wit rlicea and the Iceni as
swamps, and th Hoon as possible.
Roman soldiers ha He had about
never comPletel 10,000 trained Ro-
conquered it. rrtan soldiers with
Less than twen him, and although
years after the Rolloadicea had ten
man invasion, th times that number,
men of the Icen Fiuetonius had no
tribe revolted head rloubt that the train-
ed by their warlik ing and discipline of
Fighting off the rebellious Britons
Queen Boadicea. lhe Roman army
The Roman army was far away fighting in No would give him the victory.
Wales, when Boadicea, with 100,000 fighting men Suetonius placed his men on the slope of a hill,
destroyed first the Roman town of Colchesters' ant protected by woods on both sides. The British thought
then, soon afterwards, the towns of London and S that the Romans were trapped, and they crowded in
Albansa. These towns were all burned to the ground ltre woods to attack them. At the right moment, when
and all the people were cruelly killed' lloadicea's men were so crowded together that they
The Roman Governor of Britain at that time was could not use their arms, the Romans attacked, and
famous soldier named Suetonius5' When the news o tlie British were completely beaten.
I Iceni [ar'si:nar] Acesu QUESTIONS
-
'z Norfolk ['nr:fck].- HoPdronx
:J (lolchester ['koultJ rstc] Ko.nuectep
l. How did the Britons fight against the Romans?
1 St Albans [snt'r:lbcnz] - Cest O"n6anc Why was it difficult for the Romans to crush
t' Suetotrir.rs [su'i:'tounjcs]- Cyeroulrit them?
-
46 t7
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2. Who was Boadicea? How many men did she gat

ful, the Romans realized
in her armY? that at any moment some
3. Where was the Roman army when Boadicea
tribe might try to revolt.
stroyed Colchester, London and St Albans? So they built forts in
4. Whv was Suetonius sure that he would win many parts of the coun-
victory in spite of the fact that Boadicea's try, in which they sta-
greatly outnumbered his army? What advantag tioned small groups of
aia ni. army have over the army 6f the Ice soldiers.
queen? For the next three
hundred and twenty-five
f . Wnat tactics clid Suetonius use to beat Boadicea
years Britain remained a
army?
Roman province, gov-
erned by Roman Gover-
Part 3. Britain under the Romans' nors and protected by the
In the year 70 AD, when the Romans had Roman legions. During
nearly thirty years in Britain' many Britons co this time there were long
not remember a tinte when the country had been fr periods of peace, and
and it seemed quite natural to them to be goverr Britain became a civi-
not bY British ki lized country of towns
or chiefs, but bY Go and villages and good
ernors from Rome. roads.
There were sti Wherever the Romans
three legions of went, they built roads. If
man soldiers in we Iook at a modern map
country, but eve of England, we see that
thing was now so there are great main
et that the soldie highways running across
spent most of the the country, often in
time enjoying the long straight lines, from
selves in sPorts or one town to another.
the games in the a Many of these roads
phitheatres. which are still in use to-
Although Bri clay, were built by the
Roman soldiers was now fairlY Romans. Roman roads in Britain
tt
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part 4. Hadrian's Wall.

In the year 122 the Roman Emperor Hadrian,
came
to Britain. Hadrian was a great traveller
and wher_
cver he went in the Roman Empire, he
strengthened
its frontiers.
Some years before there had been
a serious rebel_
lion in the north of Britain. Tribes of the picts2,
the
,eople who lived to the north and south of the scot-
tish border, had risen in revolt and killed
the whole
the 9th Roman legion which was station"a-rivrlir.
'fNot a man was
A kitchen in a Roman house (reconstruction)
left.
The rebellion was
t:rushed, but Hadrian
The south of England was covered with the vill rlecided that in future
of wealthy Romans and Britons. There were Ia it should be made
farmhouses, often with water supply and baths. rnuch more difficult
I'or the Picts to cross
QUESTIONS
1. Why did it seem natural for many Britons to t,he border into peace_
ruled by Roman Governors? 1'ul Britain. So he
2. How many Roman soldiers were constanily sta r:hose three legions of
tioned in Britain? li,oman soldiers
3. Britain was now faily peaceful, wasn't it? Ho rrbout 20,000 men
did the Roman soldiers spend much of their time
-
nnd set them the task
4. Why did the Romans build forts in many par of building a great
of the country? wall running right
5. What kind of country did Britain gradually rcross the country
be l'rom Newcastlea on
come under Roman rule?
6. What reminds us of the Roman rule when
look at a modern map of England? Hadrian ['hcrdrrcn.l _-
A4przan
7. What kind of houses did wealthy Romans Picts [prkts] rrr{Krbr
Britons live in? York [o:k] - ftopx
-
Newcastle ['rrju:ko:sl] _
Hrrorcacn
50
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the eastern shore to Carlislel on the western shore. where the Roman towns
In seven years the building of the wall was finished. have stood from the names
Parts of this wall can still be seen. of the English towns
Hadrian's wall was seventy-three miles long, sev- which were later built on
en to ten feet thick, and sixteen to twenty feet high. their ruins. The names of
It was built of stone and it had a row of forts situat- rnodern towns ending in -
ed about four miles from each other. At every mi chester or -caster, like
there was a strong tower which held a hdndred men, Dorchestert or Lancasterz,
and at every third of a mile there was a signal turret. (:ome from the Latin word
Hadrian's Wall was the strongest of all the Roma t'astra rneaning a camp or
f rontier fortifications. n fortified place.
guESTroNS Each large town had a
1. When did Emperor Hadrian come to Britain?
[heatre, open to the sky,
2. Who were the Picts?
with some seats in a great
3. What fact gave Emperor Hadrian the idea to
semi-circle. Many towns
had amphitheatres like the A Roman town
the famous wall?
4. How long did it take to build Hadrian's Wall
Ooliseum3 in Rome, but
How long was it? How thick? How high? Was i smaller. Here the soldiers
built of stone, earth or wood? How far apart we rlid military exercises and
played all sorts of games.
the towers and signal turrets?
There were shops in all
lloman-British towns. The
Part 5. Roman Towns. shops were usually locat-
The Romans remained in Britain for three hun cd on two sides of the
dred and fifty years, and during that time they buil rnain' square. The shops
many towns. Strangely enough, London was not were of all kinds: butch-
chief town in early Roman times. The capital city cr's, baker's and greengro-
from which the Romans governed the island, wa r:er's; there were shoemak-
Colchester.
Many of these towns were large. The walls of S Dorchester ['clc:tJlstc]
Albans, for instance, were two miles round, and t .(op.recrep
Laneaster ['larTkcstc]
town covered two hundred acres of lancl. We kno Jlanxacrep
Coliseum [,kclr'srcm]
I Carlisle Iku:'larl] Kapaarin Ko"unaefi Shopping in a Roman town
-
52

er's, and locksmith's,
carpenter's and jewel-
ler's shops. Tailo
and leather worke
could be seen at work
behind their counters,
and everywhere mer
chants invited th
passeis-by to bu
their goods.
The eustomers
as varied as the mer-
chants: Britons i
rough woollen c
Romans in togas, sol
diers in scarlet an
brass, women in grace-
ful dresses and cloaks,
and slaves in short tu-
A Roman town nics. It was a bus
scene.
The social centre of every Roman town was t
great building of the baths. This building usuall
occupied one side of the main square and contained,
in addition to the hot and cold baths, the law courtsr,
the municipal officesz, the school building and t
gymnasium3.
The Romans believed in keeping clean. They built
wonderful baths and used them two or three times
law courts ['lo;.ko:ts] cyA
municipal of f ices I mj Lf-n s pcl'of s z] Mynr{qrrnaJrbHbre }rqpe}K-
ACHIIfi
r r r r
-
gymnasium [d3rm'nerzjcrn] cuoprusurrft saa
-
54
www.frenglish.ru
tlay. After the bath
l,he young Romans
went into the large
high gymnasium to
grractice boxing and
wrestling and all
liinds of gymnastics.
At the same time,
l,he Roman gymnasi-
rrm was much more
than just a place for
physical exercise.
Many business opera-
l,ions were done in it.
'['here were places,
loo, in this Iarge
building, where peo-
ple could buy food and
tlrink. In fact, a Ro- A gymnasium
rnan citizen could go
to the baths in the morning and spend the whole busy
rlay there, without wasting a moment.
How long drd ,h"a#":':.1t"o"T; in Britain? what
town was their capital?
How do we know from the name of a town that it
was built in Roman times?
3. Were there theatres in large towns?
4. What were the amphitheatres for?
5. Where were the shops usually located? What
shops were they?
What clothes did different groups of people wear?
55
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What was the centre of social life in every Ro 10. The in the shops were as varied as the
man town?
---
merchants.
8. Did the building of the baths contain only baths I1. The social centre of every Roman town was
the
What else did it contain? great building of the
9. What is a gymnasium? What facts show tha 12. After the bath the young Romans
went into the
the Romans attached great importance t large high __ to practiee boxing and
sports?

CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER 3

Fill in the blanks with the correct words from ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND
list: Part 1. The lnvasion by Anglo_Saxons.
gymnasiutn, customers, Hadrian' s, chariots, arnxs
baths, wrestling, fortified, prouince, tribes, quays, f Towards the end of the 4th century Europe
was in_
tifications, cargo, cranes, arnlolrr, warehouses, to s vaded by barbaric tribes. The Romans had
to leave
mit, holds. llritain because they were needed to defend their own
1. The Britons attacked the Romans in t:ountry. The Britons were left to themselves, but
they
on foot. had very little peacel
2. The Romans had better and Very soon sea-robbers
than the Britons. came sailing in ships
3. The Roman well-built ports had stone I'rom the continent.
and 'l'hese invaders were
4. There were big in the Roman ports fo (lermanicr tribes
Iifting the from the ships' rulled Angles2, Sax-
5. There were many Britons who refused ons3 and Jutesa. They
the Romans. were wild and fear-
6. Some of the British were more warlik Icss people, and the
than the others.
7. Britain remained a Roman for over th ' Germanic [d3c'mLr:nrk]
-
hundred years. IepMaIICKIre
8. Wall was the strongest of all the Roma ',\ngles Irurlglz]
frontier iI HIJIbI
'Saxons ['sl:kscnz]
9. The Latin word castra means a camp or a ('aKc6I -
place. I
.Iutes [d3u:ts] The Anglo-Saxon invasions and
, rorbr
- the kindoms they established
56
57
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An Anglo-Saxon village (reconstruction)

A ditch and wall surrounding a village
iiritons could 'neve., drive them away. The Bri The Anglo-Saxons were tall, strong men, with
fought many battles, but at last they were forced lllue eyes and long blond hair. They i"r"
retreat to the west of Britain. Those who stayed Irr tunics and cloaks which they fastened
ar"r""a
came the slaves of the Anglo-Saxons.
brooch above the right shoulder. On their
with a
For a long time the tribes of Angles, Saxons a feet they
wore rough leather shoes. Their usual weapons
Jutes fought with one another for supreme were
I spear and a shield. Some rich men had iron sword.s,
Britain split up into seven kingdoms: Kentr,
sex2, Essexs, Wessexa, Mercias, East Anglia6,
NorthumbriaT.
The Anglo-Saxons lived in small villages.
each village there was a ditch and an earthen w
with a wooden fence on top. The earthen wall and
fence serwed to defend the village against robbe
and wild beasts.
I Kent [kent] Kenr
2 -
Sussex ['s,rsoks] Caccercc
3 Essex ['csoks] -Eccercc
I -
Wessex ['wescks]
- Vaccercc
'6 Mercia ['nrc:Jrc] - Mepcua
East Anglia
t Northumbria['i:st'rcqgLo] - Bocroqnas
Inr:'0,rmbrrc]
Anr.nra.s
Hopryu6praa
- An Anglo-Saxon warrior An Anglo-Saxon woman
58
59
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which they carried at their left side' The he

wo Part 2. Christianity.
wore long dresses with wide sleeves' Their Christianity first penetrated to Britain in the 3''d
were covered with a hood' rrcntury. It was brought there from Romer by Chris-
In their villages the Anglo-saxons bred cows' tinn refugees who were fiercely prosecuted for thei'r
grew whea
urrJ pig* They ploughed the Jields and fuith at home. In the year 306, the Roman tr'lmperor
ot outs for bread and barley for beer' (jonstantine2 the Great stopped the prosecution of the
"V" (lhristians and became a Christian himself. Christi-
SUESTIONS.
1. What tribes was Europe invaded by towards nnity was made the Roman national faith. It was brought
end of the 4th centurY? to all dependent countries. It became the official reli-
2. WhY did the Romans leave Britain? gion in Britain, too. The Druids disappeared. The new
i. Wf,"t tribes invaded Britain after the Roma lcligion was called the Catholics Church ("catholic"
Ieft? rneans "universal"). The Greeka and Latins languages
4. What parts of Britain did the Angles' Saxo txrcame the languages of the Church all over Europe.
ancl Jutes settle in? When the Anglo-Saxons, who were pagans, invad-
all of t
f . Wfrat did the Britains have to do? Did otl Britain, most of the British Christians were killed.
g;; the west? What happened to those who 'l'hose who remained alive, fled to Wales and Ireland,
mained? where they lived in groups called Brethren6 (brother-
and Ju
O. WttV did the tribes of Angles' Saxons hoods). They built churches and devoted themselves
fight with one another? to worship. They told people stories of Christian mar-
?. Which seven kingdoms were finally formed iyrsT and visitations by saints8 (called visions). Such
Britain? xtories were typical of the literature of that time.
8. Did the Anglo-Saxons live in towns? Towards the end of the 6th century Christian monks
9. Why were the Anglo-Saxon villages surrou hcgan coming from Rome to Britain again. The head
by walls and ditches? , clr ol'the Roman Church at that time was Pope Grego-
10. Iiow did the Anglo-saxons look? What ryr'. He wanted to spread his influence over England
did theY wear?
have? llome [roum]
11. What weapons dicl the Anglo-Saxons - Pzvt
(lonstantine ['krnstcntarn]
12. What domestic animals did the Anglo-Sax - KoncraHrl4u
(latholic ['krcOclrk] Karorll4rrecxaa
breed? What did they grow on their
fields? (ireek [qri:k] -
rpeuecxlrfi
-
l,atin ['la:trn] -- .;ratrrrrcxul"r
llrethren ['brcOrcu] Bpatra
tttartyrs ['nro:tcz] - MyrreHu6u
visitations by saints - cBflrbrx
- flBJIeHuflrara
l'ope [poupl Gregory ['grcAcn] lpuropuft
-
61
60
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by converting the people to Christianity. He Part 3. The Raids of the Danes.

monks to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The monks Uniting the Country.
in Kent (the south-eastern part of Britain), and t
first church they built was in the town of Can As we know, Anglo-Saxon Britain was not
a unit_
buryl. Up to this day Canterbury has remained t ecl country. There were a lot of small
kingdoms
English religious centre and the seat of the which constantly waged wars against one another
bishop of Canterbury2, head of the Established Ch f.or supreme power._ As a result-, these litile king_
of Englands. doms were weak and could not hold out
againri ut_
tacks from abroad.
QUESTIONS.
1. When did Christianity first penetrate to Bri _ Beginning with the gth century, pirates from Scan_
elinavial and Denmark2 began raiding the eastein
ain? Who brought it there? ehores of Britain. They u"" frro*n in English
2. When did the prosecution of Christians stop history
os the Daness. They were brave, cruel
Rome? Who stopped it? and merciless
people. They landed their long boats,
3. What was the new Christian religion of killed and robbed
the population of the towns and villages and
called? What does Catholic mean? sailed
away. They returned over and over again and
4. What languages became the languages of ued killing and robbing the population.
contin_
Church? Gradually they
began settling in Brit-
b. What happened to many of the early British ain and seized more and
tians with the coming of the Anglo-Saxons? rnore land.
6. Who were Brethren? What did they devote the
The Anglo-Saxons
selves to? What stories did they tell people?
understood that their
7. In what century did Christian monks begin
small kingdoms must
ing to Britain again? unite in order to strug_
8. Why did Pope Gregory want to convert the gle against the Danes
Saxons to Christianity? Successfully. In the 9th
9. Why is the town of Canterbury considered eentury Egberta, the
English religious centre?
Scandinavia [.skrendl'nel-
rjo]
I Canterbury
- Crcangranaarza _
Denrnark
['kentaben] -- Keurep6epu ['dcnmo:k]
2 the Archbishop [o:d'brJep] of Canterbury .(axua
Kerrep6epufrct<wir - apxr4errr,rc the Danes Iclernz]
3 the Established Church of England Iocuo4cray AATqAHE lnvasions from Scandinavia
rlepxoBb A-srrurt - Egbert ['egbct] Dr6epr cnd Denmark
-
62
63
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king of Wessex, one t,hem. He had to give the Danes the greater portion
the stronger Angl of England. The kingdom that was left in Alfred's
Saxon kingdoms, un grossession was Wessex. There were some years of
ed several neig l)eace, and during this time Alfred built the first
ing kingdoms. T l,)nglish navy.
united kingdom got Alfred is the only king of England who got the
name of ERgland, nirme "the Great." And he was really a great king.
Egbert became the fi lIe was very well educated for his time. He had learned
king of the unit to read and write when he was quite young. He had
country. l,ravelled on the continent and visited France. He knew
l,atin. He is famous not only for having built the
f irst navy, but also for having tried to enlighten his
QUESTIONS. people. He worked out a code of laws. He translated
1. Who raided the eastern shores of Britain in the Church history and parts of the Bibler from Lat-
8tr' century? Where did the pirates come
fro
irr into Anglo-Saxon. He started the famous Anglo-
2. Why was it impossible for the Anglo-Saxons Saxon Chroniclez, which is the first history of Eng-
hold out against the Danes? land: it begins with the history of the early Britons.
3. What kind of people were the Danes?
What
'l'he Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was continued by various
they do on the British shores? rtuthors f.or 25O years after the death of Alfred.
4. Who was Egbert? What did he do? QUESTIONS.
l. When did Alfred become king of England?
Part 4. Alfred the Great' 2. Why did Alfred have to fight with the Danes?
3. In what year did Alfred win a victory at Maldon?
Alfredl, the grandson of Egbert, became king ,4. Why did Alfred have to give the Danes a great
greate
the year 8?1, when England's danger was portion of the territory of England in spite of
fh" Durr"s, who had settied on the eastern shores
the fact that he had won a victory over them at
Britain, continued robbing and killing the peop.tl
England and occupying more and more land' Alf
Maldon?
gaihered a big army and gave the Danes a great b
5. How did Alfred use the time of peace that fol-
Iowed the battle of Maldon?
It" at Maldon' in dgf . The Danes were defeated' 6. When did Alfred learn to read and write?
this battle, but still they remained very strong
dangerous, and Alfred hurried to make
peace
tlre Bible [barbl]
- Bn6rns
t lrc Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ['kronrkl] <Axr.rro-caxcoHcnue
I Alfred -- AnlOPel -
2 Malclon['rcltrcd]
['ml:ldcn] - Mor4on
.XpOHLIHII )
65'
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7. Alfred was a very educated man for his QUESTIONS

wasn't he? What works did he translate fro 1. What was the name of the Danish king who be_
Latin into Anglo-Saxon? came also king of England? When was it?
8. What is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle? 2. How long did Canute rule England?
3. When was the Danish rule over?
Part 5. 4. Who.became king of England in lO42?
England after Alfred the Great's Reign. 5. What kind of man was Edward the Confessor?
What did he build?
The Anglo-Saxon kings that ruled after Alfred
Great, continued fighting the Danes, until all CHAPTER REVIEW
land was once more ruled by English kings. But eigh Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the
years after Alfred's death the Danes came again wi list:
great armies and occupied much of the terri split up, to retreat, Germanic, barbaric, ploughed,,
Again Britain was divided into two parts: the Confessor, Chronicle, Christianity, conuerting, to en-
ern part ruled by the Danes, and Wessex in the sou lighten, bred, worship, ditch, speer, prosecuted,
fled.,
ruled by English kings. The Danes continued Catholic, Canterbury, shield, Archbiihop.
attacks on Wessex and finally occupied the whole 1. Towards the end of the 4th century Europe was
the territory. In 1016, the king of Denmark Canu invaded by _ tribes.
became also the king of England. 2. Britain was invaded by tribes called An_
Canute was a strong monarch and gave Engla gles, Saxons and Jutes.
peace for nearly twenty years. When he died in 103 3. After severe battles with the invaders the Brit_
his two sons ruled England for a short time one a ons were forced to the west.
the other. With the death of Canute's second son i 4. Britain _ into ,"ru., kingdoms.
LO42, the Danish rule was over. An English king 5. *." b"o.rght: to Britain from Rome.
to the throne. It was Edward the Confessor2. He 6. --
The first Christians were fiercely in Rome.
the name of Confessor for being a very religious 7. The new Christian religion was called the
The famous Westminster Abbeys in London was bui Church.
during his reign, and when he died in 1066 he 8. Many British Christians --
to Wales and
buried in the Abbey. Ireland, where they built and aevotea
themselves to "t.r."t "s
1 Canute [ke'nju:t] Kanyr 9. Pope Gregory wanted to spread his influence over
- Confessor [ken'fesa]
2 Edward ['edwed] the 9gyapn E-nSland by_- the people to Christianity.
3 The Westminster Abbey ['westmrnsta'abr]- Becrrrzncrepc 10. The
a66arcrso - of is head of the Established
--
66 67
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Church of England.
King Alfred the Great
people.

UNIT TWO
MEDIEVAL BRITAIN
and a William the Conqtlerorl organized his English
15. In their villages the Anglo-Saxons hingdom" accord,ing to the feud.al system whieh had,
sheep and Pigs. ulready begun to develop in Europe. The central id,ea
16. The Anglo-Saxons the fields and of feudal soeiety was that all land, was owned,by the
wheat, rYe and oats. hing but it was held by others, called vassals, in
1?. Westminster AbbeY was built during the reig return for seruices and, goods. Thc hing gaue large
of Edward the estates to his main nobles in return for a promise to
Berve him in war. The nobles also had to give him
UNIT REVIEW part of the prod,uce of the land. The greater nobles
Who were these people? What did they do? Write g&ve part of their lands to le-sser nobles, called
short about each of them. hnights, and other freernen. Some freernen paid for
Julius Caesar Hadrian lhe Land,by doing military service, while others paid,
Boadicea Alfred the Great rent. The noble kept serfs to worh on his land,. These
Suetonius Edward the Confessor eerfs were not free to leaue the estate and were often
Iittle better than slaves.
There were two basic principles to feud.alism: eue-
rA nlan had a lord,, and euery Lord had. land and,
uassals. At each leuel a man had to promise loyalty
and service to his lord. On the other hand., each lord.
had responsibilities to his vassals. He h.ad, to give
lhem land and protection.

I William ['rvrljom] the Conqueror ['k:rqkcrc] Bu.nrre.nrlr

Sagoesarear -
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CHAPTER 4 At the same time there

ENGLAND AFTER wirs in England a young
THE NORMAN CONQUEST l'iaxon named Haroldr, who
was the son of the Earl2 of
Part 1. William Wessex, one of the most
the Conqueror. l,owerful English nobles of
For a hundred and the time, Most Saxon no-
ty years after the time bles did not want a French
Alfred the Great l<ing, and after Edward the
were continuallY figh
(lonfessor's death they pro-
one another all over claimed Harold King of
land. What the count l,)ngland.
needed was a strong ki William gathered a great
who could keeP order. nrmy and sailed across the
In France there was l,)nglish Channel on hun-
young boY named W clreds of ships, Harold's William of Normandy and
lrmy met him on the Eng- King Edward. The Confessor
liam, who was the son
the Duke of NormandY lish coast. There was a
This was the boY who i great battle at Hastingss on
the year 1066 came an October 14, 1066. Harold's
conquered England. soldiers fought bravely, but
The Duke Robert2 William's army was strong-
William the Conqueror
Normandy, William's er. Harold was killed in the
ther, was a cousrn o battle, and with the death
of their leader the English
King Edward the Confessor of England, and w understood that the battle
William was 24 years old he came to England to v
was lost.
his relative.
When William saw what a green and pleasant
William marched his
army to London. Nobody
try England was, he wanted very much to be its ki tried to stop him on the
King Edward the Confessor liked his young
and promised him the crown.
I Normandy ['nc:mandt] Hopruan4rns ' Harold ['hrcLcld] - lapo.nr4
-
2 Robert ['rcbet] Po6ePt
' Earl [c:l] - rpatp
- ' Hastings ['herstrqz] - factunrc The battle at Hastings
70

way, and when he aPProach
ed London, he found th
gates of the city oPen. H
was met by the Saxon bish
ops and nobles. TheY kn
that they could not sto
William, so they asked
to be the King of Engla
without any more fighting
So a Normanr duke
came King of England. H
was crowned in Westmi
Abbey on Christmas day, t
25rh of December, 1066.
To protect himself f
The death of Harold
possible attacks of the
ons, William ordered
build a strong tower on
left bank of the Tham
This tower still stands. It
called the White Tower
cause it is built of whi
stone. Later other buildi
were added and the who
place was surrounded bY
stone wall to form a stro
fortress which we know
as the Tower of London.
William the Conque
took lands from Saxon
bles and gave them to
Norman barons who beca
The English crown
offered to William t Norman ['no:mcn] HoPMaITAcK
-
72
www.frenglish.ru
rrew masters of the land.
Wiliiam and his barons, as
well as all the other Nor-
nrans who had come with
lrim, did not know the An-
glo-Saxon language and did
rrot want to learn it. And
l'or a very long time two
languages were spoken in the
r:ountry. Norman-French was
the official language of the
r:ourt, law and government
rdministration. Common
Saxon people and the few
Saxon nobles who remained
nlive spoke Anglo-Saxon.
Bilding the Tower of London
There were many people
in England who did not
want to be ruled by a Nor-
rnan,.king, and in many
parts of the country there
were rebellions. But with
the strong army of his bar-
ons and knights, William
cruelly put down all the re-
bellions. Lots of people were
killed, villages and towns
were completely destroyed.
William sent groups of
rnen all over the country to
nrake lists of all the popu-
lation together with the in-
formation of how much land
every family had and how Making the Domesday book
73
 www.frenglish.ru

much cattle and what other property they had
their land. All this information was put into a
which was called the Domesday Booh'. By means
the Domesday Booh, William's government kn
exactly where everyone lived and how much prope
they owned. Thus, for the first time in the history o
England, it was made possible to collect,the rig
taxes for the king.
QUESTIONS
1. Why was it necessary for England to have
king?
IlIrrH' r
2. Whose son was William? Where did he live as
boy? How was his father related to the Engli
king Edward the Confessor?
3. When did William see England for the first time
Why did Edward the Confessor promise Willia
the crown?
4. Who was Harold? Why was he proclaimed Ki
of England after Edward the Confessor's dea
5. When did the battle of Hastings take place?
did it end?
6. Was William's march to London difficult? Wh
7. Why did the Saxon nobles and bishops in Lond
ask William to be King of England? What
was William crowned in? When was it?
8. What fortress did William build on the bank
the Thames to protect himself? Why was it call
the White Tower?
11. There were rebellions against William's rule. How
did he put down the rebellions?
12. What isthe Domesday Book? HowdidWilliammake
it? What did he make the Domesday Booh forT
Parl2.
English Kings of the 11th and 12th Genturies.
After William the Conqueror's death in 1087, three
nrore kings of the Norman dynasty ruled England:
a his two sons, William II (1087 ,1100) and Henry Ir
(1100-1135), and his grandson, the son of his daugh-
ter, Stephenz (1135-II54). After Stephen's death, the
English throne passed to the Plantagenets dynasty.
William lhe Conqueror's son Henry I had a daugh-
ter, Matildaa, who was married to the French count
of Anjous, Geoffreyo Plantagenet. Their son Henry
Plantagenet was made King of England after
Stephen's death in 1154.
Richard I the Lion-Heart (Richard Coeur de Lion)z
(1189-1199) was the second king of the Plantagenet
dynasty. He was famous for his good education (he
knew Latin and was fond of music and poetry) and
courage. His contemporaries described him as a man
of excellent manners, kind to his friends and cruel
and merciless to his enemids. Richard was seldom
seen in England, spending most of his time taking
Henry I ['henrr 6e fe:st]
- lenplrx I
I

9. Why did William take lands from Saxon nobles ',J

Stephen [sti:vn]
- Crusen flaanrarerrer
il
Plantagenet Iplzen'ted3rnrt]
10. How did it happen that for a long time two Ia I
Matilda [mc'trlde] -
Maru.nr4a
guages were spoken in the country? Who s Anjou [o:q'3u:] -Anrxy
Norman-French? Who spoke Anglo-Saxon? rl - Axeclr$pu
Geoffrey ['d3cfir]
tl -
Richard I IrrtJcd do'tc:st] the Lion-Heart ['laren'ho:t] (Richard
I the Dontesdag Booh ['du:mzder.buk] Seue.nbxas orlr{cb Coeur de Lion ['ko:de'larcn]) Puvap4 I JlrsuHoe Cep4qe
- -
74 75
 www.frenglish.ru

part in crusadesr in QUESTIONS

estine2. At home the 1. Who were the three kings of the Norman dynasty
ons, in the king's who ruled England after William's death? When
strengthened their did they rule?
and acted like little ki 2. What dynasty came to the English throne after
Prince John3, the king Stephen's death? How was Henry Plantagenet
brother, with the help related to William the Conqueror?
the barons, tried to 3. When did Richard I the Lion-Heart rule England?
the English throne. Co What was he famous for? How did his contempo-
mon people were raries describe him?
oppressed. 4. Richard did not have much time for ruling Eng-
Richard the Lion- land, did he? Where did he spend most of his
was killed in one of time?
Henry ll's empire battles in France, and 5. What did Richard's brother Prince John try to
English throne passed do in Richard's absence? Why was the life of
his brother John. common people hard?
At that time great territories in France belo 6. How did Richard the Lion-Heart die?
to England. Naturally, the French kings and 7. What fact caused constant wars between Eng-
did not like it and wanted to win back these lands, Iand and France?
the English and the French waged continuous w 8. How do you explain the fact that great territo-
in France. King John wanted a lot of money to w ries of France belonged to England?
these wars. He made the barons give him that 9. What caused an open rebellion of barons against
ey, and the barons did not like it. There was King John in 1215?
struggle for power between the king and the ba 10. What important document was the king made to
Finally the barons organized an open rebellion. sign in l2l5? Why was the document very im-
t2l5 the king was made to sign a document cal portant?
the Great Chartef (Magna Carta in Latin). For t
first time in the history of England, the Great Ch Part 3. Education. The First Universities.
ter officially stated certain rights and liberties of'
people, which the king had to respect. Before the 12th century most people were illiter-
nte. Reading and writing skills were not considered
I crusades KpecroBLle noxoAbr lnrportant or necessary. Monasteries were centres of
2 Palestine [kru'scrdz] - fla.necrnna
:' ['prchstaln] - education, and priests and monks were most educat-
John [dgon] Axon
t the Gieit bhqrter ['tjo:to] - Be,urxas xaprlils sorsgocrefi ed people.
76 77

But with the devel
ment of such sciences
medicine and law,
ganizations of gene
study called universi
appeared in Italy a
France. A gniversi
had four faculties:
ologyl (the study of
ligion), Canon La
(church laws), Medici
and Art, which incl
ed Latin grammar, r
oric3 (the art of maki
One of thd oldest colleges speeches), Iogic, ari
in Oxford
metic, geometry,
tronomy and music.
In the middle of
12th century a group
professors from Fra
came to Britain a
founded schools in t
town of Oxforda in 11
lt was the beginning
the first English uni
sity. A second uni
ty was formed in 1209
Theology [0 r'rlcd3r]
TeoJTorr{fl ( 6oroc,roerae)
Canon Law ['keencn,l:r:]
IIepKoBHOe IIpaBO
rhetoric ['rctarrk] -
1 -fepvrauua
TOpr.rKa
Oxford ['cksfcd]
A monk copying a book - '
www.frenglish.ru
Cnrnbridgel. Towards
tlrc end of the 13th cen-
trrry colleges appeared
ground the universities,
where other subjects
wcre studied.
Getting an education
hr those times was very
difficult. Printing had
not yet been invented,
nrrd all the books were
hand-written. That's
why books were rare and
William Caxton
vcry expensive. Only the
richest people could af-
ford buying books. If a man had twenty or thirty
books, people said that he had a great library. Spe-
cial rules existed for handling books. You were not
to touch books with dirty hands or put them on the
tuble at meal times. In almost any monastery you
could find one or two or more monks spending hours
every day copying books.
Printing was invented in the middle of the 15th
century in Germany2, by Johann Gutenberg!. To Eng-
lund it was brought by William Caxtona.
In his early youth Caxton was an apprentice to a
company of London merchants. Later he lived in Flan-
rlerss where he worked as a hand-copier of books for
t,lie royal family. He was a learned man and did trans-
'' Cambridge ['kcrmbrrd3]
- Kervr6pu4xc
Gerrnany ['d3c:rncnr]
I' - }{orann
Johann Gutenberg [JoLrhcn'gutanbc:g] fyren6epr
William Caxton ['wrljcur'kiekstcn] Vu;rrsru Itaxcron
Flanders ['flrrndoz] (D,ran4pua -
-
79

lations from French
English. When he
on business in Germa
he learned the art
printing. In 1476, w
Caxton returned to
Iand, he set up the fi
English printing-
in London. Two y
later, a second printi
press was set up in
ford. During the n
fifteen years Caxt
printed sixty-five wor
both translations
originals.
QU ESTIONS
1. Were there many educated people in England
fore the 12th century? Who were the most
cated people?
2. Where did universities first appear in E
Which four faculties did a medieval unive
have? What subjects were studied in each
ulty?
3. flow was Oxford University founded? When
it? When was Cambridge University opened?
4. It was difficult to get an education in those ti
wasn't it? Why were books rare and very ex
sive? How many books did your library have
contain so that people might say that you h
great library?
I printing-press tnuorPatPua
-
80
www.frenglish.ru
5. Which were some of the rules for handling books?
Wouldn't it be advisable to observe these rules
nowadays?
6. When was printing invented? Who invented it?
Who brought the art of printing to Britain?
.f
t. When did Caxton set up the first printing-press
in London? Where and when was the second print-
ing-press set up? How many books did Caxton
print during the next fifteen years?
Part 4. A Medieval Town
Medieval towns were surrounded with walls. It was
done to defend the town from possible attacks of en-
emies. Along the whole length of the wall there were
a
towers with loopholes very narrow windows
-
through which the defenders of the town could shoot -
at the attacking enemies. Round many towns there
were moats filled with water. You entered the town
by the drawbridge over the moat and through a wide
archway with very strong gates which were closed
every night.
Outside the walls there were meadows where cattle
grazed and where the citizens spent holidays, run-
ning races, playing sport games or just walking about.
The houses in medieval towns were built of stone
or wood, some of them partly of stone, partly of wood.
The second floor overhung the first floor. The streets
were very narrow, so the windows of the overhang-
ing second floors of the houses standing on the oppo-
site sides of the street were very close to each other.
The narrow streets were very dirty, covered with mud,
mixed with all sort of rubbish. People who kept pigs
or horses or cows threw all the wastes from the pig-
81
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sties, stables and cow-houses into the street. Specialists of different trades (or professions) were
streets were never cleaned. The wastes often got in rrnited into corresponding trade guilds, which were a
the wells from which the townspeople got their drin kind of professional associations or clubs. Members
ing water. There is no wonder that epidemics of a guild obeyed the rules of the guild. One of the
very frequent. rules was to sell the things they made at a fixed price.
On market days farmers living in nearby vill Nobody was allowed to sell his things cheaper than
came to the town to sell cheese, butter, eggp and ot unother member of the guild, for this would increase
er things. Some of them came with their wives his trade and spoil the other men's. Today every trader
children. The shops Lries to sell cheaper than others to increase his busi-
no glass windows. rress. It is called competition. There was no competi-
rything was open to tion in the medieval towns. The guilds took care of
street. Across the f their members. When members fell ill and lost their
of each shop there was trade, they received help. If they died, the guild paid
counter with things f lor the funeral, supported the widow and educated
sale. The shopkee the children.
stood behind the coun
QUESTIONS
On market days the ci
izens and the farrne 1. Why were medieval towns surrounded with walls
who came to the and moats?
were fond of watchi 2. What were loopholes? What were they used for?
plays performed by Do you understand why they were made very
dering actors. They u narrow?
ally acted scenes fro 3. How did you enter a medieval town?
the Bible. 4. People living in medieval towns kept cattle, didn't
Many people living they? Where did the cattle graze?
the towns were enga 5. What did the citizens do in the meadows outside
in craftsmanship. the walls of the town on holidays?
developed differen 6. Were the houses built of stone or wood? Can you
craf ts. In mediev explain why the floor spacer of the second floor
towns there were cob of a house was larger than that of the first floor?
blers, tailors, blac 7. How did the streets of a medieval town look?
smiths, goldsmith Why were they so dirty?
Houses with the second floor
butchers, bakers and
Iot of other specialis I floor space rrJrorr{aAb
overhanging the first -
82
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Of course there was no water supply in the 7. Richard the Lion-Heart was the secoird king of
Where did the citizens get water? Why were the dynasty.
demics frequent? 8. Richard the Lion-Heart spent most of his time
9. Who came to the town on market days? W taking part in in Palestine.
for? o In the king's
uf,",iln"" P"ince John tried
10. How did the shops look? the English throne.
11. What entertainment was organized o mar 10. In 1215 the king was made to sign a document
days? called
12. What were most people living in the towns 11. In the Middle Ages monasteries were centres of
gaged in? What craftsmen could you meet in
medieval town? t2. The art of printing was brought to England by
13. What are trade guilds? William
14. How did the guiids take care of their members 13. A *"diuvul .*i.,r"rsity had four faculties: ,
, and_
CHAPTER REVIEW 14. Round rnany medieval towns there were
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and filled with water.
eombinations from the list: 15. You entered a medieval town by the over
guilds, cru,sades, education, Art, proclaimed, the moat.
doutn, Plantagenet, Canon Law, Hastings, d.rawbr 16. The wastes often got into the __ from which
TheologA, Magna Carta, crowned., Court, wells, rnoa people got drinking water.
Domesday, to seize, Med.icine, Caxton. t7. Specialists of different trades were united into
1. After Edward the Confessor's death Saxon correspoldipg
Harold King of England..
2. There was a great battle at on Oc CHAPTER
14, 1066. WARS ABRoAD AND' AT HoME
3. William the Conqueror was in Westmi
ster Abbey. Part 1. England in the 14th century.
4. William the Conquerdr cruelly all the
bellions. By the t4th century the process of centralization
5.. The Book contained information the king'g power was completing. The same meth-
of-
everybody's property. ods of government were applied to all parts of Eng-
6. Norman-French was the official language of Iand. The old contradictiohs between the Normans
and Saxons were gradually disappearing.

84 85
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The Norman kings made London their reside Part 2. The Hundred Years' War.
It became the largest town in England. The Lon
dialect of the English language became the centr In the first half of the 14th century the king of
dialect and was understood throughout the coun llngland was Edward III. He was a powerful king,
It was the London dialect from which the natio nnd he wanted to become King of France as well,
Ianguage developed. because some of the French provinces, such as Nor-
Other towns were also growing. The townspeop rnandy, had once belonged to England and others had
that is the craftsmen and tradesmen, who later f been the property of Edward's mother, a French prin-
the class of bourgeoisie, were becoming an impor cess. Meanwhile the feudal lords in France were mak-
social force. They became rich by trading with ing plans to seize the free towns of Flanders. For
ders (a country across the English Channel that lingland it would mean losing its wool market. Say-
now called Belgiumr). The English traders shi ing that he wished to defend English trade, Edward
wool to Flanders, where it was sold as raw materia III declared waf on France in 1337. This war is now
Flanders had busy towns, and the weavers who li called the HundredYears'Wer because it lasted over
and worked there, produced the finest cloth. Fle n hundred years.
ishB ports were the world market of northern
and commercial rivals of England. Flemish weave
were even invited to England to teach the Engl
their trade.
QUESTIONS.
1. What town became the largest and most im
tant one in the 14tr'century?
2. What dialect did the national language of
Iand develop from?
3. What class was growing and becoming an im
tant social force?
4. How did craftsmen and traders become rich?
5. How did the English develop their relations wi
Flanders?

Belgium ['bcld3cm]
- Eelrrrascrrprt!
raw material ['n: mo'trcrtc[]
-
Flemish ['llcrnrJ] - O;rarvranAcxufi The Hundred Years'War

86 87

At first England was successful in the war' The
(
Iish fleet defeated the French fleet in the English
nel. Then the English also won battles on land'
English had certain advantages over the French' 1
hal cannons, which had just been invented and w
the French army did not have. Besides, the Eng
archers could shoot their arrows from a distance, w
as the French knights, armed with swords, could
fight in hand-to-hand combatsl. When the thunder
the first cannons had scared the horses of the enen
the arrows of the English archers reached the
knights before they could use their broad swords'
QUESTIONS
1. What did Edward III want? On what grounds
he claim2 French territories?
2. What plans were the feudal Iords of France r
ing? How did their plans threaten England?
3. When did Edward III declare war on France?
did he exPlain his reason?
4. Was England successfut in the war? What
the advantages of the English army over
French armY?
I hand-to-hand combats ['kcmbcts] pynouarrrrrble cxBarx
2 On what grounds did he claim - Ha raxou ocHoBaHI4lI
- "
[peTeHAoBaJI Ha
88
www.frenglish.ru
Part 3. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 .
The ruin of France and the famine that followed
caused an epidemic of the plague. It was so infec-
tious that there was no escape from it. People died
within twenty-four hours. From France the epidemic
was brought over to England. The English soldiers
called rt the Blaeh Death. By the year 1348 one-third
of England's population had perished.
The position of the peasants was very hard. They
had to give part of their harvest to the lord. They
also had to work on the lord's fields regularly. After
the epidemic of the Black Death, when the popula-
tion of England had diminished by one-third, there
were not enough labourers to work on the lords' fields.
So the surviving peasants were made to work on the
lords' fields lnuch more. They were paid for their
work, but the payment was very little.
As years went by, the French feudals united against
their enemy, and the English were beginning to lose
their advantage. As the king needed money for the
war, Parliament voted for extra taxesl, which made
the life of peasants stiil harder. In 1381 the peasants
revolted. Sixty thousand people from the counties of
Essex and Kent marched to London led by Wat Tyler2
and Jack Straws. In London they broke open the pris-
ons, destroyed many buildings and killed many royal
officials. They came to the royal palace and demand-
ed to see the king. The king of England Richard II
was then a l4-year-old boy. He boldly appeared be-
I voted for extra taxes rporoJrocoBaJr sa AonoJIHIlTeJrbHbre
-
t
HAJIOFLI
Wat Tyler ['wct'tarle] Vor Tafi.rrep
- ,(mer Crpo
Jack Straw ['d3rck'str.'r:]
- 89

The murder of Wat TYler
fore the crowd of rebels, listened to them and pro
ised to fulfil their demands. But the king did
keep his promise. Wat Tyler rffas treacherously mu
dered and the rebellion was suppressed.
QUESTION S
1. What epidemic broke out in France? Why di
the English soldiers call it the Black Death? W
the epidemic brought over to England? How di
it affect the population in England?
2. Why was the position of the peasants hard? I
what way did the epidemic of the plague
this position still harder?
3. Why did Parliament vote for extra taxes?
4. When did the peasants' revolt start? How man
people joined the revolt? Who headed the revolt
5. What town did the rebels march to? What di
they do in London? Whom did they want to see
6. Who was King of England at that time? Did
listen to the rebels? What did he promise them
90
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7. Did the king fulfil his promise? How did the peas-
ants' revolt end?
Part 4. The War of the Roses.
The Hundred Years' War, in which England lost
practically all its lands in France, ended in 1453, but
there was no peace in the country. Long before the
cnd of this war, a feudal struggle had broken out
between the descendants of Edward III.
When the Magna Carta was signed in 1215, the
Norman barons were united with the Saxon nobles
und the growing bourgeoisie of the big towns, and
they took part in governing the country. During the
flundred Years' War some of the barons, who were
professional soldiers, built castles with high walls
and kept private armies of thousands of men. They
wished to lead their armies over to France to seize
lands there. These big barons formed a small group
of their own. They thought more about their "family
politics" than about national politics and were a real
threat to the king's power. Realizing the danger which
these big barons represented to the Crown, Edward
III tried to marry his sons to their daughters, the
heiresses of these Houses. Thus representatives of
the royal family became relatives of many big bar-
ons. But that did not help to strengthen the position
of the House of Plantagenets. During the reign of
Richard ll (L377-1399), the last king of the Planta-
genet dynasty, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancas-
terl, seized the crown and became the first king of
the Lancaster dynasty, Henry IV (1399-1413).
Henry Bolingbroke ['henrr'b:rlrrlbluk], Duke of Lancaster ['lrr1-
ksstc] fenpux Boaunr6poK, tep4or JfaHxacrepcrcrafi
-
91

'l'lre ltttet'ort-E of lltn llottsei of Lancaster su
lty Ilte bl5 ltnr.orra rrollklotl with the interests of the
el hnt'ottl ntttl tttet'clttrttts of the towns, who supp(
llrc llottEe of Yorkr. The feudal struggle grew into
opon wR1' ltotwrxltt the Lancastrians2 and the York
'lilre htrttlttsters had a red rose in their coat of a:
tlre Yorkists had a white rose. That's why the war
tween them got the name of theWar of the Rbses"l
war, which lasted for thirty years (1455-1485)' tu
into a bitter struggle for the Crown, in which
party murdered every likely heir to the throne of
opposite party. It was a dark time for England, a
of anarchy, when the kings and nobles were busy fig
ing and murdering each other and had no time to
care of the common people, who suffered greatly'
The War of the Roses ended with the battle
Boswortha in 1485. King Richard III of the House
York was killed in the battle, and, right in the fie
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond6, was proclaimed
of England. The war was over at last, and every
sighed with relief.
Henry Tudor was head of the House of Lan
A year later, in 1486, he married the Yorkist
Princess ElizabethT of York. This marriage was
great political importance. It meant the union of tl
red rose of the House of Lancaster with the whi
rose of the House of York.
I
York [o:k] - froPrc
LancaJtrians [, laeq'kas trr cnz] - cropoHltrrKl4 Aoua Jlanx
il
Yorkists I jr;krsts] - cropoHHI4KlI AoMa I4oprcoe
I coat of arms - reP6
Bosworth ['brz.we0] - BocYoPt
Henry Tudor ['tju:dc], Earl of Richmond - lenpux
T
B
rpa$ Pttvtvlon4
Elizabeth Ir'lrzoba0] - Eazsaseta
92
www.frenglish.ru
SUESTTONS
1. Why were the big barons a threat to the king's
power? How did King Edward III try to neutral-
ize this threat?
2. Who was the last king of the Plantagenet dy-
nasty? Who seized the crown during his reign?
3. The House of Lancaster was supported by the big
barons. Whom did the lesser barons and the mer-
chants of the towns support?
4. Why did the war between the Lancastrians and
the Yorkists get the name of the War of the
1 Roses? When did the War of the Roses begin?
How long did it last?
5. Who was proclaimed King of England when the
War of the Roses ended?
6. Whom did Henry Tudor marry? Why did this
marriage have a great political importance?
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
combinations from the list:
feudal, reuolted, haruest, plague, merchants, Bos-
worth, Iesser, social, eombats, descendants, Lancas-
ter, collided, conl.nlon, heir, Plantagenet, taxes, uoted,
declared war,threat.
1. In the towns the craftsmen and tradesmen were
becoming an important force.
2. The peasants had to give part of their
to the lord.
In 1337 Edward III on France.
The ruin of France and the famine caused an epi-
demic of the
The French knights, armed with swords, could
only fight in hand-to-hand
91
 www.frenglish.ru

6. The king needed money for the war, and Parl UNIT THREE
ment for extra ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
7. ln 1381 the oPPressed Peasants
against the lords.
During the Tudor period", from 1485 till 1603,
8. AJter the death of Edward III a Ungland.'s foreign policy chqnged seueral tirnes.
enry VII was careful to remain friend,ly with neigh-
struggle broke out between his
9. The big barons were a real to the ki bouring coun:tries. His son Henry VIII was more
',
gmbitious, hoping to play an important part in Euro-
power.
10. h,ichard II was the last king of the '
pean politics. He was unsuccessful. Mary aWied, Eng-
dynasty' land to Spain by her m.arriage. Elizabeth and her ad-
Itisers consid,ered, trad,e the most important foreign
11. ln fggg Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancas policy ntatter, as Henry VII had done. For them a
seized the crown and became the first king of
dYnastY. ry whiclt" was England's greatest trad,e riual was
12. The interests of the House of Lancas' its greatest enerny. This idea remained" the basis
England's foreign policy until the 79th century.
with the interests of the
U----u-"*"al ___,_ of the towns who
ported the House of York' CHAPTER 6
13. buring the War of the Roses each
party THE NEW MONARCHY
dered likelY to the throne of
"n"tY
opposite PartY. Part 1. Henry Vll.
14. Th; king and the nobles had no time to take
of the PeoPle' Henry VII is less known than either Henry VIII or
izabeth I. But he was far more important in estab-
15. The War of the Roses ended with the battle
in 1485. ishing the new monarchy than either of them. He
had the same ideas and opinions as the growing classes
UNIT REVIEW of merchants and gentryl, and he based royal power
Who were these people? What did they do? Wri good relations with these classes.
short about each of them' Henry VII firmly believed that business was good
Witliam the Conqueror' William Caxton for the state. Only a year after he became king, he
Richard the Lion-Heart Wat Tyler rnade an important trade agreement with the Nether-
Edward III landsz, which allowed English trade to grow. Henry

I gentry ['d3entrr] Me,rrrconoMecrHoe ABoI]flHcrBo

-
s Netherlands ['ne6olcndz]
- Hr4epJrauAbr
94 95
 www.frenglish.ru

understood that Engl 2. Why was the trade agreement with the Nether-
future wealth would lands important for England?
pend on internatio 3. Why did Henry VII build a huge fleet of mer-
trade. And he built a chant ships?
fleet of merchant shi 4. Why did Henry VII have much money?
He also believed that 5. What measure did Henry VII take in order to
ruined a countty's strengthen his power?
ffiy, and so he avoi 6. What made Henry VII unpopular with the old
quarrels either with nobility?
land in the north 7. Why did Henry VII keep the friendship of the
France in the south. merchant and gentry classes?
Henry was fort
Many of the old nobil Part 2. Henry Vlll.
had died or been de
in the recent wars, Henry VIII was quite unlike his father. He was
King Henry Vll cruel and wasteful with money. He spent so rnuch on
their lands had gone to1

maintaining a rich court and on wars, that his fa-

king. This meant that Henry had more money t
earlier kings. In order to strengthen his power'
forbade anyone, except himself, to keep armed
Henry's aim was to make the Crown financ
independent, and the lands and the fines he took
the old nobility helped him do this. Of course it
him unpopular with the old nobility, but he kept
friendship of the merchant and gentry classes'
him they wanted peace and prosperity. He crea
new nobility from among them, and men unk
before now became Henry's statesmen. But they
knew that their rise to importance was compl
dependent on the Crown.
QU ESTION S
1. Henry VII established a new type of mona
didn't he? What did he base royal power on? W
principle did he believe in? What did he
96
ther's carefully saved money was soon gone.
Henry VIII wanted to have an important influence
on European politics. But much had happened in
Europe since England had lost its lands in France in
the Hundred Years' War. France was now more pow-
erful than England. Spain was even more powerful,
because it was united with the Holy Roman Empirer
(which included much of central Europe). Henry VIII
tried to ally himself with Spain against France, then
he changed sides. When friendship with France did
not bring him anything, Henry started talking again
to Charles V2 of Spain.
Problems with the Catholic Church. Henry disliked
the power of the Church in England: it was an inter-
the Holy ['houlr] Rotnan Empire - Caaulennas Plrvrcraa
r{MIIeprrfl
Charles V ['tJo:lz dc'tit0]
- Kap;roc V
97

national organization, so he cou
not completely control it. Th
power of the Catholic Church
England could work against Hen
ry's authority. Besides, He
had another reason for oPPosin
to the authority of the"Church.
In 1510 Henry had ma
Catherine of Aragonl. But b
1526 she had still not had a
King Henry Vlll who could be the heir to
throne after Henry's death. Hen'
r"i; asked the Pope to allow hi
tc divorce Catherine. But th
Pope was controlled bY Char
V, who was HoIy Roman Em
or and king of Spain, and a
Catherine's nephew. For bo
political and family reasons
wanted Henry to stay marriecl
Catherine. The Pope did not wi
to anger Charles V, and he for
Catherine of Aragon
bade Henry's divorce.
Henry was extremely angry
He persuaded the English bish
ops to break away from the Cath
olic Church and establish a
Church in England, the head o
which would be the English mon
arch. In 1531 the Church of Eng
land was established in the coun
I Catherine ['kaeOr'rn] of Aragon ['rc
Anne BoleYn
gcrr]
- Eriarepuna Aparoncrcaa
www.frenglish.ru
try, and this became law after Parliament passed fbe
Act of SupremacAt in 1534. Now Henry was free to
<livorce Catherine and marry his new love, Anne Bo-
leynz. He hoped Anne would give him a son to follow
him on the throne.
The Reformation. Henry's break with Rome was
purely political. He simply wanted to control the
Church and to keep its wealth in his own kingdom.
He did not approve of the new ideas of Reformation
Protestantism3 introduced by Martin Luthera in Ger-
rnany and John Calvins in Geneva6. He still believed
in the Catholic faith. But when he broke with Rome,
lre wanted to make the break legal. Between L532
nnd 1536 Parliament passed several Acts, by which
England officially became a Protestant country, even
though the popular religion was still Catholic.
QUESTIONS
1. In what ways was Henry VIII unlike his father?
Why did he soon spend all the money saved by
his father?
2. Which European countries were more powerful
than England? How did Henry try to influence
European politics?
3. Why did Henry VIII dislike the power of the
Church?
4. Why did Henry want to divorce his first wife
Catherine of Aragon? Why did the Pope forbid
I the Act of Supremacy [s.ju'prcrnesr] Sarcon o rJraBeHcrBe
anrar.ritcnoro Kopo,afi HaA rlepxoBbro -
I Anna Boleyn ['acn'bulrn] Anna Bo.reftn
' Reformation Plotestantism- - Pedropvraqllonr{oe [porecranTcrBo
' Martin Luther ['rno:trn'lu:0c] - Maprun Jlrotep
' John Calvin ['d3on'krh'rn] - ]Itau Karssnn
" Geneva [d3r'ni:vc] - ]Itenesa
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him to divorce his wife? How did Henry get out that all churches followed the
of the difficulty? When was the Church of Eng new Protestant religion.
land established? Mary. Mary, the Catholic
5. Whom did Henry VIII marry after the divorct daughter of Catherine of Ara-
with Catherine of Aragon? ':
gon, became queen when Ed-
6. Was Henry VIII really a Protestant? Who hat ward, aged sixteen, died in
introduced the ideas of Reformation Pr6testant 1553. Mary was unwise and
ism? Did Henry approve of the new ideas? ,i
made mistakes in her policy.
7. When did England officially become a Protestani For political, religious and fam-
country? rr ily reasons, she married King Jane Seymour
;t Philip of Spain. It was a bacl
Part 3. The Protestant-Catholic Struggle. ,r
choice. The English people dis-
liked the marriage. They were
Henry died in !547,leaving three children. tvta"y afraid that this marriage would
the eldest, was the daughter of Catherine of Arago$ place England under foreign
Elizabeth was the daughter of his second wife, An41 control. Parliament agreed to
Boleyn, whom he had executed because she was un Mary;s marriage unwillingly
faithful. Nine-year-old Edward was the son of Jani and made a condition that
Seymourl, the only wife whom Henry had really iovd,l Philip would be regarded as
but who had died giving birth to his only son. rl King of England only during
Edward VI, Henry VIII's son, was only a child of I Mary's lifetime.
years old when he became king, so the country wai Mary's marriage to Phililr King Edward Vt
ruled by a council. All the members of the counci was the first mistake of her.
were representatives of the new nobility created b; unfortu*ate reign. Then she btgaii burning protes_
the Tudors. They were keen Protestant Reformet't tants. Three hundred people died in this way during
because they had benefited from the sale of monaq her five-year reign. For these mass executions she
tery lands. Indeed, all the new landowners knew thri was called Bloody Mary.
they could only be sure of keeping their new lands fi
they made England truly Protestant. i QUESTIONS
Most English people still believed in the old Catholir 1. How many children did Henry VIII leave after
religion. Less than half the English were Protestant
rnt b1 his death? Who were they?
belief, but these people controlled religious matters.
rrs. Ir 2. How old was Edward VI when he became King of
1552 a new prayer book was introduced to make) sun England? Did he rule the country himself?
I Jane Seymour ['d3etn'si:rno:] .(xcefiu Ceiirvryp 3. Whom did Mary marry? Why did the English
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people dislike this marriage? What were t rrlons based on the Bible, this
uftuia of? On what condition did Parliament ag book also taught the people
to the marriage? that rebellion against the
(lrown was a sin against God.
4 What was Mary's second mistake? Why was
called Bloody MarY? Mary, the Queen of Scots.
'l'he struggle between Catholics
Part 4. Elizabeth l. und Protestants continued to
cndanger Elizabeth's position
When she became q.u l'or the next thirty years. There
in 1558, Elizabeth I wan was a special danger from those
to find a Peaceful answer (latholic nobles in England who
the problems of the Engli wished to remove Elizabeth and replace her with the
Reformation. She wanted (lueen of Scotland, who was a Catholic.
bring together again Mary, the Scottish queen, usually called Queen of
parts of English socie Scofs, was the heir to the English throne because she
(Catholic and Protestan was Elizabeth's closest living relative, as Elizabeth
which were in disagree had no children. Mary quarrelled with some of her
And she wanted to make nobles and had to escape to England, where Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth I Iand prosperous. As a resul kept her as a prisoner for almost twenty years. Dur-
the Protestantism in En ing that time Elizabeth discovered several secret Cath-
remained closer to the Catholic religion than to olic plots aimed at making Mary queen of England.
Protestant groups. But Elizabeth made sure that Finally Elizabeth agreed to Mary's execution in 1587.
church was still under her authority, unlike politi< Many people approved of Mary's execution. The
dangerous forms of Protestantism in Europe' In a
w Catholic plots and the dangers of a foreign Catholic
she Lade the Church "part of the state machine"' invasion had changed people's feelings. By 1585 most
The parisht, the area served by one church' usue Iinglish people believed that to be a Catholic was to
Iy the .u*" size as a village, became the unit of sta be an enemy of England. This hatred of everything
administration2. People had to go to church on Su Catholic became an important political force.
days by law and they were fined if they stayed awa
Elizabeth also introduced a book of sermons3 to QUESTIONS
used in church. 'Besides containing texts of the 1. When did Elizabeth I become Queen of England?
How did she want to settle the problem of disa-
I parish greement between the Catholics and Protestants?
, lhe .ni n aAMlturlcrparrrBHafl.eAnH
1, a book - c6oprurH nPouoeegeir What was the result of her efforts?
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2. How did Elizabeth ensure that the Church of 6. Henry VIII wanted to have an important
land was "pdrt of the state machine"? What i on European politics.
paiish? How did Elizabeth make the parish a u 7. Spain was a very powerful country because it was
of .tut" administration? How were people united with the Roman Empire.
ished if they did not go to church on Sunday? 8. Henry VIII's break with Rome was purely
3. What
churc 9. In 1531 the Church of England was
4. What in the country.
5. Why was Mary the Queen of Scots the heir to 10. Elizabeth I wanted to find alreaceful answer to
English throne? the problems of the English
6. WhV did Mary come to England? Why did Eli 11. Elizabeth I made the Church part of the state
beth keep her a Prisoner?
?. Why-did Elizabeth finally agree to Mary's exec 12. The became the unit of state admin-
tion? istration.
8. Why did many people in England approve 13. Elizabeth introduced a book of to be
Mary's execution? used in church.
14. The Church taught the people that
CHAPTER. REVIEW against the Crown was a against God.
Fill in the blanks with the conect words f,rom 15. The struggle between Catholics and Protestants
list: Elizabeth's position.
HoIy, rnerehant, nobtlity, gentry, plots, serrno 16. Elizabeth discovered several seciet
end.an-gered', rebellion, agreernent, forbade, est aimed at making Mary Stuart queen of England.
lished., sin, political, Reformation, parish, machi
influence.
1. Henry VII had the same ideas as the merc cAr N rN G p ofr?ff lt^irl EXpAN D rN G
and
2. Henry VII made an important trade Part 1. The New Foreign Policy.
with the Netherlands.
3. In order to strengthen his power' Henry Elizabeth continued Henry VII's work and encour-
anyone' excePt himself, to k uged foreign trade. She considered Spain her main
armed men. trade rival and enemy. Spain at that time ruled the
4. Henry VII created new from a Netherlands, where many people were Protestant and
merchants and gentrY. were fighting for their independence from.Catholic
5. Henry VII built a huge fleet of shi Spanish rule. To reach the Netherlands from Spain
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by sea, Spanish soldiers Philip started again and built a new Armada, a
to sail through the Engl still larger fleet. But most of the ships were designed
Channel. Elizabeth hel to carry soldiers, and the few fighting ships were not
the Dutchl Protestants as good as the English ones. English ships were long.
allowing their shiPs to er and narrower, so they were faster, and besides,
English harbours fro their guns could shoot further than the Spanish ones.
which theY could att The Spanish Armada was defeated more by bad
Spanish shiPs, often wi weather than by English guns. Some Spanish ships
the help of the Engli were sunk, but most were blown northwards by the
When the Dutch rebels wind, and many of them were wrecked on the rocky
the city of AntwerP2 coasts of Scotland and lreland. For England it was a
Walter Raleigh 1585, Elizabeth helPed glorious moment.
with moneY and soldiers. A Trading Empire. Elizabeth encouraged English
war on SPain. traders to settle abroad and create colonies. This pol-
attacking SPan icy led directly to Bri.tain's colonial empire of the
ca loaded with 17th and 18th centuries.
ver and gold. Aithough these tr)nglish ships belor The first English eolonists sailed to America to-
to privale people, the treasure was shared with wards the end of the century. One of the best known
q.rJ"t. These seamen were traderd as well as piratt was Sir Walter Raleigh, who brought tobacco back to
and adventurers. The most famous of them were Joh England. England also began selling West Africari
Raleighl' slaves for the Spanish in America. By 1650 slavery
--Hawhinss, Francts Drahea andWalter that he had had become an important trade. Only at the end of
itt" Spanish king Philip decided
conquer England if he wanted to defeat the Du the 18th century this shameful trade ended.
in the Netherlands. He hoped that enough Ca The second half of the 16th century saw the devel-
".beisin England would be willing to help him' H
olics opment of trade with foreign lands. During Eliza-
built u g""ut fleet of ships, an Armada6' But in 15-8 beth's reign so-called chartered companiesl were es-
Francis Drake attacked and destroyed part of tablished. A charter gave the company the right to
fleet in Cadiz7 harbour. all the business in its particular trade or region. In
return for this important advantage the chartered
I Dutch td,trll roJrJralrAcxlre company gave some of its profits to the Crown. A
-
2 AntwerP ['irntiva eH
s John ffawtins [' Axou Xorlrnc number of these companies were established during
t f,.u""i" Drake i @paxcnc APeftx Elizabeth's reign: the Eastland Company to trade with
walter Raleigh vo.nrep Ponz
'6 I chartered ['tJo:tcd] companies KoMrraHl{rr, opraHrtsoBaHrrble
Armada [o:'rno:dc] - APvra,4a -
r Cadiz [ke'drz] Ha ocrroBaHr{r{ rtpaBlrre,rscteeHHofi Kouqeccprr{
106
- KaAIac 107

Scandinaviar and the Balticz in 1579, the Leuants
panq to trade with the Ottoman Empirea in 1581,
Africa Company to trade in slaves in 1588, and
East India Company to trade with Indiab in 1600.
QUESTIONS
1. Did Elizabeth I encourage foreign trade? W
country did she consider to be her main
rival and enemy?
2. Why did Elizabeth I help the Protestants in
Netherlands? How did she help them?
3. Who were the most famous English seamen t
caused trouble to Spanish ships in the Atlan
Ocean? Why did Elizabeth support these seamen
4. Why did the Spanish king Philip decide that
had to conquer England?
5. What did Philip call the fleet which he built
fight England?
6. What were the disadvantages of the Armada
in comparison with the English ships? What
the result of the sea battle between the A
and the English fleet?
7. What did Elizabeth encourage English traders
do? What did this policy lead to?
8. What parts of the world did English col
begin to settle?
9. What did Walter Raleigh bring from America
10. What shameful trade did English colonists
in West Africa?
t Scandinavia [.skcndr'ncrrjc] Crcangranaana
i3 Baltic ['bcltrk] - Barrnra -
Levant Ir'vrnt]
- Jleganr
' the Ottoman Empire ['ctomcn'emparc] - Orrovrancrcafl
" India ['rndre] - VIrtAus
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11. What is a chartered company? What right did a
charter give a trading company? What did the
company give the Crown in return for the char-
ter? Name four chartered companies which were
established during Elizabeth's reign. What did
3
each of the four companies do?
Part 2. Wales and lreland.
Both Henry VII and Henry VIII tried to bring Wales
and Ireland under English control. Wales became
joined to England under one administration between
1536 and 1543. Representatives of local Welsh gen-
try were appointed magistratesr, and Welsh repre-
sentatives entered the English parliament.
In Ireland the situation was more difficult. Henry
VIII persuaded the Irish parliament to recognize him
as king of lreland. But when he tried to make the
Irish accept his English Church Reformation, he met
a stubborn resistance, as the majority of the Irish
population were Catholics. Thus Irish nationalism and
Catholicism were brought together against English
rule. It took Henry a long time to destroy the old way
of life and introduce English government in Ireland.
The effect of English rule was greatest in the north,
in Ulstef, where many good lands were taken from
the native Irish population and sold to English set-
tlers. Even today most good land in Ulster is owned
by Protestants, and most poor land by Catholics.
QUESTIONS
1. What did both Henry VII and Henry VIII try to
do in Wales and Ireland?
r4Mue rnagistrates ['mcd3r stnts] vrarracrparbl, Mr{poBbre eyAbld
Ulster [lrrlstc] Olsctep -
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109

2. When did Wales join Engtand under one ad
istration? How was it done?
3. Henry VIII persuaded the Irish parliament to
ognize him as king of Ireland, didn't he?
did he meet a stubborn resistance? Why?
4. Did it take Henry a long time to introduce
lish government in Irelandr e
5. What was the effect of English rule in Ulster
this effect still felt in our times? How?
Part 3. England and Scotland.
For a long time the Tudors were trying to
Scotland to England. In their attempts to
the independence of Scotland, the Scottish kings
not get much support from their nobility,
Scottish nobility was not united: some of them
ed closer friendship with England, and others
ed to remain loyal to the old alliance with
Knowing how weak they were, the Scottish
usually tried to avoid war with England. They
a peace treaty with Henry VII, and James IV,
Scotland, married Henry VII's daughter Ma
But it did not help. Henry VIII made two wars,
Scotland. King James IV was killed during the
war. James V, whose army was also badly de
during the second war, died soon after the war.
Henry VIII hoped to marry his son Edward
James V's daughter, the baby Queen of Scots
and in this way join the two countries together
der an English king. But the Scots did not want
marriage and sent Mary to France, where she
ried the French king's son in 1558. However,
I Margaret ['mo:gerrt] Maprapnta
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French husband died soon after their marriage, and
ghe returned to Scotland. Mary was a Catholic, but
rluring her time in France Scotland had become offi-
cially a Protestant country. The Scottish Protestants
did not want a Catholic queen on the throne. There
was a struggle, as a result of which Mary had to
escape to England, where she was held by Elizabeth
for nineteen years and finally executed.
QUESTIONS
1. Why couldn't the Scottish kings get much sup-
port from Scottish nobility in their struggle
against England?
2. Why did the Scottish kings try to avoid war with
England? Why did the Scottish king James IV
marry the daughter of Henry VII ? Did this mar-
riage help to avoid war with England?
3. How many wars did Henrfi VIII make on Scot-
land? What were the results of both wars?
4. Why did Henry VIII want to marry his son Edward
to the Queen of Scots Mary? Why didn't the
marriage take place?
5. Why wasn't Mary welcomed by many Scottish
nobles when she returned from France? Why did
she have to escape to England? What happened
to her in England?
Part 4, A Scottish King for EnglaRd.
Elizabeth I never married and had no children. Her
closest relative was Mary's son, the Scottish king
James VI, and after Elizabeth's death in 1603, he
inherited the English throne. So, after a long strug-
gle the two countries were united, but, ironically,
j under a royal dynasty which came from Scotland.
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QUESTION CHAPTER 8
Who inherited the English throne after Elizabet
death? Why? When was it?
GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY

CHAPTER REVIEW Part 1. Tudor Parliaments.

Fill in the blanks with the correct words from The Tudor monarchs did not like governing through
list: parliament. Henry VII used Parliament only for in-
st ubb o rm, Dut c h, c hart e re d,, E li z ab e t h, inhe iit e d, troducing new laws. Henry VIII used it to raise mon-
recognize, control, to auoid, harbours, encou ey for war and for his struggle with Rome.
reign, slauery, profits, destroyed, riual. The Tudor monarchs were certainly not more dem-
1. continued Henry VII's work and ocratic than the kings that had ruled the country
foreign trade. before them. In the early 16th century Parliament only
2. Elizabeth considered Spain her main t met when the monarch ordered it. Sornetimes it met
and enemy. twice in one year, but then it might not meet again
3. Elizabeth helped the Protestants for six years. Henry VIII assembled Parliament to
allowing their ships to use English make the laws for Church reformation. In forty-five
4. In L587 Francis Drake attacked and years of Elizabeth's reign she only let Parliament
part of the Spanish Armada. meet fourteen times.
b. By 1650 had become an important tr Only two things persuaded the Tudor monarchs not
6. During Elizabeth's so-call to get rid of Parliament altogether: they needed money
companies were established. and they needed the support of the merchants and land-
7. The chartered company gave some of i owners, whose representatives sat in Parliament. But
to the Crown. by using Parliament to support their own policy, the
8. Both Henry VII and Henry VIII tried to b Tudors actually increased Parliament's authority.
Wales and Ireland under English During the 16th century real power in Parliament
9. Henry VIII persuaded the Irish parliame moved from the House of Lords to the House of Com-
him as king of lreland. mons. The reason for this was simple. The Members
10. In trying to make the Irish aceept his Engl of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons repre-
Church Reformation, Henry met a sented richer and more influential classes than the
sistance. Lords. In fact, the idea of getting rid of the House of
11. The Scottish kings usually tried Lords, a question which is still discussed in British
with England. politics today, was first suggested in the 16tr' century.
12. After Elizabeth's death, James VI of Sco Parliament did not really represent the people. The
the English throne. monarchy used its influence to make Parliament sup-
112
113

port royal policy. In order to control discussion
Parliament, the Crown appointed a Speaher.
today the Speaker is responsible for good beha
during debates in the House of Commons.
The growing authority of Parliament led to
question about the limits of its power. MPs were
ginning to think that they had a right to
more and rhore questions. By the end of the 16th cei
tury, when the gentry and merchant classes
their strength, it was obvious that sooner or l,
Parliament would challenge the Crown. Eventually
resulted in war.
QUESTIONS.
1. Did the Tudor monarchs like governing the
try through Parliament? What did Henry VII ar
Henry VIII use Parliament for?
2. Did Parliament meet regularly in the 16th
tury? How many times did it .meet during
forty-five years of Elizabeth's reign?
3. If the Tudor kings did not like governing
country through Parliament, why didn't they g
rid of it altogether?
4. Why did the House of Commons play a more
portant role in Parliament than. the House
Lords? Whom did the MPs in the House of Co
mons represent?
5. Why did the Crown appoint a Speaker in Parl
ment? What is the Speaker responsible for in t
day's Parliament?
6. What question did the growing authority of
liament lead to? What were the MPs beginn
, to think? What was obvious by the end of t
16th century?
tI4
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Part 2. Ghanges in the Life of People.
At the end of the l5th'century much of the country-
side was still untouched. There were great forests of
oak trees and unused land. There were still wild ani-
mals: wild pigs, wild cattle and even a few wolves. QnIy
a few towns had more than 3,000 people. Most towns
were no more than large villages, and the people living
there worked on their own fields and farms, like in a
village. Even London, a large city of over 60,000 by
1500, had fields around it, which its citizens farmed.
In the 16th century, however, this picture began to
change rapidly.'The population increased, the unused
land was cleared for sheep, and large areas of forest
were cut down to provide wood for the growing ship-
building industry. England was beginning to face
great social and economic problems.
The price of food and other goods rose steeply dur-
ing the 16th and early 17th centuries. At the same
time real wagesl fell by half2. Another problem was
the sudden increase in population. In England and
Wales the population almost doubled from 2,2 lrrIl-
lion in L525 to 4 million in 1603. Twice the number
of people needed twice the amount of food. It was not
produced. Great masses of population became poor.
The countryside population divided into two parts.
The people who did bests in this situation were the
yeoman farmersa who had at least 100 acres of land.
They employed men to work on their land and produced
real wages ['wcrd3rz] peaJrbHafl BaprrJrara
-
fell by half - cHltalrJlacb HauoJroBrrHy
The people who did best Jlro4u, Koropbre rpeycne.rrr.r 6olrrue
BCeX
-
yeoman farmers [Joumen'fo:nrazf fiomenrr (sa.atuntounwe
rpepxepw\ -
115

food to sell. They worked as farmers during the
but were "gentlemen" on Sundays. They were able
increase the prices of the food they produced, beca
there was not enough food in the markets.
Most people, however, had only twenty acres
land, or less.
Because of the growing population, it wad
for a man to find work or to produce enough food
his family.
QUESTIONS
1. How did the country look at the end of the 15
century? Was there much difference between tl
way of people's life in towns and villages? Whr
was in common?
2. How did the picture change in the 16th centu
What was the unused land cleared for? Why wer
large areas of wood cut down?
3. How did the price of food change? How did thi
wages change?
4. How did the countryside population divide? Wtil
were the yeoman farmers? What helped them
become still richer?
Part 3. Economy.
\Mool and Clothmaking Industry. Many
ers found that they could make more money fror
breeding sheep than from growing crops. They-co
sell the wool for a good price to the rapidly grolt/
clothmaking industryr. They needed more land
the sheep to graze, so they fenced off2 land that
I clothmaking industry [poMbrruJlerrnocrb
2 fenced off o6nocuau-cyrcouHas
aa6opou, (oropaxclilBaJlr4D
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always belonged
to the whole vil-
lage. This process
of fencing off
common land is
known as enclo-
suresr. Enclosures
were often carried
out against the
law, but because
magistrates were Spinners at work
themselves land-
lords, few peasants could prevent it. As a result, many
poor people lost the land which they had farmed, as
well as the common land where they kept animals.
The production of cloth, the most important of
England's products, reached its greatest importance
during the 16th century. Clothmakers bought raw wool
and gave it to spinners. The spinners were mostly
:
women and children, who worked in their poor cot-
tages for very little payment. After the spinners the
wool was passed to weavers. When the cloth was ready,
it was sold.
Coal and Steel. In the 16th century people learned
to burn coal in stoves instead of wood. Coal gave
greater heat when burning. By using coal instead of
wood fires, people were able to produce greatly im-
proved steel. Improved steel was used to make knives
and forks, clocks, watches, nails and pins. Birming-
hamz, by using coal fires to make steel, grew in the 16th
century from a village into an important industrial city.
I enclosures
i BirminghamIrn'klougcz] -oroparxr{Bar{rre
['bc:mr4cm] - Bupvrunrenr

A coal-mine
QUESTIONS
1. Why did many landowners decide to breed sheep?
2. What did the big landowners do to get more land
for their sheep to graze?
3. Enclosing land was of ten against the law, yet tho
peasants could not prevent it. Why?
4. What became the most important of England't
products in the 16th century?
5. What did people learn to burn in stoves instead
of wood in the 16th century? What was the ad.
vantage of burning coal? What did they make of
improved steel?
Part 4. The Problem of the Poor.
Enclosures caused great damage. Peasants who lost
their Iand could not provide forl their families. Peo.
ple Ieft their homes and went from place to place
trying to find work or food. Many people stole in
I I to raise molley
provide for o6ecue.rueart
- 119
118
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order to eat. In the middle of the 16th century there
were over 10,000 people on the roads. Crime was in-
r:reasing. In order to control the growing problem of
wandering homeless people, Parliament passed a law
lorbidding people to move from the parish where they
had been born without permission. Any person who
was caught on the road homeless and unemployed
could be executed. However, even these severe meas-
rrres did not solve the crime problem.
There were years in which the harvest was very
poor, and that made the problem of the poor still
worse. In 1601 Parliament passed the first Poor Law.
This law made local people responsible for the poor
in their own area. It gave power to magistrates to
raise moneyr in the parish to provide food, housing and
work for the poor and homeless of the same parish.
QUESTIONS
1. What was the damage caused by enclosures?
2. What law did Parliament pass? With what pur-
pose was this law passed? What was the punish-
ment for wandering along the roads? Did these
measures solve the crime problem?
3. What law was passed in 1601? What is the con-
tents of this law?
Part 5. Domestic Life.
Everyday life in families was hard. Most women
had between eight and fifteen children, and many
women died in childbirth. About half the children
died at a young age. No one could hope for a long
married life because the dangers to life were great.
co6upatb Aeubru
-

a
A wealthy family in the 16th century
Both rich and poor lived in small family groups.
Grown-up brothers and sisters usually did not live
with each other or with their parents. They tried to
find a place of their own. Over half the population
was under 25 years of age, while only few were over
60. Queen Elizabeth reached the age of 7O, but thie
was unusual. Most people worked hard and died young,
Poor children started work at the age of 6 or 7,
In spite of the hard conditions of life, most people
had a larger and better horne than ever before. Stoveg
with chimneys, which before had only been used in
the homes of the rich, were now built in every house.
This made cooking and heating easier and more com.
fortable.
SUESTTONS
1. What facts show that family life in the 16th cen.
tury was hard?
2. How long did people live?
3. At what age did the children of poor familiea
start work?
120
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4. What improvements in domestic life appeared in
the 16th century?
Part 6. Language and Gulture.
Since the time of, Chaucert,
in the mid_fourteenth
century, London Englistt, had become accepted as
standard English. Printing made this standard Eng_
lish more widely accepted among the literate public.
For the first time people started to think of London
pronunciation as "correct" pronunciation. Until Tu_
<ior times the local forms of speech had been spoken
by lord and peasant alike. From Tudor times onwards
the way people spoke began to show the difference
between them. Educated people began to speak ,,cor_
trect" English, and uneducated people continued to
speak the local dialects.
Literacy increased greatly during the 16th centu_
ry. By the beginning of the 16th century about half
the population of England could read and write.
Renaissance2 is the period in Europe between the
14th and 17th centuries, when, after the period of
Middle Ages during which there had been litile edu_
cation, people became interested in the art, litera_
ture and ideas of ancient Greeces. This interest caused
the appearance of outstanding thinkers, scientists,
artists and writers.
England felt the effects of the Renaissance later
than much of Europe because it was an island" In the
early years of the 16th century English thinkers be_
came interested in the work of the Dutch philosopher
I Chaucer ['rf.r:sc] t{ocep
' -
Renaissance [n'ncrsons.l peaeccanc (anoxa Boepox4eHua)
" Greece [gri:s] fpequa-
-
121
 www.frenglish.ru

Erasmusl. One of them, 4. What is Renaissance?

mas More2, wrote a book 5. Who was Thomas More? What book did he write?
which he described an What did he describe in his book?
nation. The book was 6. What spheres of life did Renaissance influence?
Utopia3. It was very PoPu 7. What kind of painting did English masters de-
throughout EuroPe. . velop?
The Renaissance also in 8. What writers were popular in the 16th century?
enced religion, music a
painting. In painting Engl CHAPTER REVIEW
masters develoPed their Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
special kind of Painting' combinations from the list:
miniature Portrait. dattage, breeding, introducing, rid, gouerning,
Thomas More
In literature such names Speaher, Aeoman farmers, fenced off , responsible, in-
Christopher Marlowea, creased, amoltnt, royal, influential, challenge, enclo-
Jonsont and WilHam Shakespeare6, were very stlres, to graze, literacy.
lar. The plays which they wrote were staged in 1. The Tudor monarchs did not like
theatres, and the public enjoyed them' Shake'spedr through Parliament.
popularity, os we know, has not died down until o{ 2. Henry VII used Parliament only for
iirr,", and his plays are still staged in many theattt neW laws.
throughout the world. 3. By using Parliament to support their own policy,
the Tudors actually Parliament's au-
QUESTIONS thority.
1. Since what time had London English become 4. MPs in the House of Commons represented richer
cepted as standard English? and more classes than the Lords.
2. Was there any difference between the way 5. The idea of getting
ity and common people spoke before Tudor ti was first suggested in the 16th century.
When did a difference become noticeable? 6. The monarchy used its influence on Parliament
3. How did Iiteracy increase during the 16th cen to make it support the policy.
tury? 7. In order to control discussion in Parliament, the
I .Croryn appointed a
Erasmus Ir'rrezmcs]
2 - EPaarvr
Thomas More ['tlmcs'mc:] - Touac Mop 8. It was obvious that sooner or later Parliament
'r Utopia fiu'touPje] - Vtonr'r'a would the Crown.
['nro:lou] - Kpllcrotpep
'5 Christophei ['krrstcfc] MarloweBeg 9. Twice the number of people needed twice the
Ben [ben] Jonson ['d3cnsn] - ,{xconcon
'r Williaml'u'rljcrnl Shakespeare ['Jerkspro] VrE'nrsu III of food.
-
122 127
 www.frenglish.ru

10. The employed men to work on t UNIT FOUR

land and produced food tcrsell. THE STt'ARTS
11. Many landowners found that they could
more money from The Stuart ntonarchs were less successful than
growing crops. lhe Tud.ors. They quarrelled with Parliament and,
t2. The big landowners needed land for the this reaulted, in ciuil war. One of th.e Stuarts was
so they land that had ia executed. Another Stuart king was driuen from the
belonged to the whole village. lhrone. When the last Stuart, Queen Anne, died. in
13. The practice of fencing off comm6n land is 1714, the monarchy was no longer absolutely pou-
crful as it had. been in the Tudor titnes.
t4. Enclosures caused great These important changes were the result of basic
15. The Poor Law made local people for ch.angea in society. During the lVh century ecorlorn-
poor in their own area. lc pouter rnoued, into the hands of the merchant and
16. greatly- increased during the 1 landowning farmer classes. The Crown could, no long-
century. er raise rnoneA or govern usithout their cooperation.

UNIT REVIEW CHAPTER 9

Who were these people? \Mhat did they do?'Write THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT
short about each of them.
Henry VII Mary Tudor Mary Queen of Part 1. James l.
Henry VIII Elizabeth I Thomas More
Like Elizabeth, James I tried to rule without Par-
liament as much as possible. He believed in the di-
uine right of hingsl: the king was chosen by God
and therefore only God could judge him. He ex-
pressed these ideas openly and this led to trouble
with Parliament.
When Elizabeth died, she left James with a huge
debt. James had to ask Parliament to raise a tax2 to
'pay the debt. Parliament agreed, but in return in-
sisted on the right to discuss James's home and for-
I the divine [dr'varn] right of kings 6oxecrseunoe npaBo
rcopo.neft
-
I to raise a tax BBecrr{ IraJIor
124
-
125

eign policy. James did nd
agree to this, and so hf
did not get the money.
James managed to rul€
the country without Parr
liament between 1611 and
162I, but it was only po!.
sible because Britain r€.
King James I mained at peace. Jam6l
could not afford the cogt
of the army. In 1618, at the beginning of the Thirtl
Years' War in Europe, Parliament wished to go t0
war against the Catholics, but James did not agretr
Until his death in 1625 James was alwals euarrolr
ling with Parliament over money and over its desitl
to play a part in his foreign policy.
Parliament against the Crown. Charles 11 quar.
relled with Parliament even more bitterly than hlr
father had done. Mor.
than once Charles diE.
solved Parliament, but
had to recall it again bo.
cause he needed money. Ii
t628, in return for moR.
ey, Parliament wanted
Charles to sign a doett.
ment known as the Petl,
tion of Rightsz, whiclt
would give Parliament tho
right to control state moR.
I Charles I ['tJo:lz dc'fc:st] =
=
Kap"r I
/the Petition Ipe'trJn] of
King Charles I Rights
- flerrrrlza o rpaltal
www.frenglish.ru
r,y, the national budget and the law. Charles realized
l,ltat the Petition of Rights was putting an end to a
king's divine right. So he dissolved Parliament again.
Between 1629 and 1640 Charles successfully ruled
without Parliament. He was able to balance his budg-
r,ls, he got rid of dishonesty among officialsl and
rrrade administration efficient. By 1637 he was at the
lrt:ight of his power. It seeined that Parliament would
lrL)ver meet again.
QUESTIONS
1. Why did James I try to rule without Parliament?
What did he believe in?
2. Why did James I have to ask Parliament for
money? Did he get the money? Why?
ll. Did James manage to rule the country without
Parliament?
4. How did Charles I's relations with Parliament
develop? Why did he dissolve Parliament in 1628?
5. How did Charles I rule the country without Par-
liament between 1629 and 1640?
Part 2. Religious Disagreement.
The religious situation in Britain was not simple.
There were people in the country who disagreed
with the teachings of the Church of England. They
said that the services of the Church of England had
become too complicated and too rich and took too
rnuch money. They wanted to make the Church of
l,)ngland more modest, to purify it. These people were
r':rlled Puritansz. Charles, who was married to a French
officials [c'lrJclz] qrrHoBuuFiI{
-
Puritans ['pjuclrtcnz] [yprrraHe
-
r27

Catholic, disliked Puritans. Many MPs either '
Puritans themselves' or sympathized with them
Events in Ireland. Events in Ireland resul
civil war. James I had continued Elizabeth's po
and had colonized Uister, the northern part of'
land. The Catholic Irish were driven off t ir
which were given to Protestant settlers from Er
In 1641, at a moment when Charles badly
period of quiet, Ireland exploded in rebellion ag
ihe Protestant English settlers. 3.000 people -
women and children - were killed, most of thel
Ulster. In London Charles and Parliament quarre
over who should lead an army to defeat the ret
Many MPs were afraid to give an army to Char
they thought that Charles would use the army iri
der to dissolve Parliament by force and to rule
again. Charles's friendship towards the Catlt
C-hurch increased Protestant fears' In 1642 Cha
tried to arrest five MPs in Parliament' Althoug}
was unsuccessful, it convinced Parliament and
supporters all over England that they had good;
son to fear.
QUESTIONS
1. Why did some people in Britain criticizet
Church of England? How did they want to c
it? What were these people called? Why werg'f
called Puritans?
2. Why did Charles I dislike Puritans? ,'i::
3. What happened in Ireland in 1641? . i
4. What did Charles and Parliament quarrel aH
in connection with the events in Ireland? l
5. Why didn't Parliament want to give an arm'
Charles?
128
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Part 3. The Givil War.
London, where Parliament's influence was stronger,
locked its gates against the king, and Charles moved to
Nottinghaml, where he gathered an army to defeat those
MPs who opposed him. The Civil War had started.
Most of the House of Lords and a few from the
House of Commons supported Charles. The Royalistsz,
known as Caualierss, controlled most of the north
and west. Parliament controlled the east and south-
east, including London. At first Parliament's army
consisted of armed groups of London apprentices.
Their short hair gave the Parliamentarian soldiers
their popular name of Roundheadsa.
The forces were not equal. Parliament was support-
ed by the navy, by most of the merchants and by the
population of London. So it controlled the most impor-
tant national and international sources of wealth. The
Royalists had no money. The soldiers of the Royalist
t
2
Nottingham ['nctrrlem]
Royalists ['rcrahsts] - Horrunreu
pofiJr]rcru (crnoponnurcu rcopona)
3
Cavaliers [,keve'haz]- RaBaJrepbr
4 -
Roundheads ['raundhedz] rpyrnoroJroBrre
-
,, A Roundhead and a Cavalier
 www.frenglish.ru

army were unpaid, and James I believed in the of kings: the

a result, they either kingwas by God and therefore only God
away or stole from I could him.
villages and farms. In 3. More than once Charles I Parliament,
end, at the battle of N
but had it again because he needed money.
byr rn 1645, the RoYa
4. There were people in Britain who disagreed with
army was finallY def the of the Church of England.
ed. That was the end 5. Some people said that the of the Church of
England had become too complicated and too rich.
the Civil War. PeoPle
the country-side and 6. The wanted to make the Church of Eng-
the towns did not wa land more modest.
this war, and theY In 1641 Ireland exploded in against
it was over.l the Protestant English settlers.
The CivilWar happy when
The Royalists, known as , controlled
8U ESTIONS most of the north and west.
1. How did the Civil War start? 9. The Parliamentarian soldiers cut their hair short
, Who were Cavaliers and Roundheads? and got the name of
3. What: parts of the country did the Royalists c<
trol? What parts were controlled by the Parl CHAPTER IO
mentarian armY? REPUBLICAN
4. What were the advantages of Parliament in
Civil War? AND RESTORATION BRITAIN
5. When and where was the last battle of the Civll':
War fought? What was the result of the battle? Part 1. Republic in Britain.
,I
Oliver CromwelF. Several MPs had commanded the
CHAPTER REVIEW Parliamentarian army during the Civil War. The
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word'' strongest of them was a gentleman farmer named
combinations from the list: Oliver Cromwell. He had created a new "model" army,
Caualiers, chosen, teachings, rebellion, to recall, the first regular force from which the British army
Round.heads, to raise, iud.ge, Puritans, debt, dissolued, of today developed. Instead of country people or gen-
seruices, diuine right. try, Cromwell invited into his army educated men
1. James I had to ask Parliament a tax to
who wanted to fight for their beliefs. lr

pay his
I Oliver Cromwell ['olrvo'kromwcl] Onunep Kpovraenr
I Naseby ['rrcrzbr] Hefic6tr -
- 171
130

Cromwell and his advisers captured the king
1645, but they did not know what to do with
This was an entirely new situation in English h
ry. They could either bring Charles back to the t
and allow him to rule, or remove him and create
new political system. By this time most people
both Houses of Parliament, and probably in the co
try, wanted the king back. They were afraid of
Parliamentarians and of the dangerous behaviour
the army. But some army commanders were
to get rid of the king. These men were Puritans, w
believed they could build God's kingdom in England.
Two-thirds of the MPs did not want to put t
king on triall. They were removed from Parlia
by Cromwell's army. The king was accused of trea.
son2 and found guilty of3 "making war against
kingdom and Parliament." On 31 January, 1649, Kint
Charles I was executed.
The Scots were shocked by Charles's execution. ',
They invited his son, whom they recognized as King
Charles II, to join them and fight against the English
Parliamentarian army. But they were defeated, ard,,
young Charles himself had to escape to France. Scot.'
Iand was brought under English republican rule. r,
I to put the king on trial npeAaBarb HopoJIfi cyAy
-
2 accused of treason [tri:zn]
IISMEHC
- o6guHdH B rocyAapcrseHHofi
'r found guilty ['grltr] of - npr{BHaH BTTHoBHLTM
132
www.frenglish.ru
Cromwell took an army to Ireland "to punish the
lrish" for the killing of Protestants in 1641 and for
the continued Royalist rebellion there. He captured
two towns. His soldiers killed the inhabitants of both
towns, about 6,000 people. These killings were prob-
ably not worse than the killings of the Protestants in
1641, but they remained powerful symbols of Eng-
lish cruelty to the Irish.
The Levellersl. There were people at that time who
had new ideas. Their ideas seemed strange to most
other people of the 17th century. These people spoke
about equality among all men. They called themselves
Levellers. By and by the ideas of the Levellers began
to attract more and more people. They also spread
into the army. There appeared Levellers among the
officers and soldiers. In 1649 the Levellers in the
army rebelled and put forward their demands. They
said that Parliament must meet every two years and
that aII men over the age of twenty-one must have
the right to elect MPs to it. They also demanded com-
plete religious freedom, so that all religious groups
could follow their religion in the way they wished.
Two hundred years later such demands were con-
sidered as basic citizens' rights. But in the middle of
the 17th century they had little support among the
people. The rebellion of the Levellers was suppressed.
The Lord Protector. From 1653 Britain was governed
by Cromwell alone. He became Lord Protector and had
much more power than King Charles had had. But his
efforts to govern the country through the army were
extremely unpopular, and the idea of using the army to
maintain law and order in the kingdom has remained
I Levellers ['lcvclcz] JleBeJrJrepbr' <ypaBulrrreru')
B
-
B3
 www.frenglish.ru

unpopular ever since.
other innovations
6. In what years was Britain a republic? Was the
lllil
republic a success? Why?
7. What was the reaction in Scotland to the execu-
l]il

unpopular too: peo rt

were forbidden to tion of Charles I? What did the Scots do? Were ll[t'

brate Christmasr an they a success? rilit

Eastef , or to play 8. What did Cromwell do in Ireland?

on Sunday 9. Who were the Levellers? What idea did they speak ll
When Cromwell died about? ilit

1658, he was succeeded by 10. When did the Levellers rebel? What demands did ll
his son Richard. But they put forward? Why was the rebellion of the t;
i[il
chard Cromwell was Levellers suppressed? lill
poor leader and could 11. In what year did Cromwell begin governing the il,

trol neither the army, country alone? What title did he take?
Parliament. Nobody 12. Were Cromwell's efforts to govern the country
erned the country. It through the army popular? What did he forbid
clear that the situation could be saved only by the the people?
ration of monarchy. In 1660 Charles II was invited 13. Who was Cromwell succeeded by after his death?
return to his kingdom. The republic was over. In what way was his successor different from him?
14. How did the republic in Britain end?
QUESTIONS
1. Who was Oliver Cromwell? What new kind of Part 2. Restoration.
army did he create?
2. When did Cromwell capture Charles? What wag With the restoration of monarchy, Parliament once
more became as weak as it had been in the time of
r$

the problem of the Parliamentarians in connec- &

tion with the captured king? What choice did i
they have?
3. Why did most people want the king back? What
were they afraid of?
4. Who wanted to get rid of the king? What did the
Puritans believe they could do?
D. What was Charles I accused of? What was he
found guilty of? When was he executed?
1 Christmas ['krrsmcs] Pox4ecteo
James I and Charles I. However, the new king, Charles
II, did not want to make Parliament his enemy. He
punished only those MPs who had been responsible
for his father's execution. Many MPs were given po-
sitions of authority or responsibility in the new mon-
archy. But in general Parliament remained weak.
Charles shared his father's belief in divine right, and
he greatly admired the all-powerful, absolute ruler
of France Louis XIVI.
I Louis ['lur] XIV
i11ir

2 Easter ['i:ste] - JIyUXIV

- flacxa - ii

134 B5 i

itl

it

Charles hoped to make
peace between the differ.
ent religious groups that
existed in Britain at that
time. He wanted to allow
Puritans and Catholics,
who disliked the Church of
England, to meet freely.
But Parliament, whose
members belonged to the
Church of England, did not
want to allow this. Charler
himself was attracted to
the Catholic Church. Par.
liament knew this, and
many MPs were worried
that Charles would become
King Charles ll a Catholic.
The first political par-
ties. The first political parties in Britain appeared in
Charles II's reign.
One of these parties was a group of MPs who be-
came known as Whigsl, a rude name for cattle driv-
ers. The Whigs were afraid of an absolute monarchy
and of the Catholic faith with which they connected
it. They also wanted to have no regular army.
The other party, which opposed the Whigs, was
nicknamed Tories2, which is an Irish name for thieves.
The Tories, who were natural inheritors of the Roy-
alists of the Civil War, supported the Crown and the
Church.
1 Whigs [wrgz] Buru
2 Tories ['tc:rrz] - Topu
- ev'cnnd3]
136
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'Ihese two parties, the Whigs and the Tories, be-
oame the basis of Britain's two-party parliamentary
" system of government.
The Glorious Revolutionl. The struggle over Ca-
tholicism became a crisis when James II became king
after his brother's death in 1685. James II was a
Catholic. He tried to revive the importance of the
Catholic Church and give Catholics important posi-
tions in government and Par-
liament. Parliament was
alarmed and angry. The To-
ries united with the Whigs
against James. They decided
that James II had lost his
right to the crown.
James's daughter Mary
was a Protestant, and she was
married to the Protestant
ruler of Holland2, William of
Oranges. Parliament invited
William of Orange to invade King William lll
England.
In 1688 William entered
London. James was in dan-
ger and fled from England.
The English crown was of-
fered to William and Mary.
The events of 1688 went
down into history as the Glo-
1 The Glorious Revolution
CJrasHag peBoJrroqr{ff
-
2 Holland ['hclend] foa.naH4ua
3 William of Orange-
['wtljam
Queen Mary ll
- Bznrrenrrvr Opaucxzfi

rious Revolution. It was not really a revolution:
fact it was a coup d'etatr organized by the
class. Now Parliament was much more powerful
the king. Its power over the monarch was wri
into the Bill of Rights2 in 1689. The Bill of
stated that the king could not raise taxes or keep
army without the agreement of Parliament.,
The uriion with Scotland. Scotland was still a
arate kingdom, although both countries had the
king (James II was James VII of Scotland). The
lish wanted England and Scotland to be united.
land wanted to remove the limits on trade with En
land from which it suffered economically. The
Parliament promised to remove these limits if
Scots agreed to the union with England. Finally,
l7O7; the union of Scotland and England was
pleted by an Act of Parliaments. The state got a
name: Great Britain. The separate parliaments of
countries stopped functioning. A new parliament,
Parliament of Great Britain, met for the first
QUESTIONS
1. How did the position of Parliament change
the restoration of monarchy?
2. What did Charles II do because he did not w
to make Parliament his enemy?
3. What were the contradictions between Charles
and Parliament about Catholics and Puritans?
4. When did the first political parties appear in
ain? What were they called? What were the
principles of each of the two parties?
I coup d'etat fiepeBopor
['ku:der'to] - Op.
2 the Bill of Rights Br.r.n.nr o upaBax
3 an Act of Parliament - arcr flapaauenta
- Utrecht I ju:trekt]
138
www.frenglish.ru
5. When did the contradiction about religion grow
into a crisis? Why?
6. Why did the Tories unite with the Whigs against
James II ?
7. What important statement did Parliament make
t
about James II ? Why did they invite William of
Orange to invade England? How was WiIIiam
connected with the English throne?
8. When did William of Orange invade England?
Why did James II flee from the country? Whom
did Parliament offer the English crown?
9. Was the Glorious Revolution really a revolution?
10. How was the king's power limited as a result of
the Glorious Revolution?
11. Why did Scotland agree to the union with Eng-
Iand? In what year was the union officially com-
pleted? What was the new official name of the
united state?
Part 3. Foreign Relations.
During the 17th century Britain's main rivals were
Spain, Holland and France. There was a competition
in trade between England and Holland. After three
wars Britain achieved the trade position it wanted.
At the end of the century Britain went to war
against France. Partly it was because William of Or-
ange had struggled with France before he came to
the English throne. But Britain also wanted to limit
French power, which had been growing under Louis
XIV. The British army won several important victo-
ries over the French. By the treaty of Utrechll in
I
Vrpexr
- B9
 www.frenglish.ru

I7I3 Britain got possession of the rock of 3. The Levellers spoke about among
tarl, so now it controlled the entrance to the all men.
terranean2 from the Atlantic Ocean. 4. The idea of using the army to maintain law and
Colonizing foreign lands was important for order in the country has remained to
rope's economic development. In the 17th c this day.
Britain did not have so many colonies abroad as 5. In 1653 Cromwell became Lord
ther Spain or Holland, but it had greater variety. 6. With the of monarchy Parliament
had twelve colonies on the east coast of North A became weak again.
ica. In the West Indiess it had new colonies w t. The were afraid of an absolute mon-
sugar was grown. Besides, by this time Britain's archy and of the Catholic faith.
India Company had established its first trading 8. The supported the Crown and the
tlements in India, on both the west and east Church.
QUESTIONS 9. The Whigs and the Tories became the basis of
1.What countries were Britain's main rivals in Britain's parliamentary system of
17th century? government.
2.What were the reasons of the wars with 10. Parliament invited William of Orange
and France? What did Britain achieve as a England.
of these wars? 11. The events of 1688 went down into history as the
3.What was colonizing foreign lands important f
What colonies did Britain have in North 12. The stated that the king could not
in the West Indies and in India? raise taxes or keep an army without the agree-
ment of Parliament.
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and CHAPTER II
combinations from the list: THE 17TH CENTURY SOCIETY
to inoade, Glorious Reuolution, Whigs, acc
unpopular, two-party, equality, Tories, executed, Part 1. Reconsidering religious dogmas.
of Rights, restoration, Protector.
1. The king was of treason. The influence of Puritanism increased greatly dur-
2. On January 31, 1649, King Charles ! was ing the 17th century, especially among the classes of
merchants and the lesser gentry. The new official trans-
' Gibraltar[d3r'bro:lto] fu6parrap Iation of the Bible encouraged Bible reading among all
2 -
the Mediterranean [,mcdrtc'rernjon] Mope those who could read. Some people understood the Bi-
- CpegzaeMHoe
3 the West Indies ['wcst'rndrz] Becr-I,Ingua
- ble in a new way. As a result, by the middle of the 17ih
140 l4l
 www.frenglish.ru

century Puritanism had ;1. What was the disadvantage of the Church of Eng-
led to the formation of land in comparison with the Nonconformist move-
a large number of small ment?
new religious groups or L Who were the two great religious writers of the
sects. Most of these Non. century? What books did they write?
conformistL sects lasted
only a few years, but one Part 2. Revolution in Scientific Thinking.
is important, that is the
sect of people who called The revolution in religious thinking coincided with
themselves Quakers2, or the revolution in scientific thinking.
Friends. The Quakerl A new approach to science was established at the
became particularly fa- very beginning of the century by Francis Baconl, who
mous for their reform. was known for his work on scientific method. He
ing social work in the said that every scientific idea must be tested by ex-
A Quaker meeting 18tr'century. lreriment, and with idea and experiment following
The Church of England, unlike the Nonconformiet one another, the whole natural world would be un-
churches, was strong politically, but it became weak- rlerstood. The British scientists put Francis Bacon's
er intellectually. The great religious writers of the
period, John Bunyans, who wrote "The Pilgrim'e ' Francis Bacon ['tr-aensrs'berkon]
-
(Dpancuc Barou
Progress"a, and John Miltons, who wrote "Paradiee
Lost"6, were both Puritans.
SUESTTONS
1. What fact encouraged Bible reading among tho
people? How did some people understand the Bi-
ble? What did it lead to?
2. Which of the Nonconformist sects that appeared
in the 17il' century became particularly famous?
I Nonconforrnist ['nrnkcrr't:l:rnrst] nonnontpopwrncrcxufi,
pacKonbHrrqecrcufi -
2 Quakers ['ku,crkcz] - FiBaFiepbr
:] John Bunyan ['d3rrr'b,rnjcn]
- Axon EantRn
| "The Pilgrirn's Progress" <flvrs naJroMHI{Ka>
:' John Milton ['d3rn'nrrltn] - .{xoH Mpr.nrron
-
6 "Paradise Lost" ['plcradars'bst]
- <llorepannrrft
pafi> The Royal Observatory in Greenwich founded by Charles ll
142
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one of the greatest books in the history of science.

Newton's work remained the basis of physics until
Einstein'sr discoveries in the 20th century.
The greatest British architect of the time, Sir Chris-
topher 'Wrenz, was also professor of astronomy at
Oxford. He is famous for rebuilding London after
the Great Fire of 1666.

7. who establisheo science? what

^tf#;t?I"ln,"
was the essenee of his new approach?
, Did the Stuart Monarchs encourage scientific
studies? What important institution was founded
London rebuilt after the Great Fire in 1666 in their reign?
ideas into practice, attaching much importance to 3' What discovery did William Harvey make in
experiment and research. 7628?
The scientific studies were encouraged by the Stup 4. What is Christopher Wren famous for?
arts. The Royal Societyl, founded by the Stuart mon. b. What did Isaac Newton study? What is the title
archy, became an important centre where thinkerl of his famous book?
could meet, argue and share information.
In 1628 William Harvey2 discovered the circuh. Part 3. Life in the Stuart Age.
tion of blood, and this led to great advances in med. The situation for the poor improved in the second
icine and in the study of the human body. half of the 17th century. Prices fell compared with
In 1666 the Cambridge professor of mathematlol wages, and fewer people had to ask for help from the
Sir Isaac Newtons began to study gravity. He pub. parish. The middle groups continued to do well. Many
lished his important discovery in 1684. In 1687 hf who started life as yeoman farmers or traders be-
published "Principia"4, or "The Mathematical Prln,
came minor gentry or merchants.
ciples of Natural Philosoph7"u, which is considered Trade in Britain greatly developed in the 17il' cen-
The Royal Society tury. Different regions of the country became less
- KoporencftoeVn.nravr
Hayrrgoe o6rqecrno
1

2
William Harvey ['wlljam'ho:vl] fapnefi
-Vcaax Hrroron economically separated from each other. No place in
3
Isaac Newton ['arzrk'nju:ten] Britain was more than 75 miles from the sea, and
4
"Principia" [pnn'slpre] -
<Haqa.na>
5
"The Mathematical -
Principles of Natural Philosophy" [0c
e0 e\netrkal'punsrplz av'nrtJ eral fi' csafi] Matennerl{qecrctf I I Einstein ['arnstarn] Efinurreiis
Wren -['krrstcfc'rcn]
m
,

HaqaJra HarypaJrbHofi (rr.uocoQun

I
- <,
2 Christopher Kpucrotlrep Pen
>
-
144 145
 www.frenglish.ru

very few places were more than 20 miles from a ri

or canal. These waterways became important
of transport.
Before the 17th century most towns did not h
shops. They had market days on which farmers
manufacturers sold their produce in the town squ
or marketplace. By 1690, however, most towns
had proper shops. Shopkeepers travelled around thr
country to buy for their shops new goods, which drew i
people from the countryside to see and buy them, g
The towns u'hich had shops grew larger. *
London. London remained much larger than anyf
other town. By 1650 more than 500,000 people lived !
in it. The next largest cities, Norwichl, Newcastlel u

and Bristol3 had only 25,000 each. !

A coffeehouse
1 Norwich ['nrrrd3] Hopragrx
-
2 Newcastle ['nju:ko:sl] In London there was a new class of aristocrats. These
Hrroxac,r
'' Bristol ['hrrst:rll
-
Epucro.us people were rich, and most of them were representa-
- tives of old nobility.
Some of the aristocrats, however, were "new no'
bility" who had bought themselves titles for much
money. Some of the older Tudor nobility did not
want to accept the "new nobles" as equals. They
called themselves squires (which means the ruling
class of the countryside) and looked down uponl
the upstarts2.
After 1650 the rich began to meet in the new cof-
fee-houses, which quickly became the meeting places
for conversation and discussing politics. These cof-
fee-houses later developed into present-day clubs,
which are so popular in England today.
t looked down rrpon cMorpeJlu cBF,IcoRa Ha
:' upstarts -
BbrcKoirKrr
A house of a wealthy family -
146 147
 u7
A typical farmhouse
Family life. In the 17tr' century the authority oll
the father in the family continued to grow. It wae
the result of the increasing authority of the Church.
The Protestants believed that teaching religion in
the family was important, and put the responsibil.
ity on the head of the family. The father always led
daily family prayers and Bible reading. In some wayg
he had taken the place of the priest. Absolute obedi-
ence on the part ofl his wife and children was expect-
ed. Disobedience was considered an act against God
as well as the head of the house.
One result of this growth of the father's authority
was that children were frequently beaten to break
their "sinful" will. A child who was not beaten was
unusual.
I on the part of co cropoHbr
-
148
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QUESTIONS.
1. How did the life of people improve in the 17ch
century?
I Trade in the 17th century greatly developed, didn't
it? Why did different regions of the country be-
come less separated from each other?
3. How many people lived in London in 1650?
4. What was the new class in London? Who was
this new class represented by? Who were "new
nobility"?
5. What were the coffee-houses? What did they later
develop into?
6. Who was considered the person of authority in
the l7th-century family? What was the father of
the family responsible for? What \Mere his reli-
gious duties in the family?
7. What was expected on the part of the wife and
children? How was disobedience regarded?
8. What was the negative result of the enormous
growth of the father's authority in the family?
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or word
combinations from the list:
Royal Society, aristocrats, grauity, disobedience,
Quahers, coincided, Puritanism, circulation, discuss-
ing, scientific, intellectually, Francis Bacon.
1. The influence of increased greatly
during the 17th century.
2. The became particularly famous for
their reforming social work.
3. The Church of England was strong politically,
but it became weaker
149
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4. The revolution in religious thinking

with the revolution in thinking.
5. established a new approach to
6. In 1628 William Harvey discovered the UNIT FIVE
of blood. BRITAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY
7. The became an important cen
where thinkers could meet, argue and sharg Well before the end of the 78th century Britain
formation. had becofir,e a uerA powerful country. It became
8. In 1666 Sir Isaac Newton began to study wealthy th.rough trade. The wealJh mad,e possible
o In London there was a new class of both an agricultural and an industrial reaolution,
10. The coffee-houses quickly became the whieh, rnad,e Britain the most economically a.d,vanced
places for conversation and politics, country in the world.
11. to the father was considered an Howeuer, there was a reuerse sid,e to jt: while a
against God. few people became richer, rn&nV others lost their
land,, their hornes and their way of life. Famities
UNIT REVIEW were d.riuen off the land, in another period of enclo-
Who were these people?'What did they do? W Eures. They becanne the working proletariat of the
few words about each of them. cities. The inuention of rnachinery destroyed, the old,
Charles I William of Orange "cottage ind.ustries" artd, created, factories. At the
Francis Bacon Oliver Cromwell san'Le time it caused. the glrowth of unernployntent.
Isaac Newton John Milton This splitting of society into very rich and very
Christopher Wren poor w&s a great d.anger to the established. order. In
France the misery of the poor and. the power of the
trading classes led to reuolution in 1789. Britain
wal saved from reaolution partly by the high leuel
of local control of the ruling blass in the eountry.-
sid,e and, partly by Methodisnt,, a new religious trloue-
tnent which offered, hope and. self-respect to the new
proletariat.

150 t51
r E
CHAPTER 12
CHANGES IN POLITICAL LIFE
Part 1. Politics and Money.
The new dynasty. King James I had a granddaugh'
ter, Sophial, who was a Protestant. She married tho
Elector of Hanover2, also a Protestant. The British
Parliament declared their son, George Hanover3, the
heir to the English throne after Queen Anne, who
had no surviving children. When Queen Anne died itt
17L4, George Hanover ascended the English throne{
as George I, thus starting a
new dynasty.
Georgelwasastrange
king. He was a true German
and did not try to follow
English customs. He could
not speak English and spoko
to his ministers in French.
But Parliament supported
him because he was a Prot.
estant.
There were some Tories
who wanted the deposed
James II's sotr to return to
Britain as James III. James
did not want to change his
Oueen Anne religion, but he wanted the
1 Sophia ['soufa] Co$lra
2 the Elector - firm control of Parliament. Walpole developed the
[r'lekte] of Hanover ['heeneva] - xyp{rropcr fauuoaepa
3 George Hanover ['d3c:d3'hanave] - Ieopr lannoaep
a ascended Ie'sendrd] the English throne - BcrynuJl Ha
anrrnfr,cxufi upecroa
152
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English throne. In 1715 he
started a rebellion against
George I. But the rebellion
was put down: George's
army defeated the English
and Scottish Jacobitesl, as
Stuart supporters were
called.
The Bank of England. At
the end of the 17th century
the government had to bor-
row money in order to pay
for the war with France. In
L694, a group of financiers King George I
who lent money to the gov-
ernment decided to establish a bank, and the govern-
ment agreed to borrow only from this bank. The new
bank was called the Bank of England. It was given
the right to print bank notes, u'hich could be used
instead of coins. The paper money which is used to-
day developed from these bank notes.
Robert Walpole2. The power of the government
during the reign of George I was increased because
ihe new king did not seem very interested in his king-
dorn. The greatest political leader of the time was
Robert Walpole. He is considered Britain's first Prime
Mi.nister.
In the other countries of Europe kings and queens
had absolute power. Britain was unusual, and Wal-
pole was determined to keep the Crown under the
I Jacobites ['d3rkebarts] sxo6rarrr
2 Robert Waipole -
['rcbat'wc:lpoul]
- Po6epr Vonuon
153
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political results of the Glorious Revolution of 1688,

He insisted that the power of the king should alwayr
be limited by the constitution.
The limits to royal power were these: the king could
not be a Catholic; the king could not remove or change
Iaws; the king depended on Parliament for his money
and for his army.
Lord Chathaml. Walpole wanted to avoid war be.
cause it took a lot of money. The most important
political enemy of Walpole was 'William pitt the
Elder2, later Lord Chatham. Chatham was sure that
in order to be economically strong in the world, Brit.
ain should develop international trade. Trade involved
competition. France was the main rival of Britain An East lndia Company official with his escort
because it had many colonies. Chatham was certain
that Britain must beat France in the competition for of India. Many Britons started to go to India to
make their fortunel.
overseas markets. When Chatham was in the govern.
Growth of international trade. During the rest of
ment, he decided to make the British navy stronger
than that of France or any other nation. He also decid.
the century Britain's international trade increased
rapidly. By the end of the century the West Indies
ed to seize a number of France's trading ports abroad.
were the most profitable part of Britain's new em-
The war with France. The war with France broke
pire. They formed one corner of a profitable trade
out in L756 and went on all over the world. In triangle. Knives, swords and cloth made in British
Canada the British took Quebecs in 1759 and Mon"
factories were taken to West Africa and exchanged
treala the following year. This gave the British con.
trol of the important fish, fur and wood trades. In for slaves. The slaves were taken to the West Indies
where they worked on large plantabions growing sug-
India the army of the British East India Company
ar. From the West Indies the ships returned to Brit-
defeated French armies both in Bengals and in the
south near Madras6. Soon Britain controlled most
ain carrying great loads of sugar which had been
grown by the slaves.
I Lord Chatham Voting. Parliament represented only a very small
['tJrtcm] - Jlopa r{arevr number of people: in the 18th century voting was not
'z William Pitt the Elder - Vr.r;rr,sm llurr Crapnrzfi
n [kwr'bck] - Kee6er universal. Only house owners with a certain income
I Quebed
Montreal [.mrntrr'J:l]
- Monpea.rrr
5 Bengal ['be4gc:l] Beura.rrus I to make their fortune paa6orarerb, ((cxororrrrb
6 Madras [u-re'dro;s]- Ma4pac ['fo:tJcn]
COCTOffHUe'>
-
-
154 155

had the right to vote. As a result, while the populo.
tion of Britain was almost eight million, there
fewer than 250,000 voters. Besides, the voters
controlled by a small number of very rich
owners, who sometimes acted together as a town
ordinary farmers did not own land: they rented lt'
from greater landowners.
I 12. What colony was the most profitable part of Brit-
not done in secret, and no
the wishes of his landlord
Other voters voted for the "right man,, for a gift of
money: in other words, their votes were ,,bought." In i
this way the great land-owning aristocrats were ablo
to control those who sat in Parliament and make suro
that the MPs did what they wanted. No one could say
that Parliament in those days was democratic.
guES?IONS
1. How did the Hanover dynasty come to reign over
Britain?
2. What kind of king was George I? Why did par.
liament support him?
3. What did some Tories want? When did the Jaco.
bite rebellion start? How did it finish?
4. When was the Bank of England established? What
innovation did the Bank of England introduce?
What did the present-day paper money develop
from?
5. Who was Robert Walpole?
6. How did Walpole develop the political results of
the Glorious Revolution?
156
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7. What were the limits to royal power?
8. Who was the most important political enemy of
Walpole?
9. What was Lord Chatham sure of?
10. Why was France the main rival of Britain in in-
ternational trade? What was Lord Chatham de-
termined to do in this connection?
11. When did the war with France break out? Was it
waged only in Europe? What advantages did Brit-
ain achieve as a result of the war?
4'
"!
ain's new empire?
13. What was the "profitable trade triangle"? How
did it function?
14. Was voting universal in the 18th century? Who
had the right to vote?
15. Who were the voters controlled by?
16. How many representatives were sent to Parlia-
ment from each town and each county?
17. How did ordinary farmers depend on greater land-
o\vners in their voting? Explain.
18. How did the great land-owning aristocrats make
sure that MPs did what they wanted? Explain.
Part 2. Developing Public Opinion.
Between l75O and 1770 the number of newspapers
published in the country increased. Newspapers were
read by many people who could never hope to vote
because they were not rich enough, but who were
interested in the important matters of the times. These
people were clerks, skilled workers and tradesmen.
Newspapers sent their own reporters to listen to Par-
liament discussions and write about them. Politics
157
&

were no longer a monopoly of the land-owning gen-
try. The age of public opinion had arrived.
The loss of the American colonies. In L764 there
was a serious quarrel over taxation between the
British government and the colonies in America.
The population of the British colonies in America
was rapidly growing. In 1700 there had been only
200,000 colonists, but by I77O there were already
2,5 million. Some American colonists decided that
it was not lawful for the British government to tax
them without their agreement. They said that if
they paid taxes to the British government, they
must have their own representatives in British
Parliament.
In1773 a group of colonists at the port of Bostonr
threw a shipload of teaz into the sea because they did
Boston ['brstcn]
a shipload of tea
- Bocton
rpya rrafl
- 2.
The Boston Tea-party
158
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not want to pay a tax on it which the British govern-
ment demanded. The event became known as the Bos-
ton tea-party. The British government answered by
closing the port. The colonists rebelled. The Ameri-
canWar of Independence began.
The war in America lasted from 1775 until 1783.
The result was a complete defeat of the British forc-
es. Britain lost all its colonies in America, except
Canadal.
Radicals. Many British politicians openly support-
ed the colonists. They were called radicals. For the
first time British politicians supported the rights of
the king's subjects abroad to govern themselves and
to fight for their rights against the king. The war in
America brought new ideas of democracy.
QUESTIONS
1. How did the increased number of newspapers in-
fluence public opinion?
What did the British government and the Ameri-
can colonies quarrel over in L764?
ri. Why did the American colonists decide that it
was not lawful for the British government to tax
them? What did they say?
4" What happened in Boston tn 1773? What is the
event called? Why did the colonists throw the
load of tea overboard?
b. When did the American War of Independence be-
gin? How long did it last? What was the result
of the war?
6. What new ideas did the War of Independence in
America bring? Who were the radicals?
I Canada ['kienadc] Kana4a
-
159
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Part 3. lreland

not become members of the Dublin Parliament and

could not vote in parliamentary elections. No Catho.
lic could become a lawyer, go to university, or joln
the navy. The Catholics were second-class citizens ln
their own land. It was only natural that hatred bc.
tween the ruling Protestant settlers and the ruled
Catholic Irish was growing.
In order to increase British control, Ireland wal The battle at Culloden
united with Britain in 1801 and the Dublin Parliq.
ment was closed. The United Kingdom of Great Brlt,
ain and Ireland lasted f.or I20 years, until 192L, when
the independent Irish Republic was formed.
It
QUESTIONS
1. What made the position of the Irish Catholiot
miserable? What rights were they deprived of?
2. What was done in order to increase British coni
trol over Ireland? When was it done?
3. How long did the United Kingdom of Great Brit.
ain and Ireland last? When was the independent
Irish Republic formed?
Part 4. Scotland. The rebellion was finished'

The Stuarts made more than one attempt to win 1 Bonnie Prince Charlie Kpacunrrfi trpunq
['bcru'prIns'tJo:h] -
back the English throne. The first Jacobite revolt to o6uratelu Bbrco-
] <xafi.nerrAepbrt'
win the crown for James II's son, in 1715, had been -
TJIAHA'1I{
unsuccessful. In 1745 the Stuarts tried again. James 94un6YPr
Culloden [ka'lcdn] - Ka;rno4en
I Drrblin ['dnblrn] ,{y6auH Inverness [,rnva'nes] - Llnaepxec
- 161
160
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QUESTIONS 11. There was a serious quarrel over be-

1. When did the Jacobites make the second at tween thq British government and the colonies
to seize the English throne for the Stuarts? in America.
.)
Who was Bonnie Prince Charlie? What did L2. Some American colonists said that it was not
in 1745?
for the British government to tax
3. Who was Bonnie Prince Charlie supported them without their agreement.
Why was his army defeated? 13. The war in America brought new ideas of
. CHAPTER REVId,W
L4. When Queen Anne died in 1714, George Hanover
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or the English throne.
combinations from the list:
uoters, profitable, increased, taxation, report
a scended, b ank notes, f ortune, law f ul, limit ed, de CHAPTER T3
.
racA, democratic, income, Parliament, county. LIFE IN TOWN-
1. The Bank of England was given the right to AND IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
2. Walpole insisted that the power of the king s
' Part 1. Life in Towns.
be by the constitution.
Many Britons went to India to make their In 1700 England was still a land of small villages. In
By the end of the century the West Indies the northern areas of England the large cities of the
the most part of Britain's new future, such as Liverpooll, Manchester2, Birminghams,
pire. Sheffielda and Leedss were only just beginning to grow.
5. Only house owners with a certain All the towns smelled bad. There were no drains6.
had the right to vote. The streets were dirty. The towns were centres of
6. The were controlled by a small n disease. As a result, only one child in four in London
of very rich property owners. lived to become an adult.
7. Each and each town sent two During the 18th century efforts were made to make
sentatives to the towns healthier. The streets were built wider; so
8. No one could say that Parliament in those that carriages drawn by horses could pass each oth-
was
9. Between 1750 and 1770 the number of ' Liverpool ['lrvspul].- Jlunepnyar
pers published in the country '3 Mancirester 1'mentJrste] - Manvecrep
L0. Newspapers sent their own
Birmingham ['bc:mrqcm]
I Sheffield ['Jcflld] - Bupuunrevr
IIIetDOu"'I.q
5 Leeds [i:dz] Izgc -
ten to Parliament discussions. -
6 drains crorrrrbre rpy6rr, KaHaJrLLBaqIdfi
162 -
'16?
r www.frenglish.ru
er. From L734 London had a street lighting system.
After 1760 many towns organized street cleaning.
There were four main classes of people in the eight-
eenth-century towns: wealthy merchants, ordinary
merchants and traders, skilled craftsmen, and a large
number of workers who had no skills and who could
not be sure of finding work.
QUESTIONS
1. Why were the towns of the early 18th eentury
centres of disease?
2. What changes were introduced during the 18th
century to make the towns healthier?
3. Which were the main classes of people in the 18th-
century towns?
Part 2. Lite in the Countryside.
The countryside changed greatly during the 18th
century. At the beginning of the century farming
was still done as it had been for centuries. Each vil-
lage was surrounded by large fields, which were not
in individual possession. It was common land, and
each villager farmed part of it.
Beginning with the middle of the 17th century farm-
ing had become much more profitable. A.number of
improvements had been introduced in farming meth-
ods. Farmers had begun to understand how to im-
prove soil. The improvements made it possible to pro-
duce greater crops. But it was difficult to introduce
these improvements when land was divided into small
parts farmed by individual farmers. Small farmers
could not afford the necessary machinery.
People with money and influence, such as the vil-
lage squire, persuaded their MPs to pass a law through
164
Parliament allowing them to take over common land
and to enclose it. With one large area for each farm;
the new machinery and methods worked very well.
,r The enclosures and the farming improvements
made agriculture in Britain more efficient than in
almost any other country in Europe. At the same
time, the enclosures were damaging for a lot of
people. When common land was enclosed, the vil-
lagers had nowhere to grow their crops, so they
could not feed their families. Some of them had
built their houses on commbn land. When the com-
mon land was enclosed, their houses were destroyed,
and they became homeless.
To help homeless and unemployed people, parish
worhhousesl were built, where the poor lived and were
fed. Sometimes a local businessman who wanted cheap
workers hired a workhouse. The poor people who were
kept in this workhouse worked for the businessman,
and he provided food in return for work. This quick-
ly led to a system which was little better than slav-
ery. In the workhouses children, as well as adults,
worked long hours and got so little food that they
were always hungry.
Other people left their village and went to the towns
to find work. They provided the cheap working force
that made possible an industrial revolution which
was to change2 the face of Britain.
QUESTIONS
1. How was farming done at the beginning of the
18th century? What was common land?
2. Why had farming become more profitable?
I parish workhouses [prrxoAcxue pa6otnbre AoMa
2 which waS to change-
- roropofi upeAcroflJro rrsMeu?rrb
165
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3. Why was it difficult to introduce improvements' 6. A number of urere introduced in

and use machinery in farming when land was di-'t farming methods.
vided into small parts? 7. Small farmers could not the neces-
4. During the 18ih century most of common land sary machinery.
was enclosed, wasn't it? What does the term "en-' 8. The and the farming improvements
closures" rnean? made agriculture more efficient.
5. Who enclosed common land? How did they geti 9. The enclosures were for a lot of
the suppqrt of Parliament for enclosures? )
people.
6. The enclosures, together with the farming im- 10. When was enclosed, the villagers
provements, made agriculture in Britain very ef- had nowhere to grow their
ficient, didn't they? What was the negative side 11. Parish were built to help homeless
of the enclosures? and people.
7. What attempts were made to help the poor? What
is a workhouse? What were the conditions of life CHAPTER 14
in the workhouses? THE YEARS OF REVOLUTION
CHAPTER REVIEW Part 1. lndustrial Revolution.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
combinations from the list: By the early 18th century simple machines had al-
Iighting, cotnmon land, worhhouses, healthier, un- ready been invented. With the help of the machines,
large quantities of simple goods could be made quickly
employed, wealthy, enclosed, improuements, disease,
damaging, afford, shilled, enclosures, influence, and cheaply.
crops.
By the middle of the 18th century industry began to
use coal for, changing iron ore into good quality iron or
1. The towns were centres of
2. During the 18th century efforts were made to make steel. This made Britain the leading iron producer in
the towns Europe. Increased iron production made it possible to
3. From 1734 London had a street sys-
manufacture ne\ry machinery for other industries. One
tem. invention led to another, and increased production in
4. There were four main classes of people in the one area led to increased production in others. In the
18th-century towns: merchants, ordi- middle of the century other countries were buying Brit-
nary merchants and traders, crafts- ish uniforms, equipment and weapons for their ar-
men, and workers who had no skills. mies. To meet this increased demand, better methods
5. People with money and took over com- of production were found, and new machinery was
mon land and it. invented which replaced handwork. In 1764 a spin-
166 167

'4
 www.frenglish.ru

ning machiner was invent.

ed which could do the work
of several hand spinners.
The weauing machinez in.
vented in 1785 revution-
ized clothmakings. It al-
lowed Britain to make
cheap cloth, and Lanca-
wii 4
shire clothsa were sold in
every continent.
Factories supplied with
machinery did not need so
many workers as before,
and that created a serious Rich and poor
lndustrial revolution
problem: a lot of workerg
became unemployed. Workers tried to join together 3. What did increased iron production make it pos-
to protect themselves against powerful employers. sible to do?
Riots occurred, led by the unemployed who had been 4. What did other countries buy from Britain in
replaced at the factories by machines. In 17gg some the middle of the 1Sth century?
of these rioters, known as Ludditess, began breaking 5. What advantage did the spinning machine give
up the machinery which had put them out of work. the industry?
The situation in the country was very tense. people 6. Why were Lancashire cloths sold in every conti-
were afraid of a revolution like the one in France. nent? Why were they cheap?
7. Why did unemployment increase?
QUESTIONS 8. How did the workers try to protect themselves
1. What was it possible to do even with the simple against the employers?
machines that existed in the early 18th century? 9. Who were the Luddites?
2. When did industry begin to use coal for chang-
ing iron ore into good quality iron and steel? Part 2. Society and Religion.
t spinning machine rrcaqxlrfi
crauox
2 weaving machine - upaAr4JrEHaff Marur{Ha
Britain avoided revolution partly because of a new
-
3 revutionized clothmaking peBoJrroquonrrBlrpoBaJra cynoHuoe religious movement. This movement did not come
IIpoIltBBoACTBO - from the Church of England, which was slow to recog-
a Lancashire ['le4keJra] cloths rranKaruzpcrrre cyKna
5 Luddites ['l,rdarts] rryAAr{rbr- nize change. Many new industrial towns in fact had no
168
- church or priests or any kind of organized religion.
169
r www.frenglish.ru
The new movement which met the needs of thc
growing industrial working class was led by the found.
er of the Methodist Churchr John 'Wesley2. He trav.
elled around the country preaching and teaching. He
visited the new villages and industrial towns which
had no parish church. Soon others joined in his work.
John Wesley's Methodism was above all a person.
al and emotional form of religion. It was organized
in small groups, or chapels, all over the country. At
a time when the Church of England itself showed
little interest in the social and spiritual needs of the
growing population, Methodism was able to give or.
dinary people a sense of purpose and dignity.
By the end of the century there were over 360
Methodist chapels, most of them in industrial areas.
These chapels were more democratic than the Church
of England.
the Methodist Church ['mcOaclst'tJe:tJ] Mero4rrctcnan
IIepKOBL - 1. What helped Britain to avoid revolution?
John Wesley ['d3rn'wcslr]
- Ilrxon Vac.nu
A Methodist meeting
170
John Wesley was no friend of the ruling classes,
but he was deeply conservative and "had no time for
radicalism." He disapproved of the French Revolution
and taught people to be hard-working and honest.
The Methodists were not alone. Other Christians
also joined them in the movement against social in-
justice. One of the best known was Elizabeth Fryl, a
Quaker, who spoke about the terrible conditions in the
prisons and called for reform. It was also a small group
of Christians who were the first to act against the evils
of the slave trade. Others tried to limit the cruelty of
employers who forced children to work long hours.
The influence of these 18th-century religious move-
ments continued. A century later, when workers start-
ed to organize themselves more effectively, many of
them were members of Methodist or other Noncon-
formist sects.
QUESTIONS
What facts show that the Church of England was
2.
slow to recognize change?
3. Who was John Wesley? What did he do?
4. What kind of religion was John Wesley's
Methodism? How was it organized? What did
Methodism give ordinary people?
5. Did John Wesley approve of the French Revolu-
tion? What did he teach people?
6. Were the Methodists alone in the movement
against social injustice? Who supported them?
7. Who was Elizabeth Fry? What did she attract
public attention to?
8. What other social evils did Christians speak about?
I Elizabeth Fry [r'lrzcbcO'tiar] 3.nuaa6er tDpafi
-
171
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Part 3. Revolution in France. 2.

'Were there people in Britain who sympathized
The French Revolution in 1789 alarmed all Euro' with the cause of the French Revolution? Who
pean countries. The ruling classes in Britain were were they? What did they call for?
frightened by the danger of the working class "awak' 3. Who accused the radicals of putting Britain in
ening". They saw the danger of revolution in the danger? What did Tory crowds do in Birming-
British countryside, where the enclosures were tak' ham and several other cities?
ing place, and in the towns, to which many of the 4. Who was William Pitt the Younger?
landless were going in search of work. 5. Who was Charles James Fox? What link did Fox's
Several radicals sympathized with the eause of party form?
the French revolutionaries, and called for reforms 6. What measures did the British government take
in Britain. Both the gentry and the bourgeoisie because it was afraid of revolution?
accused the radicals of putting Britain in danger.
Tory crowds attacked the homes of radicals in Bir- Part 4. The War with Napoleon.
mingham and several other cities. The Whig Party One by one the European countries were defeated
was split. Those who feared revolution joined'Wil. by Napoleon, until at last most of Europe fell under
liam Pitt the Younger (the son of Lord Chatham), his control. In 1793, after Napoleon's army invaded
a leader of the Tories, while those who wanted re- Belgium and Holland, Britain went to war.
form joined the radical Whig leader Charles Jameg Britain decided to fight France at sea because it
Foxr. Fox's party was small, but later it formed had a stronger navy and because its own survival
the link between the Whigs of the 18th century and depended on control of its trade routes. The com-
the Liberals of the 19th century. mander of the British fleet,
The British government was so afraid that revolu- Admiral Horatio Nelsonl,
tion would spread to Britain that it imprisoned radi- won brilliant victories over
cal leaders. It also formed the so-called yeomanrA the French navy, near the
forces from among the yeomen and gentry who sup- coast of Egypt2, at Copenha-
ported the ruling establishment, and trained them as 9etr3, and finally near Spain,
soldiers in order to use them to prevent revolution. at Traf algal in 1805, where
QUESTIONS Horatio [ro'rcrJrou] Nelson Incl-
1. The French Revolution alarmed all European coun-
tries, didn't it? Where did the ruling classes of
sn]
- fopaqno
Egypt ['i:dgrpt]
Henrcon
Ernuet
Britain see the danger of revolution? -
Copenhagen [,koupn'hergorr l
Kouenraren
I Charles James Fox ['tJo:lz'd3ermz'fcks] rlap;rra lrxemc (Dorc Trafalgar [trc'tclgc] - Tpa-
172
- $aarrap Napoleon Bonaparte
 www.frenglish.ru

Like Nelson, Wellington quickly proved to be a

great commander. After several victories over the
French in Spain, he invaded France. Napoleon, weak-
ened by his disastrous invasion of Russia, surren-
dered in 1814. But the following year he escaped and
quickly assembled an army in France. Wellington,
The battle of Trafalgar with the help of the Prussian armyr finally defeated
Napoleon atWaterlooz in Belgium in June 1815.
he destroyed'the French-Spanish fleet. Nelson was
himself killed at Trafalgar, but became one of Brit- QUESTIONS
ain's greatest national heroes. 1. When did Britain go to war against Napoleon?
In the same year as Trafalgar, in 1805, a British 2. Why did Britain decide to fight France at sea?
army landed in Portugall to fight the French. This 3. Who was Horatio Nelson? Where did he win vic-
army, with its Portuguese2 and Spanish allies, was tories over the French navy? Which was the de-
commanded by Arthur Wellington3. cisive victory? When was it won?
4. When did the British army land in Portugal? Who
t Portugal ['pr:tjugct] Ilopryrallra was the army commanded by?
2 Portuguese -
[.pc:tju'gi:z] - noptyra.nrcrcraft
3 Arthur ['o:0e] Wellington 5. In what battle was Napoleon finally defeated
['welrrlten] - Apryp Belnrznrron
in 1815?

CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or word
combinations from the list:
Methodism, auoided, Luddites, weapons, ore, defeat-
ed, Lib erqls, W at erloo, une mploy e d, replac e d, qua nt it ie s,
brilliant, ruling classes, equipment, cheaply, steel, sense.
1. With the help of the machines large of
simple goods could be made quickly and

2. By the middle of the century industry began

18th
to use coal for changing iron into good
quality iron and
Prussian [pr'rJn] army upyccKafl apMllfl
The battle of Waterloo Waterloo [.wrts'lu:'l -Barepnoo
-
 www.frenglish.ru

3. Other countries were buying British uniforms,

and for their armies.
4. In the factories machinery handwork.
b. As a result of introducing machinery, a lot of
workers became UNIT SIX
6. began breaking up the machinery THE AGE OF POWER AND PROSPERITY
which had put them out of work.
7. Britain revolution partly because In the 79th century Britain was nlore powerful
of a new religious movement. and, self-confident than euer. As a result of the in-
8. John Wesley's was a personal and dustrial reuolution, 79th-century Britain was the
emotional form of religion. <worhshop of the world,>. British factories were pro-
9. Methodism was able to give ordinary people a d,ucing rlore than any other country in the world.
of purpose and dignity. Hauing rnanA colonies, Britain controlled large
&re&s of the world,. The British had a strong feeling
of their importance.
The rapid. growth of the mid.d'le class caused a I
1

change in the political balance. The role played, by I

I

the mid.dl.e class in politics and gpuernrnent was in-

i
12. One by one the European countries were creasingl! glrowing. BA 1914 th'e aristocracy and'
by Napoleon. the Crown had little power left. .

13. Admiral Horatio Nelson won vic-

tories over the French navy. CHAPTER 1'
14. Wellington defeated Napoleon at BRITAIN IN THE FIRST HALF
in June 1815. OF THE 19TH CENTURY
UNIT REVIEW
Who were these people? What did they do? Write a Part 1. Britain's lnternational Policy.
few words about each of them. After the defeat of Napoleon Britain enjoyed a
Robert Walpole John Wesley strong place in Europe. Its strength was in industry
Horatio Nelson Lord Chatham and trade, and in the navy which protected this trade.
Elizabeth Fry Arthur Wellington Britain's trading position in the world was strong-
Bonnie Prince Charlie er than any other country's. To defend its interests
it kept ships of its navy in almost every ocean of the
world. It had its ports on some islands in the Medi-
'176
177

terranean Sea, in the Indian Oceanr, in south and
west Africa, in Ceylon2 and Singapore3.
In Europe Britain did not want any nation to be-
come too strong. Therefore it was glad that Russia's
influence in Europe was limited by Prussiaa and the
empires of Austrias and Turkey6. It did not want
Russia to expand southwards by taking over the
Slavicz parts of Turkey's possessions in the BalkansE
and reach the Mediterranean. So Britain supported
Turkey against Russian expansion.
QUESTIONS
1. What was the position of Britain in Europe after
the defeat of Napoleon?
2. What measures did Britain take to defend its in-
terests in the world? Where did it have its ports?
3. What were Britain's interests in Europe? What
countries limited Russia's influence in Europe?
Why was Britain glad of it?
4. Why did Britain support Turkey against Russia's
expansion? What was it afraid of on the part of
Russia?
Part 2. The Situation at Home.
At home the contradictions between the rich and
the poor were growing and becoming dangerous. Dur-
ing the wars with Napoleon Britain's factories had
the Indian Ocean ['rndran'ouJn]
I' Ceylon Isr'lcn] I-{efiaoa - I4uguircxLafi
-
3 Singapore ['sr4gcpr:]
- Cunranyp
{ Prussia ['prnJc] flpyccraa
5 Austria ['o:strre]- Arctplra
tt Turkey ['tc:kr] -Typqua
? Slavic ['slaevrk] --- cJraBrHcKue
8 the Balkans Ba.nranrr
['bclkanz]
- The growth of cities. Sheffield in the
178
www.frenglish.ru
produced clothes, guns and other necessary war sup-
plies to sell to its allies' armies. It had given jobs to
many workers.
All this changed when peace was declared in 1815.
Suddenly there was no longer such a need for facto-
ry-made goods, and many workers lost their jobs.
Besides, 300,000 men from Britain's army and navy
had returned home and were looking for jobs, which
made the number of the unemployed still greater.
The situation in the countryside was as bad as in
the towns. New methods of farming which were be-
ing introduced reduced the number of workers need-
ed, and many of them lost their jobs. The starving
farmworkers tried to catch wild birds and animals
for food. But almost aII the woods had been enclosed
by the local landlords, and new laws forbade hunting
in enclosed areas.
The poor people did not receive enough help from
the government. Only those who lived in the work-
houses were given any help at all. The workhouses
oxean
19th century
r-

were feared and hated. They were crowded and dirty.
The inhabitants had to work from early morning till
late at night and got very little food.
Many poor people moved to the towns hoping for a
better life there. Between 1815 and 1835 Britain
changed from a nation of country people'to a nation
mainly of townspeople. In the first thirty years. of
the 19th century such cities as Birmingham, Shef-
field, Manchester, Glasgowr and Leeds doubled in size.
Several towns situated close together grew into huge
cities with no countryside left in between. London
remained the largest city. In 1820 it had a popula-
tion of 1,25 million.
QUESTIONS
1. What had given jobs to many people during the
wars with Napoleon?
2. Why did the declaration of peace in 1815 cause
an increase of unemployment? Give two reasons.
3. What was the situation in the countryside? Why
did many farmworkers lose their jobs?
4. Did the poor people receive enough help from the
government? Why were the workhouses feared
and hated?
5. Why did Britain chhnge from a nation of coun-
try people to a nation of townspeople between
1815 and 1835?
6. Name some cities which doubled in size during
the first thirty years of the 19th century. London
remained the largest city, didn't it? What was
its population in l82O?
I Glasgow ['glo:sgou] l.rraaro
- -
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Part 3. Reforming the Parliamentary System.
The Whigs understood better than the Tories the
need to reform the law in order to improve social con-
ditions. Both the Tories and the Whigs were afraid of
revolution. The Whigs believed that the country could
avoid revolution by introducing reforms. The idea of
reforming the parliamentary system had appeared in
the 18th century. Early radicals had started speaking
about reforms under the influence of the American
War of Independence and the French Revolution.
There were serious contradictions between the con-
servative Tories and the radicals as to what classes
of society should be mostly represented in Parlia-
ment and determine the government's policy. The
Tories believed that Parliament should represent
"property" and the property owners (this idea is still
associated by some people with today's Tory Party).
The radicals believed that Parliament should repre-
sent the people. The Whigs, or Liberals as they later
became known, were in the middle: they wanted to
introduce some changes in order to avoid revolution,
but were not ready for any radical reforms.
The Tories hoped that the House of Lords would
protect the interests of the property owners. When
the House of Commons passed a billr on reform, it was
turned down by the House of Lords in 1830. Lord
Grey2 formed a Whig government, and the Reform
Bill was passed again. In 1832 the Lords accepted it.
Of course they accepted it not because they now ac-
cepted the idea of refoim. They were frightened by
t abill-BaKoHoIrpoeKT
2 Lord Grey [grer] Jlop.q fpefi
181

the riots in the streets and feared that the collapse of
political and civil order might lead to revolution.
The Reform BilI was a progressive step. It gave the
right to vote to many people who had previously been
deprived of this right. As a result of. the Reform Bill
many people in Scotland, as well as many people in the
towns and cities of England, got the right to vote for
the first time.'Scotland's voters increased from 5,000
to 65,000. Forty-one English towns, iacluding the large
cities of Manchester, Birmingham and Bradfordr, were
represented in Parliament for the very first lime. The
1832 Reform Bill was a political recognition that Brit-
ain had become an urban society.
QUESTIONS
1. What was it necessary to do in order to improve
the social conditions in the country? Who under-
stood it better: the Tories or the Whigs?
2. What were both the Tories and the Whigs
afraid of?
3. When had the idea of reforming the parliamen-
tary system first appeared? What world events
had influenced its appearance?
4. What were the contradictions between the Tories
and the radicals about?
b. Who did the Tories think the Parliament should
represent? What did the radicals believe? What
was the position of the Whigs?
6. What hopes did the Tories lay on the House of
Lords? How did the House of Lords try to pro-
tect the interests of the property owners in 1830?
7. When did the Lords accept the Reform Bill? Why
did they accept it?
' Bradford ['br.edfcd]
- Bpe4{rop4
182
www.frenglish.ru
8. Why is it right to call the Reform Bill a demo-
cratic step? How did it tell on the number of
voters in Scotland? How many towns received the
right to vote for the first time?
Part 4. Workers' Revolts.
Since 1824 workers began joining together in un-
ions to struggle against employers for their rights
and better wages. The first worhers' unions were small
and weak. The introduction of a cheap postage sgs-
tem greatly helped the unions to organize themselves
across the country: for one penny a letter could be sent
to anyone, anywhere in Britain.
In 1838 the workers' unions
worked outr a document called a
People's Charter2. The Charter
demanded rights that are now
accepted by everyone: the vote for
ali adults, the right for a man
without property to be an MP,
secret votings, and payment for
MPs. The House of Commons re-
A postage stamp
fused to meet these demandsa. As
a result, there was a wave of
riots and political meetings. In 1839 fourteen men
were killed by soldiers in a riot in Newports, Wales.
Many others were sent to Britain's colonies as pris-
oners. The governrnent's severe actions showed how
worked out - paapa6ota.ru
People's Charter ['tJo:tc] Hapo4nafl xapr]rg
secret voting rafinoe -roJrocoBaHrae
- these demands orrcagaJracb BbrrroJrHrrrb r{x
refused to meet
rpe6oeauua -
Newport ['nju:pc:t]
- Hrronopr
187

much it feared that the poor might take power and
establish a republic.
SUESTIONS
1. When did workers begin joining together in un-
ions? What did they organize unions for?
2. What innovation greatly helped the workers' un-
ions to organize themselves across the country?
3. When was the People's Charter worked out? What
rights did the Charter demand?
4. Did the House of Commons meet the demands
stated in the Charter? What was the reaction of
the workers' unions? What did the government's
severe actions show?
Part 3. Robert Peel's Reforms.
The government was saved by the skill of Robert
Peel, the Prime Minister of the time. In 1846 he abol-
ished the unpopular Corn
Law of 1815 which had
kept the price of corn high-
er than necessary. As a re-
sult, the price of corn, as
well as other food-stuffs,
dropped down, and life be-
came better. Peel used the
improved economic situa-
tion to weaken the Char-
tist movementl, which
gradually died.
the Chartist ['tJo:trst] move-
ment 9aprncrcrcoe ABI4-
A street robbery -
ficeHve
I
www.frenglish.ru
Peel also turned his at-
tention to the crime prob-
lem. He established a reg-
ular police force in London
in 1829. At first people
laughed at the men in blue
uniform and top hats1. But
during the next thirty
years almost every other
town and county started
their own police forces.
The new police forces were
successful: with time much
crime was pushed out of
the larger cities, then out
of towns, and then out of Queen Victoria
the countryside, and life
became safer.
The aristocracy in Europe admired Britain's suc-
cess in avoiding the storm of revolution in 1848.
European monarchs wished they were as safe on their
thrones as the British queen was on hers. And Euro-
pean liberals wished they could act as freely as radi-
cals in Britain did. During almost the whole of the
19th century Britain was the envy of the world. It
was a model of industrial success and of free consti-
tutional government.
QUESTIONS
1. Who was Robert Peel?
2. What law did Robert Peel abolish in 1846? What
was the result of this act? How did Robert Peel
use the improved economic situation?
t top hats
-
qlrrrrrHApbr
185
 T www.frenglish.ru
3. How did Robert Peel deal with the crime situa-
tion in the country? When was the regular police
force established in London?
4. What was the result of establishing a regular
police force in the countrY?
D. What did the aristocracy in Europe admire about
Britain? Why did European monarchs envy the
British queen? Why did European liberals envy
British radicals?
6. What was Britain a model of during almost the
whole of the 19th centurY?
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
combinations from the list:
influence, represent, reforms, townspeople, auoid-
ing, contradictions, recognition, force, conseruatiue,
enclosed, social, feared, property, to expand, ocean,
People's Charter.
1. Britain was glad that Russia's in Eu-
rope was limited by Prussia, Austria and Tur-
key.
2. Britain kept ships of its navy in almost every
of the world.
3. Britain did not want Russia south-
wards.
4. The between the rich and the poor
were growlng.
5. Almost all the woods were by the lo-
cal landlords.
6. The workhouses were and hated.
7. Between 1815 and 1835 Britain changed from a
nation of country people to a nation mainly of
186
8. It was necessary to reform the law in order to
lmprove conditions.
9. The Whigs believed that the country could avoid
revolution only by introducing
10. There were serious contradictions between the
Tories and the radicals.
11. The Tories believed that Parliament should rep-
resent owners.
12. The radicals believed that Parliament should
the people.
13. The 1832 Reform Bill was a political
that Britain had become an urban society.
14. The workers' unions worked our a document called
a
15. Robert Peel established a regular police
in London.
16. The aristocracy in Europe admired Britain's suc-
cess In the storm of revolution in
1848.
CHAPTER 16
THE YEARS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE
Part 1. lndustrial Power.
In 1851 Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibi-
tion of the Industries of All Nations in the Crystal
Palace in London. The aim of the Exhibition was to
show the world the greatness of Britain's industry.
No other nation could produce as much at that time.
By 1850 Britain was producing more iron than the
rest of the world together.
Britain had become powerful because it had enough
coal, iron and steel for its own industry and could
187
r www.frenglish.ru
The Great Exhibition
even export them to Europe. Having coai, iron and
steel, it could produce new heavy indust,r'ial goods
like ships and steam engines. It could also make ma-
chinery which produced English traditional goods -
woollen and cotton cloth in the factories of Lanca-
shire. Britain's cloth was cheap and was exported to
India, to other colonies and to the Middle East. Brit-
ain had the largest fleet in the world.
The railway. The pride of Britain and a great exam-
ple of its industrial power was its railway system. The
first trains were goods trains, which quickly became
very popular because they made transporting goods
faster and cheaper. The network of railway tracks was
quickly growing and by 1840 their total length was
2,4OO miles. Railways connected not only the indus-
trial towns with London, but also economically unim-
portant towns. The canals were soon empty, because
everything went by railway. The speed of the railway
188
even made it possible to deliver fresh fish and rasp-
berries from Scotland to London in one night.
In 1851 the railway companies provided passenger
train seruice. Passenger trains stopped at all stations.
Now people could move from place to place much
more quickly and easily.
With the introduction of the railway system many
people began to live in suburbs, from which they
travelled into the city every day by train. The sub-
urb was a copy of a country village with all the
advantages of a town.
SUESTTONS
1.What exhibition was opened in the Crystal Palace
in 1851? What was the aim of the exhibition?
2.Why had Britain become powerful?
3.What goods did Britain produce?
4.What parts of the world was Britain's cloth ex-
ported to?
5.What was the pride of Britain and a great example
of its industrial power? What was the total length
of the railway tracks by 1840?
6.Why did the first goods trains become popular very
quickly?
7.When was passenger train service provided? How
did the Iife of many people change with the in-
troduction of passenger train service?
S.What do you think: why did many people find it
better to live in suburbs?
Part 2. The Rise of the Middle Glass.
Before the 19tr'century the middle class was small
and was represented by merchants, traders and small
farmers, as well as by industrialists and factory own-
189
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ers who had joined it in the second half of the 18th

century. In the 19th century the number of people
belonging to the middle class greatly increased. Now
the middle class was made up of people of different
wealth, social position and kinds of work. It included
those who worked in the Church, the Law, medicine,
the civil service, the diplomatic service, banks, and
also in the army and navy. Typical of the middle class
in the 19th century were self-made men, who came from
poor families. They believed in hard work, a regular
style of life, and were careful with money. The middle
class included both successful and rich industrialists
and small shopkeepers and office workers.
guESTroNS
emod ls pnineve nA
1. Who was the middle class represented by before
the 19th century? quickly reduced the level of disease, particularly chol-
2. How did the composition of the middle class
era. In some towns parks were laid outl in newly built
change in the 19th century? What new people areas, public baths were opened where people could
joined it? wash. There appeared Ii-
3. What was typical of many representatives of the
braries and concert halls.
middle class? What principles did self-made men Representatives of
believe in? the middle class usual-
Iy lived in houses with
Part 3. Life in Towns. a small garden in front
of each, and a larger one
The towns were still unhealthy. Very few houses at the back. The houses
had water supply and sewerage systems. Dirty water of workers usually had
caused epidemics. In 1832 an outbreak of cholera only four small rooms,
killed 31,000 people. two upstairs and two
In the middle of the century the administration of downstairs, and a small
many towns began to appoint health officersl and to back yard. Still there
provide sewerage and clean water. These measures
' parks were laid out --
t health officers caHvIrapHble Bpaqu 6uwr pas1urbr[apKr4 Slums
-
190

remained many slunx areas inhabited by the poor-
est people, where tiny houses were built very close
together.
QUESTIONS
1. Why were the towns unhealthy?
2. What measures were taken by the administra-
tion of nlany towns to improve the condition"b of
life? What did they achieve by taking these meas- 'i.
ures? How did the town administration take care
of the cultural life?
3. Did the people living in towns have gardens?
4. What areas did the poorest people live in?
Part 4. Population and Politics.
Both Tories and Whigs understood the economic
need for free trade, as well as the need for social
and political reform which would allow the middle
class to grow richer and to expand. That's why they
supported the liberal movement in the countries
with which Britain hoped to trade. Britain welcomed
the liberation movement led by Simon Bolivarl in
South American Spanish colonies, and helped the
Greeks in their struggle for independence from the
Turkish Empire. There was yet another reason for
Britain to help the Greeks. Russia was also helping
the Greeks in their struggle against Turkey. Both
Russia and Greece were orthodox2 Christian coun-
tries, and Britain was afraid that Russia would take
control over Greece and expand south to the Medi-
terranean Sea.
t Manchester. The following year the new Trade Un-
Simon Bolivar ['sanncn bo'li:vo:] Clruon Bo.nrzrap
2 orthodox ['r:0cdoks]
-
[paBocJrasurrrt
- 193
192
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I'
Palmerston. From 1846 until 1865 the most im-
portant political figure was Lord Palmerston, a min-
i
ister, and from 1855 Prime Minister. He had been a
!
Tory as a young man, but later joined the Whigs.
Palmerston was known for liberalism in his foreign
policy. He firmly believed that despotic states were
trad for free trade, and he openly supported Euro-
pean liberal and independence movements. In 1859--
60 he successfully supported the Italian independ-
ence movement against Austrian and French interests.
The growth of democracy. After Palmerston's death
d
in 1865, a much stricter "two-party" system devel-
oped in Britain. The two parties, Tory (or Conserva-
tive as it became officially known) and Liberal, de-
1
veloped greater party organizations and demanded
greater loyalty from their members. The British po-
litical system of today was mostly built in the 1860s
I f
and 1870s. Between 1867 and 1884 the number of
I
voters increased from 20 per cent to 60 per cent of
men in towns and to 70 per cent in the country, in-
cluding some representatives of the working class"
r
In 1872 voting was carried out in secret for the first
time. The growth of the newspaper industry strength-
ened the importance of public opinion. Democracy
grew quickly. The House of Commons grew in size
and now had over 650 members. The House of Lords
lost the powerful position which it had held in the
18th and early 19th centuries. Now it could no longer
play an important part in forming the state policy.
I r
Trade unions. After 1850 a number of trade un-
ions appeared. In 1868 the first congress of trade
unions, which represented 118,000 members, met in
ion Congress established a parliamentary committee,
tl
tl

the purpose of which was to represent workers in
Parliament. This wish of trade unions to work with-
in Parliament, not outside it, brought trade union-
ists into close co-operation with radicals and reform-
ist Liberals. Even the Conservative Party tried to
attract worker support.
QUESTIONS 1
1. What economic need was understood by both To-
ries and Whigs?
2. What liberal movements did Britain welcome and
support in other countries?
3. What was the reason for Britain to be afraid that
Russia might take control over Greece?
4. Who was Lord Palmerston? What was he known
for in his foreign policy?
5. Why did Palmerston openly sqpport liberal and
independent movements in Europe?
6. How did both the Tory and the"Liberal Parties
strengthen discipline among their members?
7. How did the number of voters increase in the
period between L867 and 1874?
8. When was voting carried out in secret for the
first time?
9. How did the growth of the newspaper industry
tell on the development of democracy?
10. What changes occurred in the House of Commons
and the House of Lords?
11. When did the first congress of trade unibns meet?
How many members did it represent?
t2. What policy of the trade unions brought them
into close co-operation with radicals and reform-
ist Liberals?
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Part 5. The British Empire.
In the 19th century Britain was engaged in many
"colonial tqars" , the purpose of which was to establish
its influence in different parts of the world and to
ensure the safety of its trade routes. In 1840-1842
and in 1856-1860 it waged two so-called Opium Wars
against Chinal, as a result of whi.ch China had to give
away some of its territories and to allow Britain to
carry on profitable trade in opium. Historiaris consid-
er the Opium Wars to be shameful events in British
colonial history.
Fear that Russia would expand southwards towards
India resulted in disastrous wars in Afghanistan2
(1839-1842), in Sindhs a part of modern Paki-
-
stana (1843) and in India (1845-1846 and 1848-1849).
Britain also feared that in the Middle East Rus-
sia would destroy the weak Ottoman Empires, which
controlled Turkey and the Arab6 countries. It might
be dangerous for Britain's sea and land routes to
India. So, when Russia and Ottoman Turkey went to
war in the CrimeaT in 1853, Britain joined the Turks
against Russia.
Britain's first colonies in Africa were on the west
coast. Then it took over the Cape of Good Hope8 at
the southern point, because it needed a port there on
its sea route to India.
I China ['darno] Kurailr
-
' Afghanistan [efgaenrsten] - A{rranucr,an
"'1 Sindh [srnd] - Cungx
- flasucran Orrouancxafl r{Muepr{fl
Pakistan [.pa:kr'sto:n]
t' Ottoman Empire ['ctsmen'cnrpara]
tt Arab ['eereb] apa6crcue -
-
t the Crimea [krar'mre]
8 the Cape of Good Hope - Kpuvr
- MErc .[o6pofi Ha4enc4rr
195
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Reports sent by European travellers and explorers

of Africa increased Britain's interest in this conti-
nent. The most famous of the explorers was David
Livingstonel, who was a Scottish doctor and a Chris-
tian rnissionary. He made several journeys from the
east coast to the central parts of Africa. Livingstone
discovered areas of Africa unknown to EuropeanF and
"opened" these areas to Christianity, to European ideas
and to European trade.
Unfortunately, Christianity became a tool for
building a commercial and political empire in Afri-
ca. The governments of Europe rushed to the " Blach
Continent" in order to seize lands. They did it un-
der the pretext of bringin g " civilization" to the peo-
ple. By 1890 Africa was divided by European coun-
tries into " areas of interest" . By the end of the
century several European eountries had taken over A battle in an African colony
large areas of Africa. Britain had one more reason for creating colonies.
Sometimes the interests of different European coun- From the 1830s the population of Britain was rapid-
tries clashed. In South Africa there were disagree- ly growing, and soon the small territory of the Brit-
ments between Britain and the Dutch settlers (the ish Isies would not hold all the population. A solu_
Boers2), which led to a war at the end of the century tion to.the problem v/as found in the development of
(the Boer'War, 1899-1902). colonies for British settlers in different parts of the
In 1882 Britain invaded Egypt "to protect interna- world. Encouraged by the government, lots of people
tional shipping", as it was officially stated. In fact, moved to Canada, Australiar and New Zealandz, set_
Britain protected its own trading interests, its route tled on free land and farmed it. In all these countries
to India through the newly dug Suez Canals. Britain there rffere native populations. In Canada most of them
told the world that its occupation of Egypt would were pushed westwards. In Australia British setilers
only last for a short time, but it did not leave the killed most of the native inhabitants; only a few were
country until it was forced to do so in 1954, left in the central desert areas. In New Zealand the
David Livingstone ['dervrd'lrvrqstcn]
-,(asuA JlzsuHrcroH ' Australia [c:s'trerlje]
the Boers ['bouez]
- 6ypu -. Ancrpa;rua
"- Hosax BelanArns
Suez Canal ['su:rz ka'nzcl]
- Cyeqnzft xana.rr ' New Zealand ['nju:'zi:lanclJ

196 197

MaoriL inhabitants suffered less than in Canada or
Australia: not so many of them were killed, but they
lost most of their land.
Soon the white colonies were allowed to govern
themselves. Officially they no longer depended on
Britain. But still, they accepted the British monarch
as their head of state.
By the end of the 19th century Britain controlled the
oceans and much of the land areas of the world. Most
British strongly believed in their right to an empire,
and were very proud of it. But even at this moment of
greatest power Britain was already beginning to spend
more on its empire than it took from it. The empire
l.ras becoming a heavy load, And by the time when
Maori ['rr-raurr] Maopu
-
The British Empire at the end of the 19th century
198
www.frenglish.ru
the colonies began to demand their freedom in the
20th century, this load had become impossibly heavy.
QUESTIONS
1. What was the purpose of the numerous "colonial
wars" Britain was engaged in?
2. What are "Opium Wars"? When did Britain wage
them? What did it gain as a result of these wars?
3. Why did Britain wage wars in Afghanistan, Pa-
kistan and India?
4. Why did Britain join Turkey in the Crimean War
of 1853-1856 against Russia?
In what part of Africa were Britain's first colo-
nies? Why did Britain take over the Cape of Good
Hope?
6. Who was David Livingstone? What did he do?
7. What excuse did European governments use to
justify their policy of seizing lands in Africa?
What areas was Africa divided into by European
countries?
Where and when was the Boer War waged? What
was the reason of ii?
Under what pretext did Britain invade Egypt in
L882? What was the real reason of this action?
When did Britain promise it would leave Egypt?
When did it really leave this country?
10. Why did Britain's government encourage Brit-
ish people to move to different parts of the world
and start colonies there?
11. How did the existence of the white colonies in
Canada, Australia and New Zealand tell on the
native population of these lands?
L2. How did many British feel about the British
Empire?
199
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Part 6. lreland. 2.What terrible disaster did Ireland suffer in 1845,

1846 and 1847? How many people died from, hun-
In Ireland the struggle between Catholics and Prot- - ger in these three years?
estants became a struggle for Irish freedom from Eng- 8.What country did many Irish emigrate to? How
lish rule. The native Irish population, most of which many Irish settled in the United States between
were Catholics,.was cruelly oppressed by Protestants, t84L and 1920
who were supported by the British government.
In 1845, 1846 and 1847 lreLand suffered t worst CHAPTER REVIEW
disaster in"its entire history: for three years the potato Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
crop failedl. Potatoes were the main food of the poor. combinations from the list:
At the same time Ireland had enough wheat to feed the opinion, pretext, waged, self-made, cloth, suburbs,
entire population, but it was grown by the Protestant liberalism, health officers, exported, goods, sewerage,
landowners for export to England, so the Irish popula- independence, hard, orthodox, middle, power, regular,
tion did not get it. The situation was tragic. One and a libe ration, pride, outbreah,
half million people (about 20 per cent of the total Irish 1. Britain's was cheap and was
population) died from hunger in these three years. to other countries.
Many Irish emigrated. At least a million people 2. The of Britain and a great example of
left-during these years, and the emigration contin- its industrial was its railway sys-
ued during the rest of the century because of the tem.
great poverty in Ireland. Most emigrants went to the 3. The first trains were trains.
United States of America. Between 1841 and 1920 4. With the introduction of the railway system many
almost five million Irish settled there. people began to live in
The Irish who went to the United States did not 5. In the 19th century the number of people belong-
forget their old country and did not forgive Britain. ing to the class greatly increased.
By 1880 many Irish Americans were rich and power- 6. Typical of the middle class in the 19th century
ful and were able to support the Irish freedom move- men who believed in
ment. Today they still have an influence on British work and a style of life.
policy in Ireland. 7. In 1832 an of cholera kitled 31,000
people.
QUESTIONS
l.What was the position of the native population of 8. In the middle of the century the administration
Ireland in the 19th century? of many towns began appointing and
to provide and clean water.
t the potato crop failed raprocpenb.Ire ypoArraca (neypoxau
9. Britain welcomed the movement
raproSeaa) - led by Simon Bolivar.
200 201
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10. Britain helped the Greeks in their struggle for lrrrilt universities of Ox-
from the Turkish Empire. lbrd and Carnbridge. Un-
11. Russia and Greece were Christian like Oxford and Cam-
countries. lrridge, these nery
12. Palmerston was known for in his rr niversities taught more
foreign policy. science and technology
13. The growth of the newspaper industry strength- l,o meet the demands of
ened the importance of public l]ritain's industry.
14. Britain two so-called Opium Wars There \ryere social Pupils at an elementary school
against China. r:hanges as well. Power
15. The governments of Europe rushed to Africa in the countryside gradually moved from the country
under the of bringing civilization squire to new county councilsL which were made up of
to the people. elected men and women. Each county council had a
staff of ad.ministratorsz who carried out the decisions
CHAPTER 17 of the council. This system still operates today'
THE END OF AN AGE QUESTIONS
1. Why did the conditions of the poor improve be-
Part 1. Social and Economic lmprovements. tween L875 and 1914?
Between 1875 and 1914 the conditions of the poor 2. How did the system of public education improve?
in Britain greatly improved because prices fell by 40 What was provided by the Education Acts of 1870
per cent and real wages doubled. As a result, poor and 1891?
families could eat better food, including meat, fresh 3. What steps were taken to provide higher educa-
milk (brought from the countryside by train) and veg- tion on a wider scale? Explain the term " redbrich
etables. Life at home was made more comfortable. Most
uniuersities". How did the curriculum of the new
homes now had gas for heating and lighting.
universities differ from that of Oxford and Cam-
Public education was given attention to. In 1870 and bridge? Why did the new universities teach more
science and technologY?
1891 two Education Acts were passed. As a result of
these Acts, all children up to the age of 13 had to go to
4. What changes took place in the administration
school, where they were taught reading, writing and
in.the countryside? Who were the members of
arithmetic. In the new industrial cities they started the new countY councils?
building redbrick universities. The term redbrich came 1
county councils ['kauntl'kaunsrlz] - coBerbl rpatlrctaa
from the tradition of building the new universities of a staff of administrators - rurar aAMItHIIcrparIIBHbIx cJIy-
red brick. It distinguished them from the older, stone- )Kaulux
202 203

Cricket
Part 2. Sport.
By the end of the 19th century two sports, cricket
and football, had become very popular with the Brit-
ish public. Cricket had started in the 18th century,
but only a century later its rules were organized.
From 1873 a country championship took place each
year. With time, cricket was spread to different parts
of the British Empire: to the West Indies, India, Pa-
kistan, Ceylon, Australia and New Zealand.
The proper rules of Britain's other main game,
football, were also organized in the 19th century. As
an organized game, it was at first a middle-class, or
gentlemen's, sport, but it quickly became popular
among all classes. Soon it drew huge crowds of peo-
ple, who came to watch the professional footballers
play the game. By the end of the 19th century almost
every town of Britain had its own football team. Soon
football was also exported abroad.
QUESTIONS
1. Which are the two most popular sports in tsritain?
2. When did people begin playing cricket? When
were the rules of playing cricket organized? Is
cricket played only in Britain or has it also spread
to other parts of the world?
204
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3. When were the proper rules of playing football
organized? How was the popularity of football
growing?
Part 3. Ghanges in Thinking.
In t776 the Scottish economist and philosopher
Adam Smitht published a book called Enquiry into
lhe Wealth of Nationsz.ln the book he expressed the
idea that everyone had the right to personal freedom'
'lhis idea became very popular in the 19th century'
Influenced by Adam Smith several capitalist econo-
rrrists declared that government should not interfere
in trade and industry at all. The growing middle class
readily accepted these ideas.
However, it soon became very clear that the free-
dom of factory owners to do as they Iiked led to slav-
c'ry and misery for the poor. More and more people
were beginning to understand that government must
interfere to protect the poor and the weak' The re-
sult was a number of laws to improve working condi-
tions. One of them, in 1833, limited the number of
hours that women and children were allowed to work'
Another law in the same year abolished slavery in
the colonies of the British Empire.
Robert Owens. There were many factory owners who
tried to avoid obeying the new laws. There were others,
who believed that a factory owner should take care of
his workers if he wanted them to work well' One of
such men was Robert Owen, a factory owner in Scot-
Adam Smith ['adcm'smt0] - AAaru Cmul
Enquiry Itn'kwatort] into the WeaIth of Nations -
I4 nputluHax 6oratctsa HapoAoBD
<,I,Icc.neAosaHrle o IIpIIpoAe
Robert Owen ['robet'ouon] -Po6ept Oysn
205

land. He built his factory in the countryside, away from
the fog and dirt of the cities. Near the factory ne Uuitt
good houses for the workers and a school for their chil-
dren. His workers had shorter working hours. Owen
proved that his workers produced more in less time
than the workers of other factories who were foreed to
work longer hours. Owen also encouraged traderunions.
Owen's ideas and example began to spread. There ap_
peared other reformers, who took care to improve
the working and living conditions of their *o"k".".
One of them was the,euaker Arthur Cadburyr, fa_
mous for his Birmingham chocolate factory, who built
first-class houses for the workers of his factory.
Still improvements \Mere slow, and B0 per cent of
the nation were extremely poor. The great writer of
the 19th century Charles Dickens2 attacked the rich
and powerful for their cruelty towards the weak and,
unfortunate in society. By the end of the century
most people understood that it was right for the gov-
ernment to interfere in factory conditions, problems
of health in towns and education for children.
William Booths and the Salvation Armya. In lgZB
William Booth started a new religious movement,
called the Saluation Army, the aim of which waS to
"m.ahe war" on poverty. Members of the Salvation
Army organized help for the poorest people.
Charles Darvin's theory. In lgb7 Charles Darvins
published The Origin of Specdes6. His theory of evo_
Apryp lta46epra
- rlap.ura flzrrcenc
Vumau Eyrc
Aprvrza cnaceur{fl
- 9ap.rra
.flaPnuu
['spi:Ji:z] <flpozcxo]KAeHr{e
- ers? Who was Arthur Cadbury?
2ffoo"'
www.frenglish.ru
lution was based on scientific observation. Many peo.
;rle saw in Darvin's theory a proof of mankind's abil-
ity to find a scientific explanation for everything.
llut for churchgoing people it was a shock. Most of
the churchgoing population believed every word of
the Bible. They found it difficult to accept Darvin's
theory that the world had developed over millions of
years and had not been created in si4 days by God
nnd that man had developed from the ape and not
had been created by God in one day. Darvin's theory
caused a battle between faith and reason which last-
ed for the rest of the century.
QUESTIONS
1. Who was Adam Smith? What book did he pub-
lish? What was the idea expressed in the book?
2. What did some of the l9th-century economists
declare under the influence of Adam Smith's idea
of personal freedom?
3. What prgved to be wrong about the idea of per-
sonal freedom? What did the freedom of factory
owners lead to?
4. What did people begin to understand about the
idea of personal freedom? What was the result of
this understanding? How did the new laws pro-
tect the workers?
5. What was the attitude of the factory owners to
the laws protecting the workers?
6. Who was Robert Owen? Why did he build his
factory in the countryside? What did he build
near his factory? How long was the workday of
his workers? What did Robert Owen prove?
7. How did Robert Owen's ideas and example affect
other factory owners? Were there other reforin-
247

8. What was the contribution of Charles Dickens in
the struggle against the social evils of the time?,
9; What is the Salvation Army? Who was it started by,
and when? What was the aim of the Salvation Army?
10. What did most people understand by the end of
the century?
11. Who was Charles Darvin? What book didrhe pub-,
lish? What was Charles Darvin's theory of evo-
lution based on?
12. Why was Darvin's theory a shock for.many
churchgoing people? What statements of the
theory was it difficult for them to accept? Did
the battle between faith and reason last long?
Part 4. The Storm Clouds of War.
, By the end of the 19th century Britain was no long-
er as powerful as it had been. In Europe Germany
,
was now united and very strong. Like the USA it was
producing more steel than Britain, and it had built
strong industry and a strong navy.
The danger of war with Germany had been clear
from the beginningof the 20th centu.ry, and it brought
France and Britain together.
By 1914 the political situation in Europe was ex-
tremely dangerous. Germany and Austria-Hungaryr
had made a military alliance. Russia and France had
made another- alliance.
In June LgL4 the Austrian Archduke2 Francis Fer-
dinand3 was killed in Serbiaa. Austria-Hungary de-
I Austria-Hungary Aacnpo-Benrpraa
[':r:strre'hnqgorr]
2 Austrian ['o:strran] -
Archduke ['o:tJdju:k]
apqrepqor - aacrpuft,cnuft
3 Francis Ferdinand ['frensls'fo:drnend] (Dep4uHaHA
a Serbia ['so:bra] Cep6ua -(Dpanq
208
- -
www.frenglish.ru
clared war on Serbia. Russia, which was an ally of
Serbia, declared war on Austria-Hungary. Automati:
cally, it meant a war with Germany. France was Rus-
sia's ally, so it was now also at war with Germany.
In August l9l'4 Germany's troops invaded France
through Belgiuml. Britain, which had been Belgium's
ally since 1838, immediately declared war on Germa-
ny. Thus, practically the whole of Europe was fight-
ing. The First World War had started.
QUESTIONS
1. What was the political situation in Europe at the
beginning of the 20th century?
2. What military allianies were formed by 1914?
3. When and how did the First World War start?
4. When did Britain enter the war? What caused
Britain to declare war on Germany?
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words and word
combinations from the list:
county councils, fog, alliance, Saluation, interfere,
football, irnproued, technology, rniserg, dirt, obserua'
tion, to spread, personal, crichet, redbriek, slauery,
science, abolished.
1. Between 1875 and 1914 the conditions of the poor
in Britain greatly
2. In the new industrial cities they started building
universities.
3. Unlike Oxford and Cambridge, the new universi-
ties taught more and
4. Power in the countryside gradually moved from
the country squire to new
I Belgium ['beld3om]
Be.nrrus
209
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5. By the end of the 19th century two sports, UNIT SEVEN

and , had become very
popular with the British public. THE 2OTH CENTURY
6. Adam Smith expressed the idea that everyone had At the beginning of the 20th century Britairl w&s
the right to freedom. atill one of th.e greatest world. powers. In th.e mid,-
7. Several economists declared that government ille of the century, although it was still one of the
should not in trade and industry at all. "llig Three", it was consid,erably weaker than the
8. The freedom of factory owners to do as they liked Iln,ited, States or the Soviet Union. By the end of
led to and for the poor. lhe I97Os Britain was just an ordinary country,
9. In 1833 slavery was ln the colonies un.d econornically poorer than a nuntber of other
of the British Empire. lluropean countries.
10. Robert Owen built his factory in the country- One of the reasons for Britain's d,ecline in the
side, away from the and Z0th centurq was the cost of two world wars. An-
of the cities. ttlher reason was that Britain could. not spend, as
11. Owen's ideas began nt.uch rnoneU on d,euelopittg its industry as other
L2. William Booth started a new religious movement in,dustrial natiorus did: at first it needed a lot of
called the Army. nloneV for keeping up the empire, and uthen the
13. Darvin's theory of evolution was based on scien- etnpire fell apart, a.s much noneA was needed, to
tific nolue nurrlerotls econorlic problems connected with
L4. By 1914 Germany and Austria-Hungary had made nt.aintaining friendly relations within the British
a military Cornrnonwealth of N ations.

UNIT REVIEW CHAPTER 18

\Mho were these people? What did they do? Write
few words about each of them.
a THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Robert Peel Robert Owen AND ITS AFTER-EFFECTS
David Livingstone William Booth
Adam Smith Charles Darvin Part 1. The first World War.
Germany had better trained soldiers and better
cquipment, and in the first few weeks of war in 1914
it nearly defeated the Allies, Britain and France. The
German troops crossed the border and penetrated into
the territory of France. The French army and the
small British force managed to stop the German army
210 211

only at the Riuer Marner deep inside France. Then
followed four years of bitter fighting, during which
both armies lived in trenches.
The war was going on not only in Europe. In the"
Middle East the British fought against Turkish troops
in lraq2, tn Palestines, and in the Dardanellesa . There, '
too, the fighting went on for a long time. Only in
tgLT the'British were able to drive back the Turks.
The war at sea was more important than the war
on land, because defeat at sea would have caused'
Britain's surrender. Being an island state, Britain
had always depended on imported goods. Beginning
with 1915, German submarines started sinking mer-
chant ships which carried supplies to Brifrain. 40 per
cent of Britain's merchant fleet was sunk during the'
war. There was one period in the course of the war
when for six weeks the British population was on the''
point of starvation. When Russia, after the Bolshe-'
vik Revolution of 1917 made peace with Germany,
the German generals hoped for victory against the
Allies. But German submarine attacks on neutral ships
drew America into the war against Germany. The
arrival of American troops in France ended Germa-
ny's hopes, and it surrendered in November 1918.
QUESTIONS
1. Why did Germany nearly defeat the Allies in the
very first weeks of war in 1914?
2. Where did the French army and the small Brit-
ish force manage to stop the German army?
I the River Marne [mo:n] - p. Mapna
2 Iraq [r'ro:k] llpax
-
3 Palestine ['peelrstarn]
- fla.necrlrna
a the Dardanelles [.do:de'nels]
- .{apgaxe.nnsr
212
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3. In what other parts of the world, besides Europe,
was the war going on?
4. Why was the war at sea more important for Brit-
ain than the war on land? What had Britain al-
ways depended on, because it was an island state?
5. What damage did German subrnarines cause the
British merchant fleet? How did it tell on the
British population?
6. What did the German generals hope for when
Russia made peace with Germany after the Bol-
shevik Revolution of 1917?
7. Why did the United States enter the war?
8. When was the First World War over?
Part 2. The Rise of the Labour Party.
The Labour Partyr rapidly grew during the war. It
had begun in the 19th century as part of the trade
runion movement, and was formally established in
1900. The trade unions themselves grew enormously
in the 20th century, and by 1918 numbered eight mil-
lion members. In that year, for the first time, all
men aged lwenty-one and some women over thirty
were allowed to vote. In the following years the
number of voters doubled from eight to sixteen mil-
lion people, most of whom belonged to the working
class. As a result of these changes, the Labour Par-
ty, which had won twenty-nine seats in Parliament
in the 1906 election, won fifty-seven seats in 1918,
one hundred and forty-two seats in 1922, and one
hundred and ninety-one seats in 1925. In 1924 the
first Labour government was created.
I The Labour Party
- Jlefi6opuircras naprl4fl
21)

The Labour Party was not "socialist". Its leaders
were members of the middle class. Instead of a. social
revolution, they wanted to develop a kind of socialism
that would fit the situation in Britainl. The British
working class was not interested in socialist ideas. In
fact Karl Manr2, who spent most of his life in Britain
studying and writing, w4s almost unknown exdept to a
few friends. Both he and his close friend Friedrich En-
gels3, who owned a factory in Manchester, had little
hope that the British working class would become truly
socialist. The working class people wanted to improve
their financial situation and to enjoy the advantages of
the middle class without becoming involved in social-
ist beliefs. The trade unions and the Labour Party did
not want to bring downa the existing form of govern-
ment; they wanted to change things by aciepted con-
stitutional means, in Parliament. So, the effect on
B/itain of the tgIT Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
was not great. Some people were interested in Marx-
ism and they established a Communist Party, but the
Labour Party firmly refused to be connected with it.
As a result of the Labour Party's success in t924,
the Liberal Party almost completely disappeared. Lib-
erals with traditional capitalist ideas joined the Con-
senrative Party, and Liberal "reformers" joined the
Labour Party.
QUESTIONS
1. What did the Labour Party develop from? When
was it formally established?
' that would fit the sitrration in Britain - xoroprrfi 6rr nogoruii.n
K crrryaquu n Bpuranuz
2 Karl Marx ['ko:l'mo:ks] Kap.n Maprcc \
3 Friedrich Engels -
a to bring down ['fri:drrk'engolz.f
cBepruyrb - Qpugpux Enre.nsc
- -
214
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2. lnwhat year were all men aged twenty-one given
the right to vote? How was the number of voters
growing during the following years?
g. ihe number of seats in Parliament won by the
Labour Party was constantly growing during the
first two decades of the 20th century, wasn't it?
How was it growing between 1906 and 1923?
4. Was the Labour Party "socialist"? Did they want
a socialist revolution in the country? What did
they want?
5. What did the British working class people want?
What didn't they want to be involved in?
6. What was the effect of the Russian Bolshevik
Revolution on Britain?
7. How did the success of the Labour Party in L924
tell on the Liberal PartY?
Part 3. lreland.
Before the beginning of the First World War Brit-
ain had agreed to give Ireland self-gouerwnent. There
was a sroup of Irishmen who were not satisfied with
the idea of self-government. They formed a republi-
can party and demanded a full independence from
Britain. in the 1918 elections to the British Parlia-
ment the republicans won in almost every area of
Ireland except Ulster. Instead of joining the British
parliament, they met tog'ether in DublinL and started
their own new parliament. They announced that Ire-
land was now a republic. Many Irishmen joined the
republic's army and began a guerilla fighting against
thl gritish. As a result, the British government de-
I Dublin['dnbLn] Ay6nus
215

cided to make peace. In 1g21 i.t agreed to the inde-
pendence of southern lrelarid. But it also insisted
that Ulster, or Northern Ireland as it became-known,
should remain united with Britain.
The Anglo-Irish Treatyl, which was concluded in
192L, did not bring peace to Ireland. A civil war start-
ed between the Irish themselves, because th epubli-
cans insisted that all lreland, including Northern Ire-
land, should be an independent republic. A group of
republicans formed a new party, Fianna Failz, which
won the elections of 1932, and in lgBT the new prime
Minister, Eamon de Valeras, declared southern Ire-
land a republic. The British Crown was .no longer
sovereign in lreland.
Today Ireland and Britain find themselves in a very
strange position: officially they are entirely separate
states, but by agreement their citizens are not consid-
ered foreigners in one another's country. In the Repub-
lic of Ireland the majority of population believe that
one day hll Ireland should be united, but without the
use of force. There are some people, however, who are
ready to use violent means to achieve a united Ireland.
QUESTIONS
1. What status had Britain agreed to give Ireland?
2. Why did a group of Irishmen form a republican
party in Ireland? What did they demand?
3. When did the republicans start their own parlia-
ment in Dublin? What did they announce?
4. When did Britain agree to the independence of
southern Ireland?
t The Anglo-Irish Treaty Anuo-I,Ip;ran4crcufi AoroBop
2 Fianna Fail ['fi:ons'f-crl] - Ozaxra
3 Eamon de Valera ['i:mcn- de va'leero] @oft-rr
I4uos Ba.nepa
- 4e
216
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5.Did the Anglo.Irish Treaty of. l92L bring peace
to Ireland? What did the republicans insist on?
6. When was southern Ireland declared a republic?
7. Why does today's position of Britain and Ireland
seem somewhat strange?
Part 4. Disappointment and Depression.
The cost of the war caused a great increase of
tuxes, from 6 per cent of income in 1914 to 25 per
cent in 1918. Greater taxes led to increasing disa-
greement between workers and the government.
There were serious strikes, and at times the govern-
ment had to use soldiers to break these strikes and
force men back to work.
The discontent of workers was growing and in
1926 led to a general strike by all workers. The gen-
eral strike lasted nine days. The government widely
used the police force. Many strikers were arrested
and the strike was finally broken, but the under-
standing between the government and the workers
was seriously damaged as a result of the cruel meas-
ures taken by the government in its -efforts to put
down the strike. Many workers were shocked to see
that the police, whose job, as thby had believed, was
to keep the law, was actually fighting against them:
For half a century after that many people remem-
bered the general strike with great bitterness. These
memories influenced their opinion of employers,
government and the police.
The Depression. A serious economic crisis known
as the Depression shook Europe and America in L929.
The Depression affected Britain most severely between
1930 and 1933, when over three million workers,were
217
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unemployed. The areas most affected by the Depres- ily moved into quiet new suburbs. Unplanned sub-
sion were Clydesidel, Belfast2, the industrial north rrrbs grew especially quickly around London, where
of England and south-east Wales. The working class t,lre underground railway system, the Tube, had spread
in these areas still lived in poor conditions. Men and orrt far into the country.
\ryomen in working families did not live as long as Another reason of economic recovery was the dan-
people in richer areas, and more babies died in the ger of a new war. By 1935 it was clear that Germany,
first year of life. There was little hope for improving rrnder its new leader Adolf Hitlerl was preparing to
the conditions of life because nobody wanted to in- ntrengthen its position in Europe, if necessary by
vest large amounts of money into industry in the I'orce. Seeing this, the British government began re-
period of economic crisis. building its armed forces. It invested a large amount
Economic recovery. In the middle of the 1930s the of money in heavy industry, which gave jobs to many
British economy began gradually recovering. The grcople. By 193? British industry was producing weap-
process of economic recovery \ryas especially noticea- ons, aircraft and equipment for war.
ble in the Midlands and
QUESTIONS
the south, where a great
number of small hous-
t. Why did taxes increase between 1914 and 1918?
What did greater taxes lead to?
es rryere being built 2. When did the general strike take place? How long
along the main roads did it last? What measures did the government
leading from big cities take to break the strike?
into the countryside. A 3. Why were many workers shocked at the fact that
great role in the recov-
the government used the police to put down the
ery of economy was strike?
played by Britain's 4. What was the Depression? When did it occur?
growing motor indus- How did the Depression affect Britain?
try, which was based in 5. What areas of Britain were most affected by the
the Midlands. With the
Depression? Why was there little hope for im-
appearance of a great proving the conditions of life in these areas?
number of privately 6. When did the British economy begin gradually
owned cars, the country around the towns changed: recovering? In what parts of the country was the
many new houses were built along the roads which recovering process especially noticeable?
were suitable for rriotoring. Middle-class people read- a. What industries played a great role in the recov-
t'f

ering of economy?
I Clydeside['klardsard] - Krafi4cafi4
2 Belfast ['bel'fo:st] I Adolf Hitler fr'Iuep
- Berfiiacr ['rcdolfhrtle] -
A4o.rrrQ
219
218
 www.frenglish.ru

8. Why were unplanned suburbs growing especialli CHAPTER 19

quickly around London?
9. Who was the leader of Germany in the 1
l
THE SECOND WORLD WAR
What was he preparing to do? Part 1. The First Period of the War.
10. How did the danger of a new war help the recov:
ery of British economy? l
After the First World War Adolf Hitler founded
llrc Nazir Party in Germany. Together with his fol-
. CHAPTER REVIEW lowers he began to spread his beliefs. Hitler called
FilI in the blanks with the correct ivords or the German people a superior race, which must rule
combinations from the list: the world.
guerilla, socialist, depended, self-gouernrnent, s Soon Hitl,er made himself dictator of Germany and
uation, submarines, su,rrender, aircraft, d.iseontent" began preparing for war. The Nazis oppressed any-
arrned forces. one whose race, religion or politics they did not like.
1. Being an island state, Britain had always They built huge coneentration camps. Jews2, Catho-
on imported goods. llcs, Poles8 and others whom Hitler considered ene-
2. Defeat at sea would have caused Britain,s mies were sent to these camps. In the concentration
camps people who were strong enough were forced to
3. In 1915 German started sinking mer- work as slaves. Those who were too weak to work,
chant ships. children and old people, were killed soon after they
'4. For six weeks the British population was on the arrived at the camps.
point of Germany was not the only country in Europe ruled
5. The British working class was not interested in by a dictator. Benito Mgssolinia, who had come to
ideas. power in Italy, was making plans to revive the glory
6. Before the beginning of the First World War Brit_ of the Roman Empire.
Ireland In Asia5, a military group came to power in Ja-
7. the republican army and pan6. They also believed in the "glory" of ruling over
hting against the British. other nations. They wanted to take control of other
8. The of workers led to a general countries in Asia and islands in the Pacific OceanT.
strike in 1926. I
9. The British government began rebuilding its Nazi Haq,rrcrclcaff
2 Jews ['no:tsr]
[d3u:z]
- euperr
'r Poles [poulz] - rroJrarrl
10. By 1937 British industry was pro4ucing weap_ 1 -
ons, '
Benito [be'ni:tou] Mussolini [,muse'li:nr]
Asia ['erJa] Aaua - Eexuro Myccorunz
and equipment f6r war. -
'r Japan [d3e'pan]
pacific-Ocean
,flnonvs
- [pe'slfik'ouJn]
' th; - Taxutrr oKearr
220 221
 www.frenglish.ru

a small French
In the 1930s Germany, ttaly and Japan formed almost all their weapons' At Dunkirkl'
alliance called the Axisl. Britain and France led port, the British armY
alliance of European countries called the Allies. prlvate boats which cros
Allies opposed the Axis. rying the soldiers over
Japan was the first nation to use military might. rlans said, Dunkirk was prime Minister, sir
1931 the Japanese2 army invaded a part of Chinas *ititurv disaster2. Britain,s new
Manchuriaa. ln 1935 Italy invaded parts af Africa Wtrrrtot Churchills, played a great role in keeping
people' He per-
Germany seized Austria and part of Uzechoslouahias. up the fighting spirita of the British
euaded the nation that Dunkirk was a
victory of cour-
On September 1, 1339, the German army in
Poland6. The Polish government asked Britain iS" determination at Britain's darkest hour'
France for help. On September 3, 1939, Britain
""a QUESTIONS
France declared war on Germany. That was the be- 1. What party did Adolf Hitler found in Germany?
ginning of the Second World War. What aia ft" say about the German people?
The Poles fought bravely, but the German army; 2. Who was oppressed in Nazi Germany? What were
conquered the country in less than three weeks. The concentration camPs?
Germans used a new tactics called ablitzkrie,g? (light-. 3. What was the Axis? When was it formed?
ning war). The attack was so swift that Poland's al-. 4. What alliance opposed the Axis?
lies, Britain and France, had no time to come and 5. What lands werelnvaded by Germany' Italy and
help Poland. Japan in the 1930s?
In the spring of 1940 Germany turned its atten- 6. Wiren and how did the Second World War start?
tion to western Europe. The Germans invaded Den- 7. Wftut tactics did Hitler use in Poland? Why did
rnark, Norways, the Netherlands, Belgium and, Lur- BritainandFrancehavenotimetohelpPoland?
ernbourgls.,The French army was thought to be very 8. What countries did Germany invade in 1940?
9. How long did it take Germany to defeat
strong. But, with the help of Italy, Germany defeat- the
ed the French in a few weeks. The British who were French? Wttut happened to the British forces
fighting in France were driven into the sea losing
I the Axis ['aksrs] Ocr
2 - flnoncxzft
3
4 Manvrxypua people after Dunkirk?
5 -
le'vrekre] {exocaoBarclrfl
6 Poland ['poulsnd] - I
- florsrua
? blitzkrieg ['blrtskri:g] 2 poM
E Norway ['nc:wer] Hopnerua- Hein. MoJrHrrenocsas softHa
r l-cgpVuncronrleP'uuurr
0 Luxembourg - Jhoxcevr6ypr 4 fighting sPirit 6oeaofi lYx
['l,rksembe:g] - - 22)
222

Paft 2. Alone against the Nazis.
By June 1940 Britain stood alone against the N
zis. German planes made bombing raids against Bri
ish cities, railways and factories. All night long
bombs dropped.'The pilots of the British air f
tried to fight off the German planes.
Hitler's plan was to break the spirit of t e Briti
and destroy Britain's ability to defend itself. T
the Germans would cross the English Channel
France. They would invade and take control of Bri
ain. But the British Royal Air Forcer shot down
German planes, and Germany was not able to ful
its plan of invading the country. The battte of Bri
ain was the Allies' first victory.
QUESTIONS
1. How did Germany fight Britain in the air?
2. What was the purpose of German bombing raid
against Britain? What did Hitler hope for?
did his plan fail?
Part 3. The Mistakes of Germany and Japan.
The End of the War.
In 1941 Germany and Japan made two fatal mis_
takes: Germany attacked the Soviet Union and Japan
attacked the United States of America. Thus the Axis
of Germany, Italy and Japan forced onto the batile-
field two of the most powerful nations in the world.
Germany now had to fight on two fronts: in the east
and in the west.
I the British Royal Air Force
BOerrHo- BosAyrrrrrbre cr4Jrbr - Bpurancnl{e KopoJIeBcKr4e
224
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By 1943 the Soviet army was pushing the Ger-
rnans out of the USSR, and Britain had driven Ger-
man and Italian troops out of North Africa. In July
1943 the Allied troops landed in Italy.
D-Day. Meanwhile a huge invasion of France was
being prepared. A large army and thousands of ships
nnd boats were gathered on the southern shore of
Great Britain. The day of the invasion went down
lnto history as D-Day. On the night of June 5, L944,
the Allied Army boarded ships in Great Britain. A
giant fleet of 600 warships and 4,000 smaller boats
earried 176,000 Allied soldiers towards France. The
soldiers were from the United States, Britain, Cana-
da, France, Poland and many other nations. In the
sky 11,000 Allied planes bombed the German posi-
tions in France. Early in the morning of June 6, the
Allies landed on the French beaches. By nightfall,
the Allied army was in France.
The invasion of France by Allied forces was the
beginning of the end for Germany. Four months
later France and Belgium were freed. Then the bat-
tle for Germany began. In May. L945 Germany sur-
rendered.
Japan continued to fight until Britain and the USA
dropped two atom bombs on the cities of Hiroshimal
and Nagasakiz in August 1945. 110,000 people per-
ished immediately, and nlany thousands more died
later from the after-effects. It was a terrible end to
the war, and bitter memories are still living in the
hearts of people all over the world.
1 Hiroshima [,hrra'ji:me] Xupocrnra
2 Nagasaki [,nega'so:kr] - Haracaxz
- 225
 www.frenglish.ru

QUESTIONS B. Winston Churchill played a great role in keeping

1. Which were the two fatal mistakes of Ger up the fighting of the British people.
and Japan in 1941? Why can wd call their 9. German planeb made bombing on British
mistakes? What did Germany have to do now? cities, railways and factories.
2. What was the situation on the Soviet-Germa 10. The pilots of the British tried
front in 1943? What were Britain's successes the German planes.
North Africa? 11. Hitler's plan was the spirit of the
3. When did the Allied troops land in Ital ? British.
4, What is D Day? How was the invasion of Fra 12. atom bombs on the Japanese cities
carried out? was a really terrible end to the war, and
5. What followed the invasion of France by Al memories are still living in the hearts of people.
. forces? When did Germany surrender?
6. Did Japan surrehder together with Germany? CHAPTER 20
did Britain and the USA make Japan surrender
THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fill in the blanks with the correct words or Part 1. The United Nations.
combinations from the list: At the end of the war the victorious Allies created
rescu,e, to breah, alliance, Nazi, dropping, raids, the United Nations Organizationl in order to protect
bitter, declared, threat, to fight off, inuaded, dictator, peace and democracy in the world and prevent new
air force, spirit. wars. The idea was to settle local and global problems
1. After the First World War Adolf Hitler founded by discussion within the Organization and not by
party in Germany. fighting in battlefields.
2. The actions of Germany, Italy and Japan brought But from the very start this new world organiza-
the of another war. tion faced great difficulties. The idea of the four AI-
3. Hitler made himself of Germany. lies (Soviet Union, United States, France and Britain)
4. In the 1930s Germany, Italy and Japan formed workihg together for the recovery of central Europe
an called the Axis. did not work. Europe became divided into two, the
5. On September 1, 1939, the German army eastern part under communist Soviet control, and the
. Poland. western part under the control of Britain, France and
6. On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France the United States.
war on Germany.
T.Dunkirk was a miraculous from mili- t the United Nations Organization Opranzaaqr{.n o6re4unt!u-
tary disaster. nrrx naqraft -
226 227

In 1948- 49 the Soviet Union tried to capture West
Berlin and blocked all road and rail traffic to it, and
it was only saved by constant supplies from the west
brought by air. As a result of the strugglp for West
Berlin, two opposite alliances were formed: the North
Atlantic Tleaty Organizationr of the western nations,
and the 'Warsaw Pact2 of the eastern bloc.
QUESTIONS
1. What important international organization was
formed at the end of the Second World War?
With what purpose was this organization formed?
2. Did the idea work? Which two parts was Europe
divided into? Do you understand why it happened?
3. Which two alliances were formed in Europe as a
result of the struggle for West Berlin?
Part 2. A Change of Britain's Role
on the lnternational Arena.
Britain still considered itself to be a world power,
but it was clear that its internatio,nal position was
weakening. It was most obvious in Egypt. Until 1956
Britain had controlled the Suez Canal, but in that
year Egypt decided to take it over. Britain, together
with France and IsraelE, attacked Egypt. But the rest
of the world, in particular the United States,.loudly
disapproved of Britain's action and forced Britain to
remove its troops from Egypt.
The events in Suez showed the world that Britain
was no longer a Great Power, and after Suez many
t the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Oprarrraaqr{fl
Ceaepo-Ar.naHruqecKoro AoroBopa
- aimed at doing away with social wrongs
2 the Warsaw ['wc:sc:] Pact Bapuraacxuft ,4ororop
3 Israel ['rzrerel] I4apanar -
- -
228
www.frenglish.ru
weaker countries in Asia and Africa, particularly the
Arab countries, began to challenge Britain's author-
Ity more openly.
QUESTIONS
1. How was Britain's international position chang-
ing after the Second World War?
2. What happened in Egypt in 1956? Why did Brit-
ain attack Egypt? What was the reaction of the
world to Britain's attack? What was Britain
forced to do?
3. What did the events in Suez show? How did these
events affect many weaker countries in Asia and
Africa?. .'
Part 3. The Welfare State.
In one of his speeches during the Second World
War Winston Churchill had said, "'We are not fight-
lng to restore the past. We must plan and create a
future."
troble
After the war the government concentrated on work-
ing out reforms aimed at doing away with social
wrongsr in British life. The reforms which were intro-
duced by both the Conservative and Labour govern-
ments gave importance to people's happiness and well-
being. In t944 the government introduced free2
secondary education for all. In 1946 everyone was given
the right to free medical treatment. Two years later,
in 1948, the National Assistance Act provided finan-
cial help for the old, the unemployed and those unable
to work through sickness. Mothers and children also
- HanpaBJrerrrrhre Ha
ro, uto6rt [oKoHqI{Tb c coqrlaJrbnblM oJroM
free ad. 6ecularnoe
229
 www.frenglish.ru

received help. Both the

Conservative and La-
bour Parties agreed on
the need to keep up the
welfare statel, in par-
ticular to avoid unem-
ployment. Britain be-
came a country in
which both main parties
Primary school childred
in an art class
shared the idea that
providing the basic hu-
man rights to the pop-
ulation was the matter Going on a holidaY
of the first importance.
Like much of post- rrtirtliunis. In the eve-
war Europe, Britain rrings tireY could go to
had become economical- tlre cinema. TheY began
ly dependent on the l,o go away for holidaYs
United States. Thanks Lo Iow-cost holidaY
(:ilmps. In 1950 car Pro-
to the US Marshall Aid
Programme2, Britain <luction was twice what
Secondary school students
working on a woodwork project was able to recover it had been in 1939'
quickly from the war. nnd by 1960 cars were Holidaymakers on a beach
Working people now had a better standard of living owned not onIY bY rich-
than ever before. There was enough work for every- cr people but many
one. Wages were about 30 per cent higher than in with a lower income. It
1939, and prices had hardly risen at all. seemed as if the sun
People had free time to enjoy themselves. At week- shone on Britain. As
ends many watched football matches in large new one Prime Minister
saidr "YoLl'ue neuer had
I welfare state['welfee.stctt] rocyAapcrBo, aa6orauleeca o itso good", a remark
-
6.narococrogHl{r{ cBor{x rpa)r(AaH that became famous.
2 the MarshalI ['mo:Jal] Aid Programme
- flporparvrvra
Maprua.n;ra lto oKaoar{I{n rroMolrg4 crpauaM, rrocrpaAaBrur4M
It was also the age
Bo BpeMfi Btopofi vrr,rpoaofi sofiHrr of youth. Wages for At a country Pub
230
 www.frenglish.ru

those who had just started work had risen, so young Part 4. A Popular Monarchy.
people had more money in their pockets than ever l)uring the 20th century the monarchy became still
before. As a result, the young began to influence fash- nr()re popular than in the times of. Queen Victoria in
ion, particularly in clothes and music. The youthful l.lrc 19th century. George V, the grandson of Victoria,
pop culture of the sixties was best expressed by the
lrrrtl started a tradition of attending the annual foot-
Beatles, a group of working-class boys from Liver- lnll Cup Final match atWembley Stadiuml. On Christ-
pool, whose music quickly became i.nternationally lrrrrs Day, t932, he spoke to the people of Britain and
known.. llre Commonwealth on the radio. Since then the Christ'
QUESTIONS .i
,t,os speech of the monav'ch has also become a tradi-
1. What had Winston Churchill said in one of his l,irrrr. During the Second World War George VI and
speeches during the Second World War?
lris wife won great admiration of the British people
2. What task did the British government concen- l'or refusing to leave Buckingharn Palace2 even after
trate on after the war?
o. What did both the Conservative and Labour Par- '' Wembley Stadium ['wcmbh'stcrdjem] craArron Vau6.nr
llrrckingham Palace ['blkr4ern'prclrs]
- Eyrcunremcrer'rft ABopeq
ties agree on? What idea was shared by both par- -
ties?
4. What international programme helped Britain to
quickly recover from the war?
D. Why did working people have a better standard
of living than before the war? How had the wages
and prices changed in comparison with the last
pre-war year?
6. How did people enjoy themselves in their free
time?
7. How did car production change in post-war time?
Did the cars become cheaper? What makes you
think so?
8. What remark of one Prime Minister became fa-
mous?
9. Why is it right to say that the post-war tirne was
also the age of youth? Why did young people have
more money now? What fashions did young peo-
ple begin to influence?
10. Who are the Beatles? The Royalfamily in the 1980s
232

it had been bombed.. Since t952, when Elizabeth
became queen, he popularity of the monarchy
been steadily growing.
QUESTIONS
1. Is the monarchy still popular in Britain?
2. Which two new traditions were started
George V? 4 .
3. What step of George VI brought him great
ration of the British people during the
World War?
4. Who is the present monarch of Britain? Is
popularity of the monarchy still growing?
Part 5. The Loss of Empire.
I
At the end of the First World War the
Empire was bigger than ever befoie and covered e
quarter of the entire land surface of the world. How
I ever, there were signs that the empire was coming to
an end. Public opinion was changing, and more a
more people were beginning to realize that colonial-
ism was wrong and that all nations had the right for
self.government. The independence movement in col-,
onies was rapidly growing.
The United Nations Charter in 1945 also called
forl progress towards self-government.
In India there was a powerful nationalist move-
ment skilfully led by Mahatma Gandhiz. By 1945
it was clear that British rule in India could not
continue. It became impossible for Britain to rule
300 million people without their co-operation. In
I called for nprroLrBaJra
-
2 Mahatma Gandhi
- Maxarlra lar4rz
[me'hrctme'grendr]
274
www.frenglish.ru
I lg47 the British finally left India, which divided
lnto a Hind.ur state and a smaller Muslitn2 state
€clled Pakistan. Ceylon became independent the fol-
lowing year.
In the 1950s, after Suez, Britain began to give upg
Itc other possessions. Between 1945 and 1955 500
Frlllion people in former British colonies became com-
pletely self-governing.
Britain tried to keep international ties with its
former colonies through a new organization called
tho British Commonwealth of Nationsa. AII the former
cslonies were invited to join the Commonwealth as
free and equal members. This system of co-operation
hrts proved to be successful, because it is based on
the kind of friendship that allows all members to
follow their own policies without interference.
QUESTIONS
1. How large was the British Empire at the erid of
the First World War?
2. How wr{s public opinion changing about the idea
of colonialism in the 20th centurY?
3. What movement was growing in the colonies?
4. What did the United Nations Charter o,f' L945
call for?
5. Who was the leader of the nationalist movement
in India? What was impossible for Britain? When
did India get independence? Which two states
were formed on its teiritorY?
I Hindu ['hrndu:] r{HAyrrcrcxoe
2 lVluslim fmushm] - : MycyrrbMancxoe
'rI to give up - orAaBarb
the British Commonwealth ['kcmanwel0] of Nations - Bpraran-
cnoe coApyr(ecrBo narlr,rrt.-
n5

6. When did Ceylon become independent?
7. How many people in former British colonies be-
came independent between 1945 and 1965?
8. What new organization was formed to help Brit-
ain keep international ties with its former colo-
nies? Why has this system proved to be success-
ful? What principle is it based on?
Part 6. The Situation in Northern lreland.
When Ireland was divided in t92I, the majority
of the population in Northern Ireland (Ulster) was
Protestant. Northern Ireland was a self-governing
province, and most of the population were satisfied
with this system. There were other people, howev-
er, mostly Catholics, who considered that their sys-
Struggle in Ulster
www.frenglish.ru
lr,rn of government was unfair. These people sup-
ported the party of republicans who wanted to unite
llrt: whole of Ireland.
Suddenly, in 1969, some people in Ulster, both
(irrtholics and Protestants, began to gather in the
sl,r'eets and demand full independence from Britain.
'l'lris movement was very strong and soon turned into
n rrationalist rebellion against British rule.
'[o keep law and order, the British government sent
r:oldiers to help the police, but many Catholics saw
llrem as a foreign army with no right to be there. In
ngrite of the attempts of the British government and
llre local administration of Ulster, fighting in North-
trn Ireland is still continuing. Young people in North-
r,r'n Ireland cannot remember a time when there was
lx)ace in the province.
QUESTIONS
l. When was Ireland divided into the Irish Repub-
lic and Northern Ireland (Ulster)?
2. What is the political status of Ulster?
lJ. What movement began in Ulster in 1969? What
did this movement grow into?
4. How did the British government try to keep
Iaw and order in Ulster? Were the attempts
successful?
5. What is the situation in Northern Ireland now?
Part 7. The Years of Discontent.
Beginning with the 1970s Britain was gradually
ialling behindr its European neighbours economical-
' was gradually falling behind nocrerenuo orcraBaJra
-
237
r www.frenglish.ru

ly. It happened as a result of rising prices and grow rrlnl,ion of Britain was not easy. There were white
ing unemployment. The government did not k pc'ople, mostly young, who blamed the immigrants
how to solve the problem. In L9TB Britain joined
European Communityr (Common Market2) with t
fnl growing unemployment. They were wrong, be-
rrilnr{(}, in fact, it was often the immigrants who were
hope that it would help to raise its economic wealth
wllling to do dirty or unpopular work in factories,
But it did not happen. ltnrrpitals and other workplaces.
Britain also faced new social problems after I lnemployment increased rapidly at the end of the
arrival. of immigrants in the country. The first blac
I l)70s, and by 1985 the number of unemployed peo-
immigrants started to arrive from the West Indies i
lrlr. r'eached 3,5 million. In many towns 15 per cent or
the 1950s. They were looking for work. By 1960 the
nrr)r'e of the working population was out of work.
were 250,000 col 'l'lrirrgs became worse as steel millsr and coal mines2
oured immigran wlre closed. In 1984 the miners went on strike pro-
in Britain, and t lesling against the closing of mines. Only after a
first signs of trou wlrole year of violent fighting with the police the
ble with youn cl,r'ike was put down3.
whites appeared. I nflation made the situation more difficult. With-
Later, Asian im- Itr a short period of only thirty years, between 1954
migrants started to nrr<l 1984, prices multipliedo by six. In these condi-
arrive from India lions it was almost impossible to make sure that all
and Pakistan, and workers received fair wages.
black immigrants
from East Africa. QUESTIONS
t. When did Britain begin falling behind other Euro-
Most immigrants pean countries economically? Why did it happen?
lived together in .)
Why did Britain join the Common Market in
poor areas of large
L973? Why was it disappointed?
cities.
3. What new social problem did Britain face? When
The relationship
did the first immigrants begin to arrive in Brit-
between the col- ain? Where did they come from? What were they
oured immigrants looking for?
Unemployment and the white pop-
steel mills craJre[poKarnbre BaBoAbr
' coal mines - yroJrbnbre ruaxrbr
the European Community fiuero'prcn ke'mju:nrtr] Erponeficroe
coo6ulecrao - - put down aa6acrosKa 6rua no4an.nena
2 the strike was
Common Market
- O6qzft pbrnor{ multiplied ['mnltrplard] by -six yBeJrr{ru4Jrrrcb B lrrecrb pag
-
238
B9
r- www.frenglish.ru

4. How many coloured immigrants were there rl,r'orrg movement to

Britain by 1960? Ilrr. left. Both par-
5. What other countries did immigrants come fro Uee moved further -

6. Where did most immigrants live? Awlry from the "cen-

7. What did some white people blame the immigran I,r'r." of British poli-
for? Why were they wrong? llr:s than they had
8. What was the number of the unemployed by 1985 rlolre before.
9. Why did the miners go on strike in 1984? W ln 1981 four sen-
did they protest against? lor right-wing mem-
10. How did inflation affect the situation in lrr.r's left the Labour
country? How did the prices change betw l'rrrty and formed
1954 and 1984? I,lrcir own Social-
l)crnocratic Party,
Part 8. Margaret Thatcher. lrr alliance with the
rurrrall but surviving
Britain's first woman Prime Minister Marg l,iberal Party. By Margaret Thatcher
Thatcherl the leader of the Conservative Party, w Mrrrch L982 the new
elected in 1979 because she promised a new begin prrrty was gaining ground both from the Conserva-
ning for Britain. t,ive and Labour Partiesr.
Margaret Thatcher called on the nation for2 ha Thatcher succeeded in returning a number of na-
work, patriotism and self-help. She attached great tionalized industries to the private sector. By 1987
importance to free trade at home and abroad and in I tlccornmunications, gas, British Airways, British
dividual enterprises, and insisted that government Acrospace and British Shipbuilders had all been put
interference in economy should be minimal. into private ownership.
As a result, the old Conservative-Labour agree- In the 1983 elections Thatcher was returned to
ment on the guiding principles of the weifare state power. However, there were many people in Britain
was gradually breaking down. In the Conservative who were dissatisfied with the Thatcher government.
Party there had been a strong movement to the right, 'fhatcher had promised to stop Britain's decline, but
and in the Labour Party there had been a similarly by 1983 she had not succeeded. Industrial produc-
tionz since 1979 had fallen by 10 per cent, and man-
I Margaret Thatcher I
2 called on the nation['mo:9orrt'OrctJ"] - Mapraper
for [pr4BbIBaJIa
Tervep was gaining ground both from the Conservative and Labour
- recHr{Jra rcarc KoncepBarlrBuyro, rar n Jleft6opr{cr-
Haqr4ro K Parties
3 individual enterprise [, rndr'v - rdjuel'cntaprarz] u*AvrBvr4yaJrbuoe cKylo [apTI,III
IIp eAIIp rr Hr,rM aT e,rr b cT o
B
- I Industrial production npoMbrrrrJreHrroe [por4oBoAcrBo
240
- 241

ufacturing productiont by 17 per cent. U
had risen to over three million. But the most
accusation against the Thatcher government was
it had created a more unequal society, a society
"two nations", one wealthy and the other poor.
number of very poor, who received only a very
amount of government help, increased from
million in 1979 to over sixteen million by 1983.
The black community also felt separated from ri
Britain. Most blacks lived in the poor city areas,
unemployment among blacks by 1986 was twide
high as among the white population.
In spite of these problems, Thatcher's
tive Party was still more popular than any other
ty in 1987. In the national elections that year
Conservative Party was returned to power with
majority of IO2 seats.
Thatcher's victory caused concern for both o
tion parties. The Labour Party did better than man
had expected2, and won the majority in the 1997 elec.
tions. Tony Blairs became Prime Minister.
QUESTIONS
1. When did Margaref, Thatcher become Prim
Minister of Britain? What did she promise
nation?
2. What did Margaret Thatcher call on the nati
for? What did she attach great importance to
What did she insist on?
I manufacturing production [por{BBogcrBo rrpeAMeroB rro-
rpe6.nenua -
'z did better than many had expected - 4o6u.nacr ryqIuux
peSyJrbTaToB, rreM MHorr{e oxtlrAaJr*r
3 Tony Blair ['tounr'blee] Toxra Bnap
- 247
242
www.frenglish.ru
B. How did Margaret Thatcher's policy affect the
old Conservative-Labour agreement on the guid-
ing principles of the welfare state?
4. How was the new Social-Democratic Party formed
in 1981?
6. What industries did Margaret Thatcher return
to the private sector?
6. Were the British satisfied with Margaret Thatch-
er's policy? What was the most serious accusa-
tion against the Thatcher government?
?. Why aia tne black community feel separated from
richer Britain?
tl. Why was the Conservative Party returned to
power during the 1987 elections in spite of many
people's dissatisfaction?
g. What party won the majority in the 1997 elec-
tions? Who beca-me Prime Minister?
Part 9. Britain TodaY.
Ties with the Past and Thoughts of the
Future.
Britain has more living symbols of its past than
tnany countries. It still has a royal family and a
nmall nobility. Its capital,. other cities and coun-
I the Knights [narts] of the Garter ['go:te] - Prrqapu oPAeHa
flo4naaxn
 www.frenglish.ru

George's Day. These symbols are a true represen CHAPTER REVIEW

tion of the glorious past.
As to the country's present and future, there is
difference of opinion among the British people
as to what home policies Britain should pursue.
people are sure that most important for national
Flll in the blanks with the correct words and word
@mbinations from the list:
eecondary, Christrnas, immigrants, well-being, to
pntlect, to challenge,Aid, Cotnmon, economically, pre-
ge n l, C o rn rno nw e alt h, s elf he lp, une tnploy me nt, e nc our -
-

newal is material wealth. Others believe that Eferu. dissatisfied, strike, majority, called on, to recou-
emphasis on material wealth encourages selfi Qr, material, falling behind.
and a retreat from an ideal of community to a 1. The United Nations Organization was created in
for personal gain. They are worried by the order peace and democracy in the
ing of the "welfare-state" principle, particularly world and new wars.
the reduction of government aid in the educationr 2. After Suez many weaker countries in Asia and
health services. Africa began Britain's authority.
8, In 1944 the British government introduced free
QUESTIONS education for all.
1. What are the living symbols of the past that Bri 4. The reforms introduced by the government gave
ain has preserved? importance to people's happiness and
2. What do the opinions of the British people differ 6. Much of post-war Europe became de-
about? pendent on the United States.
3. Do all the people agree that material wealth 6. Thanks to the US Marshall Programme,
most important for national renewal? What dan Britain was able quickly from the war.
ger do some people see in the emphasis on ma 7. The speech of the monarch has be-
rial wealth? What are these people worried about come a tradition.
What do you think? Would you put emphasis 8. All the former colonies were invited to join the
material wealth? What in your opinion is m as free and equal members.
important for national renewal? 9. Beginning with the 1970s Britain was gradually
its European neighbours economically.
10. Britain joined the Market in 1973.
11. Britain faced new social problems after the ar-
rival of in the country.
12. increased rapidly at the end of
the 1970s.
13. In 1984 the miners went on
testing against the closing of mines. ' Pfo-
244 .. 245
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14. Margaret Thateher the nation f SECTTON THREE

hard work, patriotism and
15. There were many people in Britain who PRESENT-DAY BRITAIN
with the Thatcher government;
16. The Labour Party won the in tl
1997 elections.
17. Some people are sure that most important f CHAPTER I
national renewal is wealth.
18. Some Britons think that the emphasis on BRITISH OR ENGLISHI
rial wealth selfishness. Some people find it difficult to distinguish between
rrch names as British and English, between Britain
UNIT REVIEW nnd England; and the names the British Isles and the
Who are these people? What have they done? W Ilnited Kingdorn add to the difficulty. What exactly
a few words about each of them. rlocs each of these names mean?
Winston Churchill Margaret Thatcher
Part 1. The British lslesl.
This is the geographical name that refers to all the
lllands situated off the north-west coast of the Euro-
lrcan continent: Great Britainz, the whole of lrelandg
( Northern and Southern), and all the smaller islands
nituated between and around them: the Isle of Wighta,
llrc Orkneyss, the Hebridest, the ShetlandsT, the Isles
ol Scillys, the Channel Islandse and the Isle of ManLo.

I The British Isles ['brrtlJ'aizl Bplrrancxne ocrpoBa

t Great Britain ['grert'brrtn] -Benraro6prrraul4fl
Ireland -
I' the Isle ['aralend]
Llp.nan4ua
of Wight- ['arl ev'watt] Vafir
- ocrpon
'' the Orkneys ['o:knrz] - OpxneficrcI{e ocrpoBa
" the Hebrides ['hebndi:zf - le6pu4u
the Shetlands ['Jetlend] TTTslrsH,qcKr,Ie ocrpoBa
-
" the Isles of SciIIy ['arlz.av'stll] Cqunnrr
- ocrpoBa
"i" the Channel Islands ['tJeenal'allandzl Hopuan4cxue ocrpoBa
the Isle of Man ['atl ev'men] -
- octpoa Man
246 247
 www.frenglish.ru

QUESTIONS
What is Great Britain? What three parts is it tra-
rl t l,ionally divided into?

Part 3. The United Kingdom.

'l'he United Kingdom (or UK) is an abbreviation
nl' the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North'
rt'tt Irelandl, which is the political name of the coun-
Irv consisting of England, Scotland, Wales and North-
The lsles of ScillY nrrr Ireland (sometimes called Ulster2\. Southern
trcland is a completely independent state: the Repub-
QUESTIONS lir of Ireland (also
1. What does the name British Isles refer to? rrr lled Eire?).
The United Kingdom
2. What smaller islands are situated between a Lt took centu-
around Great Britain and Ireland? Can you s rics and a lot of
them on the map? rrrnred struggle to
I'orm the United
Part 2. Great Britain. Kingdom, In-the
| 5th century a
This is the name of the largest island of the Bri Welsh prince Hen-
ish Isles. It is historically divided into three rv Tudor, became
which were once independent states: England, Scot- King Henry VII of
land andWales. The people who live in England ldngland. Then his
English, the people who live in Scotland are Scofs,
the people who live in Wales are Welshl. At the same
the United King-
time all these people are British because they live in dom of Great tsrit-
Britain. As to the word Great in the name of the arn and Northern
island, it was first introduced by the French to dis- ['nc:6an] Ireland-
O6re4unrinuoe Ko-
tinguish the island from the area in the north of poJreBcrBo Be;ruxo-
France called Britanngz (the French language has the 6puraulrn u Ceeep-
same word for Britain and Britanny)" uofr LTpnannuw
Ulster [',rlsto] -
I Welsh [rvelJ] yaJrbcqbr O.nrcrep
2 Britanny -
['brrtonr] - Bperaur Eire ['cera] 3fipe
-
248

son, Henry VIII united England and Wales under
Parliament in 1536. In Scotland a similar thing
pened. The king of Scotland inherited the crown o
England and Wales in 1603, so he became King Jame
I of England and Wales and King James VI of Scot
land. The Parliaments of England and Wales wen
united a century later, in t7O7. i:
The"Scottish and Welsh are proud and indepe
ent people. In recent years there have been a
at devolutionr in the two countries, particularly
Scotland where the Scottish Nationalist Party wa
very strong for a while. However, in a referendum i
1978 the majority of the Welsh people rejected
lution, and in 1979 the Scirts did the same. N
theless, most Welsh and Scots sometimes comp
that they are dominated by England, and of co
they don't like to be referred to as English2.
The whole of Ireland was united with Great Britr
ain from 1801 till 1921. In L921 it was divided in
two parts. The larger southern part formed the
pendent Republic of Ireland (Eire), while Northe
Ireland (Ulster) became part of the United Kingdon
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
QUESTIONS
Which is the full name of the county situated
the British Isles? Which four parts does the Uni
Kingdom consist of?
t devolution orAeJrenrne (ot 4pyroft crpanrr)
- - KeJrbrbr
'z they don't like to be referred to as English - orr{ ne .nto6fft,
KOIAa rrx HaSbrBaroT aHrJllrararraMr4
250
www.frenglish.ru
Part 4. Forming the Nation.
About 2,000 years ago the British Isles were in-
habited by the CeltsL, who had originally come from
eontinental Europe. During the next 1,000 years
tltere were many invasions. The Romans came from
Italy in AD 43. The Angles and, Saxons came from
Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in the 5th
eentury and gave the country the name England
(Angle-land). The Vihings2 kept coming from Den-
flark and Norway throughout the 9th century. In
1066 (the date in history which every British school
ehild knows) the Normans invaded from France.
All these invasions drove the Celts into Wales and
Bcotland, and of course they also remained in Ire-
land. The present-day English are the descendants
of all the invaders, although they are more Anglo-
Saxon than anything else. These various origins
explain many of the differences which exist between
England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland differ-
-
ences in education, religion, the legal systemss and
ln language.
QUESTIONS
1. What people were the British Isles inhabited by
about 2,000 years ago?.
2. When did the Romans settle in Great Britain?
3. When did the Anglo-Saxons come?
4. When did the Normans invade Britain?
5. In what spheres of life do differences still exist
between England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland?
Celts [kelts]
Vikings ['varkrqz]
- Br4xrrHrrrr
legal systems cyAorrpor4oBoAcrBo
-
251
 www.frenglish.ru

Part 5. Language. Part 6. lmmigrants in Britain.

The Celts spoke CeIticL, which survives today i Itt'cently there have been many waves of immigra-
the form of Welsh, Scottish Gaelicz and Irish t Britain. Many Jews, Russians, Gerrnans and.
lrrrr into
ic. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic are sti Ittilt's have come to Britain during political changes
spoken by some people, although they have suf 1l l,lrc rest of Europe. There are also many immi-
fered from the spread of English. However,, all th ;r rrrrls from different countries of the Commonwealth.
languages are now officially encouraged and taugh thl'ore the Second World War these immigrants were
at schools. tlrrrnlly white people from Canada, Australia, New
English developed from Anglo-Saxon and it is Et'ulund and South Africa. In the 1950s the British
language of the Gerrnanic groups. All the invadi Ir)vornment encouragedr people from the West In-
peoples, particularly the Norman-French, infl illt'x, India, Pahistan, Bangladesh2 and Hong Kong!
the English language, and we can find many wo l,o rrome and work in Britain. Today two million Brit-
in English which are French in origin. Nowadays lxlr people are of West Indian or Asian origin and
Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak English (e nvr.r' 50 per cent of them were born in Britain. The
if they speak their own language as well), but government encourages the immigrant communities
have their own special accents and dialects, so to r:ontinue speaking their
can tell what part of Britain a person is from as soo rrwn languages as well as
as they begin to speak. Sometimes the differences i liirrglish. The children of
accents are so great that people from different lrrrrnigrants are often
of the UK have difficulty in understanding one an- l,rrrrght their own languag-
other. The southern accent is generally accepted as t'H nt school, and there are
standard English. agxrcial newspapers, mag-
nzines and radio and tel-
QUESTIONS r,vision programmes for
1. Has the Celtic language survived? In what form?
l,he immigrants.
2. What did present-day English develop from? Why
The latest wave of im-
are there many words of French origin in present-
rrrigration has caused se-
day English? What accent is generally accepted
as standard English?
I encouraged Irn'knrrd3d]
IIooulpfJro -
t Celtic ['kcltrk] sarrx ' Banglldesh [,beqgglo'.1.1]
2 Gaelic ['gelhk] -KeJrbrcKLIfi
raeJlbcxlrfi sarrx BanraaAeru -
3 -
a language of the Germanic [d3a'manrk] group flsbrr repMax- ' Hong Kong ['hor1'koq] -
cxofi rpyuurr - fonrconr
252
 www.frenglish.ru

rious problems. There is a certain racial tension QUESTIONS

racial prejudice in Britain today. In spite of la What is the state flag of the UK sometimes called?
passed to protect them, there is still discrimina Wlrnt do the crosses on the flag stand for?
against Asian and black people, many of whom
unemployed or have low-paid jobs. Settling the CHAPTER REVIEW
crimination problem is an important task which Bri Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the
ish society faces today. llrl.:
uccepted, off , discrirnination, Wales, Ulster, Cont-
QUESTIONS ntonwealth, inherited, historically, Eire, Germ.anic,
1. Where did immigrants eome to Britain from? gatgraphical.
2. How many British people today are of West l. Northern Ireland is sometimes called
dian or Asian origin?
3. How does the British government encourage 2. Great Britain is divided into
immigrant communities to continue speakin three parts.
their own languages? it. The British Isles is the name that
4. What problem has the latest wave of immig refers to all the islands situated
tion caused? the north-west coast of Europe.
4. is the name of the Republic of
Part 7. The Union Jack. Southern Ireland.
The flag of the United Kingdom, known as f 5. In 1536 Henry VIII united England and
Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The uprig under one Parliament.
red cross is the cross of St George, the patron sai 6. After the death of Elizabeth tr King James VI of
of England. The white diagonal cross (with the Scotland the crown of England.
going into the cor- 7. English is a language of the group.
ners) is the cross o 8. The southern accent is generally AS

St Andrew, the pa- standard English.

tron saint of Scot- 9.
land./The red diag-
onal cross is the 10.
cross of Sf Patrich,
the patron saint of
Ireland.
Many immigrants came to Britain from different
countries of the
Today British society faces an important task of
settling the problem.

2i4 255

CHAPTER 2
HOW THEY LIVE
Part 1. The Way of Life.
In recent years there have been many changes
family life. A typical British family ,r""d to
of mother, father and two children. Since the "Irr.
made it easier to get a divorce, the number of
vorces has considerably increased: one marriage
every three now ends in divorce. As a result, th
ar9 a lot of one-parent families. Society is now mr
tolerant of unmarried couples and single parents.
The increased number of divorces, however, d
not mean that marriage and the family are not po
lar: the majority of divorced people marry again, r
they usually take responsibility for the children
their second family.
Members of a family
grandparents, aunts, u
cles, cousins -
keep in touch, but they see each ot
-
er less than before, because people often move aw
from their home town to work, and so the famj
becomes scattered. Christmas is the traditional
son for reunions, and relatives often travel many m
in order to spend the holiday together.
Taking care of the older generation. There are
ten million old-age people in Britain, of whom a
750,000 cannot live entirely independenily. The gover
ment gives them financial help in the form ofu p"
sion. More than half of alr ord people are looked after
home. Old people who have no families live in OId p,
ple's Homes, which may be state-owned or private.
The individual and the family. The rllations
tween the members of a family have become mo
256
www.frenglish.ru
thnrocratic than they used to be. Many parents treat
llrrrir children more as equals, and ihildren have more
flr.cdom to make their own decisions. The father gives
trr)re time to bringing up children, often because the
nro[her goes to work. Although the family holiday is
clill an important part of family life, many children
epcnd their holidays away from their parents, often
wiLh a school party or another organized group.
QUESTIONS
l. What is the result of the increased number of
divorces in recent years?
2. Does the increased number of divorces mean that
marriage and the family are no longer popular?
Explain.
ii. Do all members of a family usually live together
or apart? What is the traditional time for a fam-
ily reunion?
4. What is the number of old-age people in Britain?
How does the government help the old people who
have no families?
5. What facts show that the relations between the
members of a family have become more democratic?
Part 2. Education.
In most schools boys and girls learn together. In
the first stage, which is called primary education, all
children are educated according to the same pro-
gramme. As they grow older, differences in ability
and attainment become very marked, so it is consid-
ered necessary to offer different programmes.
There are three stages of education: prima.rA, or
elementary, education, secondary education and htgher
education.
257

Primary education is given to children
and 11 years of age. A primary school is subdiv
into an infant schoal for children aged b to T a
junior school for children aged 7 to 11. In s
country places both the infant department and
junior department may be combined under the
of one school.
1
Secondary education embraces the children
11 years of age to 16 years of age. Until recen
there were three main types of secondary
gran?mar schools, technical schools and m.ode
schools. Children were sent to one of these three t
of school according to their abilities. These three
of school still exist, but their number is decreasin
They are being replaced by the so-called compreh
siue schools. The comprehensiue schools are the m
modern development in secondary schools. The mai
advantages of the comprehensive schools are that
schools are open to children of all types of abili
from the age of 11; they are large schools which gi
a much wider range of subjects than smaller schoo
so that teenagers can choose a course of studies
cording to their individual inclinations and abilit
QUESTIONS
1. Are all children educated according to the sa
programme or different progiammes?
1. Which is the first stage of education?
3. Which is the second stage of education? Which
.the three main types of secondary schools until re-
cently? Do these three types of schools still exist?
4. Which is the most modern development in sec-
ondary schools? What are the main advantages
of this type of schools?
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Part 3. Culture, Leisure, Entertainment.
Annual drama are very,pop-
gtar in Br e famous not only in
Britain, b
Burns' night. January 25 id the birthday of Scot-
land's greatest poet Robert Burnsr. There are hun-
dreds of Burns clubs not only in Britain, but also
througho,ut the world, and on the 25th of January they
ell hold Burns Night celebrationS. In banquet halls.of
Edinburgh, in workers' clubs of Glasgow, in cottages
Of Scottish villages, thousands of people drink a toast
to the immortal memory of Robert Burns. To the sounds
of bagpipes there appear on the tables the traditional
dishes of the festival dinner: chicken broth, boiled
aalt herring, and haggis a typical Scottish dish made
from the heart and other- organs of a sheep. It is eaten
with boiled turnip and potatoes. The dinner is fol-
lowed by dancing, pipe music, and reciting selections
from Burns'lyrics. The celebration concludes with sing-
ing the poet's famous Auld Lang Synez.
Shakespeare's Birthday. Every year the anniversary
of the birth of William Shakespeares is celebrated in
Stratford-upon-Auona, where be was born on April 23,
1564. Flags are hung in the main street, people \Mear
sprigs of rosemarys (for remembrance) in their button-
holes. A long procession goes along the streets to the
church where everyone in the procession puts a wreath
Robert Burns ['rcbct'be:nz]
- Po6ept
AuId Lang Syne ['c:ld lae4'sarn]
Bepnc
<Ba6rrrr Jrr{ crapyrc nro6osb)
-
( mpa0u4uoHHa,fl womJtanl c rca,a J dc moilbH &a nec na )
William Shakespeare ['wrljcm'Jcrkspre] Illexcnnp
- Vu.nrsm
Stratford-upon-Avon ['straetfed opcn'ervsn] Crpa,qQopA-rra-
Efisorre -
sprigs of rosemary ['rouzmon] aerourc[ pooMapvua
-
259

or a bouquet, or just one flower at the poet's graveq
the evening there is a perfot'mance of the chosen Bir
day Play in the Rayal Shakespeare Theatrer.
In London, the Aldwych Theatrez which has
ties with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in St
fbrd-upon-Avon, holds interiational Shake speare
tiva;ls, during which famous companies fr abr
including the Corn&ie Francaises from paris,
Moscow Art Theatre, the Schilter Theatre of Ber
the Abbey Theatre from Dublin, and others, perfor
Shakespeare's plays. 't
The Edinburgh International Festival. The
International Festival6 is held annually during
weeks in late August and early September. The
I
val is quite international in its character, as it givesi
varied representation of artistic production from man
countries. Leading musicians of the world and
famous theatre companies always take part in it.
The idea of the Festival originated in the first
war year. All over Euroile rationing and restricti
were the order of the day, and hundreds of towns
in ruins, and it seemed a good idea to shift people'i
attention from everyday needs to eternal values. ;
The first Festival was held in 1942. And since t
time the Edinburgh International Festival has firml
established its reputation as one of the im
events of its kind in the world.
I the Royal shakespeare
Theatre
rcopoaeacxllft IllercmrpoB-
crcnfi rearp
e^44 r'EdlP - most important family meal of the week. Most people
2
the Aldwych OJrgyr.r
3
the Comddie Kouegra (DPanceo
4
the schiller
IlLnntepoacrcufi rearp
'lm]
- Eep;ruucxraft
5
The.Edinburgh ['edrnbera] International Festival _ g4uu6ypr_
cxnri uexgynapo4nuft $ecrnna;rr
260
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r The weekend. People in Britain work five days a
k, from Monday to Friday. From Friday evening
Monday morning they are usually free. Leaving
on Friday, people usually say to each other,
Haue a nice weehend", and on Monday morning they
$k, "Did Aou haDe a nice weehend?"
Saturday morning is a very busy time for shop-
plng, as this is the only day when people who are at
tork can shop without hurrying. On Saturday after-
iloon the most important sporting events of the week
take place z football, rugby (in summer cricket and
-
lennis), horse-racing, car and rnotor-cycle racing and'
Other sports. A lot of people go and watch the sports
€vents, others stay at home and watch the sports pro-
lrammes on TV. In the late afternoon the sports re-
lults are announced on TV.
Saturday evening is the best time for parties, danc-
cs, going to the cinema or theatre.
Having gone to bed late the night before, many
people don't hurry to get up on Sunday morning, so
they usually have a late breakfast. Some people like
to have breakfast in bed. While having breakfast,
people start reading the Sunday papers. It is quite
usual for a family to have two or three Sunday pa-
pers, and some families have more. These people have
little time for anything else on Sunday morning.
Sunday dinner (some people call it Sunday lunch),
which is at 1 o'clock or at 1,30, is traditionally the
: have a joint (a piece of meat roasted in the oven)
which is served with roast or boiled potatoes, some
other vegetables, and gravy. Then comes the pud-
ding and finally tea or eoffee. This heavy meal makes
most people feel sleepy and passive, and they sit talk-
26t
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Part 4. Sport.
British people are fond of sports, perhaps more
than any other nation in the world. Almost
rybody is actively engaged in this or that kind
sports. Among the most popular sports are foot-
ll, of course, then crichet, boat racing and
horaeracing.
Football. Football is a very popular sport in Brit-
lltr, played between August and May (the football
l€ason). Many people support a particular team and
often watch the games that their team plays. Profes-
QUESTIONS tlonal football is controlled by the Football Associa-
tbn (the FA). Teams play regularly against other
toums according to a fixed programme. A very im-
portant competition.is the FA Cup. The FA Cup is
elso open to amateur teams that belong to the Foot-
ball Association. The two teams which are the win-
ners of the FA Cup competition, play in the FA Cup
3. How is Shakespeare's birthday cele\"uted
in Stra tr'inal at Wembley Stqdiunz in London. This is a very
ford-upon-Avon? How is his birth6ay marked
t lmportant national sporting event, and it is always
the Aldwych Theatre in London?
watched by mi-llions of pbople on TV.
Cricket. Cricket is another very popular sport in
Britain, played mainly in summer (May Septem=
ber). Many people consider cricket to be-England's
5.
national game and to be typical of the English style
of behaviour, which includes above all a sense of hon-
our and fairness.
6.
To* is Sunday morning usually spent in most The Boat Race. The Boat Race is a rowing race on
families?
the River Thames held every year at the end of March
7. What is the most important familn meal of or the beginning of April between teams from Ox-
the
week?What does it consist of? ford University and Cambridge University. It is a
8.How do mo'st people spend their Su\day
evening? popular national event and is shown on TV.

262 263
r www.frenglish.ru
The Henley Regatta. The Henley Regatta is a
ing for races between rowing boats at HenleyL, a
on the Thames. It is an important social event
upper-class and fashionable people.
The Derby. The Derbyz is a very important ann
horse race held at Epsoms in England in May or J
on a day which is known as Derby DaA.
1
The Royal Ascot. It is a four-day horse-ricing e
held at Ascota, a suburb of London, every June,
is one of the most important race meetings in
ain. It is especially popular with upper-class
Members of the royal family always attend it. Onel
the days is called Ladies' DoA, and some of the
en like to wear very big and unusually looking ha
QUESTIONS
1. Which are the most popular sports in Britain
2. When is the football,season? What organiza
is professional football controlled by? What
play at Wembley Stadium?
3. When is cricket played? What does the Eng
style of behaviour include, according to
people?
4. What is the Boat Race? Wh6n is it held?
teams take part in it?
D. What is the Henley Regatta?
6. What is the Derby? Where is it held?
7. What event is held at Ascot? Why is it
Royal Ascot? What kind of hats do women
to wear at Ascot?
Part 5. Young Peoplds Groups.
When the new trend in music, Rnck-n-Roll, appeared
the 1950s, it immediately became very popular
h the young people. Qver the last forty years or so
hns had an enormous effect on people's lives, and
pecially on the kind of clothes they wear
The first group, which appeared in the late 1950s,
the Teddy Boys. Their elothes were an imitation
ll the clothes which were worn in Edwardian Eng-
time of the reign of Edward VII; lhe be-
- the
ning of the 20th century (Ted and Teddy are abbre-
Ulations of Edward): long jackets with velvet collars,
rdrainpipe" trousers (so tight that they looked like
rainpipes) and brightly coloured socks. Their shoes
had very thick rubber soles and their long hair was
ifwept upwards and backwards. This was like a revolu-
tlon in fashion: before the Teddy Boys came, young
pcople had usually worn the same kind of clothes as
their parents. Now they wore what they liked.
In the mid-60s the Mods (so called because of their
modern style of dressing) becam6" the new leaders of
teenage fashion. Short hair and smart suits were pop-
ular again. The Mods rode bcoofers, which they usual-
ly decorated with a lot of lights and mirrors. They
o:ften wore long green coats.with hoods, called parhas.
The Mods'greatest enemies were the Rockers, who
despised the Mods' scooters and smart clothes. Like
the Teddy Boys, Rockers listened mainly to roch-n-
roll. They rode powerful rnotor-bihes, had long untidy
hair, wore thick leather jackets, and drank alcohol.
Throughout the 1960s, on public holidays during
summer, groups of Mods and Rockers used to travel
to the sea-side resorts of south-eastern England,
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r www.frenglish.ru
where they got into
tles with the police a ttr,rrrr,lv short or even shaved it all off. They wore
with each other. rnr v short trousers, enormous boots and braces. The
Towards the end Hftlrrhcads blamed the immigrants for the unemploy-
the 1960s a new Htlrrl, in the country. They attacked Asian and black
appeared, whose id irlrrrigrants in the streets and in their homes. Many
started in Californial Hhlrrlreads joined the National Front, a political par-
the USA. This new tv wlrose slogan is "Britain for white people only",
was the Hippies. T 'l'owards the end of
preached a philosophy !lrr, l{)70s another style
peace and love, wo ruf rrrrrsic and dressing

Mods
pecklaces of colou E;r;rcirred
- the Punks,
arrrl it is still very pop-
beads, and gave fl
to surprised strangers irlrrr'. The word Punk
the streets. The na rtr)nros from American
Hippies comes from liirrr{lish and is used to
fact that drug-takers rlr,r;cribe someone who is
Asia and in the Far Irrrrrroral or worthless.
used to lie on one h 'l'lrr. Punks sing songs
while smoking opium ulrorrt anarchy and de
Hippies did not use opi ul,r'rrction and use bad
um, but they smo lrrrrguage. Their music is
marijuana and took lorrcl, fast and tuneless.
erful drugs called ,LSD ln recent years many new bands have emerged; and
Hippies wore simpl eorrre old ones have reappeared. A new trend is New
clothes, blue jeans Wavel music, which totally rejects the ideas of the Skin-
Hippies
open sandals, and lroads. Many of the bands contain both black and white
their hair very long. They often lived together in lar rrrrrsicians, and anti-racism concerfs have been organized
communities, sharing their possessions. It was the (l,lrey are known as Rack against Racism\. West Indian
protest against the materialism of the 1960s. rrrrrsic has also played a large part in forming people's
The 1970s saw the appearance of the Skinheads, rrrrrsical tastes. Many new British bands combine tradi-
who got their name because they cut their hair ex- li<rnal rock music with West Indian reggae beat2.

'' New Wave Hosaa BoJrHa

' California [.k.rlr'f-c:njc] Ka,rz(ropnrza reggae beat -['reger'bi:t] [ouyJrflpHafl prrrMr{qecnafl MysbrKa
266
- us Bec:r-I{nAralr -
267

Many of the new bands make use of the c
technology to develop their music. Computerized
machines, synthesizers and other electronic
'rqents are now just as popular as the electric
QUESTIONS
1. When did Rock-n-Roll appear? What effect
have on people? t L"gi"t at about eight o'clock aTd g9.e: on, until
2. When did the Teddy Boys first appear? Why
they called Teddy Boys?
3. What group became the new leaders of
fashion in the 1960s? How did they cut their h
How did they dress? What did-they ride on?
'What
4. Who were the enemies of the Mods?
the difference between the Mods and the Roc
in the way they wore their hair or dressed?
5. Where and when did'the Hippies first a
What philosophy did the Hippies preach?
did they dress?
6. What new group appeared in the 1970s?
details of their clothing distinguished them f
other people? Why were they called Skin
What'was characteristic of their behaviour?
was the slogan of the political party which
Shinheads joined?
7. When did, the Punks appear? What does the
punk mean? Will it be right to say that the Pun
live up to their namel? Why?
8. What is the new trend in music called? Ho
does Nep Waue music promote friendship amon
people?
t live up to their name oupaBAbrBaror csoii uilr,fi
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Part 6. HolidaYs.
rwYear. New Year is not such an important hol-
tn nngland as Christmas. Some people don't cel-
it at all.
any people have New Year parties' A party usu-
y ii tft" morning. At *idttight they listen to the
n". of Big Ben, Jrink a toast to the New Year and
lS Auld Lang SYne-
i-n l,ottaott usually gather round !|e s-tltue
""o*dt New Year'
bros in Piccadilly Circus and welcome the
gt. Vtt"rrtine's Day. St. Vatentine is considered a
oa arra patron of lovers. For centuries St'
Valen-
day for
'B Day, February 14th, has been-a *"o:;
Al
sweet"hearts and exchanging Valentine cards'
LaValentinecardwashand-made'withlittle
tings of hearts and flowers, and a short verse
-Jne-oorld
by the sender. In the 19th century Valen-
cards appeared in shops, complete with verses
lrd deeorations. briEhtly coloured and gilded' The
Doeted and received everY
= Easter. Easter is a Chr
Christ
fp.if , *fr"t, Christians remernber the death of go-
lna ftit return to life. The holiday is marked-bydinner'
ing t. church and then having a celebration
Eoster is cgnnected in people's minds
with spring'
*itf, tfr" coming to life o1 Uh" earth after winter'
The
mo"t popular emblem of Easter ts the Easter :gg',:
Easter
hurd-boiled egg painted in different colours'
n-gg, traJitional Easter presents for children'
"t"
N"owadays Easter eggs ateusually made
of chocolate'

Children get chocolate Easter eggs, and also c
Iate Easter rabbits. They are either hollow or ha
filling, and are usually covered with brightly
oured silver paper.
Each year, on Easter Sunday, London greets
with a traditional spectacular Easter Parade tn
tersea Park. The Parade is a great procession of
richly decorated floats, that is large moving
forms on wheels, on which actors and amateurs
form shows. The most beautifully decorated
moves at the back of the procession and carries f
Easter Princess and her attendants.
May Spring Festival. The May Spring Festi
which is celebrated on the 1't of May, has to
extent retained its old significance that of a
- rlrrr't go to work. Many people go to the country on
.ffi-E F-i::
i4--t'
-.-v.-.-
The Maypole
270
www.frenglish.ru
g*t npring f estiual. Nowadays it is celebrated mostly
by rlrildren and young people in many schools in dif-
fcrerrt parts of Britain. It is celebrated with garlands
Ef I'lowers, dancing and games on the village green,
lrlrprc they erec1." a maypole - a tall pole decorated
rillr flowers and ribbons. The girls put on their best
Eurnner dresses, put flowers in their hair and round
ttreir waists, and wait for the crowning of the May
Qurt'n. The most beautiful girl is crowned with a
gollrrnd of flowers. After this great event there is
durrcing, and the dancers wear fancy costumes repre-
cetrt,ing characters from the Robin Hood legends.
Slrring Bank Holiday. Spring Banh Holiday is cel-
eblrrted on the last Monday in May. It is an official
liulirlay, when all the offices are closed and people
tlils day and have picnics.
l,ate Summer Bank Holiday. It is another official
{.i i ;rtrlrlic holiday, and it is celebrated on the last Mon-
\-. dnv in August. During the August Banh Holiday
lownsfolk usually go to the country and to the sea-
Fonst. If the weather is fine, many families take a
picnic lunch or tea with them and enjoy their meal in
tlrc open. Seaside towns near London are invaded by
llrousands of Londoners, who come in cars and trains,
orr motor-cycles and bicycles.
'lhe August Bank Holiday is also a time for big
cports meetings at large stadiums, mainly all kinds
ol' athletics. There are also horse raies all over the
lountry, and, most traditional, there are large fairs
with swings, roundabouts, Punch and Judy showsr
.,.
Punch ancl Judy shows ['p,tntJ end'd3u:dr'Jouz] flanv u ,{xy4rz
(
-
rcyrc,nat, 0eitcnt.ayrcut,ue Jluula flpJvtapouHoao 6anazaua )
271

and every kind of other entertainments. Tradit;
on this day is the farnous Henley regatta.
Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawhes Night is
the most popular festivals in Britain. It com
rates the discovery of the so-called, Gunpowder
and is widely celebrated all over the country.
The story goes that there was a plot
Houses of Parliament and kill King James I d
the ceremony of opening Parliament on Novem
1605. The plot was organized by a group of
Catholics. In 1604 the conspirators rented a
near the House of Lords. From this house they
tunnel to a vault below the House of Lords and
into the vault 36 barrels of gunpowder. The plot
discovered because one of the conspirators w
letter to his relative, a member of the House of
war4ing him to stay away from the House of
on the 5th of November. On November 4, a search
made of the parliament vaults, and the gun
was found, together with Guy Fawhes, who
set off the explosionl. Guy Fawkes was hanged.
The historical meaning of the event is no lo
important, but this day is traditionally celebra
wilh fireworks and a bonfire, on which the figu
a man called Guy is burnt.
November 5 is a day on which children are al
under proper supervision, to let off fireworks2, to mr
a bonfire and to burn on it a guy made of old clot
straw and
- if possible
the days before November- one of father's old hats.
5, one may see groups
I who was to set off the explosion [lks'plougn]
AoJr)rceH 6rr.n npouaaecrrlr BBpbIB
- -
2 to let off fireworks
['farewa:ks] aauycrcarr Qeftepaeprc
272
-
www.frenglish.ru
lldren going about the streets with their faces black-
:
ed and wearing some fancy clothes. Sometimes they
have a little cart with a guy in it. They ask the pas-
to give them a pennA for the guy. With this
they buy fireworks for the festival.
Christmas. Christmas is the main public holiday
ln Britain, when people spend time at home with
ir families, eat special food and drink a lot. Christ-
ilas is a Christian festival to remember the birth of
Josus Christ.
Long before Christmas time shops become very
busy, because a lot of people buy Christmas presents.
.A lot of money is spent on the presents, but many
people enjoy it. Every day television andnewspapers
lay how many days are left before Christmas. People
'also buy Christmas cards to send to their friends and
relatives. The cards have the words Merry Christmas
and pictures of the birth of Christ, Santa Clausr, a
Christmas tree, a robin, or scenes of old-fashioned
Christmases.
In churches people sing Christmas carols spe-
cial religious songs. Sometimes groups of -
people walk
about the streets and sing carols at the doors of hous-
es. One of the well-known carols is "Silent Night".
Houses are usually decorated with lights and
branches of needle.leaf trbes2. Many people have a
decorated Christmas tree in their houses.
Young children are told that Santa Claus will bring
them presents if they are good. Before going to bed
on Christmas Evea the children hang stockings at the
I Santa Claus ['sento'klc:z] Canta Klayc
'r needle-leaf trees - xsoftHbre AepeBbfi
'r Christmas Eve ['krtsmes'i:v] - KaHyH Poncgecraa
273
 www.frenglish.ru

back of their beds, for Santa Claus to put the When and how is the May Spring Festival cel-
in when he comes in the middle of the night th ebrated?
the chimney. When is the Spring Bank Holiday celebrated?
Ot Christrnas Eue (the 24rh of December) some What is the traditional wayof celebrating it?
ple go to a special church service called M , When is the August Bank Holiday celdbrated?
Massr which starts at t2 o'clock at night. What events are organized on this day?
Christmas is the day when people stay at h , What does the holiday of Guy Fawkes Night com-
ofen their presents and eat and drink to ether. memorate? When is it marked? Why do children
most'important meal is Christmas dinner. The feel especially happy on Guy Fawkes Night?
cal meal consists of turkey with potatoes and 6. is {he main holiday of the V€ar' isn't it?
vegetables, followed by a Christmas pudding. - Christmas
Why are the shops busy long before Christmas?
traditional foods include a special Christmas cake Wtrat are Christmas carols? Where do people sing
mince pies round cakes filled with a mix
- smalland them?
of apples, raisins spices. 0. How do people usually decorate their houses for
The day after Christmas, the 26th of December Christmas?
also a public holiday. It is called Boxing DaA. lf. on theback
name goes back to the old tradition: some time istmas?
fore Christmas, boxes were placed in churches 12. consist of?
the people to put some money or presents for
poor. On the day after Christmas, the 26th of Part 7. Traditions'
ber, the priest opened the box and gave the conten
away to poor people. Clubs. One of English traditions is clubs' A club is
an association of people who like to meet
together to
QUESTIONS usually
1. How do people celebrat€ the New Year? What retu* and discu"" tn1ttg.. These people are govern-
upper-class men or men connected with the
people do in Piccadilly Circus?
2. What is St. Valentine's Day? When is ment or other powerful organizations which control
p"Uif" hfe and suPPort t f soci-
ebrated? What is a Valentine card?
3. Who celebrates Easter? What do people ce [tv. no*"ver, there'are nnect-

ebrate on this day? How is Easter celebra eiwith the ruling circles, clubs'
whose members are actors, painters, writers and
crit-
What is Easter connected with in people
minds? What are Easter eggs? How is London' ics and their friends. In a word, clubs are organiza-
Easter Parade held? tions which join people of the same interests' A club
r.""ffv .*n" u Urrhaing where members can eat' drink'
I Midnight Mass [mes] flo.rrynouHaf, Mecca and sometimes sleeP.
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'Gardening. Gardening is very popular , The Guard is a detachmentr of Caualry troops2

with
people in Britain. Most British people love ga consists of. the Royal Horse Guards and the Life
and this is one reason why so many people rds. The Royal Horse Guards wear deep-blue tu-
live in houses rather than flats. In suburban r and white netal helmets with red horsehair
you can see many small houses, each one with mesa, and have blach sheep-skin saddles. The Life
own little garden of flowers and shrubs. For rds wear scarlet uniforms and white metal hel-
people.gardening is the foundation of friendly r a with'white horsehair plurnes, and have white
tions'with neighbours. Flower-shows and vegeta shin saddles. Both the Royal Horse Guards and
shows, with prizes for the best exhibiis, are Life Guards wear steel cAirassesa body armour
popular. t reaches down to the waists and- consists of a
Traditional ceremonies. Many traditional plate and a backplate fastened together. The
nies have been preserved since old times and are mony begins with the trumpeters soulding the
regularly observed. t'. The new guard arrives and the old guard is
Changing of the Guard. The royal pqlace is . The two officers, also on horseback, salute
I
tionally guarded by special troops who wear h other and then stand side by side while the guard
uniforms: scarlet tunics, blue trousers and changed. The ceremony lasts fifteen mirfutes and
caps. The history of the Foot Guards goes back to s with the old guard returning to its barracks.
I
L
when King Charles II, during his exile in Hollan The Ceremony of the Keys. The Ceremony of the
recruited a small body-guardl. Later this small leys dates back 700 years and has taken place every
guard grew into a regirnent of guards2. Changing ltght since that time. It was never interrupted even
the guards is one of the most popular ceremonies. during the air-raids by the Germans in the last war.
takes place at Buckingham Palace every day at 11.8! Fvery night, at 9.53 p.m. the Chi.ef Ward.erT of the
The ceremony always at.tracts a lot of spectators Yeornen Warders (Beefeaters,)E of the Tower of Lon-
Londoners as well as visitors don lights a candle lantern and goes, accompanied by
- to thetheBritish
Mounting the Guards. Mounting
caoir
Guard is a
other colourful ceremony. It takes place at the H a detachment [dr'tatJment]
Guardsa, in Whitehalls, at 11 a.m. every - orp,ng soficxa
and at 10 a.m. on Sundays. It always attracts sig
Cavalry troops ['kavalrr'tru;ps]
- rcaaaneprfiorue
horsehair plumes ['ho:shee'plu:mzl cyJlranbr (nlrouaxcu) ue
KOHCKOTO AOJIOCA
-
cuirasses [kwr'rastz] JIarbI
I a small body-guard [go:d] xe6o.rrnroft orpfiA reJrox reaches down to the- waist - gaKpbr-BarcT Bepxxlorc tlacrb
2 a regiment of guards -noJrx oxpauLr TeJIa AO IIOfiCa
3 Changing of the guard- Cuena KapayJra The ceremony begins with the trumpeters sounding the call
-
a the Horse, Guards ['hc:s'go:dz] KoEHorBa
-
IJ,epeuonus Haqunae3cs c roro, uro ropxficrrr rpy6nr crIrHaJI
noJIKa -IIIra6
5 Whitehall ,
['warthc:l] Vaftrxonn
the Chief Warder ['di:fwc:de]
- Irassbrft
the Yeomen Warders (Beefeaters)
crpa*c
Crpaxcn Tayepa
276
- - 277
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I lrr ving received per-

Illuriirrn to go on, the Chief
ll'ttrtler and his Escort
wn lli through the Arch-
tYrrv trf the Bloody Tower
errrl I'ace the Main Guard
ul llte Touser, who gives
tlrr rrrder to present armsL,
wlrich means to hold a
wrnl)on upright in front
nf the body as a ceremo-
trlrrl greeting to an offic-
er' <rf high rank2. The
l'ltir'IWarder takes off his
'l'rrrlor-style cap and cries,
"( ltxL preserue Queen Eliz-
The Tower of London uln'l lt.!" "Amen7", answer
his Escorl, towards the Bloody Towerr.In his thr Main Guard and the Escort.
the Chief Warder carries the keys, with which 'l'he Lord Mayor's Show. The local power4 of the
locks the West Gate2 and then the Middle Towe ('itv of London is headed by the Lord Mayof who is
plr'<:ted every year from among the most prominent
Then the Chief Wa.rder and his Escort return to I
Bloody Tower, where they are stopped by the sezt llt,izens. The splendid ceremony of election known as
Then comes the following dialogue. Ittt' Lord Mayor's Show dates back more than six
SENTRY. HaIt!5 Who goes there? lrrrndred years. It is al-
CHIEF WARDER. The keys. wnys watched by many
S. Whose keys? llrousands of people, who
CR. W. Queen Elizabeth's keys.
Lo present arms
S. Advance, Queen Elizabeth's keys; all's well. - B3flTr,
opyllcl{e (Ha IcapaYJI')
irn officer of high rank
txpzqep Brrcoxoro paura -
Kponanas 6aruns
' the Bloody Tower ['bl,ndr,taue] -
2 the West Gate Bopora
Amen ['o:men]
- Auunr
3 the Middle Tower- Sana4nrre
Cpe4naa 6aurns
'fhe local power
I]JIACTb
MecrHafl
-
'l sentry -racosoft - the Lord Mayor ['lc:d'mee]
-
5 Halt! [hc:lt] -
- Crofi! nopA Map The Lord Mayor's show
278

crowd the streets of the
of London on the second
urday of November to
and admire its interes
procession. The cere
begins at the GuildhallL,
seat of the municiPal
ernment2 in the CitY of
don. Starting from the
dhall at about 11.30 a.
the newly-elected Lord M
or travels in a gilded
which dates from the
The Lord Mayor in his coach
eighteenth centurY.
body-guards is a comPan/
Pikemens arrd Musketee
The long, colourful
sion, made up of live
footmenT and coachme
moves along the nar
streets of the CitY. At
noon the Lord Magor arci
Mansion House
' the Guildhall ['grldhc:l] -
XOJIJI
2 the seat of the municiPal
ernment
-
MyHr{III{[aJIbHOrO ynpaBJle
3 body-guard ['bcdrgo:d]
xpaHrrTeJrr{
- '' the festive procession [paoAHl4rrrrafi flpoqeccr{fl
a acompany-pora
5 Pikemen xouefiuluxll
6 Musketeers - [,m,tskr'tloz]
-
xeriipu
7 liveried footmen ['Lvnd'futmcn]
Guildhall nrnpeftnrre JIaKen
280
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al lha Royal Court of Justicel, where he takes the
rrrrl,lr2 before the Lord Chief Justices and Judges of
thr ()ueen's Bencha to perform his duties faithfully.
'l'lrr. bells of the City ring out as the festive proces-
nlorrr' leaves the Court of Justice after the ceremony
nrrrl heads for the Mansion Hou.se6, the official resi-
rlt'rrce of the Lord Mayor. During the evening the
tlrrrlitional BanquefT takes place at Guildhall. The
l\unrluet is attended by many of the most prominent
lrrople of the country, and is usually televised. The
l'rime Minister delivers a political speechs, and a toast
io proposedn by the Archbishop of Canterburyto.
QUESTIONS
l. What is a club in Britain? According to what
principle are people joined in clubs? What do the
members do in their clubs?
2. What part does gardening play in the life of Brit-
ish people?
:1. Which are some of the most traditional ceremo-
nies that have been preserved since old times?
I the Royal Court of Justice ['rcral'kc:t av'd3,rstrs] KopoJreB-
cxuft cyg -
'' takes the oath [ouO] gaiir x.natry
'' the Lord Chief Justice - Inaaurrfi cyAbn
' - JropABench
Judges ['d3nd3rz] of the Queen's Cygr,n xopoaencrcoft
CKAMbLI
-
-
" the Mansion House - Monruea Xayc (petuderuu,ua aop1'mapa)
' Banquet ['br4kwrt]
-6anxer [por{sHocrrr rroJrr{rr{qecKyro peqb
n delivers a political speech
"r" and a toast is proposed_ - - upeAJlaraercfl rocr
the Archbishop ['o:dbrJap] of Canterbury
Kenrep6epr,riicrufi - Apxraeur,rcrou
281
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CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER 3

Fill in the blanks with the correct words from LONDON
list:
f,ondon is a very old cit1z. It began life two thousand
ability, preached, cornprehensiue, recerrt, incli
tions, anti-racist, enorrnou.s, trend,, tolerant, bla t's ago as a Roman fortification at a place where it
possible to cross the River Thames. A+ound the
1. In years there have been m
changes in family life. town the Romans built a wall for defence. After the
2. Society is now more rman Conquest there was a long period of peace,
of unm during which pmple began building outside the walls.
couples and single parents.
is building continued for a very long time, especially
3. Rock-n-Roll has had an effect
people's lives. to the west of the city, so that in a few centuries Lon-
4. The Hippies don covered a very large territory. In 1665, during
a philosophy of
and love. tlrc terrible plague in London, many people left the
5. The Skinheads elty and escaped to the villages in the surrounding
immigrants f eotrntryside. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended
the unemployment in the country.
6. New Wave is a new tlrc plague, but it also destroyed much of the city.
7. M4ny New Wave bands have organized
After the plague and the Great Fire London was rebuilt
concerts. atrd people returned to it, but never again were there so
8. nany Londoners Iiving in the city centre.
schools are the most modern d
velppment in secondary schools. Today, also, not many people live in the eity cen-
9. Comprehensive schools are open to children tre, but London has spread further outwards into the
all types of country, including surrounding villages. Greater Lon-
10. Teenagers can choose a eourse of studies accord don now covers about 1600 square kilometres and
the suburbs of London continue even beyond this area.
ing to their individual and abili Some people travel over 150 km every day to work in
I,ondon, while living far away from the city in the
country or in other towns.
It is difficult to speak about the centre of London
as of one definite place. As a matter of fact, it has a
number of centres, each with a distinct character:
the financial and business centre called the City (spelt
with a capital C), the shopping and entertainment
centre in the West Erid, the government centre in
Westminster. Some places on the outskirts of Lon-
282
don have kept their village-like character.
2g7
 www.frenglish.ru

QUESTIONS €atr I'ind the banks of many

1. When did London begin life? Why did the 5n l, io ns in the f amous
mans build a wall around the city? Thn'udneedle Streetl and
2. Where did people begin building their houses the rrrrrrounding area. Here,
ing the long period of peace which followed tgrr, vou will find the Banh
Norman Conquest? af l')ngland. Nearby is the
3. What great disasters befell London in 166b Etorlt Exchange2, which is
1.666? hko ,r busy market, except
4. How large is the territory of Greater London tlrnt, here not food but
c. Why is it difficult to speak about the centre lllttrt'st in commercial com- Barristers in Old Bailey
London as of one definite place? What is the parries are bought and sold. A little further along, in
nancial and business centre of London? What Lrurlenhall Street, is Lloydsa, the most famous in-
its entertainment centre? Where is the Eunlnce companys in the world.
ment centre? 'f'he Old Bailey. The Central Criminal Courto of
the country is also to be found in the City, in the
Part 1. The Gity. west,ern part of it. It is called the Old BaiIeyT, after
tlrr. street in which it is situated. Some of Britain's
Tradition. The City is not the whole of cen [rost famous murder trials have taken place here.
London: it is just a small area east of the centre, Nt,rrrby is the area known as the Temples a group
site of the original Roman town, so it is the -
ol' lruildings where many lawyers have their offices.
part of the capital. The City has a long and exci 'l'he press. Fleet Streete is famous as the home of the
history, and it is proud of its independence and nnt,ion's newspapers but, in fact, only two of them
ditional role as a centre of trade and commerce. T 'l'he Daily Express and the Daily Telegraph -
are
City's administration is headed by the annually xlill in Fleet Street. HoweVer, people still say- Fleet
Lord Mayor, whose official residence is the Man Hlreet when they mean the press.
House. Once a year, in November, the Lord. Mayor'
Show takes place. It is a eolourful street parade i:
which the newly elected Lord Mayor travels alo ' 'l'hreadne redni:dl,stri:t] Crprr
the streets of the City in a golden coach, which ' lhe Stock s'tJernd3]
- Tpe4nug.n
(Don4oaac 6raprxa
-
I' l,loyds[jeflcrdz]
over 200 years old. In the evening a splendid meal i shares
served in the Guildhall, to which the prime Mini n insurance - JInofip,
company Irn'Juerens'klmpenr]
and members of the government are invited. " 'lhe Central Criminal Court - I]enrpansnrrri- crpaxoBaff RoM[aHr{E
yroaounrrfi cy4
Commerce and finance. The City of London is one the Old Bailey ['berlr] OaA Befi.nu
of the biggest banking centres of the world, and you " the Temple [templ] - -Teuulr
" Fleet Street ['fli:t,stri:t] - @.nr,rr Crprar
284 285
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The British are a na E wlrlr: area, and there are many wharfs and ware-
of newspaper readers. hurr,',," along the river banks.
of them even have a d 'l'lrc [.]ast End is one of those areas of London where
paper delivered to t $lplc from abroad have come to find work. For cen-
homes in time for breakf tut'ir.ri foreigners have made London their home. Some
British newspapers can hnv,' lrad to leave their country for religious or polit-
divided into tWo grou if'rl rcasons. Others have wanted to find a better life.
quality and popular. Eititrr,' have brought new skills and started new indus-
ty newspapers are more tr'lt,r. The immigrants have also brought their cus-
rious and cover home tnrrri, traditions and religion into the East End, so
There is a large selection ynu (:an see a mosquer, a church and a synagoguez
of newspapers
foreign news thoughtfu
at any newsagent's rvhile the popular n [ul very far apart.
pers like shocking, pe 'l'1re East End markets are famous throughout the
al stories. These two groups of papers can be di *lllrl. Petticoat Lane markets takes place every Sun-
guished easily because the quality newspapers dnv rnorning and has become one of the sightsa of
twice the sizel of the popular newspapers. Lunrlon. The street-salesmen here will offer you all
hlrrrls of goods and promise that they are of the high-
QUESTIONS set <luality and much cheaper than those you can buy
1. Which is the oldest part of London?
Irr the West End.
2. Who is the City's administration headed by?
'l'r:aditionally, someone born in the East End is
is the official residence of the Lord Mayor? W
hrrown as a cochneys, although this name is now giv-
is the Lord Mayor's Show? etr to anyone who speaks like a Londoner. Cockneys
3. What important buildings are located in or n trlrrrngle certain vowel soundso so that the vowel sound
the famous Threadneedle Street?
4. What is the Old Bailey? What is the Temple?
lt "late" becomes more like that in "light": that is
Ilrcy say [art] instead of [ert]. They pronounce "day"
5. What is Fleet Street famous for? Which nn [dar] instead of [der], "may" as [mar] instead of
groups can British newspapers be divided into "rain" as [rarn] instead of [rern]. Another
f rrrcr], and

Part 2. The East End.

lr mosque [mcsk]
The East End is the industrial part of London.
- Merrerbcr{Harora
rr synagogue ['srnagcg]
- market
l)etticoat ['petrkout] Lane prruor Ha yJrrrqe flerru-
grew with the spread of industry to the east of rioyr JIeftn -
City and the growth of the port of London. It one of the sights rra Aocrorrpr4MerrareJrbr{ocreft
a cockney ['kcknr]- oAHa
KoKrrr4
I -
vowel [vaual] sounds
twice the size
- B ABa paaa 6olrure - rJracubre sByxr4
286 287
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peculiarity of cockney pronunciation is dropping

['etJrz] at the beginning of words, so that "he" sot
like [i:], "heq,d" like [ed] and "how" Iike [au].
and other peculiarities of cockney pronunciation
very well described by the great British playwri
Bernard Shawr in his Pygmaltonz.
QU ESTIONS
1. What is the East End of London?
2. How do you explain the fact that in the East
you can find a Christian church, a synagogue
a mosque situated very near one another?
3. What is a cockney? What are the peculiarities
cockney pronunciation? What famous Bri
playwright described the peculiarities of
pronunciation?

Part 3. The West End.

The West End is the name given to the area Trafalgar Square a traditional meeting place
-
central London between the Malls and Oxford St llrafalgar Square. Trafalgar Square was built at
It includes Trafalgar Squarea, the main shoppi llrc beginning of the 19th century to commemorate
areas of Oxford Street, Regent Streetb and Bo !lte Battle of Trafalgar.Admiral Lord Nelson's stat-
Street, and the entertainment centres of Soho6, rrt: stands on top of a column in the middle of Tra-
cadilly CircusT, Leicester Squares and Shaftesb I'nlgar Square. The large square is a traditional place
Avenuee. The name West End is associated with g l'or people to meet: all sorts of protest meetings are
our and bright lights. lrcld in Trafalgar Square. At Christrnas time carol
1 Bernard Shaw ['be:ned'Jc:] Bepnapg IIIoy ningers gather round a huge Christmas tree which
2 Pygmalion [prg'merljen] -<flzrMaJrrront is sent to Britain from Norway every year. Behind
3 the Mall [mael] y.rrzrla- Mann Nelson's Column is the building of the National Gal-
'1 Trafalgar Square- [tra'felge,skwee]
- TpaQarrbrapcKafl
'6 Regent Street ['ri:dgcnt.stri:t] - Pu4xeHr crprlr
loryr, a rich art gallery in which you can find many
Soho [sou'hou] Coxo old masters.
-
7 Piccadilly Circus fltrxa1utlu
['lesta,skwee] -
- rrJrorqaAb
E Leicester Square [.prka'drlr.se:kes]uaouqa4r Jlecrep cKBep
0 Shaftesbury Avenue ['Jo:fisbarr.rvanju] ' the National Gallery ['neJncl'grelerr]
- Haqrona.nrHafl ra Jrep e rr
- Illa@rc6epr,r anen 289
288

Shopping. Most of London's big department
are situated in Oxford Street and Regent Street. T
are always crowded, but especially at sale timesr,
January and July, when there are so many
here that it is difficult to move.
Entertainment. Piccadilly Circus is the centre
night life in the West End. The square is quite sma
and many people are disappointed when they see
for the first time because they imagined that it
be much bigger. To the north of Piccadilly Circus
Soho, which has been the foreign quarter of Lo
since the 17th century. Now it is famous for its
taurants, which offer food from different countr
Especially popular are Chinese2 and Italian foods.
I at sale times B rrepr{oAbl pacnpoAa?Ku
2 -
Chinese [tJar'ni:z]
- riurarlcrcas
Piccadilly Circus
www.frenglish.ru
l,orrdon is famous for its theatres. In the West
Etrrl there are over thirty theatres within a square
Irtllr.. 'lhey offer a great variety of shows to choose
ff rrrrr: opera, musicals, drama, comedies, whodunnitst,
€lttl l;o on.
SUESTTONS
I , What area of London does the West End embrace?
What is the name West End associated with?
!f , What does Trafalgar Square commemoraie? What
rnonument stands in the centre of it?
il, What tree is placed in Trafalgar Square at Christ-
uras time every year? Where is it sent from? What
nrt museum is situated in Trafalgar Square?
.1. Where are most of London's big department
stores? When are the department stores especially
crowded? Why?
h. What place in the West End is the centre of
night life?
ll. What is Soho famous for?
Part 4. Westminster.
Itrvery day, when people in the UK and overseas
nwitch on their radio to listen to BBC radio news,
llrcy can hear one of the most famous sounds in Lon-
rltn: the chirnes of Big Ben on the tower of the Hous-
r,r;of Parliament.
'fhe Houses of Parliament occupy a magnificent
lrrrilding on the left bank of the Thames in a part of
l,ondon called Westminster2, that has long been con-
rrccted with royalty and government.
whodunnits [fru'd,tnrts] (om nezpamom-
ttoeo who Ihas] done it? - )AereKrrrBHbre ubecbr
Westminster ['westmrnstc]
- Bectnnr{Hcrep
291
 www.frenglish.ru

Westminster
King Edward the Confessorr built a palace The Houses of Parliament
the River Thames in the 11th century. His suc
made the palace their main residence. Gradual ilon goes back to the
Westminster became the centre of government. iltrre of Charles I, more
first Parliament was organized to help the mona tlrun three hundred
rule the country. The monarch called representati ycurs ago, and reminds
of different groups of people together; so the everybody that the
of Lords represented the Church and aristocracy, a Inonarch must not try
the House of Commons represented the rich la l,o govern the country.
owners who expressed the views and interests of Westminster Abbey.
own town or village. In the course of centuries, Opposite the Houses of
er gradually passed from the monarch to Parliamen l)rrrliament stands
According to the long:sfst4ing tradition, the Westminster Abbeyr. A
still opens the new session of Parliament each a r:hurch has stood here
tumn by reading the Queen's Speech in the House rince Saxon times, when
Lords. Another tradition is that the Queen is
allowed to enter the house of Commons. This tradi I Westminster Abbey
['wcstmrnste'rcbr]
Becrvrraucrepcroe a6-
t Edward ['cdrvcd] the Confessor [kan'fcso] Egyapg llcuoaegrur 6arcrso
-
292
 www.frenglish.ru

it was known asWr lrr the middle of Whitehall is the Cenotaphr, a

MonasterA (W lllonrrment to the fallen2 in the two world wars of the
minster), because 8(l'r't'entury. According to tradition, on Remembrance
its position to t Dny", the Sunday nearest to November 11, the Queen
west of London's lnyu a wreath of poppiesa at the Cenotaph. People of
tre. Since William Ht'il,uin remember their dead from the two world wars
Conqueror's ti by wearing a red paper poppy.
British monarc QUESTIONS
have been crow l. [n what part of London is the building of the
there, and since llouses of Parliament situated? What is Big Ben?
13th century th !1, Which two parts does British Parliament consist
have been buri of?
there. Many ot il, l{ow does the Queen open the new session of Par-
Central London
famous people liament each autumn?
also buried in W
't. What is the origin of the tradition aecording to
minster Abbey. which the Queen is not allowed to enter the House
Whitehall. The street called Whitehall stretches f of Cornmons?
Parliament Square to Trafalgar Square. Whitehall f). What English king built Westminster Abbey?
often associated with the government of Britain. What is Westminster Abbey famous for?
Downing Streetr, which is a small side street 0. What important buildings are situated in or near
Whitehall, is the home of the Prime Minister who li Whitehall?
at number ten. Next door, at number eleven, lives t n
t. What is the Cenotaph? What ceremony is held at
Chancellor of the Exchequef, who is responsible f the Cenotaph on Remembrance Day?
financial planning and the British economy. Ju
around the corner, in Whitehall itself, are all the i Part 5. Royal London.
portant ministries: the Foreign Offices, the Min
of Defencea, the Home Offices and the Treasuryo. When you are in London, you are always reminded
I Downing Street.['daunrr;,stri:t] .(ayuuHl crprrr rl' Lhe city's close connection with the Crown. There are
-
2 the Chancellor ['tJo:nsela] of the Exchequer Irks'tJckc] Mprn tryll ouluces, royal parks and colourful ceremonies.
$r,rnancoa
-
:r the Foreign Office ['frrrn'rfis] rruocrpaurrbrx
I t,he Cenotaph ['seneto:fl renoracfr
- MunlrcrepcrBo
'' the Ministry of Defence ['mrnrstrr ' nronument to the fallen- rraMfiTHr{K rraBrrrr.rM
o6oponrr
cv dr't-ens]
- Munuctepcr 'I ll,t-'membrance Day -
.{enr rraMflTruI
5 the Home Office MunucrepcrBo Br{yrpeHHrrx AeJr lrrys a wreath [ri:d]- of poppies ['pcprz] BosJlaraer BeHoK
-
6 the Treasury ['tre3err] ilrJ MaKa -
- focy4apcrBeuHoe Hasna.rerlcrso 295
294
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tll popular with horse-riders. Regent's Park, which

el
wrr irlso originally a hunting park, is now the home
gf l,orrdon Zoo, and an open-air theatre which stages
Flllr li cspeare's plays.
guESTroNS
L What places and ceremonies remind one of Lon-
rlon's close connection with the Crown?
ll Name three of London's parks. What do you know
rrhrout each of them?

Part 6. Knightsbridgel.
'l'[ris area is a part of London where you can find
The Queen Mother, Queen Elizabeth ll, Princess Diana, ilrurv foreign embassies, Iarge glarn-orous hotels, and
the Prince of Wales, Prince William and Prince Harry tlrc rtepartment store that is the symbol of expensive
nrrrl high-class living Harrods2.
The most important building in London, thou
I'eople say you can-buy anything in Harrods, in-
not the most beautiful, is Buckingham Palacer, whi
r,lrrtling wild animals they even have a zoo which
is the official residence of the Queen. It stands in -
wrll seII you lion cubs as well as more common pets
James's Parkz. Running through the park from
rrr(:h as dogs, cats or parrots.
front of Buckingham Palace to Trafalgar Square
the Mall, a wide tree-lined avenue. Another place of interest here is the Albert Hall3,
n lruge concert hall which gives festivals of popular
St. James's Park is one of ten so-called royal par
llrrssical music concerts every summer.
situated in or near London. These parks offic
Museums. Three of London's most interesting mu-
belong to the Crown, but are open to the public f
of charges. These large parks are very good p Hr,rrms the Victoria and Albert Museuma, the Sci-
-
orrce Museum5 and the Natural History Museumo
for people to escape from traffic jamsa, crowded
nro also in this area. The Natural History Museum
-
and the city noise. Each park has its own char
Hyde Parks was originally a hunting forest and
Knightsbridge ['nartsbrrd3]
llarrods ['heercdz] Xappo4c - Hafirc6pu4xc
I Buckingham Palace Lhe Albert ['relbet] -Hall
- Alr6ept
['b,rkrqcm'pa;hs] Byrranreracxurl xor,r
2 St. James's Park [snt'd3crmzrz'po:k] - r
3 free of charge 6ecuaarno - Cenr ,{xceftMc rrapK lhe Victoria and Albert
A,r16epra
Museum
- Myaefi Bnrropura
I traffic jams -rpaHcroprHrre npo6xr.r the Science Museum Myaeft HayKrr
- -
" Hyde Park ['hard.po:k] lafi4 uaprc
- Llre Natural History Museum
-Myeefi ecrecrBeuHoir ucropuu
296 297
 www.frenglish.ru

has exhibits of birds, anirnals and reptiles,

as wr The East End grew with the of
life-size reconstructions of prehisto;ic ani;;;,
Victoria and Albert Museum includes exhibits lndustry to the east of the City.
almost every place and period, including c6st. Traditionally someone born in the East End IS
from the theatre, and paintings. The Science kttown as a
seum covers every aspect of science and techno Tlre name West End is associated with
.4.'' ruD
and its uuuecrlons
collections are constanily and bright lights.
coirstanily beinE
being enJarged.
enlarsed
musegm is always crowded. In many of tt Trafalgar Square was built Admi-
there are machines and computers which the "visii ". ral Nelson's victory over the French navy.
can work themselves. The Cenotaph is a monument to the
ln the two world wars of the 20th century.
QUESTIONS , I,Iyde Park is still popular with
1. What is Harrods?
2. What festivals are held in the Albert Hall
summer?
3. Which are the three of London,s most in PLAcES'FBTJEI,( r*,to,*
ing museums?
Part 1. Stonehenge.
CHAPTER REVIEW
/Vf The great stone monument of Stonehengel is the
Fill in the blanks with the correct words from known and most remarkable of prehistoric re-
list: in Britain. It has stood on Salisburyz Plain for
to commemorate, residence, financial, horserid,e t 4,000 years. No written records exist of its
f ort if ic at io n, spre a d., f alle n, d e liue re d,, ir ruro r" n, gli gin, and it has always been surrounded by mys-
our, cochneA. y. There have been many different theories, but
1. London began as a Roman
River Thames.
at Itill nobody knows why it was built.
One theory is that it was a place from where
2. The and business eentre of Londoi Itars and planets could be observed. It was discov-
is called the City.
3. The official lred that the position of some stones was related
of the Lord Mayor oj torr the movements of the sun and moon, so that
the City of London is Mansion House. the stones could be used as a calendar to predict
4. Lloyds is the most famous com- strch things as eclipses.
pany in the world.
5. Many British people have a daily paper Stonehenge ['stounhend3]
- Ctoynxegxc
to their homes in time for breakfast. Salisbury ['sc:lzbarr] Conc6epra
the position of some-stones was related to pacnoJro?$enlle
HeKoropblx raunefi rrueer cBflBb c -
298
299

Stonehedge
At one time people thought that Stonehenge wab
Druid temple. The Druids were a Celtic religious
before the Norman Conquest. Some people believe
the Druids were a group of priests who prac
human sacrificel and cannibalism.
Another theory is that the great stone circle
used to store terrestrial energy2 which was then
erated across the country through the so-called
lines, which are invisib
channels for a s
kind of power.
Besides the theories
scientists, there are
legends. One of them tel
that Stonehenge was
by the devil in a sing
human sacri-f ice ['saknfars]
qCTOBEIICCKI4E'ICEPTBOII
IIOIUCHIIfl
to store terrestrial e
gy
- sarracarb seMHy
SHepruIo
www.frenglish.ru
r[. He flew forwards and backwards between Ire-
nnd Salisbury Plain carrying huge stones one by
nnd setting them in place. As he worked, he laughed
Irlrrrself. "That will mahe people thinh. They wiII
r hnow how the stones ea,rne here!" But a friar was
ng in a ditch nearby. The devil saw the friar and
a stone at him which hit the friar on the heel.
i Thc stone which the devil threw is known as the
stone, and people will show it to you lying by
Hide of the road.
QUESTIONS
!, Which is the best known prehistoric monument
in Britain?
f, What theories exist about the origin of Stone-
lrenge?
I, What does the legend say about the building of
Stonehenge?
Part 2. The Lake District.
'l'he Lake Districtl is a mountainous area in the
fiorth-west of England, and it has some of England's
firost beautiful scenery. Some admiring visitors called
It " A paradise of mountain scenery and magical light" "
Fk:turesque lakes lie in deep hollows dug out by the
llncier which covered Britain during the Ice Age'.
tlreen hills, herds of sheep, and solitary farms scat-
tnred here and there are typical of thislremote and
:lrrprisingly beautiful part of England.
'lhe Lake District is a National Parh, which means
llrnt special care is taken to make sure that the beau-
|
I
'l'he Lake District
- Oadpnrrfi rcpaft
l,he Ice Age oloxa oJreAeHeHufl
-
101

The Lake Didtrict
ty of the countrYs
is not spoiled. The
ple who are res
ble for preserving
Lake District's na
beauty are
the National Trust
The National T
is a public organi
tionl which is fi
by ordinary peo
who pay to beco
members. The Tr
was set up in 1895
I a public organization
o6ulectaeruraff opra
The Lake District 3aqr4.fl
www.frenglish.ru
f Ffl people who
ttglrt that industrial-
lotr could spoil the
tr l,r'yside and ancient
llrlings of England
Wules. The Nation-
l't'rtst members con-
trl,ly keep an eye onr'
Ious gardens, whole
lnges, farms, wind-
llls and watermills,
hns and hills, abbeys, A country house protected
historic and Roman by the National Trust
il<1uities.
QUESTIONS
Where is the Lake District situated?
What organization takes care of preserving the
natural beauty of the Lake District?
Part 3. Ganterbury.
Canterbury2 is a town
Itr Kent3 with a popula-
tlon of about 120,000. It
ls the religious capital of
tngland because its ca-
thedral is the seat of the
keep an eye on [pucMa-
'rpr4BaroT 3a
-
Canterbury ['krcntabarr]
Kenrep6epz
-
Kent [kent]
- Kenr

Archbishop of Ca
buryl who is head
Church of England.
From the 12ih to
15th centuri.es it
place of pilgrim
Thousands of p
came to pray at the
of a former Arc
of Canterbury who
murdered in the
dratr in 1170. His
was Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket and Henry ll
During the 1ztil
ry King Henry II
ed that the Church
too much power. In
he made his friend
mas Becket Archbi
of Canterbury thi
that he would help
to weaken the positi
the Church.
Henry was ama
when Becket began
defend the position of
Church against the
The relations between
I the Archbishop ['o:
Canterbury Ap
cxou Kenre - - AxceQrbpra
2 Thomas Becket ['tc
'bekrt] Tovrac Eener
-
www.frenglish.ru
Arclrbishop and the king became very bad, and Beck-
el lrrrrl to leave England because he was afraid that he
trrlglrt be killed. He lived in exile for five years until
Hr,rrrv asked him to come back, because the Popel
Irrrrl insisted that the king should ieturn the Arch-
trlrr lrop of Canterbury.
When Thomas Becket returned to Canterbury in
1 l7O, the serious contradictions between hirn and the
hlrrg continued. Finally, one day, four of flenry's
hrrights entered Canterbury Cathedral and mundered
tlrr, Archbishop on the steps of the altar.
'l'hree years later, in 1173, Becket was made a saint,
nrrrl his tomb became the destination of thousands of
lrllgrirns for three centuries.
( lhaucer's Pilgrims. The best-known Canterbury
pllgrims are probably those who are described in the
hrrok by Geoffrey Chaucer2, The Canterbury Taless.
I'lrc book was written in the 14th century, when the
grllgrimage had become a rather pleasant holiday for
tlrr. groups of people who travelled together for pro-
lrt' [ion and companionship.
'l'he Canterbury Tales rs
H r:ollection of stories told
bv the members of a group
ol' pilgrims. Through the
el,ories we get a vivid pic-
lrrre not only of the narra-
lors themselves but also of
l.he Pope lpoup]
(ieoffrey Chaucer- nana ['d3efrr
'rlr:sel tlocep
'l'he Canterbury Tales
< Kenrep6epuftcnne pac-
- Pilgrims going to Canterbury
('Ka3bI )
305
 www.frenglish.ru

the religious Part 4. Windsor Castle.

social life of
14th century. Windsor Castlel, standing on a rock overlooking
In the 16th the ltiver Thames, was founded by William the Con-
ry, when king luenrt and was later fortified and enlarged by al-
ry VIII se Fiost, every monarch since the Norman Conquest.
from the Ro fftlli,,rn and his early successors needed to secure
Catholic Chu tlrcil rnilitary position. William put the castle to guard
and established thc river crossing at Windsor. Henry II built the
Church of E ftiannive Round Tower every child's image of for-
he declared t -
tfpru;, and his grandson Henry III added some fortifi-
Pope John Paul ll on a visit
to Cantebury
Becket was no €elirrrrs. Still later, the famous St. George's Chapel2
saint, and his ilnn ndded by the kings Edward IV, Henry VII and
was destroyed. llur,.y VIII. Henry VIII also added a fortified gate-
The most famous modern "pilgrim" is certainly Wav. Charles II and later monarchs continued to make
John Paul II1. His visit to Canterbury in 1982 was Allr,r'ations to suit the needs and fashions of the day,
important historical event, because it showed the itrr:lrrding the laying out of the Great Park as their
of understanding that exists now between the Ro personal estate. Nowadays Windsor Castle is a com-
Catholic Church and the Church of England. fnltable country place within an hour's drive from
tlu, capital, where the Royal family can relax.
QUESTIONS
1. Why is Canterbury considered the religious ca QUESTIONS
tal of England? l. Who began building Windsor Castle? With what
2. With what purpose djd pilgrims come to Can purpose did he build it?
bury in the 12th-15th centuries? 2. How far from London is Windsor Castle situated?
3. What famous writer gave a very vivid picture
pilgrimages to Canterbury and the people w Part 5. Hampton Gourt Palace.
took part in them?
4. Who is the most famous "pilgrim" of modern Hampton Court3 is a royal residence which is asso-
When did he visit Canterbury? Why can his linted with Henry VIII. Cardinal Wolseya, Henry's
be considered an important historical event? I'r'iend and.adviser, was a brilliant politician and dip-
5. What is the story of Thomas Becket?
Windsor Castle ['wtnze'ko:sl] Brzugeopcrcraft saMox
-
St. George's Chapel [snt'd3c:d3rz'tJrpel] qacoBufl cBflroro leopra
1 Pope John PauI II -
flaser II
['poup'd3on'pc:l 6e'sekend]
- nana I,Ioa Hampton Court ['hanptsn'kr:t] 4aopeq Xamnroa Kopt
- KapAITHaJI Vo.ncra
Cardinal Wolsey ['ko:dtnel'wulzll
)06 - )07
 www.frenglish.ru

Iomat. He began building this grand palace in King Henry Vlll

brick in 1514. In 1526 Wolsey presented the u and his wives
ished place to his king, and Henry continued the
until Hampton Court was one of the largest
buildings in Europe. +
During tke CivilWar Oliver Cromwell used rne of Aragon
ton Court to hold King Charles I under home a Anne of Cleves
tlivorced divorced
After the king's execution, he lived there himself,
rather un-Puritan stylel.
The gardens surrounding the palace, with
tennis court, the orangery, and, the famous rlaze,
all relics of the pleasures and pastimes of those d
which attract thousands of tourists every year.
In 1689 William III commissioned Sir Christo
Wren2 to rebuild and extend the palace, so that
Atttrc BoleYn
is a mixture of styles in its architecture. The G exocuted
Gate built in Henry VIII's time presents a Tudor
while Wren's south and east fagades are perf King Henry Vlll
in classical style.
Like many Englisli old castles and palaces,
ton Court is haunted3. According to a legend, one
the galleries is haunted by Henry's fifth wife Ca
rine Howarda, who was executed on a charge of i Jane Seymour
Catherine Parr
delitys. Another legend says that Jane Seymouro, rlred in childbirth
lived longer
third wife, also walks here in the palace where s than Henry
died giving birth to the future Edward VI. Some errcls tell that the ghost of Anne Boleynl, Henry's
sr.cond wife, who was also executed, sometimes walks
I in rather un-Puritan style rrenyprrraucxoM cr
nlong the ramparts2 of the Bloody Tower. Henry him-
- B AoBoJrbHocap
2 Sir Christopher Wren ['krrstefe'ren] I{pzcroQep Pen nr:lf , however, rests quietly: his ghost has never been
3 Hampton Court is haunted [ho:ntrd] - s XaMnroH ruren by anybody.
BOAfi TCff IIPITBIIAEIII4A
-
a Catherine Howard ['kreOrrn'hauod] Kerpran loaapg
5 on a charge of infidelity [,lnfi'delrtr]-
-no o6suneuuro s I
- Anna BaJrbr
IIOCTII Anne Boleyn ['aen'buhn] Bonefts
6 Jane Seymour ['d3ern'si:mo:] ,{xcefin Ceftrvryp ' ramparts ['rrcmpo:ts]
- -KperrocrHble
308 109
 www.frenglish.ru

, QUESTTONS
1. In what years was Hampton Court Palace
What is the palace surrounded by?
t Why is there a mixture of styles in the archi
ture of Hampton Court Palace?
3. How is Hampton Court Palace connected with
names of Henry VIII, Charles I and Oli
Clomwell?

Part 6. Oxford.
The first written record of the town of Ox
dates back to the year 912. Oxford University, t
oldest and most famous university in Britain,
founded in the middle of the 12th century, and
1300 there were already 1,500 students. At that ti
Oxford \fras a wealthy town, but by the middle of
14th century it was poorer, because of a decline
trade and because of the terrible plague, which ki
many people in England. The relations between
students and the townspeople were very unfriendl
and there was often fighting in the streets.
Nowadays there are about 12,000 students in
ford and over 1-000 teachers. Outstanding scienti
work in the numerous colleges of the Universi
teaching and doing research work in physics,
istry, mathematics, cybernetics, literature,
and ancient languages, art and music, philosophy
psychology.
Oxford Univefsity has a reputation of a privileg
school..Many prominent political figures of the
and present times got their edueation at Oxford.
Oxford
'l'he Oxford English Dictionary is well-known to
rlrrrlents of English everywhere. It contains approxi-
trrrrlely 5,000,000 entries, and there are thirteen vol-
lurrr:s, including a supplement.
Oxford University Press, the publishing housel
wlrich produces the Oxford English Dictionary has
n special department called the Oxford
'Word and
l,lnguage Service (OWLS for short). If you have a
rlrrestion about the meaning of a word or its origin,
vorr can write or telephone, and the people there
will help you.
QUESTIONS
l. Why is the town of Oxford famous all over the
world?
2. How does Oxford University justify its reputa-
tion of a privileged school?
i|. What is Oxford University Press?

t Oxford ['okfo:d] Orccgop4 ' publishing house - rraAareJabcrBo

- 311
310
 www.frenglish.ru

Part 7. Ca €trrl llrcre is always

Cambridgel is
;llrl order. How-
€Vlr', some people
the best-known illro live nearby do
in the world, and flrrl lil<e the Festi-
principal reason for Vtrl, 'l'hey say that
fame is its Uni tlrlr',' is too much
the second oldest ho ir;c, that too
versity of Brit hlrrr:lr rubbish is
which was founded lpl'l ,rn the ground,
the 13th century. T Strrl that many of
there are more t t lr r. f ans take
.
twenty colleges in
il!ii:i;ti-i:"|1.ii,ir..":..:!i;-.,:.r.:i.::::i, ::.: i:. dlrrgs. On the oth- The Cambridge Folk Festival
ir-.:ir.ili,
bridge University. Ft' lrrrnd, local shop-
The Chapel of King's College
The oldest college fnr,pers are glad, because for them the Festival means
Peterhouse, which g lrig increase in the number of customers.
founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robin
College, which was opened in 1977. The most fam QUESTIONS
is probably King's College, because of its ma What is Cambridge famous for?
cent chapel. Its choir of boys and undergraduates How many colleges are there in Cambridge Uni-
also well known. versity? Which is the oldest college? When was
The University was only for men until 1871. the most recent college opened? Which is the most
1871 the first women's college was opened. famous college? What is it famous for?
was opened two years later and a third in 1954. In ll. What festival is held in Cambridge every summer?
1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both
Part 8. Liverpool and the Beatles.
and women. Nowadays almost all colleges are mix
The Cambridge Folk Festival. Every year, in su Liverpooll is situated in Lancashire2, at the
mer, one of the biggest festivals of folk music irrrrrrth of the Riuer Merseys, where it empties into
England is held in Cambridge. Thousands of lhe Irish Sea.
arrive in Cambridge for the Festival. Many of The settlement of Liverpool was first mentioned
fans2 put up their tents to stay overnight. The Ca trr 1191, and in L2O7 it got the status of a town.
bridge Folk Festival is always very well organi I l,iverpool ['lrvcpul] Jftaaepuy,rr
: Cambridge ['kermbrrd3] -
' Lancashire ['laeqkcJrc]
2 fans rIoKJroHHr{Krl -
Kervr6pugx - JlaHxarulrp
' the River Mersey ['me:zr] pexa lVlepcei"r
- -
312 )13
 www.frenglish.ru

tlrerrrr,'lves the Beatles. It was the first of a number

tf his hits that brought them world fame.
'i'lrc road to success was not easy. John and Paul
$erl rpent many afternoons listening to American
Stnrrr like Chuck Berryl and Elvis Presleyz before
thov were able to write the famous Lennon and
frr('nrtney songs.
lf rrring the 1960s the Beatles were at the height
gf llreir glory: newspaper headlines, films, and
*rrrlrl-tours. Their new style of singing and their
Htrrrrrral haircuts Beatles mops! immediately
-
bF,',,"," the latest fashion.
-
A I'ter a decade of successful music and films, the
The Beatles Eentles had some disagreements, and finally decided
to lrrcak up in the early seventies. Many people hoped
Since the 13th century it has been a port. In the tlint there would be a reunion, but it became impossi-
ond half of the 17th century it began playing an blc rrl'ter the tragic murder of John Lennon in New
portant part in the trade with the English colonies tlrrl< in 1980.
America. At present it is the second largest (
QUESTIONS
London) sea-port in Britain. l, Where is Liverpool situated?
For a lot of people, not just in Britain but ev ll. When did Liverpool begin playing an impor-
where, Liverpool is first of all associated with tant part in the sea trade? Is it still a large
Beatlesr, probably the most famous and s port? How large?
pop-group the world has ever known. ll. What is Liverpool associated with for many
On October 24, t962, the song Loue Me Doz people?
sung by a then unknown group of four working-c {. When were the Beatles at the height of their
lads from Liverpool, John Lennons, paul M glory? What immediately became the latest fash-
reyo, George Harrisonb and Ringo Starro, who call ion? When did the group fall apart?
t the Beatles [bi:tlz]
2 Love Me Do - Bur.rrrr
<Jho6u MeHff)
rr John Lennon- Jlennon
4 ['d3c:n'lcnon]
- ,{rnonflo.n
'ko:tnr] Manxaprnn
t hrcrrsn] - (lhuck Berry ['tj,tk'bcrr]
6 .(xopglx fappracon
- Crapp
Pranro
- 9axDnnzc
l,llvis Presley ['elr,,rs'prczlr]
Beppu
flpecnr,r
- - 315
)14
 www.frenglish.ru

CHAPTER REVIEW SECTION FOUR

Fill in the blanks with the comect words from
list: FAMOUS BRITONS
picturesque, reputation, mountainous, second,
grirns, temple, glory, haunted, Royal, glacier,
sacrifice.
1. At one time people thought that Stonehenge
a Druid
2. Some people believe that the Druids practiced
man
3. The Lake District is the central
in the north-west of England.
4. lakes lie in deep hollows dug
by the which covered Britain d
ing the Ice Age.
5. Canterbury is the capital of
land.
6. Canterbury are best described
Geoffrey Chaucer.
7. Windsor Castle is a comfortable country place KING ALFRED THE GREAT
family. (s4e-8ee)
8. Legends say that many rooms and galleries
Hampton Court Palace are by the g Atfred the Greatl, who is considered the first
of Henry VIII's wives.
9. Oxford University has a
leged school.
10. The oldest university of Britain
Cambridge. ol'learning.
11. During the 1960s the Beatles were at the hei Alfred's interest in education was encouraged by
his stepmother Judith2 and his teacher, and Iater
by
of their
i,i. bi&rapher Asser3, a bishop from Wales' Alfred
Alfred the Great ['rlfred Oe'grett] - Anrtfrpe4 Beanxraft
Judith ['d3u:drO] - ,lJ,xtY4ur
316
Asser ['aesc]
- AcceP T7

learned to read and write Latin and English. He
ied passages from the Bibler and translated the
into English.
The duties of the king constantly interrupted
fred's education. His entire reign was spent in
with the Danes.
He became king of Wessex2 in 871. Bythat ti:
the Danes had been present in the British Isles for
least a hundred years, and the eastern lands of Bri
ain were in their hands. They made constant raids
Wessex, and people had to pay tributea to them.
ing the first four years of his reign, until 875'
fred bought peace for his people by paying tribute
the Danes. At first the invaders seemed satisf
but in 875, after collecting their tribute they did
leave Wessex as they had done before. In a few yea
Alfred gathered a strong army. He defeated the i
vading Danes and forced them to leave Wessex.
However, the Danes still inhabited Britain: Nort
umbriaa, East Anglias and parts of Merciao were
in their hands, and they constantly threat
Wessex. Alfred built several new fortified ci
where great groups of people could gather for
tection, and reorganized his army. FinaIIy, in
Alfred took the initiative himself and attacked
Danish-held city of London He forced the Danes
of London and captured the city. In the words of
biographer Asser, all the "Angles and Sarons tur
I the Bible[batbl] - Bra6lus
2 Wessex ['wcseks]
- Veccexc
3 to pay tribute_[tnbjut]
- uaarurB
a Northumbria fnc:'0,tmbrro]
AaHb
Hoptyrvr6pus
5 East Anglia^[i:st'rqgho] -Boctoqua.n Anrnug
6 Mercia -
Mepcur
['me:Jlo] - -
318
www.frenglish.ru
willingly to King Alfred and submitted themselues ts
his lordship". At this point, in thd historians'opiq-
lon, Alfred rightly earned the title " King of Ene-
land" , though in reality he governed perhaps a quar-
ter of the land which is now known as England.
When he,had brought peace to his land, Alfred
began to introduce his reforms. 'He believed that t\s
lnvaders represented punishment from God for the
decay of education. So he actively supported educa-
tion in the country. The ability to read was so impor-
tant to Alfred, that he began to demand that other
nobles of the land should learn to read. He openqd
schools for them and brought many Latin scholars
from the continent to teach at these schools. He hirn-
gelf translated several works from Latin. He startsd
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was a record ef
events in his kingdom and may be called the first
history of England. He also established a code of la"wr
based on the Bible.
The last years of Alfred's life were more peageful
and devoted to learning. When Alfred died in 8gg,
he left a culture which would be remembered for cen-
turies.
I a code of law [c:] RoAeKc BaKoHoB
319

QUEEN ELIZABETH I
(1s33-1603)
Queen Elizabeth I1, the last of the Tudor
archs, was the daughter of Henry VIII. She
an excellent classical education. She could read
and Greek and spoke French and Italian fluently
People rejoiced when Elizabeth became queen
ter her elder sister Mary's death in 1558. Eti
was an intelligent, courageous and determined
an. People often called her Good Queen Bess.
Elizabeth made her first task the settlement
England's religious affairs. She was determined
stop religious struggle. She tried to gradually s
Protestant religion, without offending the Cat
too much. However, the struggle between Cat
and Protestants continued and endangered Eliza
I I
' Queen Elizabeth [r'lrzcbeO 6c'f-o:st]
- Enrnsasera
320
www.frenglish.ru
loxition. Some Catholic nobles wished to remove EIiz-
h and replace her with the queen of Scotland,
ry Stuartr, who was a Catholic. Mary, usually
Srllcd Queen of Scots, was the heir to the English
t'orle because she was Elizabeth's closest relation.
nrv had powerful enemies in Scotland and had to
rpe to England. Elizabeth kept her in the Tower
ff l,ondon as a prisoner for nearly twenty years.
prrring that time several Catholic plots were discov-
€t'r'tl, which aimed at making Mary queen of Eng-
larrrl. Finally Elizabeth had to agree to Mary's execu-
lkrrr in 1587.
l)uring Elizabeth's reign England became a great
l€n power. English sailors, the most famous of which
lre Francis Drake2 and Walter Raleighs, challenged
tho Spaniards in the Atlantic Ocean. They made dar-
lpg raids on the Spanish colonies in America and cap-
ttrrcd Spanish ships that carried treasure from the
Nnw World to Spain.
l,llizabeth helped the Dutcha Protestants. At that
tlnre the Netherlandsb was part of the Spanish em-
plre, and King Philip 116 of Spain was trying to sup-
pross the Protestant rebellion there. He sent his army
ln I he Netherlands. Elizabeth did the same. So Philip
Irnd to fight with England. He built a huge fleet of
llrips, which became known as the Inuincible Arma-
t/ru7. England was in danger. Elizabeth spoke to the
I Mary Stuart
I lfrancis Drake['meerr'stjuet] - Mapua
['fransrs'drerk]
Crroapr
@pencuc ,{pefir
t Walter Raleigh ['wc:lte'rc:lr] - Yo.nrep Porlr
I l)utch tdntjl ron.nanAccuft-
- ['ne6elendz] Hngep.nax4u
i lhe Netherlands
n King Philip II ['frlrp 6e'sekend]- (Du.nunn II
' l,he Invincible [tn'vrnstbl] - [o:'mo:de] neuo6eAlrrvras
Armada
-
Apma4a
321
 www.frenglish.ru

crews of the ships that were going to do battle

the Armada. She won their hearts by saying
was ready "...to liue or die arnongst Aou-. for my
and for my hingdorn, and for nty people... I hnow .

a week u)ornan, but I haue the heart of a hing -

a King of England too!"
The two fleets were fighting for six days,
August 9, 1588, the Armada was defeated. Only
the ships of. the Armada returned to Spain. It
great victory for England.
The Elizabethan ager was one of the greatest
riods of English literature. Edmund Spenser2,
topher Marlowes and William Shakespearea
only a few of the many writers who created
great works at that time. Elizabeth's court
a centre of culture for English musicians,
scholars and artists. The English were proud of t
country and their queen. FRANCIS DRAKE
(1540-15e6)
Francis Drake, one of the most famous of English
llors and pirates, was born in Plymouthr, a sea-
port and the largest town in the south of England.
'fhe boy spent much of his time looking at the ships
ln l'lymouth harbour and talking to the seamen. At
lil'teen he was taken on a small ship and worked there
fol some years. The boy learned the duties of a sailor
Vnry soon and did his work so well that people said
tlrrrt he was a born sailor2. When Drake was twenty-
fJvc, he was made a captain's mate, and soon after
t tlic captain of a ship.
The Elizabethan age
Ir.lrze'bi:0en'erd3] - E.nuaaaerrancrufi
2 Edmund Spenser ['edmend'spense] Cnexcep
- EArvryEA
3 Christopher Marlowe ['knstcfa'mo:lou] KpnctoQep Ma
I l'lymouth ['phmeO] flnrauyt
a William Shakespeare ['wrljom'Jerkspra] - Vlr.nrsrvr IIIexc E rr born
sailor -
- [pupo)Kgiinnrrft
MopfiK
- 323
)22
 www.frenglish.ru

Sea-battles between English and Spanish ships

common at that time. Once a small fleet of six
lish ships was attacked by Spanish ships in the
lantic Ocean. Four of the English ships were
and only two, one of which was commanded by
came back to England.
Drake demanded that the king of Spain should
him for the lost ships. Of course, the king of
refused to pay. Drake was very angry and dec
that he would take all he could from the king of
And he fulfilled his threat. He crossed the Atl
with two small ships and captured several Francis Drake's round-the world voyage
ships loaded with gold and silver.
I
In November 1577 five ships with Francis 'l'he voyage lasted nearly three years. Drake was
at the head sailed off from Plymouth. Drake tlrc first Englishman who sailed round the world.
the Atlantic, passed through the Strait of M ln 1588 Francis Drake distinguished himself in
and reached Cape Hornz, the southernmost point tlrc sea-battle against the Spanish Arnrnda in the
I South America. Frrglish Channel.
After a short rest the ships sailed north all Seven years after the victory over the Spanish Ar-
the west coast of South, Central and, North Arne fiuda, in 1595, Drake, at the head of a large fleet,
Leaving North Arnerica, Drake crossed the P lalled from Plymouth again to attack the Spaniards
and visited the island of Jauaa, in the south of ln America and the West IndiesL. The Atlanfic was
After that he sailed across the Indian Ocean to €t'ossed in a month, but soon afterwards Drake fell
Cape of Good Hope,, where he came in June 1580. lll. In January 1596 he died and was buried in the
Sailing north along the west coast of Africa, mn. There is a monument to Francis Drake in Ply-
visited the Canary Islandso, then sailed on and htouth.
September 1580 he returned to England.

I Strait of Magellan [mo'gelen] MareanauoB npoJrrrB

the
2 Horn ['kerp'hc:n]
Cape urrc lopx-
3 the Pacific [ps'srfik] - Tuxnft oreau
a Java [d3o:va] .fsa -
- Hope rrarrc ,{o6poft uagex4rr
5 the Cape of Good
-
6 the Canary [ka'nean] Islands the West Indies ['west'rndrz] Becr-Llngua
- Kanapcxr're ocrpoBa -
)24 12'
 www.frenglish.ru

Wc do not know when or why Shakespeare left

ftrrrtford for London, or what he was doing be-
fcrr, becoming a professional actor and dramatist
l1 l.he capital. He probably arrived in London in
lBro or L587.
Fihakespeare's reputation was established in Lon-
dorr by L592, when his earliest plays were written:
flrnry VI, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and T.itus
lnrlronicus.
ln 1594 Shakespeare joined other actors in form-
hg n new theatre companyr, with Richard Burbage2
U its leading actor. For almost twenty years Shake-
tpr.rrre was a regular dramatist of this company and
It'o[e on the average two plays a year. Burbage played
lhn rrrain roles, such as Richard III3, Hamleta, Othel-
foh nnd Lear6.
ln 1599 the company of actors with which Shake-
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE lfrcrrre worked built a new theatre, the GlobeT. It was
(1564-1616) brrilt on the south bank of the Thamess. The Gtobe
ilrr.utre is most closely associated with Shakespeare's
William Shakespeare was born in 1564, in S plrrvs. Two of his plays, Henry IF and Julius Cae-
ford-upon-Avon1. He attended Stratford's gra
trt/'r0, were almost certainly written during the year
school, which still stands. The grammar school's
Itr which the Globe opened.
riculum at that time was limited to teaching pu Some of Shakespeare's
-early most famous tragedies were
Latin, both spoken and written. The classical wri written in the 1600s. They include Hamlet,
studied in the classroom influenced Shakespea
plays and poetry; some of his ideas for plots and c
rr [heatre company rpyrrua
acters came from Ovid's2 tales, the plays of -. TearpaJrbxafl Prauap4
Itichard Burbage ['rrtJod'be:brd3] Bep6v4xc
and Plautusa, and Roman history. Itichard III III -
- Pu.rap4
llnmlet ['haemlrt] launer
( )thello
[ou'Oelou]
- Oreruo
t Stradford-upon-Avon ['stretfed e'pcn'ervn] CrperQop4- l,ear [re] JInp -
EfisoHe
- t,lre Globe -[gloub]
2 Ovid ['cvrd] Or.ugufr fao6yc
- l,lre Thames [temz]- Tervrsa
3 Terence ['terons] Tepenqufi llenry V - V>
<lenprax
a Plautus ['plc:tas] - flrasr -
.lulius Caesar ['d3uljes'si:zo] <IOauft IJ,eaapr>
- -
)26 327
 www.frenglish.ru

Othello, King Lear and MacbethL. His late plays,,

ten known as romances, written between 1608
L612, include Cymbelinez, The Winter's Tales and
Tentpest a.

Around 1611 Shakespeare left London and

to Stratford. He died in Stratford at the age of
two on April 23, 1616, and was buried in Holy
ity Churchs.
Shakespeare's greatness lies in his humanism.
created a new epoch in world literature. For
four centuries Shakespeare has remained one of
best known playwrights and poets in the world.
ry new generation of people finds in his works
thing important. As his contemporary Ben J
once said, Shakespeare "belongs not to the cen
but to all times."
Oliver Cromwell
(1see-16s8)
'l'he centuries-long rivalry between the Crown and
lfnrliament came to an open fight in the 17th century.
'l'he king of England was Charles I, a young man
who wanted to rule over England without Parliament.
[lr. needed money for wars, but Parliament refused
to give it. In t642 Charles I tried to arrest some
tlrr.mbers of Parliament, but could not do it. Then he
lel't Parliament and never came back as a king. Mem-
lrt.rs of Parliament decided to build up an army to
flght against the king, and gave money to teach the
I Macbeth [mek'beO] eoldiers. But they understood that eourage alone was
2 - <Marc6er>
Cymbeline ['srmbrli:n] <I-{lrm6earn> rrot enough to win battles. It was necessary to have a
3 The Winter's Tale -<Survrnss cKaBKaD
-
{ The Tempest ['temprst] <Eypar clrong leader who would train the army and lead it.
5 Holy Trinity Church -['houlr'trrnrtr'tJa:d] qepxoar C Hrrch a Ieader wasfound. It was Oliver Cromwelll.
Tpouqu -
6 Ben Jonson ['ben'd3cnsn] Ben .(xoncon I Oliver Cromwell O"nunep Kpouae.nr
- ['clrve'krcmwal] -
328 )29
 www.frenglish.ru

Cromwell was a member of Parliament. He

country gentleman, a rough man, unskilful as a
er, but known for his strength of character and
deep sincerety and religious feeling.
Cromwell trained his soldiers in complete
ence, filled them with the desire to fight for
dom, Parliament and religion. His famousorder
"Trudt in God and keep your powder dry."
Many thousands of soldiers were killed during
Ciuil War. In 1644 a Scottish army of 20,000
came to help Cromwell. In the battle near the
York the Parliamentary army won a victory and
king's army was defeated. Charles I was brough
trial in London and accused of having made war
his people and of being an enemy of his country.
was found guiltyr and sentenced to death. In J
ary 1649 Charles was beheaded. In the same John Milton
the Parliamentary government came to power (1608-1 674)
proclaimed England a republic. Cromwell got
tle of Lord Protector. ,lohn Miltonl was born in a Puritan family in Lon-
Cromwell ruled the country firmly, but he did tnrr. At the age of seventeen he went to Cambridge.
like to be contradicted, and finally dismissed Par fflr,r taking his degree, he returned home and spent
ment. During the last years of his life he beca llx rnore years studying poetry, philosophy, music
dictator who ruled the country without the co Sttrl languages. He mastered Greek and Latin litera-
of the people. The English Republic, the first fttlr., learned French, Italian and Spanish and stud-
lic in Europe, did not justify the hopes of the lerl l,he latest theories of science. Then he travelled
In September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died. The ln l,'r'ance and Italy. In 1639 he came back and joined
litical instability that followed his death led to [lrr, r;truggle for the Puritan cause.
demand for the restoration of monarchy. In 1660 lrr 1649 Charles I was executed, and Cromwell be-
newly elected Parliament invited Charles II, the trrnro ruler of England. Milton became Foreign Sec-
of the executed king, to occupy the English thro lnlrrryz to Cromwell. He worked day and night, writ-
I ,lohn Milton ['d3on'mrlten] ,(xon Mrnrron
I I l,'orcign ['fcrrn] Secretary - M]rr{r4crp r{Hocrpannhrx
was found guilty 6srn nprrsnau BrrHoBHbrM - AeJr
-
)30 331
 www.frenglish.ru

ing, in Latin, countless letters to foreign rulers, Humson Agonistesr. We feel that in the figure of
ing and translating their replies. Milton sees himself. Samson is blind, Iike
At the age of forty-three Milton had a great l0on; his cause, like Milton's, is defeated and his
fortune: he became completely blind. Still f rlcs are triumphant. But, like Milton, he is a
disasters came upon him: Cromwell died and in 1 l, proud and courageous, and although he is blind,
Charles II, son of the executed Charles I, was rnced and a slave, he can still serve God's ptrr-
back from France to be King of England. . In doing this he brings about his own death;
that the Puritans had fought for was overt his death is his triumph.
The Puritan leaders were imprisoned and pu Mllton died in 1674. He is buried in London, not
death. Milton escaped death, but he left London from the street where he was born.
retired to a little cottage about twenty miles
London. Arld here, lonely and blind, and in di
he wrote, or rather dictated to his daughters,
greatest work the poem Poradise Zostr. The
ject of the poem- is the fall of Lucifer2 (Satan) and
fall of man. It tells of Satan's revolt and of the
in Heaven that followed. Satan was defeated and
down to Hellg. Here, in darkness and pain, he
with the other fallen angelsa, a mighty empire
planned revenge. In the form of a serpent he came
Paradise to bring evil into the world. Adam and
were temptedb and fell, and, Paradise was lost.
The greatness of the poem lies not in the story,
in the power of the language, in the music of the
and in the noble spirit that inspires the whole
In 1671 two more great works followed Pa
Lost: the long poem Paradise Regainedo and the
I Paradise Lost <Iotepaxnrrfi paft,r
2 Lucifer ['lu:srfe]['preradats'lcst]
Jhoqr@ep-
3 HelI [hel] aa -
- fallen angels ['ernd3alz] c ApyrrrMrr
a with the other
AHTCJIAMI'
-
5 Adam ['eedom] and Eve [i:v] were tempted ['temptrd] Agau
Esa 6lrau noABepruyrhr lrcryrrreruro -
6 Paradise Regained [rr'gelnd] <Bosrpaqdxxuft paftr I Samson Agonistes ['samsn,ege'ntsti:s] Caucon-6opeq
332
- - 13)

lsaac Newton
(1642-1727',)
Sir Isaac Newtonr was born in a small village
Lincolnshirez in the family of a poor farmer.
Since childhood the boy was fond of science.
began his first experiments at school. After sc
he studied at Carnbridge Uniuersity, where, still
student, he formulated the binomial theorems.
Newton devoted all his life to scientific ex
mentation. Among his discoveries was the law of
composition of light4. He proved that the white lig
I Isaac Newton llcaarc Hrroton
['atzrk'nju:tan] -
2 Lincolnshire ['lrrlkanJra]
- JlunrcoJlblrurrrp 6unonr Hrror
3 the binomial theorem [bat'noumjel'0rerem]
4 the law of decomposition [di:.kcmpe'zrJn]- of light
pasJro?I{eHr{,fi cBeTa
- aa
334
www.frenglish.ru
o1'the sun is made up of rays of light of all the col-
orrrs of the rainbow.
Newton's greatest discovery was certainly the Law
af Uniuersal Grauitationr.It is described in his book
Mathem.atical Principles of Natural Philosophy2. The
frrndamental principle of the book is that "every parti-
tle of nvatter is attracted by every other particle of mat-
lrr with a force inuersely proportional to the square of
lheir distances apart3". Applying the principle of grav-
Itution, Newton proved that the power which guides
tlre moon around the earth and the planets around the
trrn is the force of grauityt. The fact that the earth is
fluttened at the poles because of rotation was also ex-
plained by the law of universal gravitation.
Newton was highly honoured by his countrymen. In
1703 he was elected President of the Royal Societys.
Much later, is the 20th century, another great sci-
plrtist, Albert Einsteino, who had a very high opinion
of Newton's scientific achievements, wrote these
words about him: "Noture to hirn was an open booh,
whose letters he could read without effort."
Sir Isaac Newton died in L727 and was buried in
Westminster Abbey.
I the Law of Universal [junr've:sal] Gravitation [,grrevl'terj"]
Sanon aceivrupnoror.fl roreul{fi -
' Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy -
Marervrarraqecrra e Harr aJra rr arypaJrbHofi tpu.nocotpzll >
<
u every particle of matter is attracted by every other particle
of matter with a force inversely [tn've:slt] proportional
[pre'pc:Jnel] to the square of their distances apait Ka]ftAas
rracTuqa MaTepr{r.t flpr{Tfi rr4BaeTcfl Ka)r(Aofi apyrofi- uacrrnqefi
Marepuu c cr.r.noft, o6parno flpoflopqrlonalrnofi KBaApary
I
paccTofiHrrfl Merr(Ay HrrMrr
the force of gravity [grevrtr] nprrrffxcenufi
u the Royal Society - cr{Jra
-
Kopo.nercKoe Ha] ruoe o6rqecrno
" Albert Einstein ['albet'arnstarn] -Am6epr Etuurreftn
735

Bonnie Prince Gharlie
(1720-1788)
in 1688, when James II, the
The story begins
of the Stuart kings, was driven off the thrond
England. James went abroad and never returned
England. But he had many followers in England
sympathized with him and wanted him back on
English throne. In 1715, his son James Edward (
the English called the Old Pretenderr) made an
successful attempt to get back the throne. Ano
attempt was made by James II's grandson, the Y
Pretender2 Charles Edward, whom the Scots
Bonnie Prince Charlies.
t the Old Pretender [prr'tende] Craprrfi rperenAenr
2 the Young Pretender - fair[feo] - 6eroxypsrft
- Mo.ro4ofi
3 Bonnie ['bcnr] Prince Charlie rrpereuAeHr
KpacrrBbrft npnnq gap.nu
- coxoropHblx paftonoa TTIornanAulr
336
www.frenglish.ru
It, was in L745. Charles was a real prince of ro-
Ftnrrr:er: young (he was twenty-five when he landed in
ftoiland), handsome, tall and fair2, brave and adven-
ttrr',,us. He was coming, he said, to win the crown of
Ftrgland and place it at his father's feet. He wanted
foi invade England from Scotland. He was sure of
lrr;rgrcrt of the Scots, or at least the Highlanderss.
l'ht' Highlands was the wild home of the poor but
€ourageous men to whom loyalty to their king was a
peHsion. They were adventurous, romantic men who
furvcd fighting and danger. The Stuarts had original-
ly come from Scotland, and to the Highlanders the
Bt,rrurts were a symbol for which they were prepared
tu fight and die.
Charles sailed from France aboard a small French
rlrip. With him was a big French warship, the Eliza-
hrlh., of sixty-eight guns, loaded with the weapons
with which he hoped to defeat the English. In the sea
l,lrey were met by a British warship, which opened
f lre on the Elizabeth. For five hours a battle went on
nnd both ships were damaged. The English ship turned
frrr England and the Elizabeth turned for France.
(iharles, with only six followers, determined to go
on. He landed on the west coast of Scotland, where
Irc was met by 800 Highlanders.
They marched to Edinburgh. More HighlandorH
Joined Charles's army as it marched southwards. Nowrt
of the approaching forces caused terror in Edinburglr.
'l'he English soldiers who were there withdrew in lttrrt
a real prince of romance [rc'mans] Hacroalquft pouttll't'tt'r,'
crcuft upranq -
the Highlanders ['harlrendez]
- <xafi.rrexgeprt>, o6ilTar€,rtlt
rr,r
1t/
 www.frenglish.ru

ic. Edinburgh surrendered, and Charles en

triumph.
Then the invasion of England began. Charles
quickly moving to the south. There was panic in
don. A ship was prepared to take King George
Hanoverl. But suddenly Charles's army stopped. 0
wild Highlanders, finding themselves in the o
o
England, missed their familiesz and decided to go o
rO
For months Charles was hunted through the lo
lands. A huge rewarC was offered to anyone who
capture him dead or alive, but the Highlanders
not betray him. Finally they managed to get hi
the coast, where a ship was waiting to take hi
France and safetY.

James Gook
(1728-177e1

H I
the-world voyage took Place in
l7 the End'eauouf he sailed round

.lames Cook ['dqermz'ku]1 - ,ll,xefivrc Kyx

Yorkshire ['jc:kJre]- - I'loPxnruP
Lf* n"Vuf Nu"V Koponencxuft soeuno-Mopcnoft {uot
while charting - Earrocfl rra KaPrY
Newf oundland ['nju:fendlend] - Huo{rayn4neug
1 Hanover ['hanave] lannoneP lhe End.eauour [tn'deve] - <Vcranrae>
-
2 missed their families cocKyrII4JIIlIcb rro cBoIrM ceMb,tM ng
-
7V8
 www.frenglish.ru

Cape Hornr and explored the South Pacific2. He (iook set out from England on the Reeolutlon, ln
covered several islands in the South Pacifip, fptttgrany with Captain Clerkel on the Discouery2.Thay
around both islands of New Zealands and ex llcd around Africa and across the Indian Ocsan
the eastern coast of Australiaa. l,o the Pacific, then turned north to find the pnt-
The second voyage (1772-1775) was u r. They sailed round the tip of the Alaska Penln.
in search of the Southern Continent. There were r;r, through the Bering Straita and into the Arctlrr
ships: the Resolutions commanded by tames n5, where they were stopped by thick ice. Aftor
and the Aduentureo commanded by Tobias Fu rding there as much time as he could, Cook turned
The second voyage demonstrated the ou rl,h to reload and repair the ships for the next yenr.
skills and experience of Cook as a seaman and a llut he never returned to the Bering Strait. Cap-
tain. Cook did more than any other man of his ielrr Cook met his death on the Hawaiian Islandr6
to promote the health of his crew. In those times Flrcre he and his crew were attacked by the nativos
of sailors on long voyages died of scuruys beca 3tt l,'ebruary t4, t779.
the lack of vitamins in food and bad hygiene.
made his men wash every day and air their beds;
tried to get as much fresh food as he could; he
his men eat sauerkraut. His second voyage lasted
years and eighteen days, they sailed into the sto
est seas on earth, through uncharteds southern
filled with ice. Out of 112 men Cook lost four,
whom only one died of an illness.
The purpose of Cook's third voyage (1776-L779)
to look for the Northwest Passagero (between the
lantic and the Pacific Oceans) from the Pacific
I Cape Horn ['kerp hc:n] urrc lopn
2 the South Pacific - qacrb Tllxoro
['sauO pe'srfik]
3 New Zealand ['nju:'zi:land] - roxnaa
Hogas Benangr,rn
4 rerlje] -
Aacrpa.nur
t -
[,reze'lu:Jn] - cPeruexue,r
Olerke [klo:k] K.napx
u lhe Discouery -[drs'krrverr]
7 Tobias Furneaux [ed'ventJs] - tflpr.rxlroqenr.reD - <Orrphrrrre)
I scurvy [ska:vr] ; [te'baras'fe:nou]
qllrra - To6uac @epno
l,he Alaska [a'leske] Peninsula
Angcxa
[pe'nrnsjule] - notffilp3t
0 uncharted ['nn'tJo;trd] He rranecHHbre Ha Kapry l,he Bering Strait ['benq'strelt
-
t0 the Northwest Passage['nc:O'west'pesld3] Cenepo- the Arctic Ocean ['o:ktrk'ouJn] f* *ge
- l,he Hawaiian Islands [ha'waran'arlendz]
rrpoxoA
- IaaailotlQ tFaEe
740 #l
 www.frenglish.ru

the introduction of crank movementsl made steam

angines more efficient. He also made some other im-
provements, and the new steam engine was manufac-
tured at Birmingham in 1774. Several other inven-
tions followed, including the double-acting engine2,
l,he centrifugal governor for automatic speed con-
trol3, and the pressure gauge4.
With his inventions James Watt provided some most
lmportant components of early industrial revolution.
James Watt introduced the term "horse powet'".
The power unit, the watt6, is named in his honour.

James Watt
(1736-181e)
James Wattt was born in Scotland. He moved
Glasgowz in 1754, where he learned the trade of i
strument maker, and also studied steam techno
A primitive steatn-engines already existed in Watt'
time. It had been invented by Thomas Newcomena
the beginning of the 18th century. But the Newcotne
engine was not universal: it could work only as a
In 1763, while repairing a Newcomen engine, Ja
Watt found that he could greatly improve the
crank movements
chine. His invention of the separate condensers a - Koregqarble
the double-acting engine
Mexagfl3Mbl
MarurrHa gnofinoro 4eftcrrva
- governor for automatic speed
the centrifugal [,sen'tnfiugel]
I Ja(nes Watt Varr
['d3ermz'wct] - ,(rxefir'nc control qenrpo6exnrrfi peryJrflTop AJIa aBroMarrrrrecKoro
2 Glasgow ['glo:sgou] - cKopocTbro
3 steam-engine - fnasro
uapoBaff
y[paBJreHr,rfi
lhJ pres".rre gauge
- MaHoMerp
Marrrr4Ha ['preJe'gerd3]
a Thomas Newcomen- ['tcmas'nju:kemon] Toryrac Hrroxouen horse power JrorrraArrnaff crrJra
5 the separate condenser orAeJrbrnrfi-xon4encarop the - the watt eAr{Hr{qa MoIrIHocrLr, Barr
power unit,
- -
342 34)

Robert Burns
(17se-17e6)
The great Scottish poet Robert Burnsl was
the family of a poor farmer. He was the eldest
seven children. He spent his youth working on
father's farm, but in spite of his poverty he was
tremely well-read: his father employed a tutor
Robert and his younger brother Gilbert2. At 15
ert wrote his first verse, My HandsofiLe NeIl.
When his father died in L784, Robert and his
er became partners in the farm. However, Robert
more interested in the romantic nature of poetry
in the hard work of ploughing. He was thinking
leaving his farm and going away to the warmer
t Robert Burns
2 Gilbert ['grlbat] ['rcbet'ba:nz]
ft.u6epr -
Po6epr Bepnc
- -
344
www.frenglish.ru
rrier climate of the West Indiesl. At the same time
continued writing poetry.
llrrt he did not go to the West Indies. His first
tk Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect2 (a set of
rns essentially based on a broken love affairs) was
blished and was highly praised by the critics. This
lc'him stay in Scotland. He moved to Edinburgh.
artists and writers of Scotland's capital enthusi-
irl,it:ally received the "Ploughman Poet". In a few
tncks he was transfqrmed from a local hero to a na-
rrral celebrity.
Itobert Burns travelled much about Scotland col-
larrling popular songs. He discovered long forgotten
ft)ngs and wrote his own verses. Robert Burns's po-
ry was inspired by his deep love for his mother-
land, for its history and folklore. His beautiful poem
fuly Heart's In The Highlands, full of colourful de-
grriptions, is a hymn to the beauty of Scotland's na-
ttrre and to its glorious past.
Burns's poetry is closely connected with the na-
tkrnal struggle of the Scottish people for their liber-
It,ion from English oppression, the struggle that had
been going on in Scotland for many centuries. His
ftrvourite heroes were William'Wallacea, the leader
ol' the uprising against the English oppressors, and
Itobert Bruce5, who defeated the English army and
hr[er became king of Scotland.
the West Indies ['west'rndrz] Becr.Lln4raa
- Dialect
l)oerns Chiefly in the Scottish <CrraxH rJIolrr,tM
o6paaou Ha IrrorJraEAcI(oM AlraJIeKTet -
essentially based on a broken love affair [a'fea]
rra reMy paa6r,rroft nro6su
- B ocuonr()M
William Wallace ['wrljem'wclas] Voruec
Robert Bruce ['rcbat'bru:s] - Yra;rrswr
Po6epr Eprcc
t+5
 www.frenglish.ru

Robert Burns died at the age of BZ of heart dil

caused by the hard work he had done when he
young. On the day of his burial more than 10
people came to pay their respect to the great
b
On the anniversary of his birth, Januar! 2b, !
both at home and abroad celebrate Robert brr"rr..
not only Scots. Robert Burns's birthday.is celebr
annually by the lovers of poetry in many countri
the world.

Horatio Nelson
(1758-1805)
lloratio Nelsonl entered the Royal Naual Collegez
hr .Ianuary L77t at the age of twelve. He studied
Fxt:ellently and passed his lieutenant's examination
ftrrre than a year under the official age in L777.
Nelson's bravery as a naval commander was never
tlrrrrbted by his contemporaries. He always led his men
hy his own example. He first made his name at the
hrrttle of St. Vincentg in February 1797, during which
hc captured two enemy ships. During the wars against
l,'r'ance in the 1790s he took part in many sea battles
nnd lost his right arm and the sight in his right eye.

t{oratio Nelson [hc'rerJrou'nelsn] Henrcos

the Royal Naval College - fopaqrao goenno-vropcxoft
Koponeacrrlfi
ROIJIeAlr(
-
St. Vincent [snt'vrnsent]
- Cenr Br,rncenr
)47
 www.frenglish.ru

Besides his personal bravery, Nelson was a

commander enjoying great love and devotion of the
who senred under him: they were ready to die for
Nelson took daring but calculated risks. He
disobeyed his superiors when he thought it
sary. At the battle of Copenhagenl in LSOL the
mander-in-Chief Admiral Sir Hyde Parker3,
that the British were losing, and he hoisted the
nala on his flagships: " Stop ftghting" . Nelson, on
ship, put the telescope to his blind eye and exc
" I really do not see the signal!" He continued
ing until the Danisho surrendered.
Nelson sailed from Engiand for the last ti
1805, as Contrnander-in-Chief of the British fI
meet France and Spain at Cape TrafalgarT, the
south-westerly point of Spain. George Gordon BYron
At Nelson's instruction, the famous signal (1788-1 8241
hoisted on the flagship: " England expects that eur
man will do his duty". , (leorge Gordon Byronl, one of the greatest poets
As the battle raged around, Nelson was on l,lngland, was born in London in an old aristocratic
t, poor family. After the death of his father in
musket balls fired from a French ship struck him in 1791'
left shoulder and pierced one of his lungs. The rnother took him to Aberdeenz in Scotland, where
ilru Uoy spent his childhood. At the age of
was mortal. He died a few hours after that. But ten he
he died he learned that he had won a great victory. ilrlrerited th" titl" of Lord and returned to England.
Admiral Nelson is Britain's national hero. A iln tived in the family castle which was situated near
column crowned with his statue stands in Tra loltinghanzs close to the famous Sherwood Forest'
Square in London, in memory of this great man. Hr.studied at Harrow4, then at carnbridge uniuersi-
' Copenhagen [,koupn'hergen] Konenrares
2 the Commander-in-Chief' - rJlaBuonouaxgyrcrqrfi ( lcorge Gordon Byron ['d3c:d3'gc:dn'baleran] - Axcop,q*c lopgon
3 Hyde Parker ['hard'po:ke] - farig flapxep liufipou
- noAHfirr cr{rrraJr
a hoisted ['hcrstrd] the signal Aberdeen [,rebe'di:n] - E6ePgru
5 on his flagship na csoiiM- Qaanvrarcrou xopa6le Nottingham ['nctlrlam] - Hotrunrervt
-
6 the Danish ['dernrJ] AarqaHe llarrow ['herou] - Xappoy (snanenuma'fl ttlrcon&' Jwtozue u3
7 Cape Trafalgar [kerp- tra'falga] t tL ! C K lltl.fl,o a rc o m o p ott c m a,llu a no c n e 0 c m a uu
eat 0 anu,u Jttu c'fl
8 a musket ball - vruc Tpaga.nrrap
Myruxeruaa ryJrff
t rrt

,luvuocrnanu )
- )4g
348
 www.frenglish.ru

of
ty. When he was 2!, he became- a memberand In the Swissl period (1816 May - October) Byron
Iiorrr" of Lords. In 1809 he travelled abroad wrote the third canto of Childe Harold's Pilgrimoge,
it"a po"t"gall, Spain, Albania2, Greeces and Tur The Prisoner of Chillon2, and the philosophic drama
Manfreds,
He- returned home in 1811' During the Italian period (1816-1823)' which is
His speeches in the House of Lords in defence
th;-Lu;ditesb and the oppressed Irish people pe
caus oonsidered to be the most important and mature one,
universal irritation. When he and his'wife he wrote the last canto of. Childe Harold's Pilgrim-
gge, and the novel in verse Don Juana, in which he
after an unhappy marriage, his enemies seized
oppo"t""ity and- began to persecute him' The 1
fave a great satirical panorama of the European so-
glal life of his time.
*u" u".rr"ed of immorality and had to leave his During the short months of the Greek period
tive
- countrY.
In May fbfO Byron went to Switzerlando' where (1823-1824) Byron wrote little: just some lyrical
made friends with his great contemporary'
the- Doems, one of which is On this Day I Complete my
;;; s. Srr"il"v?. At the end of 1816.inhe,yent to
I Thirty-sixth Yeat'. The poet's thirty-sixth year was
where he became actively engaged the moven to be his last: he fell seriously ill and died on April
for the liberation of Italy from Austrian rules' In lg, t824. Deeply mourned all over Greece, he be-
gome a symbol of liberation struggle and a Greek
summer of 1823 he went to Greece to fight
for
Iiberation of that country from Turkish oppressi< f hational hero.
Cy"or,', creative work is usually divided into
periods.
During the London period (1812-1816) he wrote
first two cantos of Child'e Harold's PilgrLrnagee' his
*ot. Iyrics Hebrew Melod'iesLo, and Orientalrr
I Portugal ['pc:tjugel] floptyranrax
2 Albania [rei'bernje] - A.n6asras
-
3 Greece [gri:s] IPeqrs
l

a Turkey ['ta:kr]- TYPqzn

-
5 the Luddites ['L"darts] JryAArrrbr
6 Switzerland ['swltsala -
1'p", B' Irlerrn I
Swiss [swls] urnefiqapcrcufi
't ;;;;;il:sr,"it"v
Austrian ['c:strten] ru naAbrllecrBo I The Prisoner- of chillon ['Jrlan] - rTlrs;rencrcrfi ysn]tr)
s Chitd.e Horold"s Pitgrim raldz'prlgnmrdSl I Manfred ['menfred] - <Man$Pe4r
<flanovrn[.recrso 9aftrA-lapo.nrAar
I Don Juan ['don'd3uan] t[on ]ICyanr
- mg Thirtg'sixth Yeor <B
-
* iii-iii tltelod,ies ['hi:bru: 'meladrz] - <EapeficKr{e -----]
MerroArrl I
On this Day I Complete atoT
rr Oriental [cfl'entl] BocrotlHble Aerrb a BaBepluaro caoft tpr4qatr ulectofi ro4r -
- 151
350

Walter Scott
(1771-1832)
Sir Walter Scottl, a Scottish writer, a born
teller and master of dialogue, one of the
historical novelists, was born in Edinburgh.
ther was a lawyer and his mother the daug
a professor of medicine. - nlrunts, soldiers, and even kings.
In his childhood he heard from his grand
many stories and legends of the past. The boy
great interest for these stories. He also learned
songs and legends of the Highlands. Some of his
cestors had fought on the side of Prince Charles
ward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) when he
trying to seize the throne. This gave the young
I Walter Scott ['wclte'skct] Ba.nrtep Crcott
- -
)52
www.frenglish.ru
lhnl, life-Iong love for the Highlanders and their coun-
y which is evident in much of his writing. Scott
nrself said, "I had a uerA strong prejudtce in fauour
lhc Stuart family, which I had originally got from
( $ongs and tales of the Highlanders".
ln L778, at the age of seven, the boy went to the
nous Royal HiSh School of Edinburghr, where he
:nme very good at Latin. In 1783, when he was
lve, he entered Edinburgh Uniuersify, where he
rrained for two years. During this time he learned
lian, Spanish and French. Later, in 1789-t792,
studied arts and law.
Scott made himself famous as a poet and to a
fittrch greater extent2 as the author of -
numerous
hhtorical novels.
-
Scott's work shows the influence of the 18th centu-
ly Enlightenment. He believed that every human was
bnsically decent, regardless of class, religion, poli-
tkrs or ancestry. Tolerance is a major theme in his
hlstorical works. His novels express the belief of the
trr[hor in the need for social progress that does not
lnjcct the traditions of the past. He was the first
novelist to portray peasant characters sympatheti-
nnlly and realistically, and was equally just to mer-
Scott often wrote about the conflicts between dif-
fcrent cultures. Iuanhoes (1791) deals with the strug-
5le between Normans and Saxons, and The Talismana
rlcscribes the conflict between Christians and Mus-
lhe Royal High School of Edinburgh ['edrnbere]
- KopoleBcxas
opeArr.Efl rrlxoJra E4rn6ypra
l,o a much greater extent
lvanhoe ['arvonhou] - B ropasAo 6o.nrureft crerrerrr{
<AftseEroD
-
The Talisman ['tehsmen] <TanncMan,
353
 www.frenglish.ru

limsl. The novels devoted to Scottish history deal

clashes between the new commercial English
and the older Scottish culture.
Scott's knowledge of history is remarkable,
his descriptions of historical events are very ta
ed. His works are translated into many lan Queen Victoria
the world. o
(181e-1e01)
Queen Victorial is the long-
est-reigning monarch in Eng-
lish history. She came to the
throne as a young woman in
1837 and reigned until her
death in 1901.
Victoria married her German
itJf cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-
I Coburg2 but he died at the age
Bf I'orty-two in 1861. She could not get over her sor-
Fow at his death, and for a long time refused to be
lpen in public.
'['his was a dangerous thing to do. Newspapers be-
tarr to criticize her, and some people even doubted
thc value of the monarchy. Many radicals believed
tlrnt as a result of developing democracy it was time
tor monarchy to die.
The Queen's advisers persuaded her to take more
hr[erest in the life of the kingdom. She did so, and she
tron became extraordinary popular. At the time when
nronarchy was losing its place as an integral part of
i,lrc British governing system, Victoria managed to
erlablish it as a respected and popular institution.
| ()ueen Victoria [vrk'to:rre]
- KopoJreBa Bnrcropua
= l'rince Albert of Saxe-Coburg ['zelbet ev'szeks'koube:g]
I Muslims ['mushmz] MycyJrbMaue Anr6epr Caxc-Ko6yprcxurl - rpuHrl
754
-
)55
 www.frenglish.ru

One important step back to popularity was the

lication in 1868 of the Queen's book Our Life in
Highlands. The book was the Queen's own d
her life with Prince Albert and her family in her
tle in the Scottish Highlands. trt delighted the
in particular the growing middle class. They had
er before known anything of the privatg life of
monarch, and they enjoyed reading about it. They
impressed by the fact that the Queen wrote about
servants as if they were members of her family.
The democratic British liked and respected
example of family life which the Queen had
them; they saw that the Queen and her family
their own moral and religious values. By her
Victoria touched people's hearts. She succeeded,
showing the newly industrialized nation that
monarchy was a connection with the glorious Charles Dickens
of the country. Quite suddenly, the monarchy (181 2-18701
out of danger. It had never been safer than
when it had lost most of its political power. " Charles Dickensr was born in 1812, in the family
haue corne to belieue that it is natural to haue a el'a clerk. 11e-tgot his primary education at a small
ous souereign," wrote one of the critics. trlrool in ChathaTnz, and. from his mother who was a
Queen Victoria was also popular in Europe. wcll-educated woman.
became known as the Grandrnother of Europe In the L82L the Dickens family moved to London.
marrying members of her family into many Mr. Dickens was heavily in debt and finally was tak-
houses of Europe. Among her grandchildren prr to a debtors' prisons. Charles got a job at a blach-
Emperor William IIr of Germany, and Alexa hg factorya in the East End of London. This was the
wife of Tsar Nicholas IIr of Russia. Irrost unhappy time of all his life. Later he learned
Ehorthand and did some reporting in the House of

Charles Dickens [tJo:lz'drkrnz] gap.rrra ,{uxnenc

I Emperor William II ['empere'wrljem 6e'sekend] Chatham ['dretem] Yeteu -
Bn.nrrevrru II - rrMrl -
a debtors' ['detez] prison
2 Alexandra [,relr9'zo:ndra] Arercangpa a blacking factory - AoJlroBa.fl rIopEMa
Qa6prca, r4aroraBJrrrBaroulaff Barccy
- de'sekand] qapb Hr,rxoraft
3 Tsar Nicholas II ['tso: 'nrkales -
(rcpen daa vucmrcu odyeu)
-
)56 757
 www.frenglish.ru

Commons for newspapersl. Being a reporter, he
all over the country, getting news, writing
and meeting people.
In 1833 Dickens wrote a number of sketches,
were published under the title Sketches by Boz2,
in 1836 he suddenly became famous. It happened
this. A firm of publishers3 had a numbei of
by a humorous artist. They wanted to get some
texts to illustrate them, so that the pictures and
cles could appear together in a magazine in
ly parts. Someone suggested giving the job to the
newspaper reporter Charles Dickens. Dickens liked
job and took it, and that is how the book Pic
Papersa came into being. The book is about Mr.
wich and his three friends, who decide to travel
England and send to the Pickwick club in Lo
account of their journeys and their observati
the people they meet on these journeys. The hu
of the book consists in the absurd situations w
Mr. Pickwick and his friends get into. The book
great success with the reading public, and Dickens
once became the most popular novelist of his time.
The rest of the writer's life is a story of
without rest. He wrote novel after novel. At the
time he was editing newspapers and magazines,
iting America, Italy, Switzerlands, France; gi
readings from his books to huge crowds of
In Dickens's novels we find a sharp criticism of
iul injustice. He had seen so much evil as a child,
t he burned with the desire to fight it. So, in Oliuer
*fr he attacks the cruel workhouse treatment of
lltlren, in Nicholas Nichleby2 tlrre evils of badly-run
Iroolss, tn Little Dorrita the tragedy of the debtors'
lson, in Bleah Houses the slowness of the law.
Critics often say that Dickens made his characters
real, strange, non-true to life. However' thanks to
writer's great talent, these characters become alive
his pages. They were real enough for Dickens. And
we believe in his characters because he believed in
himself. He shows us a great moving picture of
ryday life and everYdaY PeoPle.
'lhe strain of the writer's continual work brought
t his sudden death in 1870. He lies buried in
Westm.inster Abbey, but as he wished it, with noth-
lng ot the stone except his name "Charles Dichens'

I did some reporting in the House of Commons for n

pers peropriipcxofi pa6orofi a uaaare o6rq
- BaHIrMaJrcfl
2 Shetches by Boz ['sketJrz bar 'bcz] Bosar Oliuer ?uisf ['cltve'twtst] - <Onuaep Tguct>
- <,O.repxlr
3 a firm of publishers IaoAareJrbcrcafl Qzptvra
Nicholas Nichteby ['ntkales'nlklbl] - <Huxo.nac Hlttnr6lr>
-
a Pichwich Papers ['prkwrk'perpaz] <Sanucrcra fftarcsu badly-run schools [Jroxo oprarlr{soBaunbre rurcoJlbr
- -
Littte Dorrit ['lrtl'dcrlt] <Kpourxa ,{opputr
x.ny6a'r
5 Switzerland ['swrtseland] Illaeftqapza Bteah House ['bli:k ,haus]
- <Xonognrrft gorvr>
- - )59
358
 www.frenglish.ru

During the Crimean 'Warl (1853-1856) disturb-

lrrg reports began to come to England of the terrible
eonditions in the hospitals where wounded soldiers
were being treated. The chief hospital, at Scutariz
in Turkeys, was an old, half broken building with a
lot of rats and mice. But even this horrible place
was overcrowded. There were not enough beds, and
men were lying on the floor. There were no clean
ehirts or bedclothes.
In that terrible situation Sidney Herbetta, the
Minister for Waf , wrote to Florence Nightingale,
asking her to go to the Crimea with a group of nurs-
es. It took Florence Nightingale a week to get ready,
and with thirty-eight nurses she sailed for Scutari.
When she arrived at Scutari, she found the condi-
Florence Nightingale tions even worse than the reports had stated. She
(1320-1el0) found that everything was lackingo: furniture, clothes,
in a v6ry rich towels, soap, knives, plates. There were no bandages,
Florence Nightingalel was born
She got a very
'--ttitfood :d:"ul,i-*;:^t;.Tl:X.,i very few medicines, and almost no food. Luckily, she
.'v'
ily. ,,rts 6vw E
art, literature, L and Greek' she fluently spolt had brought with her large quantities of food and
ever since
Italian, French ttti i"t*an'-But and the :*,11: medical supplies. Everywhere she met with ineffi-
the vilragers sick dc crency and confusion; the officials in chargeT could
:aiT,:#i.c ""r""a her home rof did not want to help her. She often worked
and cats ",.1 h."s-es rorrrrd ""d 1i1::1^t'
a profes
read books on nursing' for twenty-four hours on end8, dr:essing woundse,
of hosPitals' lping surgeons in their operations. She and her
porun of
ports \rr ' histories nurses got down on their knees and scrubbed the floore
spent some time worklng as
a
;I'ra - - --l rrarmqYrlT Finally sh
il? ent foi Gentrcwomelc u''I o'o5' I the Crimean [krar'mlan] War - Kpnrut:rcaa nofina
'Scutari ['sku:torr] Crytapu
nes f' the fashionable street of Lo Turkey ['te:kr] -Typqna
don's most famous doctors' Sidney Herbert- ['srdnt'he:bat] - Cu4rreft fep6epr
ia the Minister for War - noessuft Mlrnucrp
ttar everything was lacking 6una Hoxrtorna Bcero
the officials [e'fiJralz] in -charge '- n/lMnlrr4crpaqra
@nopenc
'z Florence Nightingale ['flc:rans'nartrnsltll-..
an Erstnhlishment ioi C""tt"*"I;i 1l:tl^g-lt*",i; ' for twenty-four hours on end cyrltaMl{ naupol€r
-
i, I{lI8 }r(eEIrIrIn 6'naropo4xoro ' dressing wounds [wu:ndz] parrLl
;; u (6onanw4a) - oa6Htl'rtlRbIBafi
161
,60
 www.frenglish.ru

and walls. She organized the cooking of the

food and the washing of their clothes.
In 1855 she was made inspector of all the
in the Crimea. It meant long, uncomfortable J
neys in snow, rain and cold. She ruined her
but refused to go home until the Iast soldier
Only when peace was declared in 1856, she ret
home an invalid for life1.
But-she lived fifty-four years longer. Though
could not leave her house, she worked as much as
had done at Scutari. She changed the whole sy
of hospital organization of the army. She wrote
on nursing. She started the Nightingale Tra
School for Nurses2 at St. Thomas's Hospitals,
one of the finest in the world.
Florence Nightingale lived a long and glorious
She died in 1910 at the age of 90.
CaPtain Robert Scott
(1868-1s12)
ln June 1910 Captain Robert Scottr set sail on
borrrd the Terra Nouaz and started for the south. He
f,rrrrted to reach the South Pole. When the ship got to
Arrstralia3, Scott received the news that the Norwe-
3lrrna explorer Amundsenb was also on
the way south
to reach the South Pole.
Arriving at the place in the Antarctico called Cape
EvansT, Captain Scott and his crew started for the Pole'

Po6epr Cxorr
{)aptain Robert Scott ['kaptn'robet'skct]
- Karr{rarr
tlte Terrq Noua ['tera'nouva] - <Teppa Hosa)
Australia [c:'strellje]
I an invalid for life rro?rcr{Buennrrft nHBaJrr4A Norwegian [nc:'wi:d3en]
- Aactpa.nraa
nopaerrcrcraft
-
2 the Nightingale Training School for Nurses
- AuYn4cen
- III
Amundsen ['o:mundsen]
(Daopenc HafttunreriJr AJrfi uegcecrtip - Aurapxtrara
l,he Antarctic [ren'to:kttk]
3 St. Thomas's Hospital Bo.nrru4rla cBflroro Tomaca Oape Evans ['kerp'i:vnz]
- 9sanc
- - Mbrc 161
762
 www.frenglish.ru

First they had to cross the Bamierl, a great p lce. Evans was the first
of ice of nearly 500 miles, and climb a huge glaci he could no longer walk, t
When they reached the foot of the glacier, the not leave Evans till his
and some of the men went back, but three sledge party moved a litile quic
each pulled by four men, went on. worse. Oates was the secon
It was a terrible journey. It was bitterly cold, He knew that he was sl
sno* was so soft that they sank to their knees in i f.riends. He said to them,
and the heavy sledges were very difficult to pull. may be sotne time|". He never came
backz.
Scott watched the men carefully. He had deci At last they came t_o a .pol- only
that the final part of the journey 150 miles ' from the place where thev hiJ left ereven miles
-
would be made by four men and himself . These and a store of food
fuel, but th_e storm *", ,o violeni
the men he chose: Doctor E. W'ilsonz, Lieutena could not go on. Scott and his companions th;; ;;;y
died there
Bowerss, Captain L. Oatesa and Edgar Evanss. i ln their tent.
On January 3, tgLz, when the South Pole was 1 Eight months later a se
miles away, the five heroes said good-bye to t lent tent. They were lyi
friends and went on, five brave men who would they had died. On the
er again see living faces except one another's. were rocks for scientific
thirteen months nothing was heard of them, but brought back from the pole
Scott's diaries we know all about their last days. they had not forgotten th
On January 18 they reached the Pole, frost-bi
ten6, hungry and weak. And at the Pole they saw
tent with the Norwegian flag flying above it. Am
sen had been there a month before.
Bitterly disappointed, Scott and his compani
set out on the return journey. It was 950 miles to
ship. Their strength was goingz and the food u
running short8. Their sleeping bags were covered
1 the Barrier ['brrre] Baprep
-
2 Doctor E. Wilson ['wrlsn]
- Aoxrop Vnncox
3 Lieutenant Bowers fieftenent'bauez]
a Captain L. Oates [outs] xauutaa Oytc- .neftteuanr Bayepc
5 Edgar Evans ['edge'i:vnz]- O4rap Esanc I am going outside and may be some
-
6 frost-bitten o6rropoxcexarre BOBMO)rCHO, BAAep*Cycb H^a time _ fl arrfiAy u,
-
7 Their strength was going lrx cr{Jrbr trccfiKaJrr4 He never came back
HeROTOpo"
,; ;;;ffiurr",
8 the food was running short- truula roAxoAr.rJla K KoHrIy a search party _- o" "p"*"
- - rrorrcKoBaff r"pr""---'
)64
365

Ernest Rutherford
(1871-1e37)
Ernest Rutherfordr was born in South Island,
Zealand, in the family of English settlers. He
sent to primary school when he was five. During
studies in the secondary school, he distinguished
self in physics. Later he went to Cambridge, w
he continued scientific research. After graduation
occupied a research chair in physicsz at Mont
Uniuersityt in Canadaa and lectured at leading
-versities in the United States and Britain. Later
he worked at Manchester Uniuersitys.
Ernest Rutherford ['5:nrst'r,r,6efed]
occupied a research chair in physics - Spnecr Peaep@op4
- BaHI4MaJI
r{ccJreAoBarenrcroft {tuaurn
Montreal [.mcntrr'c:l] University
- Monpeanrcxnft
CI{TCT
Canada ['kanede] KanaAa
-
Manchester University Man.recrepcxnft yrrl{Bepcrrrer
- :)rreprlllo
366
www.frenglish.ru
Itrrl,lrerford's famous work is The Scattering of
tt und, Beta Particles of Matter and the Struc-
ttl'the AtomL.
'l'lrc atoms had always been regarded as the small-
irrrlivisible units of which matter was eomposed2.
I,lrcrford's research showed that the atom is made
ol' smaller parts and that its structure is very
rlrlex. The structure of the atom resembles the
lHr system, with a central nucleus and a number of
l,r'ons revolving around it. Rutherford showed that
rrtom can be bombarded by neutrons so that the
,l,rons can be thrown off and the nucleus itself
r lre broken, or "split." In the process of splitting
rrucleus, matter is converted into energys.
'l'he splitting of the atom has opened to man a new
enormous source of energy. At the same time,
ver, it has brought about a threat of a destruc-
nuclear war, during which humanity can kill it-
ll' and destroy the planet. That is why it is so im-
tant for the people of the world to concentrate
ir efforts on establishing good understanding and
l,ing peace on earth.
'l'lLeScattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Mullu ttntl
lhe Structure of the Atom tPacceusanue a.ltttfla ll 6eln
MATEPI{II }I - ATOMAD
CTPYKTYPA
'IIICTIIq
of which matter was composed raa Koropblx co(r'roll'l' tlFTFilllrt
rrratter is converted into energy
- Marepnff n;lorl6;tnnys ]ee e
-
lFr t

Winston Ghurchill
(1874-1e6s)
Sir \Minston Churchilll, the eldest
son
He graduated from the Royal Military C
Sandhursta. As a war correspondent he was
during the Boer'Warb in South Africa. After
cape he joined the Conseruatiue party.
Since
was taking an active part in Britainls political
occupying a number of important posts in the
ernment.
www.frenglish.ru
(llrurchill suceeeded Chamberlainl as Prime Min-
in 1940, and during the Second World War he
:essfully secured military aid and moral support
rrr the United States. He travelled endlessly dur-
the war, establishing close ties with the leaders
other nations and co-ordinated a military strategy
k:h finally brought about Hitler's defeat.
llis tireless efforts gained admiration from all
r the world. Yet during the 1945 elections he
defeated by the Labour Party, which ruled until
961. Churchill regained his power in 1951 and led
Itain once again until 1955, when ill health forced
rrrto resign.
IIe spent most of his last years writing (The His-
ry of the English-speaking People,) and painting.
recognition of his historical studies he was giv-
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. In 19GB
US Congress made Winston Churchill an hon-
ry American citizen,
Sir Winston Churchill died in 1965 at the age of
. His death marked the end of an era in British
Itlstory.
1
I Chamberlain ['tJelmbehn] rlem6eplen
-
369
 www.frenglish.ru

l)rrring the First World War Agatha worked at a

pital, and that experience \Mas useful later on when
started writing detective stories. Her first book
published in 1920. It was The Mysterious Affair
Stylesr, and was met by the reading public with
l,r.rest. But Agatha's really great pbpularity came
1926, when she published her masterpiece, The
u rder of Roger Achroydz.
lrr the same year, L926, Agatha surprised the pub-
hr l,y suddenly disappearing for a few days after her
hrrnband wanted a divorce. She was soon found to be
Itnying in a hotel under an assumed name8. Her dis-
ll,l)carance is still a mystery!
Agatha Ghristie After the divorce she married a British archae-
(18e0-1e76) gkrgist, Max Mallowana. This marriage proved to
be u happy one. Agatha wanted to stop using her
- In Sf. Mary's
forty-seven
Churchyard.t, Cholsey, Berksh
miles west of London, lies Lady l
frlrrner husband's name. But her publishers said
tlrrrt it would not be wise because the name of Ag-
Iowanu Dame Agatha.Christiea. She was, a gtlm Christie had already become well known to
known to- millions of people throughout the Glrt: public. So she remained Agatha Christie to her
as the Queen of Crime or, as she preferred, rrnders for the rest of her life.
Duchess of Death. Agatha Christie wrote nearly seventy novels in
Agatha Christie was born in 1890 in Torquay| hcr career, and more than a hundred short stories.
England. Her father was called Frederick Miller6, Hcr most famous characters are Hercule Poirots
she was born as Agatha Miller. In 1914 she ma and Miss Marple6.
Archie ChristieT. Hercule Poirot first appeared in 1920. Poirot has
become a legend all over the world: the huge mous-
1 St. Mary's Churchyard
Mapnn - x.na46urqe npr{ rIepKBr4 'l'he Mysterious Imts'trerros] Affair at Styles Istallz]
-
Cholsey ['tJoulzr], Berkshire ['bo:kJre] rloficlr, Bepxurup <Tauncrgenuafl Lrcroplrfi B r{Meur.tr{ Crafi.nc r
lady Mallowan ['mrelouen] ae4rz -
il4"rrrroy""
'l'lrc Murder of Roger Achroyd ['rcd3e'rekrord]
-
<V6uficrno
-
Dame Agatha Christie ['detm'ega0e'krrstr] _ Po4xcepa Ercpofiga>
gavra Arara Itpacrra rrnder an assumed name rroA BbrMbrrrrJreunhrM r{MeHeM
5 Torquay -
Max Mallowan ['meks'mrelouon] Manc Mannoyan
Topxefi
6 Frederick['tc:ki:]
Miller- ['frgdirk'mrle] I{ercule Poirot ['e ekju:l pwo:'rou] - Eprcur flyapo
7 Archie Christie @pe4epzx Muaaep
-Apun Miss Marple [mo:pl] -
['o:tJr'krrstr]
- Kpr"r" - Mr4cc Mapn.n 371
370
 www.frenglish.ru

tache, the egg-shaped head, his high opinion of

self, and his great ability to solve complicated
teries thanks to his knowledge of human ps
Miss Marple is an English spinster and lives in
English village of St. Mary MeadL. She does not
like a detective at all, but always succeeds where
police have failed. Instead of using a magnifying
looking for clues, she uses her instinct and k
edge of human nature. As Miss Marple herself
said, "Hytman Nature is the satne euerywhere",
In March t962 a UNESCOz report stated
Agatha Christie was now the most widely read
ish author in the world, with Shakespeares
second.
Margaret Thatcher
(1e25-)
Margaret Thatcherl is the second daughter of a
frocer and a dressmaker, who became the first wom-
ftr in European history to be elected Prime Minister.
Tlren she became the first British Prime Minister in
lhc twentieth century who won three consecutive
hrmsz. At the time of her resignation in 1990, she
*ns the longest-serving Prime Minister of Britain
llrrce 1827. Some people consider her a true political
rnvolutionary because she broadened the base of the
(lonservative Party, including the middle class along
with the wealthy aristocracy.
Margaret Thatcher was born on October 13, 1925,
)n Lincolnshires, England. She was a clever child.
Ihrly in life she decided to become a member of Par-

Margaret Thatcher ['mo:garrt'OatJa] Mapraper Tetuep

1 St. Mary Mead [snt'mean'mi:d] Cenr Mapr Mug lhree consecutive [kan'sekjutlv] terms - rptr troqlreAoBareJrbnLlx
2 UNESCO ffu'neskou] - cpoKa
-
- IOHECKO
3 Shakespeare ['Jerkspro] l,incolnshire ['hrlkenJra] JlunxoJlbumup
- Illexcuup -
173
)72
 www.frenglish.ru

liament. She was educated at Sorneruille Colleger stiPlDt,liMENT

at Oxford University. She earned a master of THE BRITISH MONARCHS
degreez from Oxford in 1950 arld worked for a
time as a research chemist. In 1950 she married
Thatchers, a director of a paint firm. After her iaxon kings Alfred the Great 849-899
'sieksen'kqz] ['alfrad 6e'grert]
riage she specialized in tax lawa. Edward the Elder 't-924 899-924
In the 1959 elections Thatcher won a seat in fedwed 6e'eldel
liamerit. Because of her debating skillsb she soon Athelstan 892-939 924-939
came prominent among other politicians. In 1974 [e0elstan]
became the leader of the Conservative Party. Edmund I 921-946 939-946
['edmend 6e'fe:st]
When the Conservatives won a decisive victory Edred ?-955 946-955
the 1979 general elections, Thatcher became Pri ['edred]
Minister. As Prime Minister she limited gover Edwy the Fair 944-959 955-959
control; giving individuals greater independence f ['edwl de'fee]
Edgar the Peaceful 94+975
the state and ending government interference in 959-975
['edge 6a'pi:sful]
economy. Thatcher became known as the Iron Edward the Martyr 963-978 97 5-978
because of her strict control over her cabinet and [edwed de'mo:te]
country's economic policies. Aethelred 968-l 0I 6 978-l 0I 6
During her third term Thatcher continued t [a0elred]
"Thatcher reuolution" by returning education, heal Edmund II 98 r - l0l6 l0l6
care and housing to private control. Danish kings Canute 9921--1035 l0l6-1035
Margaret Thatcher resigned from office in 1 ['dernrJ'krqz] Ike'nju:t]
Margaret Thatcher is certainly an outstanding Harold Harefoot ?-1040 r 035- I 040
ure in Britain's political life. According to politi ['hareld'heafut]
Hardecanute l0l9-1042 1040-1042
observers, she brought long-needed changes to Bri
ish government and society. Edward the Confessor l 002-r 066 t042-1066
saksen'kn1z] ['edwed de ken'fesa]
Harold II I 020- I 066 I 066
haercld de'sekend
t Somerville College Norman kings William the Conqueror l 028- I 087
2 a master of ['snmavrl]
arts degree - Couepnn.nucrcrarl
crerrerrb
KoJTJIeATK
Marrrcrpa ryManr4Tap ['no:men'kr4z] ['wrljem 6e'kcqkere]
HayK
- William II I 060-l I 00 r 087-l 100
s Denis Thatcher ['denrs'0etJa] [enuc Tetuep ['wrljam 6e'sekend]
-
a tax law HaJroroBoe BaKouoAareJrbcrBo Henry I 1068-t 135 r 100-l
5 debating- skills rroJreMwrecKoe r4cKyccrBo 135
-
374 775

-1
 www.frenglish.ru

conunued

I 097-l I 54 I 135-l I

Henry II l 133-l 189 lt54-11 James I r 566--l 625 r603 t6fr

flhenrr 6a'sekend] [d3ermz 6e'fa:st]
Richard I the Lion-Heart |157-1199 I189-l I Charles I r 600-l 649 1625 l64e
['ri:tJed 6e'fa:st 6a'laran'ho:t] [tJo:k 6e'fe:st]
John Lackland tt67-1216 1199-t2l REPUBLIC 1649 t660
[d3cn'leklend] Charles II I 630-t 685 r660- t6tt5
Henry III 1207-1272 l216-l [tJo:k 6e'sekend]
flhenrr 6e'0e:d] James II 1633-1701 1685- t6ttt
Edward I t239-t307 lz't2-l fd3elmz 6a'sekendl
fedwed 6e'fe:st] William III r650-t 702 r 689- I 702
Edward II 128+1327 I 307-l fwrljem 6a'0e:d]
fedwad 6a'sekand] and Mary II 1662-t694 r 689_ I 694
Edward III 1312-1377 1327-137 fmeeu 6o'sekend]
fledwed 6a'0e:d]
Anne t66s-t7 I 4 t702_1714
Richard II 1367-t400 1377-l
George I 1660-1727 t7l4_l
Lancaster Henry IV t367-r4t3 ['d3c:d3 de'fe:st]
flreqkestel fhenrr 6e'fc:0]
George II r 683-t 760 1727_t760
Henry V t387-1422 l4l3-l fftc:ft 6e'sekend]
fhenrr de'fi0]
George III I 738- I 820 r 760_t 820
Henry VI t42l-t47 | t422-t46 ffic:d3 6a'0e:d]
George IV r 762-t 830 I 820_t 830
Edward IV 1442-t483 ffic:$ 6a'fc:0]
William lV t765-t837 I 830_t Eg?
['edvod 6e'fc:0]
Edward V l 470-l 483 fwtljsm 6e'fc:0] 1

6e'fi$] Victoria l8r9-t901 r 837-t 901

['edvad
Richard III 1452-148s [vrk'tc:rre]
Edward VIII r84t-t910 te0t-t9t0
Henry VII 1457-t509 1485-l ['edwed 6e'sevnO]
George V I 865-- I 936 r9t0_r936
fhenrr 6e'sevan0]
Henry VIII l49l-t547 I 509-l fd3c:d3 de'fif01
after l9l4) Edward VIII 1894-t972 I 936
fhenrr dr'ertOl
Edward VI I 537-l 553 1547-l ['edwed 6t'eIt0]
George VI r895 1952 r e36- I 952
['edwed 6e'srksO]
Mary I l5l6-1558 I 553-l [$c:ft 6e'srksO]
Elizabeth lI 1926- t9s2-
r'hzebaO 6e'sekend
776
 www.frenglish.ru

LIST OF PROPER NAMES rles James Fox ['d3ermz'fcks] rlapnro,ll,*teue (Foxe

rrcer ['tjc:se] rlocep
Adam Smith ['adam'smrO] AgaM Cuut
I stopher Marlowe ['knstofa'mo :lou] Kpucro@p Mapne
Adolf Hitler ['aedalfhrtle] Aaonrip lurlep
lstopher Wren [ren] KpucroQep Pan
Agatha Christie ['age0e'krrstr] Arara Kpzctu
r:k Berry ['tJ,rk'berr] rlarc Beppu
Albert of Saxe Coburg ['albet ev'saks'koube:g]
rrdius ['klc:djes] Knan4raft
Carcc-Ko6yprcxufi
ke [klo:k] Kneprc
Alexandr a f ,nhg' zo:ndre] A;rexcan4pa
tantine ['kcnstentarn] KoucraETr{E
Alfred the Great ['relfred de'grert] A-nrQpe4 Be;t
id Livingstone ['dewrd'hvnlstan] Aosun Jlusrsrcron
Amundsen ['o :mendsen] AruyuAceu
is Thatcher ['denrs'0retJe] [euuc Tetvep
Anne [an] Auna
l,on De Valera ['i:ten do va'leare] I4rou ge Ba.nepa
Anne Boleyn ['buhn] Ansa Eoaefis gur Evans ['edge'i:vnz] E4rap Esanc
Archie Christie ['o:tJr'krrstl] Ap.ru Kpuctll
rund Spenser ['edmend'spense] D4nayu4 Cuencep
Arthur Cadbury ['o:0e'kadbarr] Apryp Keg6epu ard ['edwad] Egyapa
Arthur Wellington ['wehqten] Apryp Be.n.nuur ard the Confessor [ken'fesa] Dgyapg llcuone4unrc
Asser ['esa] Accep
Beatles ['bi:tlz] Buurrr ['egbet] Er6ept
nstein ['arnstam] Eftnrurefin
Ben Jonson ['ben'dzcnsn] Ben,(*concor
lzabeth [r'hzebeO] Erraaasera
Benito Mussolini [be'ni:tou,muse'li :nr] Benrato M
lzabeth Fry [frar] Enzaasera @pafi
Bernard Shaw ['be:ned'Jc:] Bepnap.q IIIoy
vis Presley ['elvrs'prezh] ennrac flpecau
Boadicea [.bouedr'ste] Boa4racea
us [r'rezmas] Spaaru
Bonnie Prince Charlie ['bcnr'prrns'tfo:h] K t Rutherford ['e:nIst'r,rdafed] Spuecr PeaepQop4
trpr4nq 9apnu
,rence Nightingale ['flc:rans'nartlqgerl] @aopexc Hafi -
Bowers ['bauez] Bayepc
'I'}IHTET4JI
Calvin ['kaelvrn] Kanrsns
ncis Bacon ['fransrs'berkan] @peucnc Beros
Canute [ke'nju:t] Kanyr
rncis Drake [drerk] (Dpeucuc,{pefirc
Catherine ['kreOnn] Exatepr,rna
ncis Ferdinand ['fe:drnend] Opanq @ep4unaHg
Catherine Howard [hauad] Ercarepuna fonap4
rick Miller ['fredrrk'mrle] (Dpe4epur Mu.nnep
Chamberlain ['tJermbelm] gervr6epJreH
iedrich Engels ['fri:drrk'eqgelz] @pnAp]rx 9nnctttt
Charles [tJo:lz] gapnra
Gcoffrey ['ft efrr],{xceQQpn
Charles Darwin ['do:wIn] rlapnrs [apnun
Gcoffrey Chaucer ['tJc:se] [xceQQpu rlocep
Charles Dickens ['dlkmz] rfapnra ,{urxenc
Poorge [$c:$] .{xcop4xc
Charles Edward Stuart ['edwed'stjuat] rlaplrs E
€corge Gordon Byron ['gc:dn'buaren] [lropA* PeFAnrr
Crroapr
Eaftpon
378 i.1,,
 www.frenglish.ru

George Harrison ['hensn],{xcopg*c lappucor a [ma'trlde] Marn.nrga

Gilbert ['grlbet] Iu;r6epr [mreks] Marcc
Guy Fawkes ['gar'fc:ks] Iaft (Dorcc leon [ne'pouljen] Hauo.rreos
Hadrian ['herdnen] Agpuau rlas II of Russia ['mkeles 6e'sekend ev'r,r,js] Hurco-
Harold ['herald] Iapo;rr4 fi II, qaps Poccun
Henry ['henrr] Ienpu, Ienpux [outs].Oyrc
Henry Bolingbroke ['bchqbruk] Ienpu B( Cromwell ['chve'krcmwel] O.nunep Kpouae;rr
Horatio Nelson [he'rerJrou'nelsn] Iopaquo ['cvrd] Osn4rfi
Hyde Parker ['hard'po:ka] Iafit flaprcep ton ['po:masfir] fla.rrMepcroE
Isaac Newton ['azrk'nju:tn] Llcaarc Hrroros McCartney ['pc:l me'kc:tru] flol MarcKaprnu
Jack Straw ['dgak'stc:] .{*cerc Crpo 'B. Shelley [!e:sr'bi:'Jeh] Ilepcu B. IIIeanu
James [fiemz],{xcennc lip ['fihp] (Duluuu
James Cook [kuk] flxceruc Kyx tagenet [plan'tedgrmt] fl.naurareEer
James Watt [wct] flxceuc Varr tus ['plc:tas] fl;raat
Jane Seymour ['si:mc:],{xcefir Cefiuyp Gregory ['poup'gregan] flaua lpmopufi
Johann Gutenberg [Jchen'gu:tanba:g] ]Iorass John Paul II ['poup'd3cn'pc:l6e'sekend] flaua lloass
John [ficn],{xrou Ilaser II
John Bunyan ['bmjen],{xcoa Basrss ['randelfl Pengo;rrQ
John Hawkins ['hc:kmz],{xcoa Xorcnsc ard ['rrtJed] Pu.rapg
John Lennon ['lenen] [xcou JIeEnoH Burbage ['be:brd3] Pff.rapA Dep6e4*c
John Milton ['mrlten],{xcou Mu.nrros the Lion Heart ['laren'ho:t] Puvapg Jlrsusoe
John Wesley ['wesh],{xcou Vocnu Cepgqe
Judith ['fiu:dtO] lxtysut Starr ['nr;gou'sto:] Punro CraPP
Julius Caesar ['d3u ltas'si :zel lO trufi. I{eaapr
: ['rcbet] Po6epr
Karl Marx ['ko:l'mo:ks] Kapn Maprc Bruce [bru:s] Po6epr Bptoc
Lord Chatham ['1c:d'tJatem] Jlopg rlareu Burns [be:nz] Po6epr BePuc
Lord Grey [grer] Jlopt lpefi rt Owen [ouen] Po6ept OYeu
Louis XIV ['lu:r de'fc:,ti:n0] JIyn XIV Peel [pi:l] Po6ept flu;rr
Mahatma Gandhi [me'ho:tme'gendr] Maxarua Scott [skct] Po6epr Crorr
Mallowan ['malouen] Merroyer Walpole ['wclpoul] Po6ept Vonuon
Margaret ['mo:garrt] Maprapet ney Herbert ['stdm'he:bet] CnAsefi lep6ept
Margaret Thatcher ['OatJe] Mapraper Teruep Bolivar ['sarmen bc'li:vo:] Cuuos Bonnnap
Martin Luther ['mo:trn'lu:0a] Maprux Jhorep hia ['soufie] Coipra
Mary ['meert] Mepu . Andr'ew [snt'cndru:] Cn. 9u.qPP
380 381
 www.frenglish.ru

Stephen [sti:vn] Crraset LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

St. George [snt'dgc:dg] Cs. Ieoprufi
St. Patric [snt'petrrk] Ca. flarpur ,l n [.ebe'di:n] E6eP4nu
Stuart [stjuet] Crroapr i anistan [afgremsten] Aipraurrcrax
Suetonius [swi:ltounjes] Creronufi ['refrrke] AQpurca
Terence ['terens] Tepenrlr.rfi l
ka Peninsula [e'laske pe'nrnsjule] rroJryocrpoB
Thomas Becket ['tcmes'bekrt] Touac Barcet'
Thomas More [mc:] Touac Mop ia [re]'bernje] A;r6aurm
Thomas Newcomen ['nju:kemen] Touac ['aqglsr] Srrrncu
Tobias Furneaux [ta'bares'fa:nou] To6uac (Depuo I tarctic [aen'to :ktrk] AntaprcrrrKa
Tony Blair ['tounr'blee] Toun B.nep ['rentw'a:p] AurnePueu
Tudor ['tju:de] Tro4op r
r ['eregen] Aparon
Victoria [vrk'tc:rIa] Bnrctopun I Ocean ['o:kttk'ouJn] Cenepurrfi Jle4onurrrft orcean
Walter Raleigh ['wc:lta'rc:h] Vonrep Ponn t ['eskat] 9crcot
Walter Scott [skct] Bamrep Crcorr ,t, ['erJe] Asns
Wat Tyler ['wct'tarle] Vor Tafi.nep ,,ii" 6""un [at'lanttk'ouJn] AraaErlrrrecxufi orceas
William ['wrljem] Vunssrr : lia [c:'stretljs] AnctPaJrrra
William Booth [bu:6] Vra;rrau Byrc ria ['c:stne] ArctPue
William Caxton ['kekstn] Vu.nr,sru Kaxcron ria-Hungary ['c:strte'hrtqgan] Aactpo-Beurprs
William Harvey ['ho:vr] Vu.nrsvr lapaefi )-* ['bc:lkenz] Ba.nxasrr
William of Orange ['crrnd3] Bu"urre.rrnr Opauucu tic ['bc:ltrk] Baltraxa
William Pitt [prt] Vunrnn flnrr [bel'fo:st] Ee;rQact
William Shakespeare ['jeftspra] Vrnnrarvr IIIe ium ['beld3em] Benrrua
William the Conqueror ['kcrlkere] Bnlrrensrr gal [ber1'gc:l] Beuranua
BATEJIB Nevis ['ben'nevrs] Beu Hesrc
William II of Germany ['dga:meru] Bn"nrrenru II, ng Strait ['benr;'streft] BepnnroB rpoJrlrB
parop lepuauuu ire ['bo:kjre] BeprcuuP
William Wallace ['wcles] Vu;rr,su Vo;r.nec rlin [be:'hn]Bepaan
Wilson ['wrlsn] Vn;rcon mingham ['be:mrqam] EuPwrranrewr
Winston Churchill ['wmstn'tJe:tJrl] Vnncros Y ton ['bcstn] Eocron
Wolsey ['wulzr] Byncn worth ['bczwe0] BocYoPt
istol ['bnstel] Bpuctolr
istol bhannel 1'brlstel'tJanl] Bpucto;rrcrcufi uporrrrB
ritain [bntn] Bputanua
J82 78)

Britannia [bn'tanje] Bpnranua
Britanny ['brrtenr] Eperanr (o6.rracrr rra
(Dpanquu)
KAHAJI
California [,kah'fc:nje] Ka.ureoprr{,n
Cambridge ['kermbnft] ICeu6pu4xr
Canada ['kenede] ICana4a
Canary Islands [ke'neerr'arlendz] Kanapcrcae
Canterbury ['kenteberr] Keurep6epu
Cape Evans ['kerp'i:vnz] nrrc gsauc
Cape Horn [hc:n] urrc lopa
Cape of Good Hope ['gud'houp] urrc ,{o6pofi n
9"p" Trafalgar [tre'felga] urrc TpaSaJrbrap
Cardiff ['ko:dr{l Kap4uS
Carlisle [ko:'larl] Kapaafi"u
Central Lowlands ['sentrel'loulendz] L{enrpa.rrruaa
MEIIEOCTb
Central Plain of Scotland ['plern ev'skctlend] I{
nas TlTorlarrAcrcafl paBrrrrna
Clyde [klard] K"nafi4
Clydeside ['klardsard] Knafigcafig
Colchester ['koultJrste] Ko.nvecrep
Copenhagen [,koupen'hergen] Konesraren
Cornwall ['kc:nwol] Kopxyo.na
Coventry ['kcventrr] Koaenrpu
384
www.frenglish.ru
rrrea Ikrar'mre] Kprrnn
c Ioden [ko'lcdn] KarnoAen
nberland ['krmbolsnd] Keu6eprleuA
rrbrian Mountains ['krmbrren] Kewr6pnftcrcne ropbr
tlexocnoBarr,ff
'r:hoslovakia [.tJekouslou'vrekje]
r'<lanelles [,do:de'nelz] [ap4aneJrrrbr
rnark ['denmo:kJ,{auna
onshire ['devenJ ra],{eaonruup
t'chester ['dc:tJrsta] .(op.recrep
rlin ['dnbhn] .{y6;tnn
nkirk [drn'ke:k] flronrcepx
Anglia ['i:st'e4ghe] Bocrounas Anrnus
I nburgh ['edrnbra] D4rnu6ypr
ypt ['i:d3rpt] Eruuet
rc ['eara] Eftpe
land ['rlglend] Axr.rrna
lish Channel ['r4ghj'tjanl] Anurnficxzfi rporrrrB
(JIa Manur)
m ['epsem] Ducowr
x ['esrks] Eccercc
rope [Juarap] Eapona
nders ['flo:ndaz] @.nan4pna
nce [fro:ns] (Dpanrlza
[fir'ni:ve] ]ICenesa
many ['dgemenr] fepvranna
lbraltar [dgr'brc:lta] fu6pa;rrap
rampians ['grempjenz] Ipauuuarrcrcrre ropbr
G reat Britain ['grert'bntn] Be;rnrco6prrrarru,ff
Greece [gri:s] Iperlna
fl r r lf of Mexico ['gnlf ev'meksrkou] Merccuxancxnfi aaJrritB
G rrlf Stream ['gnlf.stri:m] Io;rrQcrpnu
Hunover ['haeneva] fanuoaep
flnrrow ['herou] Xappoy
Hustings ['herstrqz] lacrnnrc
)85

Hawaiian Islands [ho:'warjen'arlendz] IasaftcKue
Hebrides ['hebrrdi:z] Ie6pr4rr
Henley ['henh] Xannu
Highlands ['harlandz] Xaft;ren4 (arrcorcoropua.n
Illotnanguu)
Hirqshima [,hrrc'Ji:me] Xzpocurvra 1
Holland ['hclend] Io;urax4ua
Holy Roman Empire ['houh'roumen'empara]
Puucxas nMuepuff
Hong Kong ['hcq'kcq] Ionrconr
India ['rndre] VIYgma
Indian Ocean ['rndren'ouJ n'l Vlu.g:nirc rcufi oxe aH
Inverness [,rnve'nes] ]Iuaepnec
Iraq [r'm:k] llparc
Ireland ['areland] Llp.ran4ua
Irish Republic [breriJ rfpnbhk] LIpraHAcKag
Irish Sea [si:] Ilp.nargcroe Mope
Isle of Man ['arl ev'men] ocrpou Men
Isle of Wight [wart] ocrpoB Vafir
Israel ['zrerel] ]Iapauar
Italy ['rteh] Virar^ua
Japan [d3e'pren] f,Inosus
Java ['d3o:ve] flaa
Kent [kent] Itesr
Lake District ['lelk'drstrrkt] Oadpnrrft rcpafi
Lancashire ['lreqkejre] Jlaunanrnp
Lancaster ['laqkeste] Jlanracrep
Leeds [i:dz] Jlusc
Liverpool ['hvepul] Jlunepuy.nr
London ['lr'nden] JIonAon
Lough Neagh ['lcx'ner] JIox Hefi
Luxembourg ['lrrksemba:g] Jhorcceu6ypr
Madras [me'dro:s] Ma4pac
Maldon ['mc:ldan] Mo;r4on
386
www.frenglish.ru
nchester ['mentjrste] Manuectep
nchuria [mren'tJuarIa] Manvxcypua
e [mo:n] Mapna
terranean Sea [,medrte'remjen'si:] Cpe4zaeMrroe Mope
ia ['mo:fie] Mepcua
['me:zI] Mepcefi
le East ['mrdl'i:st] Cpe4nuft BOCTOK
lands ['mrdlendz] Mlrgreu4
ntreal [.mcntn'c:l] Monpeanr
['mcskou] Mocrcsa
ki [.nege'so:kt] Haracarcu
by ['nerzbl] Hec6u
erlands ['nedalandz] Hu,qepraEAbr
le ['nju:'ko :sl] Hrrorcac.n
foundland ['nju:fendland] HuoQayEArreEA
port ['nju:pc:t] Hrroropr
Zealand ['nju:'zi:land] Honaa 3e;rau4za
olk ['nc:fek] HopSonrc
mandy ['nc:mandr] Hopuan4nn
th America ['nc:0 a'merlke] Ceuepuan Arrepraxa
thern Ireland ['nc:6en'alelend] Cenepnafi trIpnau4ua
Sea ['nc:0'si:] Cenepnoe MoPe
umberland [nc:'0nmbeland] Hoptyrvr6epJretA
umbria [nc:'0rrmbrre] Hoprywr6pra
ay ['nc:wer] Hoprerraa-
ich ['ncnd3] Hopu4nc
tingham ['nctlqam] Hottznrewr
tinghamshire ['nctnlemJIa] HottunreMrur4p
kney Islands ['c:knr'allendz] Oprcneftcrcrae
Empire ['ctemen'empale] Orrouarrcxa.fl
ford ['cksfad] OxcQop4
:ific Ocean [pe'sfik'ouJn] Tnxnfi oKeal{
kistan [,po:kt'sto:n] Ilarcucran
lestine ['prehstarn] flanecrnna
 www.frenglish.ru

Paris ['pens] flapzlr it of Magellan [me'gelen] MarennanoB rrpoJrr4B

Pennines ['penarnz] flennuncxeTe ropbr tf ord-upon-Avon ['strretfed e'pcn'ervn] CtperQop4-
Plymouth ['phmaO] flnuwryt Ha-3fisoge
Poland ['poulend] flonrrua Vincent [snt'vrnsnt] Cenr Blrnqenr
Portugal ['pc:tjugel] flopryra.nnn Canal ['su:rz ke'nrel] Cysqrrafi KaHaJr
Prussia ['prrtJe] flpyccua ['srrsrks] CYccexc
Quebec [kwr'bek] Kse6er itzerland ['swttselend] [Isefiqapr4'n
Roman Empire ['roumen'empara] ames [temz] Tewrsa
Rome [roum] Pzru uay ['tc:'ki:] ToPrefi
Russia ['rnJe] Poccus f algar [tra'frelga] TPaQa-nrraP
Salisbury Plain ['sc:lzben'plern] Coac6epraficcaa lnt [trent] TPeur
Sandhurst ['srendhe:st] Cen4xepcr rkish Empire ['te:krJ'empare] Typeqxafi rrMreprrs
Scandinavia [,skandr'nervja] Crcan4unaaua rkey ['te:kr] TyPqra
Scotland ['skctlend] Tllor.uanAu,a e [tarn] Tafrn
Scutari ['sku:ten] Crcyrapu rter [',rlsta] O.nrcteP
Serbia ['se:bre] Cep6ua ited Kinedom of Great Britain and Northern Ire-
Severn ['seven] Cenepn land ffu'nartrd'krqdam ev'grert'brrtn end'nc:oen'arelendl
Sheffield ['Jefr:ld] TIIeQQrur4 O6,rennndnHoe KopoJreBcrso Beruxo6putanrau u Ce-
Sherwood Forest ['Je:wud'fcnst] Illepny4crufi .nec nepnofi llptaugrrla
Shetland Islands ['Jetlend'arlandz] TlleurasAcrcrle ocl nited states of America ffu'nartld'stetts ev e'menka] coe-
Sindh [srnd] Cungx Arantlnnrre llltarrr Auepurra
Singapore [,sr4ge'pc:] Cunrauyp
Snowdon ['snouden] Cnoy4on trecht [Ju:trekt] VrPext
Southern Uplands of Scotland ['sn6en'rrplandz ales [wellz] Valrc
IOxcno-IIIorJraEAcKaa BooBbrrueurrocrb aterloo [,wcta'lu:] BarePnoo
South Pole ['sauO'poul] IOlrcnrrft rroJrroc essex ['wesfts] Veccercc
Soviet Union ['souvretJu:ruen] Cosercrzft Copa West Indies ['west'rndrz] Bect-Lln4ua
Spain [spem] Llcuanras Westmorland ['westmelend] Vectvroplen4
St. Albans [snt'c:lbenz] Cenr O.n6anc York [jc:k] loPI
St. George's Channel [snt'dgc:dgrz'tJren1] up Yorkshire t'jc:klra] ftoPrcruuP
Cr. Ieoprua ,

Stonehenge ['stounhenft] Croynxen4x

Strait of Dover ['strert ev'douve] ,{ynpcxuft rpoJIrIB
Ae Ka.ue) 189
388

ENGLISH.RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
A vanced [ad'vo:nst] pp nepe4oaofi
abbey ['ebr] z a66arcrso
abbreviation Ie.bri:vr'erjn] n corcparqeE]re
ability [e'brlrtr] z cnoco6nocrs
able [e-rbl] a cnoco6nsrft
aboard [e'bc:dJ ad,u na 6opry, na 6opr
abolish [a'bchJ] u orMennrb
above [e'bnv] prep laa1
abroad [s'brc:d] adu sa rpauuqefi
absence ['rebsans] n orcyrcrBrre
absolute ['abselut] a a6co;rrornrrfi
absolutely [,abse'lu :tltl adv a6conrorso
absurd [ab'se:d] a a6cyp4nrrft
abundant [e'bnndent] a uao6unrnrrfi
accent ['aksant] n aKqeET, rrpor{Bnoruenr4e
accept [ek'sept] u uprurrMarb
accompany [e'krrmponr] q conpoBorrcAarb
according to [e'kc:dr4 ta] r coorBercrBuvt c
account [o'kaunt] n c-*er, orqer
accusation [,ekju'zeiln] n o6susesre
accuse [e'kju:z] u o6szu.Err
achieve [a'tJi:v] u" Aocrrrrarb
achievement [o'tJi:vment] n Aocruix"eurre
acre ['erke] z arcp
across [e'krcs] prep qepes
act [akt] u"4eftcraoBarb; n aKT,4eficrsne
action [rekJn] n geircrnme
actively ['aktrvh] adu an+runs.o
add [ed] u 4o6aa;rarr
addition [e'drJn] nz in additiotr n4o6auon
administration [ed.mlnl'strerJn] n aAMr.rur{crp
y[paBJIeH]re
admiral ['admrrel] n a1wvparr
admiration [.redmr'rerJn] z Bocxuulenrre
admire [ed'mare] u Bocxuularbcff
390
www.frenglish.ru
t ['adzrlt] z napocnrrfi
v&nce [ed'vo:ns] u Hacrytrarb, [poABr4rarbcr BtrepeA
vantage [ed'vo:ntld3] z npenMyrrlecrBo
venturer [ad'ventJeral n mcxareJrb trprxJrro.renufi
enturouJ [ed'ventJeras] a nro6atqrf op"Krroqeurrfi
ice [ed'vars] z coner
i
isable [ad'vazebl] a rlenecoo6paaaarfi
viser [ed'vaze] rr coBerrrlrx
birs [e'feazf n gena
ect [e'fekt] u ranarr
brd [e'fc:d] u uoaaonaru
aid [a'freld]: be afraid 6osrscs
ect [,o:ftere'fekt] n trocJreAcrBrrff
[erd3] z Boopacr, BeK
rian [e'greanan] a arpapnrrfi , ce"nrcroxossficrsennrrfi
[e'gri:] u corJraruarbcff
reement [e'gri:ment]: in agreement with s cor.lracuu c
ricultural [.agrr'knltJerel] a cerrbcKoxoasficrsessbrfi
[erd] z rroMoulb
[em] n rleJrb
[eo] z BoBAyx; u ilpoBerp]TBarb
raft ['eokro:ft] n cavroJrer, aBrraqus
force ['ea,fc:s] BoerrHo-BoaAyrurrbre cr4Jrbr
raid ['ee'rerd] z aoa4yururrfi EaJrer
rm [e'lo:m] z rpeaora; u rpeBorrcr{Tbcs
rmed [e'lo:md] pp BcrpeBoxcbsssrfi
lcohol ['alkahol] n arrrcororrb
ive [e'larv] a x+ur,oit
lliance [e'larans] n corog
llow [e'lau] u noano"nsrb, pasperuarb
l-powerful ['c:l'paueful] a uceuofyrqufi
lly [a'lal] n coroarrun; u Bcryrrrrb B corog
most ['c:lm\ust] adu noqrizr
ngside [a'l\qsald] adu pagolr, 6orc-o-6orc
lltar ['c:lte] n arrrapb
llteration [.c:lta'relJn] n narvreneurre, repeAeJrxa
)91
 www.frenglish.ru

although [.c:ll6ou] adu xora / hitect ['o:krtekt] n apxnrexrop

altogether [,c:lte'gedeJ adv Bcero
anrl^aze [a'merz] u r.rayMJrffTb
amateur ['remeta].2 nro6nre.nr ( ne npoQeccuonai
ambitious [am'bIJ es] o tlecrorlo 1mribrilr
among [s'mrr4] prep cpe4la
amount [e'maunt] n KornqecrBo
amphitheatre [,rmfi'0rste] z annQurearp
anarehy ['enakr] n auapxr{ff
ancestor ['anseste] n trpeAor
ancestry ['ansestn] z upor4cxotrcAerrue, fipeArcrr
ancient ['ernJnt] a 4pennuft
anger ['ar]gal z rEeB
angry ['rer1grr] a cepgursrfi
animal ['enrmel] D *cllBorrroe
anniversary [,anr've:serr] z roAoBrrlusa "i
announce [s'nauns] u o6rssrsrr
annual ['anjuel] a encero4arrfi
hitecture-[.o:kr'tektJe] z apxnteKrypa
hway ['o:tfweI] n aPKa
['eene] rz rrJrolrlaAb, TeppuTopfia
e ['o:qiu] u ciloprtrb
I cy [,an'stckrest] n apxcroKParrta
rat [e'rtstekret] z aPrrcroxpar
i
ratic [a,rtste'kratrk] a apncrorcparuqecrcr'rfi
t [e'rr0matlk] z aPnQuerrrKa
I [o:m] pyKa; u BooPy]rcarb
z
'" [o:md] pp Boopytresubrfi
'{ forces [o:md'fc:slz] aoopyxceEEbre crrJrbl
ri
r ['o:me] n Aocrrexu, 6Pona
!
[o:mz] n opyr*lre
['o:mr] rl, apMl{a
[e'rest] n apecr; u aPecroBbrBarb
'") [e'rarvel] n upn6rnue
1

[e'raw] u upn6nrarr
annually ['enjuelr] adu etxeroAno I
['arou] 11. crpeJla
antiquity [en'trkwrtr] z gpenuocrb, anTrrrrrrocrb [o:t] z lrcrcyccrBo
apart [e'po:t] adu orgensmo [!o:trst] n xyAoxcnrrK
ape [erp] z qeJroBeroo6paeuaa o6esrssa nd- [a'send] u uo4ruMarbcs' BocxoAltrb
appear [e'pre] u troaaJrffrbcfl trj] z scenb
appearance [e'prarens] z rroffBJrenrre, Bselrrnocrb ['aspekt] rt acrercr
apple [epl] n s6;rorco ble [e'sembl] u co6uparb
apply [e'plar] u nprrMen,nrb te [a'soustert] u. accoqrar{poBarb' cB,ff sbrBarb
appoint [a'pcrnt] u naanarrarb tion [a,sousl'elJn] n accoqnaql4a
apprentice [e'prer?trs] z yreuurc, rroAMacrepbe soon as [ez'su:n az] rcax roJrbrco
approach [e'proutJ] u npn6nur*carbcff; n upr.r6.n: to f'a,zte] uro Ao, qro Kacaerc,ff
IIOAXoA tronomy [e'strcnemt] n acrpouoMrrff
well as [az'wel ez] rarc )rce Karc r{
hletics [aO'lettks] n arrlerrrna
last [et'lo:st] naroneq
om ['atam] z atorvr
tach [a'tatJ] u npncoeArrEfirb
[e't€k] u ararcoBarb, Eana4arb; n ararcat
nt [a'tetnment] n AocrrrrrceErre
?92 \
\\
\ \
\

I
I
 www.frenglish.ru

attempt [e'temt] n rotrbrrrca; u rrbrrarbce ically ['bersrkelr] adu s ocuoBrroM, rJraBHbrM o6paeou
attend [e'tend] u noceularb in [bersn] n 6acceirs
attendant [a'ten-dent] z coupoaoxc4arorqrafi ['bersrs] n 6aeuc
attention [e'tenJn] n B:nnvra:r.ue ['bo:skrt] n KopsrrHa
attitude ['atrtjud] n orrrorueurre th [bo:O] n BaIrHa
attract [e'trrekt] u trpr{Brrercarb ths [bo:0sJ n 6anu
aunt [o:nt] n rerKa
author ['c:Oa] n aBrop tlefield ['betlfi:ld] n uo.ne 6os
authority [c:'gcrrtr] n aBroprrrer ch [bi:tJ] n MopcKofi 6eper, IrJrnttc
automatically [,c :te'matrkaltl adu aBroMarrrrrecrc]t [bi:dz] n 6ycrr
avenue ['avenju] n aBerrro r [bee] n MeABeAb
avoid [e'vcrd] u us6erarr rskin cap ['berrskrn,kap] urarrrca r{B MeABexcrefi
awaken [e'werken] u 6y4nrr ruKypbr
awakening [e'werksnrq] n npo6yx4enue [bi:st] n BBepb'
t [bi:t] u 6urr,
B ten [bi:tn] cat. beat
backwards ['bekwedzf adu HasaA utifully ['bju:trfuh] adu xpacnno
bagpipe ['bregparp] n BoJrbrrr$a uty ['bju:tr] n rpacora
baker ['berke] n 6yno.rnrarc me [br'kerml cn. become
balance ['belens] n 6a;n'alac, paBnoBecue; u y [blklm] (became, become) u crauoBlrrbcff
paBrroBecl{e thes ['bedklou6z] n rocreJlbnoe 6e.ns6
band [band] n opKecrp tbi:dl n 6yw
bandage ['bandrfi] n 6ura:r er [bte] n trrrBo \
bank [brqk] n 6aurc;6eper pexrr fall [br'fc:l] (befell, befallen) u cJr] rarbc,n c
banker ['baqke] n 6anr<up allen [br'fc:ln] cn. befall
bank notes ['bar;k,nouts] 6anxnorsr ell [br'fel] c.rz. befall
banquet ['be4kwrt] n 6anrcer [bfqren] c",rz. begin
barbaric [bo:'benk] a rapaapcxufi in [br'grn] (began, begun) u HaqrEarb
bard [bo:d] n 6apg,6po4a.rzfi Myabrrcarrr un [br'g,rn] c.,rz. begin
barley ['ba:h] n ar{Merrb r [br'hewja] z uoae4elrue
baron ['breran] n 6apon behead [br'hed] u o6esrnaB!(rb
barrack ['brerek] z 6aparc behind [bfharnd] prep sa, rroBaArr
barrel ['beral] n 6o.nca belief [br'li:fl n Bepa, y6exc4enrae
base [bersl n 6aea, ocnoBautre; u 6aanpoBarbcff, believe [br'li:v] u Beprrrb
BbIBATbCg bell [bel] rL BBorfoK, KoJroKorr
based on ['berst'cn] ocnonannuft na belong [br'lcq] u trprrnaAJrertcarb
basic ['bersrk] a ocnosuofi below [br'lou] adu r'ulaay
394 395
 www.frenglish.ru

benefit ['benrfit] ttr rroJrbaa, Bbrroga; u AaBarb ul led [bcrld] pp aap6nrIfi

BbIIO,qy
berry ['berr] n nroAa
beside [br'sard] prep onorro
besides [blsardz] adu xporue roro
betray [br'trer] u upeAaBarb
beyond [bt'jcnd] prep oa rrpeAeJraMrr
bible [barbl] n 6u6nua
bieycle ['baIsftl] n BeJlocurre4
bill [brl] n _cqer; BarcorrotrpoeKr
birch [ba:tj] n 6epesa
bird [be:d] z urnqa
birth [ba:0] n porrcAerrue
give birth porrcAarb
birthday-['ba:0der] n AeEb polrcAeurrff
bishop ['brJcp] z erncKon
bitter ['bfta] o roprrcuft
bitterly ['bteh] adu roprrco
bitterness ['brterus] n roper{b
blackbird ['blrekbe:d] n AposA
blacken [blakn] u qepsurb, rrorpbrBarr uepnoft x
blacksmith ['blaksmrO] z rcyaueq
blame [blem] u o6snssrr
blew [blu:] c",2. blow
blind [blarnd] a c.neuoft
block [blck] u BarpoMorrAarb
blond [blcnd] a 6enoxyprrft
blood [blnd] n KpoBb
blow [blou] (blew, blown) u Ayrb
blown [bloun] cz. blow
boar [bc:] z xa6an
board lbJ:dl n: on board na popt, na 6opry
go aboard a ship [e'bc:d
boast [boust] u xBacrarb "'Jrpj "ecrt
boat [bout] z nogxa, rcopa6;rr
boat race ['bout'rers] roAotrnbre ronrrl
body ['bcdr] n reroi rpyrra
396
ly ['bouldhf adu cMeJro
[bcm] n6om6ai u6ou6urr
rd [bam'bo:d] u 6ou6apArlpoBarr, o6crpeJrr4Barb
bombing raid ['bcmr4'rerd] BoBAyIuHbrfi na;rer
fire ['bcnfare] z rcocr6p
. [buts] n caroru
['bc:de] n. rpanurla; u FpaEr{tr4Tb
[bc:n] ppz be born po4lrrbc,E
['bcrou]u6patrBAoJrr
[bc:t] cz. buy
uet ['buker] n 6yxet
['bua3wo:zi:] z 6ypxyaarra
[bru:s] z Jraryub
ve [brerv] a xpa6prrfi
vely ['brervlrf adu xpa6po
very ['brerven] z xpa6poctt
[bred] n xae6
[brerk] (broke, broken) u JroMarb, paa6unarr
break away ['brerk e'wer] oropBarbca, oTAeJIriITbC,fi
break out ['brerk'autJ paepaarrrbcff
[bred] cz. breed
[bri:d] (bred, bred) u paoBoAlrrb
[bnk] n Kr{puutr
t [brart] a apxufr.
htly ['brarthl adu npro
liant ['bnljant] a 6aectalquft
ng [brr4] (brought, brought) u upuuocr{rb' trplrBo-
na rcopa6.rr 3rrTb, trprrBoAlrTb
bring up ['brry'np] (brought up, brought up) u Bocnu'
TbIBATb
[brc:d] a urraporufi
[brc:dn] u pacrurrpfirb
,97
 www.frenglish.ru

broadleaf ['brc :dli:{l o rutrpono"rucrsesHrrfi re [kee] n sa6ora

broke [brouk] c.n. break
broken [broukn] cn. break
broken [broukn] cJroMaHnhr fr., pas6:rrrl;rir
bronze [brcnz] z 6ponaa
brooch [broutJ] z 6porurca
broth [brc:O] z 6y.nron
brought [brc:t] cm. bring
budget ['bnftt] z 6ro4xer
build [brld] (built, built) u crpor4rb
built lbiltlcm. build
burial ['berrel] n uoxopoubr, BaxopoHenr4e
burn [be:n] u roperb, rrcertb
bury ['berr] u xopou]rrb, npffrarb
busy ['brzr] a (o ue;ro"eref aauarrrfi; (o uecre)
.uiinnsrfi
butcher ['butJe] n Mncrrlrrc
butter ['b,rte] z MacJro
buttonhole ['bltnhoul] z ner"ua (na o4enc4e)
buy [bad (bought, bought) u rroKyrarb
by and by ['bar end'bar] uocrereurro, co Bpe
BCKOpe
c ebrity [sr'lebrrtr] n BuaMeurarocrb
calculated ['kalkjul efidf pp paccrrr4rannrrfi
call Bc:l] u BBarb, rraabrBarb; n BoB, trpr,rabrB
call for uplrabrBarb K
came [kem] cM. come
camp [kemp] n Jrarepb
campaign [kem'pem] n KaMrratrrff
canal [ke'nal] n KaHaJr
candle [krendl] n cBerra
cannibalism ['kenlbelrzm] z raunu6a.nraem,
cannon ['krenen] n ryruxa
capital city ['keprtel'sftr] croJrraqa
captain's mate ['keptnz'meft] uorvrorqnuir KAII
capture ['kreptJe] u BaxBarrlrb B rrJren
398
reful ['keeful] a sa6ouruuufi, aKxyparrrlrfi, ocro-
poxnrrfi
fully ['keefuh] adu ar<r+yparrro, ocropo]KHo
o ['ko:gou] n rpyo
['krerel] n po]KAecrBeHcraff aecnr
ter ['ko:prnte] n n;rornran
t riage ['krenft] n Kapera, oKuraxc
['kerr] u Hocnrb, Boakrrb
carry oirt arrnoJruffTb
[ko:t] n rerrera
[kers] nz in case B cJr] rae
down ['ko:st'daun] u c6poczrb BHI4B
stle [ko:sl] n BaMoK
tch [kred] (caught, caught) u JroBlrrb, nofimarr
l,hedral [ke'Oi:dral] n co6op
ttle driver ['kretl,drarva] uoronulr{K cxora
e-farming ['katl.fo:mrq] z crcoroBoAcrBo
ught [kc:tf ctw. catch
use [kc:z] n fipvtqvrua; u [pr4rrt4HffTb, BbrobrBarb
ve [kerv] n rerqepa
ebrate ['sehbrert] u. upaoAuoBarb
ebration [,seh'brerJn] z npaa4uoBaHr{e
nrrfi
] a qenrpaJreroaqnff
hes] qenrpaJrbHoe rApo
JIETI4C
ortain [sa:tn] a orpeAeJriinnrrfi
halk [tJc:k] p uen
allenge fltJrehnft] z BbrBoB; u 6pocarr BbrBoB
, amber ['tjermba]
hamber nanata (a ruapnanrenre)
['tJermba] n KoMHara, raJrara
hampionship ['tJampranJrp] n rreMrrnonar
hange [tJernft] n repeMeHa; v Meuflrb
ohannel- [ijrenlj-z Kauarr, rpoJrrrB
ehapel ['tJepel] z qacoBHn
Itaracter ['krerekte] n xaparTep, Jrlrreparypnrrfi repofi
399
 www.frenglish.ru

( nepconatr ) vil war ['srvrl'wc:] rpa)rcAancral lgfrf;e

aim.[klerm] u nperenAoBarb, safrBfifitD ElQft
klren] n KJraH
an [klren] r"rala rt
tklreJ] n croJrxrroBeHrre; ucroJrrcHyBbofi 'l
assical ['klaslkel] a r"rraccu-+ecrufi ,r,r'l
ay [klet] n rrrvrna
ean [kli:n] a umcrrrir.
ear [kha] a cucrr;tiri u 'rwcrurb, orrnularb or
chemical industry ['kemrkl'rndestrr] erk [klo:k] n KJrepK
MbIIUJIEHHOCTb mate ['klarmrt] n KJrr,rMar
chemist ['kemrst] n xvrwvrr imb [klafm] u ra6nparbcs, BJresarb
iff [kl{ n enarra
oak [klouk] z unaq
ose [klousf a 6rmsr<railr
osely ['kloush] adu 6trlasxo, recrro
th [klce] n. cyrcrro
[klou6z] z oAerrcAa
['klou6rq] n oAerrcAa
thmaker ['klc0rnerke] n cyrnoAeJr, Macrep no r{Bro-
TOBJreHrrro cyKHa
choir [kware] n xop king industry ['klou0merkrq'rndestrr] cyrcounaa
rrpoMbrruJIeHHocTb
loud [klaud] n o6;raro
lub [kl,rb] n xny6
ue [klu:] n Krrgq (rc maitne)
Christian ['knstjan] a xpvtcrvranccuft rachman ['koutJman] n rcyrep
Christianity [,krrstr'aenrtr] n xpucruancrBo I [koul] z yrorrb
Christmas ['krlsmas] z Poxt4ecrBo
church ttJ",tj] n qeproBb
cinema ['smrma] n r"l4tmo ' coat [koutl n r;,a;nvro, Kyprxa
circle [sa:kl] n Kpyr cobbler ['kcbla] n carotrculln
circulation [,se:kj u'lerJn] z ql4pKyJrnrllrfl eode of law [ikoud ev'lc:] cBoA BaKoHoB
citizen ['srtrzn] n rpatrcAanr.ru ooffee-house ['kcfihaus] z rcoQeftna
civil ['swrl] a rpaxc4ancrcrafi coin [kcrn] z uonera
civil iz a ti o n [, s rvt I at' zelnl n \Lrrrtrrrtra aIIr4 fi coincide [,kourn'sard] u conua4arr
civilized ['srvrlarzd] pp \nBnnwrsosaHlrbrfi collapse [ke'lreps] u o6pyruuBarbcff, o6sanusarrcff
civil rights ['srvrl'rarts] rpax4arrcrcrle rpaBa r ['kcle] n BoporHr{K
400 401

t

collect [ke'lekt] u.co6nparr
collection [ka'lekJn] n KorrrreKqrrn
college ['kcltft] n KorrJleAtrc
collide [ke'lard] u craJrr"vrBarbc,fi
colonial [ke'lounjal] o Korrourra.rrrnrrfi
colonialism [ke'lounjelrzm] n r,onrolavraJrnaM
col<inist ['kclenrst] n KoJrouurcr ' ,
colonize ['kclenarz] u KoJroHrrsltpoBarb
colony ['kclenr] n KoJronr.I.fi
colourful ['knleful] a rcpacounrrft
column ['kclem] n KoJIoEHa
combat ['kcmbret] n cpa]KeHr4e
combine [kem'barn] u coeA]IHErr, o6te4l/tHffTb i
come into being ['krtm rnte'bi:lq] no,ffBJrfirbcff
comfortable ['knmfetebl] a y4o6nrrfi
command [ka'mo:nd] n KoMaHAa; u KoMaHAoBarb
commander [ke'mo:ndo] n KoMaHAPTP
KoMaHAPrp
commander-in-chief [ke'mo:nde rn'tJi:fl rJraBHoKo!
,qyroqprfi
commemorate [ke'memerett] u ooHaMenoBbrBarb
common ['kcmen] a o6r\nir,.lpocrofi
common people npoctrie Jrro4ra
community [ka'mju:nltr] z oQrultna
companionship [kem'prenjenJlp] z roBaperulecrBo
company ['krmpenrJ n KoMrIaHn,r, Tpyflrra
comparatively [kem'preretwlr] adu cpaBnltreJrrno
compare [kam'pee] u cpaBlrrrBarb
comparison [kem'prnsn] n cpaBneHrle
comietitiott [,tr-pt'trJn] n copeanonante,
complete [kem'pli:t] u BaBepruarbi a aanepuriin
uonnrrfi
completely [kem'pli:thf adu rorrHocrbro
comprehensive school [,kcrnpre'hensw'sku:l]
402
www.frenglish.ru
I H,fifl IUKOJIA
'{ centrate ['kcnsentrert] u ronqenrpt{poaerb
, centration camp [,kcnsen'trelJn'kampl KoaqptsElt
,i qronnrrfi Jralepb
,: ncern [kan'sa:n] u: as concerns qro Racaercf,
ncert ['kcnsot] tx KoHTIePT
clude [ken'klu:d] u saK"Jrrcrlarb' EaBepruarb
densat]ion [.kcnden'selJn] z KorrAeucarrnfl
i ition tkendilnl n ycrroBvre
nfirm [kan'fa:m] u rro4rBep]fiAarb
i nfusion [ken'fiu:3n] n cuaterrte' [epefloJlox' Hepao-
6eplrxa
iferous [kou'nrfares] a XBOI4HbIH
nnect [ke'nekt] u"coeAlflrfirb
nnection [ke'nekJn] n cBfi'lb
nquer ['kcrlke] u aasotinusarr
uest ['kcrikwrst] n saBoeBauvre
ervative [ken'se:vetIv] a rconcepnatlrnnrrfi
"I nsider [ken'srde] u paccMarpl4Barb' clltlTarb
i nsiderably [ken'srderebh] adu sna'awreJlbHo
ist [kan'srst] u coctoats
rator [kan'splrato] n xoncnr4parop' saroBoplq?rn
nt ['kcnstant] o uocto,snnrrft
nstantly ['kcnstanthf adv rocroflrruo
nstituency [ken'stltj uensr] n raa6rapate'nrnrrft orcpyr
nstitute ['kcnstrdut] u cocraeJlflrb
nstit'ution [.kcnstr'tju )n) n KoHcrrryql'Is
nstitutionai l,kcttsir'tjuJ nel] a :xoncrvtryrruonnuft
nstitutional acts Koucrt4Tyrlr{onnbre arcTbr
ntain [ken'tern] u coAep)Karb
contemporary [ken'tempererr] n coBpeMeHHLrK
oontent(s) ['kcntent(s)] n co4epxcanr{e
oontinent ['kcnttnent] n rconrvnenr
continental [,kcntr'nentel] a KoHrl{Herrtanrnrrfi
continual [ken'trnjuel] o noctoannrrfi
continually [ken'tIr1 uahf adu rocroffHno
continue [ken'trnju] u rpoAorrncarb
407

continuous [ken'trnjues] a npo4onxcaroulufica
cont
cont rrBopeqrrfl
cont
convenient [ken'vi:njent] a ygo6usrfi
conveniently [ken'vi:4jenth] adv ygo6no
conventions [ken'venjnzl n ycJroBHocrL4, o qarr
conversation [.kcnve'serJn] n paaroBop
convert [ken've:t] u upeBparqarr, o6paqarb
convince [ken'vrns] u y6exgarr
cool [ku:l] o npoxJraAnbrfi
co-operation [kou,cpe'relJn] n corpyArrr4rrecrBo
co-ordinate [kou'c:drnert] u KoopAr{HrrpoBarb, cor
BbIBATB
copper ['kcpe] z MeAb
copy ['kcpr] u KofinpoBarb; n ruorrvrs' akaevrnnnp
corporation [,kc:pe'rerJn] n Kopnoparln,fi
correspondent [,kcu'spcndent] n KoppecroH4€rrr,
corresponding [,kcn'spcndr4] a coorBercrnyrorqufi
cost [kcst] (cost, cost) u cror{rb
cottage ['kctrd3] n KorreAJK, AoMr4K
council ['kaunsl] n coBer
count [kaunt] u ctrnrarb; n rpaQ
countless ['kauntlrs] a 6ecqucnennsrfi
counter ['kaunte] z'rpuJraBoK
country ['kantrr] n crpana
countryman ['krrntrrmen] z cooreqecrBexHerK
countryside ['knntnsard] n BaropoArraff Mecrrrocrb
county ['kauntl] z rpaQcrno (agvrunr.rcrparrrBrraff
qa a Anrnnu)
coup d'etat ['ku:der'to:] z repeBopor
courage ['krr$] z cMeJrocrb
courageous [ka'rerdgas] a cme.nrrft
course [kc:s] z: in the course of g xoAe
court [kc:t] n ABopi KoporreBcrcnfi 4nop; cyA
cousin [k.rizn] n ABoropognrrft 6par, ABoropoAuag
cover ['knve] u rrorcpbrBarb
404
www.frenglish.ru
cow [kau] n KopoBa
i cowhouse ['kauhaus] rt KopoBrrrrr
.: cradle [krerdl] z ronsr6ear
craft [kro:ft] n peMecJro
craftJman.-hip-1'k*' ftsmanJrp] n sannr:ne peMecJroM
crane [kretn] n Kpar{
r cream [kri:m] n KpeM, cJrIaBKil
create [kn'ett] u coaAaBarb'
creative work [kn'ertrv'we:k] rnop'recrraft TpyA
I crew [kru:] n KoMaHAa (xopa6nx)
cricket ['knklt] n Kprarer
crime [krarm] n upecryrrJreHr{e
criticize ['kntrsalz] u Kpr{rr4roBarb
crops [krcps] n BepuoBbre KyJrbrypbr, BcxoAbr, ypoxcafi
crgss [krcs] n Kpecr; u rrepecercarb
crowd [kraud] n roJrra; v roJrrrrrbcfl
crowrl [kraun] n Kopoua; u yBeHrrrrBarb
cruel [kruel] a ncectorufi
cruelly ['krueh] odu xcecroro
cruelty ['krueltl] n Ececrorocrb
crusade [k5u'serd] n KpecroBrrfi uoxoA
crush tktnJl u paopyrrrarb, Kpyrunrbi n paorpoM
cultivate ['knltlvert] u KyJrbrtrBr4poBarb
cultivated ['k4ltlvertrd] pp rynrtypnrrfi
cultural ['k,rltJerel] a KyJrbrypnrrfi
culture ['krrltce] n KyJrbrypa
custom ['krstem] n o6rlqair
customer ['ka.steme] n rroxyrrareJrb, KJTUTeHT
cut [k,rtl (cut, cut) u peoarb
cut down cpy6arr (gepesss)
cybernetics [sarba'netrks] n xn6epnerrrKa
D
daily ['derh] o er*eAHesHrrfi
dairy-farming ['deerI,fo:mrq] n MoJlotrnoe xoasficrso
damage ['dremr$] u paspyruarb:' n paopyrrreHr{e
damaging ['demId3Iq] a paapyurutenrnrrfi
405

damp [damp] a csrpor?
danger ['detndge] n onacnocrb
dangerous ['dernd3eres] a ouacnrrfi
daring ['deerr4] a crenr;tit, orqatrnurrft, ornaxc
dark [do:k] a riinnrrfi
darkness ['do:knrs] n reMnora
date back to ['dert'brek te] aocxoArrrb K t
deal [di:l] u nMerb AeJro c
death [de0] z cMeprb
debates [dr'berts] n gedarr;r
debt [det] n Eorrr
decade [dr'kerd] n AecflTvrnrerrze
decay [dr'ker] z ynarqorc
decent ['di:sent] a nplanlzuwurir
decide [dr'sard] u perrarb
decision [disryn] z perueune
decisive [dr'sarsrv] a perrrr{rensnrrfi
deck [dek] z ua;ry6a
declaration [.dekla're lnl n safi BJreHr{e
declare [dr'klee] u Ba.EBrrtrrb
declare war o6ssBJlfiTb nofiny
decline [dr'klaIn] u rplrxogurb B ynaAon
decorate ['dekerert] u yrcparuarb
decrease [dr'kri:s] u yMeHbruarbcfi
dedication [,dedr'keflnf n upeAaHuocrb
deed [di:d] n Aenro
deep [di:p] a rny6or<uir.
deepen ['di:pen] u yrny6natr
deeply ['di:plt] adu rny6or<o
deer [dre] n orleub
defeat [dr'fi:t] u uo6e*cAarb; n ropatileur4e
defence [dr'fens] n san\Lrra
defend [dr'fend] u Barrlrqarb
defender [dr'fende] n sau1vrrla.vIr"
definite ['defirut] a orpeAerrilnnufi
degree [dr'gri:] n crereHb
delegate ['dehgrt] n Aerretar
406
www.frenglish.ru
delight [dt'latt] n Bocropr; u
deliver [de'lwe] u AocraBJr,f,rb
delta ['delte] n Aerrbra
demand [dr'mo:nd] u tPe6onarb', n
democracy [dI'mckresr] z AeMoKparilS
democratic [dema'kretlk] o AeMoxparl'tqeoilnt
demonstrat6 1'demanstreit] u 4ertronctpupolarb tii
densely populated ['densh,pcpju'lerhd] rrrroruo Hacortaff
density ['densltr] n rJroruocrb
depart [dt'po:t] u yxoArrrb, yesrr(arb
department [dl'po:tmant] n orAeJr' orAeJrenr{e
department store [stc:] ynnnepMar
depend [dfpend] u BaB]rcerb
dependent [dr'pendant] a sanzcurvnrfi
deposed [dr'pouzd] pp crvrerqilnnrrfi
deposits [dl'pczlts] n sarrefiira
depression [dl'preJn] n 4enpeccuff' yruererrnoe cocros'
Hrre, BIIaAnHa
deprive [dr'praIv] u Jrrrurarb
descendant [dr'sendent] z uotouox
describe [dr'skratb] u orrlcbrBarb
description [dI'sknpJn] n onncalewe
desert ['dezet] n rycrbrns
design [dr'zarn] n upoerT; u rpoeKrrapoBarb
desire [dr'zale] n )r'erranve
despise [dr'spaz] u rpeallparb
despotic [dfspctlk] 4 4ecroret'recrcnft
destination [ ;destl'ne lnl n Mecro HaBHatreurra
destroy [dr'strcl] u PaBPYruarb
destructior/ [dr'strnkJn] n paapyruenne
destructiv{ 1dtstrrrttrv] a paepynrnrenrnrrfr
detail ['di:tprl] n Aerartb, no4po6nocrr
detective l[r'iektryl n Aereryrr(B; 4 Aerextnsnrrfi
J"i""-i""Tion [dr.te:mi'nedn] n perurrMocrb
determine [dr'te:mrn] u peurrrrbc,fi
determined [dr'te:mrnd] pp peruratenrnrrfi
I '- u pasBnBarb
develop [dr'felep]
407

developed [dl'velapt] pp paer.urrltrr
development [dr'velepment] n pasBurrrre
devil ['devrl] n AbflBoIt
A""ot! [dr'vLut] u nocBsrrlarb' orAaearr ce6s
devotion [dr'vouJn] n rpeAaruocrb
diagonal [dat'regenel] o 4raaroHa;rbr{srlt
dialect ['dalelakt] n Avrarrerr
diary ['daIen] n AHeBHT{K
dictate [drk'teIt] u Ar4xroBarb
dictator [drk'terte] n ALrKraroP
dictionary ['drkJanarl] z cnonapr
die [daI] u YMrParb
differ ['dfe] u orJrlrtlarbcfi
difference ['dtfaransl n pasuuTla' orJlr4rrlle
Aitf""""t [trferent]-o paaHuft' paorlrdrrHrtfi' otn
rouluftca (ne tarcofi)
difficult ['dlfikalt] a tpy4nsrfi
difficulty ['drfikeltt] n rpyAHocrb
dig [drg] (dug, dug) u Korarb
dignity ['drgnrtl] a AocrorrncrBo
fi disturbing [drs'ta:brq] o't'pr,rroir*rrrfi
diminish [dr'mrnrJ] u yMenbrnarbcfi
ri ditch [drtJ] z KaHaBa, I)on
direction [dr'rekJn] n HarpaBJIeHue
directly [dl'rekth] adu nPatto
director [dr'rekte] n AlrPeKroP
dirty ['de:tr] 4 rpsaHbrra
ait"hit"tage [.arsed'vo:ntld3] n rreBbrroAxoe' ne6naro' document
rrpl4fi THOe rroJlo?KeHlr e
discipline ['drsrplln] n Aetcr\wnJrr,rna
408
www.frenglish.ru
discontent [,drsken'tent] n HeyAoBJrernoptinnocrr
discover [drs'krve] u orrcpbrBarb
discovery [drs'krrverr] z orrcprrrue
discuss [drs'kls] u" o6cyx4arr
discussion [drs'k,tJn] n o6cyxc4eHue
disease fdr'zi:zJ n 6oaeanr
disgrace [drs'grers] n ofiaJra
disgraced [drs'grerst] pp orrarrbnrrfi, B oraJre
dish [drJ] n 6;rro4o
dishonesty [dr'scnrstr] z neuecrrrocrb
dislike [drs'lark] u ne nro6zrr
dismiss [drs'mrs] u pacnycrcarb
disobedience [.drsa'bi:djens] n Henocrryrrraulre
disobey [,drse'ber] u rre cJryrxarbcfl
dissatisfied [,drs'sretrsfard] pp HayAoB,uernoptirr rr r,r ii
dissolve [drs'sclv] u pacrBopflrr,
distance ['drstans] n paccronruc
i distinct [drs'tn1kt] a orqi,ilrr.r rr,r i.i
. distinguish
[drs'tr4wrJ1 u o'r'.n lrrurrb, pasJrr4qr,r,r,
district ['drstnkt] o pai.ion
divide [dr'vard] u AeJrr4'r'r,
divine [dI'vam] o 6oucuc't'trr,r rr t,rft
division
[dr'vr3n] n A(]Jrounr, ()'r'AeJIeHI{e
divorce
[dfvc:s] n pn:rr(ul: r) l]uBBoAI,Irbcff
['dckjurrrcnt I rr,r1r'r( vMeHT
dogma ['dcgme] n AolMl
domestic [da'mestrk] o /U)Mn rrr rrprft
dominate ['dcmrnert] a) /(oM n r lr poBarb
dominion [da'rnrnjon] ,l /loM lr r noH (sanucuuaff or qero-
n'u6o rn,r,opua)
r4Jrr4 Koro_1u6g,1,1,1,1
double [d.,.bl] a gnofiuoll; rr yTluaranarr
doubt [daut] u coMHeBll'r'rr(!rt n coMrreulle
downstairs ['daunsteezl uilu rrHB, BHI,Isy
drain [drem] n BoAocror(, rurrrrJrnaall]Iff
tlrainpipe ['drernparp] n rlrTlor:'r'oqHaff rpy6a
409
t
 www.frenglish.ru

drank [drreqk] cas. drink I'i:zrf a.n6rrrtfi

draw [drc:] (drew, drawn) u r,flrryrb' rrpttrflrl'l ipse ['ekhps] z safMeuze
- prtcoBarb, qepruTb [,rks'ncmrk] a eronoMu.recrcafi
drawback ['drc:brek] n He.qocrarorc r lly [,fte'ncmrkeh] adu snonoMr{qecrcr4
drawbridge ['drc:bndSf n uoAtiivrnrrfi uocr ,]
[r'kcnemrst] n exonoMrrrcr
drawn [drc:n] cu. draw , nomy [l'kcnemr] n exorroMr{Ka
dress [dres] n fiJrarbei u oAeBarbcfl I t ['edrt] u peAaKrtrpoBarb
dressmaker ['dresmefte] n roprrl4xa I ucate ['edjukelt] u o65nrars, AaBarb o6paaoaanlre
qrew
drew luru:J draw
cu. r,.rtlw
ldru:l c.tw. i ucated ['edjukertrd] pp o6paeosasHbrft
drink [dnqk] (drank, drunk) u uurb i'
ucation [.edju'kerJn] n o6paeoBaHr{e
drive [drarv] (drove, driven) u rnarb, uoroHfftb, B€ 'ectively [{feknvt4 adu etpQeKrnBrro
MaIUnHy icient [r'fiJant] a eQQercrnsusrfi
driven [dnvn] cn. drive : brt ['efst] n yclr;rure
drop [drcp] u xauarr [eg] z afiqo
drove [drouv] cn. drive ect [r'lekt] u-arr6zparr
drug [drng] n Haprcorrrr I ection [r'lekJn] n nrr6opu
drug taker ['terke] HapKoMaH i n [r'lektren] n e;rercrpon
drum [dr,rm] n 6apa6an ; ectronic [,rlek'trcmk] o e.nercrponnuft
drunk [drnqk] cz. drink 'ir ectronics [,rlek'trcnrks] z e.nerrpour4ra
dry [drar] a cyxofi it tary [.eh'menten] o oJreMeuTapnrrfi
due to ['dju:te] r,ta-oa '
[elk] n aocr
dug [d^g] cm. dig ,:.,, m [elm] n Bns
duke [dju:k] n repqor bassy ['embesr] n rocoJrbcrBo
duty ['dju:tl] n Aorrt, o6ssansocrs brace [rm'brers] u oxBarbrBarb
dynasty ['drnastr] n Annacrurfi, [r'me:d3] u Boorrurcarb
igrant ['emrgrent] n eMrrrpaHr
E igration [,emr'grerJn] z eMrrrparlr4s
Jraf,ron [,emlgrerJnl orvrurparlr4s
earl [e:l] z rpaQ tional [r'mouJnel] a oMoquona;rrnrrfi
earn [e:n] u eapa6atblBarb ['emfasrs] n yAapeurre, yrop
earth [e:0] z BeMJrfl mpire ['empare] n uMrrepr.rJ{
earthen ['e:0en] o sexulanofi [rm'plcr] u Hanr{Marb, AaBarb pa6ory
earthenware ['e:Oenwee] n Qaanc, KepaMrIKa mployer [rm'plcre] n HaHnMareJrb, pa6oro4are.nr
easily ['i:zrh] adu nerr<o empty ['emptr] a uycrofi; u Brra,4arb (o perce)
east [i:st] n Bocror enclose [rn'klouz] u oropilKrrBarb, o6uocurr
eastern ['i:sten] a socto.IHbrfi enclosures [rn'klougezf n oropar*uBaHrle
eastward ['i:stwed] adu x BocroKY Dncourage [m'kandg] u uooqp,Erb

410

end [end] n KoHerI
endanger [rn'delndge] u uo4neprarb orracuocrn :'r
endlessly ['endhsh] ady 6ecxoueqHo ,l
enemy ['enrmr] n Bpar '.\
energetig [,ene'dgetrk] a enepru.rsrrft 'r
engage [m'gerdg] u rranrrMarb, BarrnMarb
engaged [rn'gerd3d] pp: be engaged 6rrrrnsaHgrbl!
engine ['end3rn] n Morop .l
enjoy [rn'jcr] u EacJra)KAarbcff , ,l
enlarge [rn'lo:d3] u yBeJrr4rrrrBarb
enlighten [rn'larten] u upocBerrlarb
enlightenment[rn'lartenment]ntrpocBerqerrlie {
enlist [rn'hst] u nocryrarb Ha BoeHrryro cnyxc6y i
enormous [I'nc:mes] a onponnnrrft
enormously [r'nc:meslrl adu vpeaarrvaftno I
enough [r'qnfl adu Aosorruu.o
ensure [rn'Jua] u o6ecne.ruBarb
enter ['ente] u Bcryrarb, trocryrrarb
entertain [,enta'tern] u pasBrremarb
entertainment [,ente'ternm entf n paaBreqenr,Ie
enthusiastically [en,0juzr'estrkeh]-odu-e €EryBraE
envy ['envr] n saBncrb; u BaBr{AoBarb
epidemic [.epr'demrkf n errlaqerlaa
epoch ['i:pek] n erroxa
equal ['i:kwel] a pannrrfi
equality [i:'kwchtr] n paBeucrBo , ,iJ
equally ['i:kweh] adu na paBrrbrx rpaBax
equatorial[,ekwe'tc:rrel]aercBaroprraasnrrfi
equipment [I'kwrpment] n o6opy4onanure
era ['rere] n spa
erect [r'rekt] u BoBABHrarb
escape [r'skerp] n no6er; u 6excarr, cracrr4cb
412
www.frenglish.ru
[r'speJeh] ad.u ocolesno
ce ['esans] z- cyulHocrb
tially [r'senJeh] adu s ocHoBr{oM. B cvruuocru
tablish [rs:taUtiJl u ycrauaBJnrBarb,
established order [rs'trbhJt'c:de] uil
r
ropffAoK
astate [r'stert] n roMecrbe
uary ['estjuerr] n ecryapwir
cternal [r'te:nel] a se.rHbu?
t [i:v] n Kauyrr
r t [r'vent] n co1strne
lly [r'ventjueltl adu B KoHqe KorrqoB
ident ['evrdant] a ouenw4nrrfi
I il ['i:vel] n srro
olution [.eva'lu:Jn] n aBorrroqr4ff
actly [rg'zrekth] cdu ro.rso !r.
ple [rg'zo:mpl] n npuwrep fr
ceed [r'ksi:d] u uperocxoAr4rb ;
lent ['eksalant] a ornra.rHrrfi
cellently ['eksalenth'l adu orJrrrrrHo
cept [rk'septf adu KpoMe
ception [ft'sepJn] n ucKJrroqeHu
Dron uK'sepJnl ucrcrrotreHrre
nge [rks'tJernd3] n 6npnca; u
ting [rk'saftir1J a BaxBarbrBaroquil
m [rks'klerm] u nocr"lrzqarb
{ se [rks'kju;zf u usnwHffrb
il ecute ['eksakjut] u. KaBHr4rb
i ecution ['eksekju:Jn] z raenr
q ecutive [rg'zekjutrv] a zcuo.n
executive body r4crroJrH
I exhibit [r'gzrbrt] n encrronar
I exhibition [,ekir'brjn] z Bbrcraart
'i
exile ['eksailf n ccbrJrra, r{BrnattHf{
I exist [r'gzrst] u cyqecrBoBarb
I
existence [r'gzrstans] n
expand [rks'pand] u
 www.frenglish.ru

expansion [rks'prenjn] n pacrpocrparrenure, eKcrrar fall [fc:l] (fell, fallen) u ra,qarb

expect [rks'pekt] u o)KlrAarb, paccrrrrrrbrBarb fall ill Ba6orerb
expensive [rks'pensrv] a 4oporofi fallen [fc:ln] cu. fall
experience [rks'prerrens] n onbrr fame [fem] n rrBBecruocrb
experiment [rks'penment] n erccreperMenr famine ['fremrn] n roJroA
experimentation [rks,penmen'terJn] n arcrep famous ['fermes] a usaecrubrfi
TI{pOBaHIle 4 fancy clothes ['fansr'klou6z] rvracrcapagurrfi KocrroM
explain [rks'plern] u o6rscnsru farm [fo:m] n OepMa; u Brur?rMarbcn ceJrbcrctrM xossficrBoM
explanation [.eksple'nerjn] n ollsacneurre farmer ['fo:ma] n Kpecrb,Enran, Qepuep
explode [fts'ploud] u rapriaarrca farmhouse ['fo:mhaus] n Qepruepcrcrnfi 4owr
explore [rks'plc:] u rccJreAoBarb farming land ['fo:mrq'land] KyJrbrr4Br4pyeMafi BeMJrff
explorer [rks'plc:re] n nccJre1oBareJrb (eerr.na Koropyrc o6pa6arsrnarcr)
export ['ekspc:t] n oncrropr; u aKc[oprr{poBarb, BbrBol farmland ['f-o:mlend] n o6pa6arbrBaeMafl oeMJrff
exporter [eks'pc:te] n erccuopriip fashion [feJn] n.MoAa
express [rks'pres] u Bbrpa]rcarb fashionable ['freJnebl] o mo4nrrfi
extend [rks'tend] u pacrrrwpflrbcfi, rpocrrrparbcfi fast [fo:st] a 6rrcrprrfi
extent [ks'tent] n: to some extent Ao HeKoropofi cr fasten [fo:sn] u trpraKpetrJrarb
extension [rks'tenJn] n pacuuperrr4e, pacrpocrpa fatal [fertl] a @araarnrrfi
extinct [fts'trqkt] a nrruepurrafi favour ['ferve] ni in favour of n nomsy
extra ['ekstre] a AorroJrHrare;rrnrrfi favourite ['fervent] a nro1mv.wir
extraordinary I rks' trc drn erfj a trpe B B brrra ft:rlttrt
:
fear [fie] n crpaxi u 6garrca
extremely [fts'tri:mh] adu o.resu, rrcKJrK)rrrrreJrbuo fearless ['fiehs] a 6eccrparunarfi
eye [ar] n rJraB feast [fi:st] ry nup
feature ['fi:tJe] z qepra
F fed [fed] crvr. feed
fagade [fe'so:d] n gacag feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) u KopMrrrb
feel [fi:l] (felt, felt) u qyBcrBoBarb
feeling ['fi:h4] z rryBcrao
feet [fi:t] cu. foot
fell [fel] cn. fall
felt [felt] cn. feel
fence [fens] n ea6op
feudal ['fiu:del] o Qeoga.nrnrrrt
feudalism ['fiu:dahzm] z Seo4a.uusru
field [fi:ld] n rrorre
faithfully ['fer0fuh] ad.u sepno. upeAaHno, fierce [fies] a cmpeurrfi
414
1lt
 www.frenglish.ru

fiercely ['fiesh] adu cnupeno fly [flad (flew, flown) u Jrerarb

fight [fatt] (fought, fought) u 6oporrca, Aparbca fog [fcg] rl ryMau
fight off or6usarr i
folklore ['fouklc:] z @olrrcaop
fight ffaftf n 6opr6a i
folk music ['fouk'mju:zk] HapoAnas MyBbrKa
fighter ['farte] z 6opeq ' ,
follow ['fclou] u cJreAoBarb Ba
figure ['figa] n Qzrypa, qr4+pa
follower ['fcloue] z. rocJreAoBareJrb
fill [fru u HarroJrn.Erb following ['fclour4] a cle4yrorqr.rfi
filling [fftlry] n laa,*ur^r"a fond [fcnd] a: be fond of nro6rarr
finally ['farnah] adu s Kouqe food [fu:d] z uuula
finance [far'nans].n @unancrr; u Qrauancr4poBarB foodstuffs ['fu:dstnfs] n rpoAyKrbr rrrranufl
nnaqgia! [far'nrenJ l].4 Srauancosrrfi foot [fu:t] (mru. v. feet) nora, gyr
iitt"trtit{y lrut'"*nJltl ad.u n QnnancoBoM orrrorue on foot [erurcoM
financier fiar'nenJre] z Sunancncr forbade [fe'berd] c",ra. forbid
find [faInd] ( fo\nd, found) u HaxoArirb forbid [fa'brd] (forbade, forbidden) u sanperqarr
fine [farn] cl tlyAecnbr*,.-u rrrrpa@ forbidden [fe'brdn] cyra. forbid
finger ['fi4ga] n raJreq ,

force [fc:s] n cvrJrai u gacraBJrsrr cranofi

fiord [fic:d] z Quop4 ;
foreign ['fcnn] a rrnocrpannrrfi
fire [fare] z oron6; u crperrffrb foreigner ['fcnne] R rrHocrpareq
open fire orxpbrrb oronb forest ['fcnst] n Jrec
fireworks ['fatewa:ks] a @eftepBepr forgave [fe'gerv] cn. forgive
firmly ['fe:mh] adu rsepgo forget [fa'get] (forgot, forgotten) u sa6rrnarr
fisher ['fiJe] z prr6onor forgive [fa'grv] (forgave, forgiven) u rpotrIarb
fil trttt-trit, tit) u rroAxoAr4rb, roAramca, 6rrrr nuo forgiven [fe'grvn] cm. forgive
fixed [fikst] pp ycrar{ouenurrfi, aarcpeunilnnrrfi forgot [fe'gct] cm. forget
fixed price [prars] rnrip4aa rleHa forgotten [fe'gctn] cn. forget
flat [flat] a n.:nocxlair fork [fc:k] n Bvlrrr"a
flattened [flretnd] pp BbrpoBnennrrrZ form [fc:m] u QoprvrupoBarb
fled [fled] cm. flee formal ['fc:mel] a Qoprvra;rrnrrfi , oQuqza;rrnrrfi
flee [fli:] (fled, fled) u 6excarr, crracarbca 6ercrrol formation [fc:'merJn] n o6paaonauue
fleet [fli:t] n $nor r
former ['fc:ma] a 6*sluauilr
flew [flu:] cm. lly formerly ['fc:meh] adu rlpex"ge
floor [flc:] z no.B, ora)rc formulate ['fc:mjulert] u cipopuyJrrrpoBarb
flow [flou] u reur fort [fc:t] n $opr
flower [flaue] n qBerorc fortificalion I Jc:trfi'kerJn] z yKperJrinnuft rrynrcr
flown [floun] cn. fly fortified ['fc:trfard] pp yKpenniinnrrfi
fluently ['fluanth] adu 6erno fortify ['fc:trfar] u yKperrrrflrb
416
417
 www.frenglish.ru

fortress ['fc:tns] z Kperrocrb i

G
fortunate ['fc:tJenrt] a y1a'eJrunbrfi, neeyuufi
J
in [getn] n Bbrrrrpbrru; u BbrrrrpbrBaTb
forwards ['fc:wedz] adu nnepdg ,:
gallery ['gelerr] n raJrepen
fought ffc:t'l cn. fight game [germ] n tl.rpa
found [faund] cm. find rden [go:dnl n cag.
found [faund] u ocrroBbrBarb garland ['go:land] n rlrprrnn4a
foundation ffaun'derJn] z ocnoBaur,re, Oynl enr gas [gres] n rag
founder ['faunde] n ocnoBareJrb [gert] n Bopora
[fcks] n tnca gateway ['gertwer] n Bopora
fri:] a cno6o4nnfi; u ocro6ox4arr gather ['ge6o] u co6rapars
['fri:dam] n ceo6o4a general ['dgenarel] n reHepaJr, a o6u1rzfi, nceo6rqzft
freely .(h] odu cno6o4uo nerate ['dgenerert] u renepupoBarb, nrrpa6ararnarr
I n cso6o,qnrrfi .re"rrosex neration [,dgene'rerJn] n norcoJreurre
freeze [fri:z] (f rozen) u__gaMepoarb tle [ftentl] a JracroBbrfi, wrarrufi, nonorlrfi (o cxnone)
try ['d3entn] z vrenrorroMecruoe ABopffHcrBo
frequently ['fri:kwenthl adu tracro ],
phical [,dgrs'grrefikl] a reorpaQuuecrcufi
fresh tfreJl a cse)Kzfi phically [, dgre' grrefikhl ti du reorpae nqec K ra
friar [frare] n EurrqeHcrnyrorqrfi Mo_Hax [dgr'cmrtrr] a reoMerplrfi
friendly
rrrenqry ['frendh]
l'renotrl .a gpyxcecxnilr, gpyrre.nro6nrrfi .r,. [get] (got, got) ? AocraBarb, rroJryrraTb, rrouar{arb
"4 Apy,IcecKfiI,I, Apy)KeJrrooHbrri i
friendship ['frendJrpf n gppnla ;,
rid of ['get'rrd ev] rae6anr,rrbcff or
frighteneh f1'auttrnal
rrrSrrrir'rrnu pp ilnyrannrrfi
tr4rriJuul pp liltjLLy I'i1'.Fl.tlbl.t1t
'l [goust] n rpr{Bpar
frontier ['frrrntre] n rparrr4qa, trpurpauurrrrBre pafirir iant [ftarent] o orpounrrfi, rnranrcrcufi
froze [frouz] ctw. freeze 1
ft [grft] n Aap
frozen [frouzn] ctry.-freeze ' lded ['grldd] pp rroooJroqennrrfi
fruit [fru:t] n Spyrcr glacier ['glresje] n rre4lalar.
fuel [fiuelJ z roprouee glamorous ['glremeres] o ruzxapnrrfi
fulfil [fu]'frl] u Bbrrrorrunrb :.' glanrour ['glreme] n 6aecx, oqapoBaur{e, BoJrrrre6crgo
full [fuI] a ronustir [glo:s] n crercJro, crarau
funclion ['fr'DkJn] t i$inxqua; u @ynxrlrror{}r glorious ['glc:rres] o c.nannrrfi
fundamental [.fnnde'mentl] a Qyn4arvrenramHrrfi, glory ['glc:rr] n crraBa
nosHofi god [qcd] n 6or
funeral ['fiu:naral] n troxoponbr gold [gould] n aonoro :

fur [fe:] n Mex goldsmith ['gouldsmr0] n aonorbrx Aerr Macrep

furniture ['f9:nrtJa] z me6enr goods [gu:dz] n roBapbr
future ['fiu:tJe] a fygyryuir goods train ronapnsrft iloeBA
got [gct] cn. get

418 419

govern ['gnvan] u yupaBJrarb
governor ['g,rvena] z ry6epnarop
graceful ['grersful] a uaarqnrrft
gradually ['gredjuehl adu nocteuenno
graduate ['gredjuert] u oxar$rrrBau ( yvednoi :
grand [grrend] a r,errtrtecrnennrrfi
grandson ['grrends.rrn] z ruyrc
-gravQlgsw] a rvrpavu,ufi; n_rltgrvnra /
E"aoitiiib;T.g-revfteifnl z iip anuraqun
gravity ['grrevrtr] n rpr{ratrcenrre
grarry ['grervr] n coyc
grazelgretzf u uacrucb
gteatly ['grerth] adu oqela:, a 6ommofi creuenu
greatness ['grertnrs] n r,e$n'rrr:e
greengrocer ['gri:n,grouse] n seJrerrqrrK
greeting ['gri:trq] n uprrBercrBue
gretv [gru:] cil. grow
grocer ['grouse] z 6araaefiulrnx
group [gru:p] n rpytrua
gro\r [grou] (grew, grown) u pactu, BbrparqrrBarb
grown [groun] crw, grow
grown-up ['groun'.rrp] a aspocnrrfi
growth [grou0] n pocr
guarantee [,garan'ti:] u rapanrrrpoBarb
guard [go:d] n oxpana; u oxparrffrb
guerrilla [ga'nle] n raprrroaH
guide [gardJ n rllqi u Becrrr
guiding principles ['gardr4'prrnsrplz] pyKoBoA,E
rrpr1Erlrrrrbl
guild [gild] n rla"lrb4]ts.
guilty ['grltr] a BuHoBar
gUitar [gr'to:] n rr4rapa
gun [gm] n rrrcroJrer, rrymKa
gunpowder ['grrn,paude] n uopox
guy [gar] n uapenb
gymnasium [d3tm'nerzjem] n rrlMlracru.recrcIafi aar
420
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gymnastics [d3rm'nrestIks] n rrrMuacrr4na
H
hair [hee] n Borrocbr
haircut ['heekrrt] n crprr*cKa
hall [hc:l] n salr, rrpuxonca,E
hand-copier ['hend'kcpre] n repeuncrrrir
handle ['hrendl] u o6paularsc,x
hand-made ['hend,merd] a cAerlaHubrfi aplnuryrc
handsome ['hendsem] o rcpacraanfi
handwork ['hrendwe:k] n py.rnaa pa6ora
handwritten ['hendrrtn] a pyrcouucnr,rfi
hang thaq] (hung, hung) u Br{cerb, Belrrarb
happen [hepn] u cnyqsr'sst
happiness ['hreprms] n cqacrbe
harbour ['ho:be] n raBanb
hard [ho:d] a raep4rrfi
hard-boiled egg ['ho:dbcrld'eg] afiqo BKpyryK)
hard work ['ho:d'we:k] yropHan pa6ora
hardworking ['ho:d,we:krq] o rpyAorlro6ngbrfi, upra-
.nencnrrfi
hare [hee] n Basq
hantest ['ho:vrst] n JEcarBa, ypo*cafi
hat [hrt] n rurrffrra
hate [hert] u nenanr4Aerr
hatred ['hertrtd] n HeHaBI4crb
head [hed] z roJroBa; u BosrJraBJrETb
headline ['hedlarn] z BarorloBor
.i health [hele] n BAopoBbe
'i health care ['helO,ksa] s.qpaBooxparerrrre
';
healthy ['helOI] o a4oponnft
.! hear [hre] (heard, heard) u c.urrruarr
heard [he:d] cu. hear
heart [hc:t] n cepAqe
heat [hi:t] z rerrrro, Ecapa
heating ['hi:tn1] n orotrJleHrre, ororrrrreJlbnaa cr4creMa
421
 www.frenglish.ru

hold [hould] (held, held) u Aeptrcarb' rlpoBoAllrb

heaven [hevn] n ne6e9E hold back ['hould'bekJ orpatrcarb (nauagenne)
heavilY ['hevrh] Tfl}ICCJIO
holiday ['hcltdl] n upaoAHI4K' KarruxyJrbr
heavy ['hevr] a hollow ['hclou] a uycrofi; n AYrIJro
heavY i try ['hevr'rndestn] raxciinar nPo holy ['houh] a cnatoft
homeless ['houmhs] a 6es4orvrnrrft
] n ncranaa rrBFoPoAb honest ['cnIst] o'recrnsrft
he@ghog ['hefthcg] n 6xc honorary ['cneran] a uo'rernsrfi
heel [hi:l] n rrnrxa honour ['cne] n qecrb
height [halt] z Bbrcora' Pocr hood [hu:d] n Karrroruou
heir [ea] n HacJreAr{rlx hope [houP] ,x Ea,qermAa; u rraAeflrbcff
heiress ['eens] n HacJreArrraqa hoirible [rhcrebl] o Yxcacxuft
held [held] c.rz. hold horse [hc:s] n Jrorua'qb
helmet ['helmtt] n rurreM horseback ['hc:sbrek]: on horseback nepxorvr
help [helP] n norvroub; u rroMorarb horse-racing ['hc:s,rersn1] n crcar{Klr
herd lhe:dl n craAo horserider ['hc:s,rarde] n BcaAHvK
h"""Ait""y [hl'redrterr] o nacneAcrBerrubrr4 hot [hct] cl ropfftrrafi, xcaPrcrafi
herring ['henr1] n ce;rii4rca however [hau'eve] adu ognaxo tre' rcar 6sr ro rru 6rt.lto
huge [hju:ft] 4 orpoMrrsrft -
human being ['hju:men'bi:r4] n rreJIoBeK
humanism [lhjumemzm] n rymanrlsM
I humanity [hju'mrnrtt] n'renoaeqecrBo
KeU rU, ItDru urss humid ['hju:mrd] o snalrnbrfi
hisher education ['harer' eoJu
n nr ho*o"oos 1'hi,.tme.es] o rcrvropracru'recrcnfi
itiAiii;d ['haIlendJ ., BbrcoKoropn'fi; humour ['hju:me] n roMop
o afi onsr IIIorn an4rar'r
cteuenu hung [tr,rq] ctvt. hang
hdily i'h;il4 ad'u Bbrcoro' B Bbrcoxoft hunt [h,rnt] u oxorrrrbcfli n oxora
friEtrriav ['harwer] n ruocce hunter ['hrrnte] n oxornrrr
hill [hIU n xoJIM hurry ['h^rl] u cuerulrrb
hilt-range ['lulrernd3] n rpfiAa xorIMoB
husband ['h.r*zband] rL Myrrc
hilly ['hrl] o xolwrucrufr hygiene ['hald3i:n] n tvLrLtel*,a
hip [hrP] n 6e4Po hymn [hm] n rIIMH
hire [hala] u nanrawrarr
historian [hl'stc:nen] n ltctoprar rrre crcr4
tris t oric atiy tht' stcn kehl a du r{cro
p
ice [ars] n il)E
history ['hrsterr] n trcropvrfi' idea [ar'drel n ngea
hit [ht] (hit' hit) u YAaPnrb
421
422

ideal [ar'drel] a u4ear,slal;rilr
illiterate [I'lrtent] 4 HerpaMotnrrfi
illness ['rlnls] n 6oJresur
illustrate ['rl,r,strert] u tlJrJrlocrpl4poBarb
image ['mrd3] n o6paa
imitation [,mr'teIJn] n vrwvrra\Ias' rroApa]rcaurre
immediately [l'mi:djetltf adu HeMeArrenrro
immoral [r'mcrel] a aMopaJrrnrrfi 4 1
immoiality [,Ime'rrelttl] z aMopaJrbuocrb
immortal [I'mc:tl] a 6eccrvreptnrrfi
import ['rmpc:t] n r{Mrropr; u uM[oprr4poBarb' BBoBa,
importance [tm'pc:tens] z Ba]rsHocrb
important [tm'pc:tent] o nalrnsrfi
imported [rm'pc:trd] PP nnosuusrfi
impossible [rm'pcsrbl] a neaoarvrolrurrft
impossibly [rm'pcslbltl adu rreBosMotftHo
impress [Im'pres] u uporroBoArlrb B[errarJrer{ue i
imprison [Im'pnzn] u saKriotlarb B TropbMy
improve [rm'pru:v] YJryqurarbu
I improved.[lm'pru:vdl pp VlWmennrrfi
[lm'pru:vment] n yJryrrrrreur4e
I
improvement Lrrrr
lllrPluYsrueu!
inclination [,rnklt'neiln] n cxJroHrrocrb
I
I
include [rn'klu:d] u BrcJrrotrarb
income ['rnkem] n AoxoA
increase [rn'kri:s] u yBeJrutrrrBarb
increasingly [ln'kri: sn:/rrf adu acd 6orlrrrre ra 6onuue
indeed [rn'di:d] adu s caMoM AeJre' AeficrsuteJrbHo
indented [rn'dentld] PP uspesar
independence [,rnda'pendens] n fresaBncrrMocrb i
independent [,rndependant] cl rreoaBr4craurrfi
independently [,rnde'pendenth] adu EesasuclrMo
individual [,rndr'vrdjuel] o rzrnqvBlzqya-nrnrrfi ; n r4rrAlrBl
AYYM, rreJroBeK
indivisible [.rndt'vrzlbl] a ne4enraurrfi
industrial [rn'dnstnal] a uporvrrrm.nennsrfi
industrialist [rn'dlstrrahst] n ilpoMbrruJrenHrrx
424
www.frenglish.ru
tl
industrialization [rn,d,lstnalar'zerJn] n rrn,qycrprraJrr{sarlr4a
lndustrialized I m'd,rstnel atzdl pp up oMbrruJr ennrrft
,t
industry [\ndastrr] 4 rpoMbrruJrerruocrb
'{ lnefficiently [, rne'fi J anthf a du neeQQercrrrBrr o, HeAocra-
.l TOqHO
{ infant school [\nfent'sku:l] urco.ua AJrfl caMbrx MaJrenbxrrx
! infectious [rn'fekJes] o lrnQercqraonnrrfi, eapaenrrfi
inflation [rn'flerJn] n nngr.a:qna
influence ['rnfluens] n BJrtrfir.ne
influential [.rnflu'en ]al) a nnnsre.rrsnrrfi
information [,rnfe'merJn] n unQopmaqun
inhabit [m'habrt] u Hacerrarb
inhabitant [rn'hebrtent] z o6rnrarenr
inherit [m'hent] u HacJreAoBarb
r
inheritor [rn'hente] n HacJregrrnr
i]i
initiative [r'nrJ etrv] n ttntrq*rarrrBa
injustice [rn'dgnstrs] n HecnpaBeAJrr{Bocrb
{
inland ['Inlend] o pacnoJroxcennrrfi Bnyrp]t crparrlr
I innovation [,rne'verJn] z noaoBBeAenr{e
)
insist [rn'srst] u HacranBarb
)
instability [,rnste'brlrtr] n necra6ra;rbnocrb, neycrofi-
III4BOCTb
instance ['mstens]: for instance Hanpr{Mep
instead of [rn'sted sv] nuecro
inspire [rn'spare] u BAoxHoBJrffTb
instruction [rn'strnkJn] n uncrpyrcrlr{fi
instrument ['lnstrumant] z urrcrpyMeHT
insurance [rn'Juerens] n crpaxoBaHne
integral [\ntegral] a HeorteM.neuufi, oyrq€orneHnrrft
l
integral part ['rntegrel'po:t] HeorbcMJt€MaF rtRc'n
intellectually [,rnte'lektjueh] adu n*TeltJt€ KT,y u rr bno
intelligent [rn'tehd3ent] a paByMHNft
interfere [,lnte'fie] u BMeruHBatDot
interference [,rnte'fiarens] €f,hcTbo
international [,rnte'naJnal Hepo7lrr,rft
interpret [rn'te:prrt] u nnrepnp€Tllp€Eat,l,
interrupt [,rnte'vrpt] u npopuaefb
425
 www.frenglish.ru

keep [ki:p] (kep!, kept)

u Aep]Kuttrl l([rHtsHTE

kept [kePt] cae. keeP

key [ki:] n KJrIoq
kill tkrll u Y6ranatr
![i"a-[karnd] no6nstfi: n BrrA' pol
;-r-jrt,l'-^l ,o go6pufi; PoA
Ititg[krq]nrtoporlbn KoporleBcrBo
Iti"Eab* ['krqdam]
'ktt"e [ni:] n Korrerro
knew [nju:f cn' know
knife [narfl n Ho'K

EHI4E

iron [aren] n xeleao

i"""il"Uv adv upour4rrecKll
[ar'rcnrkh]
island ['allend] n ocrpoB ,L
;;l;t"h pp usottvrpoBa*r{brr4 lluboo"""
[arse'iertrd] ['lerbere] n pa6otrwrx - rlero-
J lack [lrek] ,, *"*-"ut"a; u rdMerb rreAocrarorluo
nn6Ygr
lad flred] n napegb
laid tlerdl cru.laY
tain [lern] cn.lie

I'
ir
l'
!

last [lo:st] u rpoAoJr)na1b:fl

^['lo
i"tirlrJ ptace : s] upounuft
stn'1'pi: wrrap

Iatitude ['latrtju:d] n ruupora

1

laugh [lo:fl u cMefirbcfl

K law [1c:] n saxorr' rpaBo
lawful ['lc:ful] cr saKorrrbrr/t
keen [ki:n] o ocrPufi' tonxraft
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427

426
 www.frenglish.ru

lawyer ['lcje] n topncr ry ['larbrenl n 6n6nnorena

lay [er] (laid, laid) u Krlacrb, BosJlararb [ar] (lay, lain) u rrexcarb
lay [er] cn.lie [lafl n rKrrsHb
fe Itarll rrrraHb
lay out ( a porh) .paa6znars (naprc ) ft fifi]
Urftl z n nraQr;
nla@r; u rloAnlrMarb
Iayer ['lere] n crotrt t [att] n cBer; u ocBerqarb
lead [ed] n cBuueq ing ['lartrq] z ocaeuleulre
lead [i:d] (led, led) u Becrrr / ke [atk] u.nro6urr, HpaBurbca
leader- ['li:de] n B-orrcAb, pyrcoBo4lrreJrb tlarkl prep
ke [ark] DreD r"ar"
r"arc
leadership ['li:deJrp] n pyrcoaoAcrao ikely ['larklr] a noxo]Ke
leading principles ['li:drr1'punsrplz] pyKoEoAs mit ['lrmrt] u orpaxuqrrBarb
rrprrEquubr ted ['lrmrt:,df pp orpaur4qesnrrfi
learn [a:n] (learnt, learnt) u yqrrrb, ysnaBarb [arn] n lr.rnvrs, crpoqKa
learned man ['le:rud'mren] yrduufi rIeJroBeK ['larne] z.nafinep
learnt [e:nt] cm.learn [rqk] n cBEByIouIee eBeuo
least [i:st]: at least uo rpaftneft uepe cub ['laren'krtb] n Jrsstiuor
leather ['le6e] n Korrca [hst] z currcor
leave [i:v] (left, left) u ocraBJrflrb' rrorcr4Aarb, ten [hsn] u crryluarb
lecture ['lektJe] n Jre:rcwls; u rllrrarb nerqrrro stener ['hsne] n cJryruareJrb
led [ed] ctt..lead teracy ['htaresr] n rpaMorlrocrb
left fieft] cn.leave iterate ['htent] a rpamotnuft
left fleft] a ner.sttrt iterature ['htretJa] n ntrreparypa
left-wing fleft'wry] a resbrtrr (o nonr.rrr.recKoM,4Br4u [oud]urpyarrrb;zrpya
legal ['li:gal] o saxonsbrfi ['loudld] pp Harpyxcennr'rfi
legion ['li:fien] n nrernor al ['loukel] o uecrnrrft
legisl ative ['ledgrsl a tw.l a B aK oEoAaretsnrrfi ted [lc'kertrd]pp: were located 6srnu pacuoJrotrceubl
legislature ['led3IsleItJa] z BaKoxoAareJrbcrBo [ck] n oaMor; u saurlparb
leisure ['le3e] n orAbrx, cso6oAnoe BpeMff locksmith ['lcksmI0] rt cJrecapb
Iend [lend] (lent, lent) u AaBarb ssafiNrbl logic ['lcdgtk] n JrorI4Ka
length [eq0] n Arruna lonely ['lounh] a o4nnor<uit
lent [ent] cu.lend long-standing ['lcq'strendrq] a Aar.r.uir.
lesser ['lese] a uenrruzfi look for ['luk fc:] u rlcrcarb
level ['level] n ypoBeEb look after ['luk o:fte] u rpr4cMarplrBarb, yxa]fiI{Barb
liberal ['hberel] a tu6epanrnrrfi loophole ['lu:phoul] n 6oirnn4a, au6paeypa
liberalism ['hberehzml n nu6eparrlroM lose [u:z] (lost, lost) u repflrb
liberation flrbe'rerJn] z ocso6o*cAerrue loss [cs] n rrorep,fi
liberty'['hbatr] n cso6o4a lost [cst] cn. lose
428 429

lot [ct]: a lot wrnoro
loudly ['laudh] adu rpovrrco
lover ['L,rve] n nto6nreJrb, BoaJlro6;rennrrfi
low [ou] a law.snuir
low-cost ['lou'kcst] a Aeuriiarrfi
lowland ['loulend] n HI{BMeHHocrb
low.paid ['louperd] a Hr,tarcoourauvaaeurrfr
loyalty ['lcreltr] rL Beprrocrb, rpeAanrioctr
luckily ['lzrkrh] adu t< cqacrbK)
lungs [,r02] z niirucue
M master ['mo:ste] n Macrep, xossrarr; u oBJraAerb
machine [me'Ji:n] n Marrrrrna
machinery [ma'Ji:nart] n wrarunnrr
made [merd] cm. make
magical ['mredgIkel] a nonme6nrrfi
magnificent [meg'rufisnt] a BeJlraroJrennrrfi
magnifying glass ['mregnIfatrrl'glo:s] yBeJrnq
CTCKJIO
main [meIn] a rJrasHrrfi
mainly ['mernh] adu rnasr.rru o6pasowr
maintain [mern'tetn] u noAAep]rcr4Barb, coxpan
coAeprrcarb B xopoueM cocrofiHlrpr
maintaining [mern'terruq] n coAepxcanr{e B
cocTo,fiHr[rt
major ['merd3o] a r.nasHBrft
majority [ma'dgcntl] n 6onttu4HcrBo
make sure ['merk'Jua] y6e4ntrcs
make up ['merk'np] (made up, made up) u cocraB.
manage ['mrnId3] u yAaBarbcs
map [mrep] z rcapta
mapmaker ['mrepmerka] n raptorpa$
430
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rnarch [mo:tJ] n troxoA; u ruararb, ilAEDt uepu€H
marijuana [,men'hwo:na] n Map[xyaHa
marine [me'ri:n] o uopcrcofi
marked [mo:kt] pp o6oanaveunrrfi, orMeqcHHbtfi
market ['mo:krt] n pbrrrox
marketplace ['mo:krtplers] n pbrnor
marriage ['mrerrd3] n cyupy]KecrBo, ceueftna,s ECnoHb
married ['mend] pp )rcenar, BaMy)KeM
marry ['mren] u )rcenurbcs, BbrxoAlrrb BaMytK
martyr ['mo:te] n Myirenun
massive ['mresrv] o NracclrsHrrft
masterpiece ['mo:stepi:s] n rueAeBp
material [me'trenel] n MarepnaJr; a MarepuaJrrnrrfi
mathematics [,me0e'mretrks] n MareMarr.rxa
matter ['mate] n Marepna
mature [me'tjue] o apearrfi
maze [merz] z na6rapunr
meadow ['medou] n Jryr.
meal [mi:l] n eqa, trprreM nr4rr{Lt
mean [mi:n] (meant, meant) u nMerb B BrrAy, roApaoy-
MEBATb
meaning ['mi:nrq] n Buarreuue
means [mi:nz] n: by means of npu rroMoultr
meant [ment] cM. mean
meanwhile ['mi:nwai] adu Me)rcAy reM; reM BpeMeHeM
measure ['mege] n Mepa
meat [mi:t] n M,flco
medical supplies ['medrkel se'plarz] MeArrrILrHcK]re
rrprlHa,qJrelKHocTr4
medicine ['medsrn] n Me4:,z.\lr.rra; JrerapcrBo
medieval [.medr'i:vel] a cpe4neserosrrfi
meet [mi:t] (met, met) u Bcrperrarb
member ['membe] n qJren
memory ['mem-en] n rraMflTb
mention ['menJn] u yrroMrruarb
411

merchant ['me:tJent] n Kyreq
merciless ['ma:sllrs] a 6esfr<a:locrnlrfi
merry ['merr] a r,ecerrrfi.
met [met] cn. meet
metal ['metel] z MeraJrJr
method ['meOed] n MeroA
mice [mus] ci]t. mouse
middle [mtdl] n cepe4vrll.a
middle class ['mIdl'klo:s] cpeguufi Krracc
midnight ['mrdnalt] n rroJruotlb
might [mart] n MoIrIb
mighty ['maItr] a rvrorqnrrft
mild [marld] a msrrcraft
military ['mrlrten] a soeHHrrfi
milk [mIlk] n MorIoKo
mince pies ['mlns'parz] cJraAKne rrr4po]rcrctr c
raa Qpyxron
mind [marnd] n YM
mine [marn] n fir.axra; u 4o6rrnatr (uto-nu6ygr us'
eervrrnr)
miner ['marne] n uraxrep
mineral resources ['mtnerel n'sc:srz] rroJreoHbre
IIAEMbIE
miniature ['mmjatie] n MnHr4arropa
minimal ['mrnlmsl] a v'vr:rvrmanrnrrfi
minister ['mrnrste] n MrrHLtcrP
minor ['marne] 4 MeHbrul4it, rtanr;ttr
minstrel ['mrnstrel] n MeHecrpeJrb
miraculous [mr'rrekjules] a uy4ecnrrfi
mirror ['mIre] n seprcaJro
miserable ['mlzerebl] a Hec'ractnrrfi
misery ['mIz Hecrracrbe
misfortune eyAarra
missionary cr'rouep
mistake [mrs'terk] n onru6rta
mistletoe ['mlsltou] n oMerra
$2
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mix with ['mrks wr6] crvrerur{Barbc,H c
mixed forest ['mrkst'fcnst] crvreruannrrri .nec
mixture ['mrkstJe] n cMecb
moat [mout] n poB
modern ['mcden] o coBpeMenHmil
modest ['mcdrst] a cnpounuft
rnodification [,mcdrfi'kerJn] R naoTlr.rtlr]rxarlufi, Br4Ao-
}ISMEHCHrIE
moisture ['mcrstJe] n BJrara
mole [moul] n Kpor
monarch ['mcnek] n Mouapx
monarchy ['mcnekr] n Mouapxutr
monastery ['mcnestan] n uouacrrilph
money ['m,rnr] n Aerrbrrr
monk ['mnqk] n Monax
monopoly [me'ncpch] n MoHonorrfl
monument ['mcnjument] z rraMf,Tutlt(
moon [mu:n] n Jrylaa
moor [mue] n [ycrbrura^fi MecrHocrt nopooulaff BepecICoM
rl mop [mcp] n mna6pa
{t rnoral ['mcrel] a uopa.nurrrfi
racnQ
mortal ['mc:tel] a crreprnrrft
t mostly ['mousth] adu 6otrcllteft qact'r,K)
I motherland ['ml6alend] n poArrna
I motor-bike ['moutebark] n Mororl]rnJr
motor-car ['mouteko:] n Marrrlrua
motor-cycle ['moutesatkl] n MoroqurcJr
mountain ['mauntin] n ropa
mountainous ['mauntrnes] a ropracrr,til
mourn [mc:n] u orJraxnBarb
mouse [maus] (nn. y. mice) Mbrrub
moustache [rne'sto:J] n ycbr
mouth [mau0] n ycrbe
move [mu:v] u ABrrrarbca
movement ['mu:vment] n gnuxcenne
MP ['em'pi:] vaen rapJraMeuTa
{tl

mud [mrrd] n rpaer
multiply [?nalfiplad u yBeJrurrrrBarb
murder ['ma:de] u y6ur,arr;, n yduircrro
music ['mju:zrk] n MyBbIKa
musical ['mju:srkl] n MK)BrrKJr
musician [mju'zdn] n Mysbrxaur
mystery ['mtsten] n rairla'a I noble [noubl] a 6naropo4nrrfi; n ABopnHr,rH
N nonconformist ['ncnken'fc:mrst] a nonroneopurncrcrnft
nail [nerl] n rBoBAb
narrator [ne'rette] n paccKaarrtTr
nationalized ['neJ nelarzdJ p p Ha\norraJl r4orrpoB aHH
naval ['nerval] a BoeuHo-rvropcxofi
navigable ['nrevIgsbl] a AocryrrHrrfi 4"ua HaBlTraqnn
navy ['nervr] n Boerruo-rvrop6xofi Snot
nearby ['mebar] adu to1nr{Bocrlt
nearly ['nreh] adu toqrla ,,t
necessary ['nesesn] a neo6xoAraurrfi
necklace ['nekhs] n oxcepeJrbe -
need [ni:d] n Ey]r'Aai u Hyrrcgarbcn
negative ['negetrv] o orpr{qatelrnsrfi
neighbour ['nerbe] n coce4
neighbouring ['nelbanrll a coceAcxufi
nephew ['nevju:] n rrJreMsHHr{K
nest [nest] z rnee4o; u rlreoAvtrbcfi, crpours rni!
network ['netwe:k] n cerb
neutral ['nju:trel] a nefirpa.nrsrrfi
neutralize ['nju:helavl u nefirpaauaoBarb
434
www.frenglish.ru
neutron ['nju:tren] n nefitpon
newly ['nju:h] adu nll.or;r
news [nju:z] n HoBocru
nickname ['ruknerm] lz upoaBrarrle
nightfall ['nartfc:l] n HacryrrrreHrre Horrr{
nobility [nou'brlrtr] n BHarb
noise [ncrz] n ruyM
,
pacKonbuz.recxrafi
ta non-true to life ['ncn'tru:ta'larfl nepea.nrurrfi, Herftr4g-
nennrrfi
north [nc:O] n. ceBep
north-western ['nc:0'westen] a ceBepo-aaua4nrrfi
Northwest ['nc:0west] o ceaepo-sana4nrrfi
noticeable ['noutisebl] a sarvrerurrft
novel ['ncvel] n poMarr
novelist ['ncvehst] n poManlrcr
nowadays ['nauederz] adu s Harue BpeMff
nuclear ['nju:khe] a a4epnrrfi
number ['nrmbe] n 'tvlcJro, HoMep; u Hacru4TbrBarb
numerous ['nju:meres] a lrnorosrac"uennrrfi
nurse [ne:s] n lafilafi-, MeArtqraucraff cecrpa; u yxa]Krr-
Barb Ba 6orgrrrrrvrz
r
! o
: oak [ouk] n Ay6
oats [outs] n onec
obedience [e'bi:djens] n rocrryru anere
obey [e'ber] u cnyruarbcs
observation [.cbze'v et[n) n na6.rrro4erure
observe [eb'se:v] u na6nro4arr
observer [eb'se:ve] n nadnrogareJrb
obvious ['cbvres] a ouenz4nrrfi
occupation [,ckju'pelnf n saHfirrae, orrcyrraqr{E
occupy ['ckjupar] u saHr4Marb, oKryrrr/rpoBarb
19s

occur [a'ke:] u cJryqarbcff, [poucxoArrrb
ocean [ouJn] n orcean
ocear,ic climate [ouJr'anrk'klarmrt] oKeanrqecK[
KJII{MAT
offend [e'fend] u o6vtrats
offer ['cfe] u upeAJlararb; n upeAJlo]rcenlre
offic-er ['cfisp] z o@ur1ep, qrrHoBHr{K
official [a'fiJalJ a o$zqranrnrrfi; n o@w4vra:l.bnoe rruqc
officially [a'fiJeh] adu o@uglrarrbuo
often lcfnf adu qacro
ota-faihioned ['ould'freJnd] a ctapomo4nrrfi
open [oupn] o ornpbrrurit; u ornpblBarb"
open-air ['oupn'ee] a Ha orrcpbrroM BosAyxe
openly ['oupnh] adu otxPuto
opera ['cpra] n orlepa
operation [,cpe'rerJn] n orepaqvfl
opinion [a'prnjen] n Mrreur.Ie
opium ['oupram] n ouuyM
opportunity [,cpe'du:rutl] tt BoaMo)rcnocrb' rrp€.{cr&r
susrufifica c.n5nrafi
oppose [e'pouz] u rporrrBocroffrb
opposed [e'pouzd]: be opposed to 6utr nporllB
opposite ['cpezrt] rl rporrrgononoxcnrrft
opposition [.cpe'zIJn] n onnoeerrytfi.
oppress [o'pres] u" npfirecHffrb
oppression [e'preJn] n fipvrrecneHrle
oppressor [a'prese] n yruerareJlb' rrpr{TecHureJrb
orangery ['cnnd3err] z opan]rcepe,fl
orchard ['c:tJad] z Spyrcronrrfi ca4
order ['c:da] u [purKaabrBarb, SaKasbrBarb; n rrpraKaSt
3aKa3
in order AJrff Toro qro6rr
ordinary ['c:dnerr] o o6rr'rHrrfi, o6rrruoseumrfi
ore [c:] n pyqa
organ ['c:gen] n opraH t
organization [,c:genar'zerJn] n opraur{aarll'Ia
436
www.frenglish.ru
organize ['c:genaz] u opraHrrsoBbrBarb
origin ['cnd3rn] n rpoucxo)rcAenue
ilI original [e'ndgrnel] a opzrwnatrcurrfi , nepRoHaqa.nts utfi
originally I a'ndgrnah] adu opulrHaJrbHo, IrepBouaq aJ b Ho
originate [e'ndgrnert] u npozcxoArrrb
orthodox ['c:Oedcks] o rpaBocrrasrrrft
li otherwise [',r6ewarz] adu unarae
otter ['cte] z BbrApa
lr outbreak ['autbrerk] n Bcrrblrurca
r'
outlet ['autlet] n BbrxoA
outnumber [aut'nrmbe] u upeBocxoAI4Tb trrrcJroM
outpost ['autpoust] n aBanrrocr
I
outside ['autsard] adu nlae, cHapy)rcer, Hapyxcy
r
outskirts ['autske:ts] n rpeAMecrbfl
outstanding [aut'standr4] a BbrAaroquiltca
r.
oven [rrvn] n AyxoBKa
I overboard ['ouvebc:d] adu sa 6opr, aa 6oprou
i overcrowded [ouve'kraudld] a [eperroJrnennrrfi
overhang [ouve'heq] (overhung, overhung) u Hetf€tFE
overhung [ouve'hrrq] c"u. overhang
overlook [ouva'luk] u BbrxoAr{rb oHHaMn Ha, r'ocrlopO?F
BaTb HaA
overnight [ouve'nart] adu wa Hoqb
overseas [ouve'si:z] a aavropcrcrafi
overthrew [ouve'Oru:] cu. overthrow
overthrow [ouve'Orou] (overthrew, overthrOtEl v
cBeprHyTb
overthrown [ouve'Oroun] c",2. overthrow
owing to ['oulq te] 6naro4ap,fl, ero-Ba, BcJreAcTllF
own [oun] a co6crsenxrrfi; u BJraAerb
ownership ['ounaJrp] n nna4enze
P
pagan ['pergen] n .sobrrrHtrK
page [perft] n crpaHrrqa, ra]K
paid [perdl cn. pay
{r7

pain [pernl n 6onr
painful ['pernful] a 6o.neanennrrfi
paint [pemt] u Kpacr4Tb, rrncarb KpacKaMrl|
painter ['pernte] n xyAo)rcurrr
painting ['perntr4] n ]xvrr,ortucb, Kaprur{a
palace ['prehs] n ABopeq
paradise ['peredars] n pafi i peer [pre] n rep
pardbn [po:dn] u uporqarb; n uporqeurre, uuAyJrbrerrrlr4
parents n po4nrerrkr
['pee"rents]
iarish t'pir"ll z ti"p*o"nufi upraxo4
parliament ['po:lement] z napnaMeur
parliamentarian [,po:lemen'teensn] @ rapJraMe
parliamentary monarchy [,po:1e'menterr'mcnakr] rapJr
MeHTapHaA MOIIapxI{,fl
parrot ['paret] n nouyrafi
part [po:t] n \acrb; u paccraBarbc,E
particular [pa'trkjula] o oco6exnrrfi
in particular n oco6ennocru
particularly [pa'tikjulalrl adu ocg6enxo
partly ['po:tlr] adu ';,acruqla.o
partner ['po:tne] z uaprniip
party ['po:tr] n uaprun
pass [po:s] u npoxoArrrb MvrMo, nepeAaBarb
pass a bill ['po:s e'brl] upraruaMarb BaKoHorpoeKT ,,r
pass a law ['po:s e'lc:] npraru4Marb BaKoH
passage ['presrd3] n upoxoA
passenger ['presrndge] n naccamzp
passer-by ['po:se'bar] z upoxoxcufi
passion [pre.|n] n crpacrb
pastime ['po:starm] n rrplasruoe BpeMfirr
pasture ['p-o:stJe] n nacrl:rrrrre
patch tpiijt ,'iunoar^; KrroqoK, ne6o.nrruofi y.racto
SEMJII4
patron ['pertren] n rorpoBrrreJrb
pattern ['preten] n yoop
pay [per] (paid, paid) u rJrarLrrb
438
www.frenglish.ru
I payment ['perment] n firara
,,1 peace [pi:s] n uup
peaceful ['pi:sful] a urapnrrfi
i peak [pi:k] n trvrr, Beprurina-
i pear [pee] n rpyrua
peasant [peznt] n Kpecrb,flnr{H
penetrate ['pemtrert] u upoHrrxarb
'; peninsula [pe'mnsjule] z uonyocrpoB
,l
penny [penr] n rreHHrI
people [pi:pl] nroArr
per cent [pe'sent] npoqenr
perform [pa'fc:m] u [peAcraBJrffTb, craB]rrb cue*Ta*Jrb
r performance [pe'fc:mens] n npeAcraBJreH]re, c[eKTaKJIb
period ['plened] n repr4oA
perish ['p"nj] u nortr6arr
permisiiot 1p"'-rJtr] n paspeurerrrae
persecute ['pe:sekjut] u upecJreAoBarb
, person [pe:sn] n Jrrrrruocrb, rIeJroBeK
personal [pe:snel] a :nusttritir
persuade [pe'swerd] u yroBopr4ts, y6eAurr
philosopher [fi'lcsefe] n $rnocoQ
philosophy [fi'lcsafi] z Qra.nocoQraa
physical ['fizrkl] a Qusu.re cxuir.
physics ['fizrks] n Suelz,xa
,v picnic ['ptkmk] rL rrrrKHLtK
pi"t o"e-"'-que [, pIktJe'resk] .o xczsonucuhlft
i piece [pi:s] n KycoK
pierce [pres] u uponrrxarb, rrpouaarb
pig [prg] n cBnnbn
pigsty ['pIgstaI] n cBrrHaprrLTK
pilgrim ['prlgnm] n nrarrrrrprrM
pil grima ge ['prlgrrm fi3f n rraJroMrrrlrlecrB o
pilot ['parlet] n fivrnror, JroqMaH
pin [pm] z 6ynanrca
pine [parn] z cocna
479
 www.frenglish.ru

pirate ['parertt] n fivpa't pqrtrait ['pc:tnt] n nol)rpor

place [plers] rL Mecro; u roMelrlarb aTh
plague [pletg] n rlyMa E, llilJlft*FEitts
plain [pleIn] n paBllvllaa €HHF
planet ['plemt] n rJlanera
plant [plo:nt] n pacrerrze; u ca]rcarb possibility [.pcsr,brrrtr] r r,J;[Hflil,,l.=
itantaTion 1plren'terin] n n.nanrarrlrn possible ['pcsrbl] a BosMonrHhtH-'-="'
play [pleI] u urparb; n rbeca post [poust] z nocr, uort,t.6
playwright ['plelrart] n ApaMaryplr postag H'=ii'r€FiFrrrr.E,,,/rr,r
pleasant [pleznt] a upraatnufi potato 1io-"Tluto'lJfttllHr
uzf n Hu;l,r,,lttralte '
pleasure ['plege] n yAoBoJrbcrBrle povert n Hr/rule't,il
plot [plct] n BaMbrcen (ponarua), aaronop power [paue] n cvrra, BJrnel,b
plough [plau] u raxarb powerful [,paueful],a clrJn,uutfl, Hfelr*tHH
ploughman ['plaumen] n naxaPr practical_ ['praktrkl] trpn rtrrr r,boiri F,lr.t l,
plum [pl,rm] n clrvrBa
_o_
practical_ly ['prektrklfl ad u trpailTHqEF*H I
pocket ['pcktt] n KaPMaH practic_e [,prrektrs] n frpaK't,trKai
u npg=_HtsH€a
"l rr,r_rr
poet ['poult] z noat praise [prerz] u xBaJrrrrb
poetry ['portrl] n fioesvfl. pray [prer] u MoJrr.rrbcff
point [pcInt] n Mecro, roqKa; u yxaobrBarb prayer ['prere] rL MoJrLrrBa
pole [poul] n urect, rroJlroc - preach [pri:tJ] u rporoBeAonn,t,h
police [pe'li:s] n fionrvfi\ns. predict {pn'drkt] u rpeAcKa0r,t nfl,rF
policy ['pchsr] n fiorrvrrvrna predominalce [prr'dcmrnorrs] n lrlteo6lagFHHe
political [pe'lrtrkel] a nolrvrrvrrecKnfi prefer [prr'fa:] u [peAnoqr/rrll,r,l,
politically [pe'lrtrkeltl a du rrorlt4 rllqecK I4 prehis_toric [.prrhr stcrrk] a Aorr(:,t,ollHrtFFFHH
politician [,pch'tlJn] n fiolrvrrvrn prejudice ['pred3adrs] n npe41lr,,,,,yti,,o' *""
politics ['pclrtrks] n rtorrvrrvLna prepare [pn'pee] u roroBrrrb
polytheistic [,pch0i:'rstrk] a rrorlr4relr cruuecwtrir, presence ['prezens] rL [p]rcyreTnHe
eepaqzft Bo Muorrax 6oron present [,prezant] a rprrcyrcrnytoulltHr
H]ilHEtfi Hii*i
poor [puef a 6egurlir present [_pn'zent] D Aapprrb, npo/l,niu,,at,u
pop ['pcp'krltJe] non KyJrbrypa present_day [,preznt,der] o
"otto"e
poppy ['pcpl] z MaK K HaruI4M AHfiM ""i,,uinn,,H, o,l,Hrtr,elnititr rr

popular ['pcpjule] o roryrrnpnrrfi preserve [prr'ze:v] u coxpaHffTr)

popularity [,pcpju'lantr] n rloryJlffpxocrb press [pres] r? upecca
population [,pcpju'ledn] z HaceJreurde pretext [pn'tekst] n rpeAJror
port [pc:t] n^ropr prevail [prr'vell] u rpeo6rraAarb
portion [pc:Jn] n nopqI,IE prevailing [prr'velhq] a upeo6la4nrorrlrrfl
440
{{t
 www.frenglish.ru

prevalence ['prevelens] z upeo6.ua4arrlre profitable ['prcfitebl] o BbrroAnbrfi

prevent [pn'vent] u upeAorBpaularb, He AaBarb rrer r,,ilr,o
larr.6ygs cJrytrrlrbcfi ..
ll
previously ['pri:vreslt'l adu npeABapureJrbno :
Aaroqrlftcfi
r
, ,,rrt
price [prars] n qeua r b; z o6eqaHne
pride [prard] z ropAocrb promote [pre'mout] u cuoco6crBoBarb,
coAeftorloElrb
priest[pri:st]n cB,firrlerrHr{K .. l
pronunciation [pre,nrrnsr'erJn] n upo]rarrorueurre
['prarman] a rrepBurrurtfi, na.ra.nsnufi
primary -educati-o'n .] proor 1pru:tJ n AorcaaareJrbcrBo
primary proper.['p_rcpe] o 4onxcurrfi no4o6aroqufi
['prarmerr.edju'kerJn] naua ,
o6paaouanrae property ['prcpatr] n co6crseHnocrb
prime minister ['prarm'mrnrste] npeubep-Mnuucrp propose [pre'pouz] u npeAJrararb
primitive ['pnmrtrv] o rrp]rMrrrrarnrrfi, nepno6srrnu proprietor_[pre'prarete] n nnageJreq
prince [pnns] ,x upuuq prosecute ['prcsrkju:t] u, nnecne4oBaTb ro
sanoHy
princess [pnn'ses] n rp?rnqecca llosecu!.ion. [.prcsr'kju:Jn] n cy4e6noe upecrreAoBaur{e
principle ['pnnsrpl] n nprrnqr(n prosperity [pre'sperrtr] z upoqrerarrue
print [pnnt] u reqararb oqnerarorquft
printing ['prrntrq] n Kn]rrorreqaraHLre E
prison [pnzn] z rropbMa aHa, Sarrlr4Ta
prisoner ['pnzna] n fiJrela,nvtK, BarcJTr)rrdnnrrfi B Tropr
private ['prarvrt] a .ractnrrfi prove [pru:v] u AorcaobrBarb
privately ['prarvrtlr] adu s.acrla.uu o6paeou t
privileged['pnvrhdgdfppnpuwrrrernpoBannrrfi i
prize [praz] n llp:as I
probably ['prcbebh] adv sepoarno ,r

procedure [pra'si:dge] n npoqeAypa ;

process ['prouses] n rpoqecc r

irocession lptr'siJnl z upoqeccrrn i pudding ['pudrq] n rry1vrnt

proclaim [prs'klerm] u npoBoorJraruarb ,
pull [pul] u raIqr{rb
produce [pra'dju:s] u rpor{BBo4nrbi n rrpo4yxr ',

producer [pre'dju:se] n uporroBoAr{reJrb

qurify ['pjuerrfar] u oquqarr

Puritanism ['pjueutenrzm] n ilypvrrarrcrBo
professor [pre'fese] z upoQeccop purpose ['pe:pes] z rleJrb
profit ['prcfit] n BbrroAa pursue [pe'sju:] u npecJreAoBarb (qeas),
BaHr,rMarbca
442
44)
 www.frenglish.ru

IICM-JIU6O
ran [rrn] crl. rln
rang [rren] cM. trtrg
range [reInd3] n xpe6ct'
rapid ['reprd] a 6trcrlrt't ll
rapidly ['raprdk] adD 6r,rc't'1xt
rare [reeJ a pe1xvrir.
raspberries ['ro:zbartz] n mtt"rt u nn
a rat [ret] n Kpblca
rather ['ro:6a] odu 4ono.rlt,utt
rather than ['ro:da 6en] t:lcopon 'tHM
rationing ['rreJanrq] n pacupo/l€lriltllF, FE Frir--tr rlri rIr,Irr!1 ,

paqr4oHa
ravine [re'vi:n] rL oBpar
raw [rc:] a crrpofi
queen [kwi:n] n KoPoJIeBa .. ray [rer] n.Jlyrr
o="i"t [l*aret1 a cnoxoftnrtft' rnxuir reach [ri:tJ] u Aocrvtarb
quietly ['kwaieth] adu cnor<oftno' rl4xo readily ['redrh] adu c loroBll(x:'l,hrl
R ready ['redr] a roroB
real [rrel] o peaJlbublft, nactocttlHH
rabbit ['rcbrt] n KPoTIIIK realistically [ne'hstrkeh] adu pF€ n]tGTHaHH
race [rers] ! Paca realize ['rrelarz] u fronrtMarb, l)€HJnlEltaa+E
racial ['relJel] 4 PacoBbII{ really ['neh] adu geft.craureJrr,Ho
radical ['raedlkel] a pa4vr"aJrbr{brlr reappear [.rre'pra] u BHoBb rronHJtrltbeE
radicaliim ['rredrkalzm] n pa4urcarrnIsM reason [ri:zn] n [prqrrHa, pnryM
rebel [n'bel] u BoccraBarb
rebel [rebl] n rloBcraHeq
rebuild [,rr'brld] (rebuilt, rclrrrlltl tr €FHEG ] il,r,11sp,
IIepecTparrBaT6
BATOH
rebuilt [,rr'bIlt] c'v. rebuild
]r(eJIeBHoAopo]rcubre ryrtl recall [,rr'kc:l] u BcrIoMI4HarL
t"acks ['retlwer'traks]
""ii*"V receive [rr'si:v] u rroJryrrarb, npnHHHef€
rain [rem] n 4ox4r recent [ri:snt] a ueqanlauft.
rainbow ['rernbou] n PaAYra recite [n'sart] u AeKJIaMupoBn'r'r,
rainfall ['relnfc:l] ru ocaAKIa recognition [,rekag'nrJn] n npHlHHIH€
rainY ['rernr] o Ao]r(AJrrrBbr]1 recognize ['rekegnalz] u yanann't'br 6FH€EEEEi]
raise [rerz] u roAHI4Marb reconsider [,rtken'slde] u nepc(!MH,t'pHEgtE
raisins f'revtnzl a vrsrou
444
{{=

reconstruction [.rrkan'strrkjn] z uepectpofixa'
crpyKrllrfl
(uocae 6oneanu) '
rec-;;; Gl'knve] u ronpa rJrsrbc'fl(noc;re 6o1"T1]--,-:
[n'krven] " o-ottp""*a
"""o"""V (4o6posorlbqeB B apMIrI
;;;;"it in''kru:tl u nalupars
reduce [rI'dju:s] q YMeHbruarb
r"a""tio" in'drtkin] n yMerrbrrrer{raeroBopltr o
refer to [rffa: te] ccrr'narbcfi Ha'
peQopua; u
[itfc:m] n peq'opu'',
reform lrl'fc:ml
retorm v pe$opMrrpoBarb
PvtryvvLtL'L]'vvs.v
reformer [n'fc:me] n PeQoPuaroP
refugee [,iefiufii:] z 6erneq, 6exeneq
refuse [n'fiu:z] u orxa3brBarbca
BHoBb upzo6pec
;a;; tiigtt"i, rroJr)^rlrrb o6parno'ctrurarb
reeard [rr'qo:d] u paccMarprrBarb'
reject [n'd3ekt] u orKaabrBarbc'fi
rejoice [rr'd3crs] u PaAoBarbc'E
reiatedln'lertrd]: be related rrMerb orr{ourenlle'
poAcrBeHHbrM
relations [rr'lelJnz].n orHotueuuff
relationship [rr'lerJnJrp] n otnoruerrr4n
relieve [rili:v] u o6ner''rats
religion [rr'hd3en] n pertttvrfi'
religious [rr'hd3es] a perultvtoBrrbrrr
reload [n'loud] u BHoBb Harpy]rcarb
remain [rr'mern] u ocraBarbcn
remains [n'mernz] n ocrarrclt
446
www.frenglish.ru
remark [n'mo:k] n BaMeqaufiei u cAeJrarb saMerrarrrde
remarkable [n'mo :kabl] o aarvre'rare.nsnrrfi
remember [n'membe] u uouultrb, BcrIoMrrHaTb
remembrance [rr'membrens] n rraMETb, BocrroMragagr4e
remind [n'marnd] u HanoMlrHarb
'1 remote [n'mout] o ot4antlnnrrfi
remove [n'mu:v] u y6rapatr
renaissance [rr'nersens] n peueccaHc
renewal [n'njual] n o6trosneune
rent [rent] z penta; u 6parb r{auporcar, cguMarb
( rcaapmupy )
)
reorganize [rI'c:genaz] u peoprarrrrooBarb
repair [rt'pee] u qurrr{Tb' peMorrrrrpoBaTb
replace [n'plers] u [epeMerrlarb, saMenffTb
reply [n'plat] n orBer; u orBerlarb
report [rI'pc:t] n AoKJIaA; u AoKJraAbIBarb, coo6rqarr
reporter [n'pc:te] z penoPrtiP
reporting [rr'pc:trq] n sanfiTvtfi peuoprdpcnrrM AeJroM
represent [,repn'zent] u npeAcraBJrflTb, 6srts upeAcraBn -
TEJIEM
representation [,repnzen'tedn] n rpeAcTaBl'rrerrLcrBo
representative [,reprr'zentatrv] z upeAcraBlrreJrb
reptile ['reptarl] n perrraJrtrff , npecMbrnarouleecff
republic [rfp,r,bhk] z pecuy6.nnrca
republican [rr'prrbhke.n] a pecny6nurcanocuft
reputation [,repju'terjn] t penyraqrrn
rescue ['reskju:]-u cuacarb; n cnacelrrle
research [n'se:tJ] u ]rccJreAoBarb; n rrccJreAoBaglre
residence ['readans] n pesvAerrqr'rfi
resign [rr'zaIn] u yxoArlTb B orcraBKy
resignation [,rezlg'neIJn] n yxoA B orcraBrcy
resistance [rr'zrstens] n conporrrBJleHl'Ie
resort [rr'zc:t] n Kypopr ,
respect [n'spekt] n yBa)rceuuei v yBatrcaTb
respected'[u'spektrd] pp yBarraeMblfi
responsibility [rrs,pcnsr'bIhtI] n orloTorlonuoerb
447
 www.frenglish.ru

responsible [rrs'pcnsrbl] a orBercrBennrrfi

rest [rest] tl. orAbrx
the rest ocraJrbnoe, ocraJrbHble
restaurant ['restrol] n pecropan
restoration-J,restaii"rjnl, p-""ta"puql4a, Boccran,
JICHT{E
restore [n'stc:] u BoccranaBJlrBarb .
restrictibn [ristrrkJn] n orpannqenr{e
result [n'zrrlt] n peayJrbrar; u rrMerb pesyasratour',,,
retain [n'tem] u coxpanflTb, yAepxcrrBarb ij
retire [rr'tare] u yAaJrnrbctr or AeJr
retreat [n'tri:t] u orcryrarbi n orcryrJrerrue
return [n'te:n] nz in return BsaMerr
reunion [n'ju:nren] n BoccoeAr4neur,re
revenge [n'venft] n Mecrb
reverse [n've:s] u nepeBepnyrb axtu.recxufi
revive [rr'varv] u oxcrlBrrrb, Beprryrb K ]rcrdgnrl
revolt [rr'voult] u Bo:ccrarb; n Boccranlre
revolution [,reve'lu:Jn] z .peBoJrroq.n,ff EEI{E
revolutiott""y 1,reve;lu:Jnerl a peBorlloquonnrrfi; oauufi, neoriicannsrfi
peBoJrroquoHep
uJroxa.E uoroAa (aerperraa,
revolutionize [,rive'lu:Jnarz] u
revolve [rr'voulv] u Bparrlarbcfl KapyceJrb
reward [rr'wc:d] n HarpaAa
ribbon ['uben] n rreula
rich [rrtJ] a 6orar:';rir
ridden [rrdn] cm. ride e6uas JroAKa
ride [rard] (rode, ridden) u exarb, exarb BepxoM u
ridge [nfi] z Kpnnc, xpe6er 4.ff BJIaCTb, riJIeHbI KOpOJIeB_
right lrattf a upaurrfi; n rpaBo
rightly ['rartlr] adu npannJrbno, rro npaBy
right-wing ['rart'wn1] a npaarrfi (o rroJrr{rrrtrec$
4nuncenura) :

ring [nq] (rang, rung) u BBoHrrrb

riot'['raretf n 6ynr
rioter ['rarete] n 6yxronrqrarc
448
449

rule [ru:l] u y[paBJrflTbi n rrpaBJreurle' rrpaBrlJro
ruler ['ru:la] n upaBlrreJrb
ruling class ['ru:lrr1'klo:s] npanaulnfi rnacc
run [rnn] (ran, run) u 6eram
run races ['rrrn'rersrz] 6erarr Ha[eperor{Kr,
rung [rnr1] caa. ring
rural ['ru:rel] a ce:ntct<lait
rush [rnJ] u Mqarbca
rye [rar] n potrcb
S scurvy ['ske:vr] n quura
sacred ['serkrrd] a caaulennsrfi
sacrifice ['sekrlfars] n lrceprBa; u trprlrrocr4rb
saddle [saedl] n ceqrro
safe [serfl a 6eaonacsbrfi
safety ['selftr] n 6esonacnocrb
sail [serl] u rrJraBarb
sailor ['seIle] n MoPflK
saint [sernt] n cr,srofr'
sale [serl] n PacrpoAarrca
salesman ['serlzmen] n roproBeq' upoAaBeq
salt [sc:lt] n colrb
salute [se'lu:t] u orAaBarb caJrror
sandals ['srndelz] n cala4alrlnvr
sandy ['srendr] o uec'ranrrfi
sang [srq] ctw. sing
sank [sreqk] c.re. sink
satirical [se'trnkel] a carlaplz.vecrcnfi
satisfied ['sretlsfard] pp yryoBrrernopdnnrrfi
sauerkraut ['sauekraut] n rcnclaff Kanycra
save [sew] u cnacatr
save money ['serv'mnnt] rconurb AeHbrrl
scale [skerl] n ;lr.acvtr.a6
scarce [skees] a Pegxvrir
scare [skee] u ryrarb
scarlet ['sko:ht] a alnr;ttr
450
www.frenglish.ru
scatter ['sketa] u pae6pacbrBarb
scene [si:n] n crleHa
scenery ['si:nerr] n orpyrrarorqzfi Br{A, TearpaJrbnaff
AeKOpaqrrff
scholar ['skcle] z yvdnsrfi
science ['salans] n lnayna
scientific [,saran'fifik] o nayrnsrft
scientist ['sarentrst] n 5nrdnrrfi
scooter ['sku:te] n MoropoJrJrep
scrub [skrnb] u crcpecrr4
sea [si:] tL Mope
B seaman ['si:man] lz MopffK
search [se:tJ] n; in search of s uozcnax
sea-robber ['si:,rcbe] n rvropcxofi paa6ofinzx
seashore ['si:Jc:] tx Mopcnoft 6eper
seat [si:t] n Mecro, Mecrorpe6rrnanr,re
secondary education ['selenderr,edju'kerJn] cpeArree
o6paeonauze
secret ['si:krt] z cerper; a cercpernrrfi
sect [sekt] n cercra
secure [se'kjue] a 6eaonacnrrfi; u o6eeouacurr
seem [si:m] u Kaaarbcfl
seize [si:z] u cxBarrrrb
seldom ['seldam] adu pegxo
selection [sr'lekJn] z or6op
self-confident ['selfkcnfident] a yBepenusrfi s ce6e
self-government.['self g,rvenment] cannoyrpaBJreHr.re
selfishness ['selfiJnrs] z ero.ueu
self-made man ['selfmerd'men] rreJroBeK, go6untrl;mirca
yc[exa cBoraMlr co6ctseuHbrMtr crtJraMr4
self-respect ['self rr'spekt] n yBarrcenrae rc ce6e
sell [sel] (sold, sold) u npoAaBarb
semi-circle ['semr'se:kl] n roJryrpyr
send [send] (sent, sent) u nocbrJrarb
sender ['sende] n ror, KTo nocbrJraer
451
 www.frenglish.ru

senior ['si:nre] a crapnfirvr

shin u

sense [sens] n rryBcrBo

ship e

sent [sent] cz. send

ship rl 'rl rcopa6necrpor-

settt"ttce ['sentans] n upeAJroxceur4e ; v Epl{roBaprrBarb

Tb
VT

eniinnrtft

\,
beSHO
serpent ['se:Pant] n sMea
servant ['se:vent] n cJryra
serve [se:v] u cJryltcllTb
service ['se:vls] n er.Ytx6a
set [set] (set, set) u ycranaBJruBarb MafaBLIHa
set out ['set'aut] orrrpaBJlfiTbcfi
set up ['set'rrp] ycrar{aBJlrrBarb
."ttr" irltr] u-y"rpa"Barbca, o6ocnosHBarbca'
SaceJLfiTb' IloceJlff Tbcff
settlement ['sethnant] n nocdlon' saceJlenrre
settler ['setle] n rocerrerreq
severe [sr'vre] o caraPenufi
JrrrSaqr4a
sickness ['srknrs] n 6o.neanr
) u rPacur' Kaqarb' Apo)fiarb side [sard] n 6orc, cropoua
side by side ['sard bar'sard] 6ox-o.6eH
Pnrrfi, uoctrr4nrrft sigh [saI] u BoAbrxarb
AOJIff sight [saIt] n BnA, Bpenrae
nuir sightseer ['sart.si:e] n ror, Kro ocMafpnFe* HHF t.rr !il
MEqATEJIbIIOCTIT
sign [sarn] n uo4nracbrBarb
] z onqeroAcrBo signal turret ['slgnal't,rret] crnrna.nsHFF EgE|€€
rrbfl ruKypa significance [srg'nrfikens] n BHarreH*E
KpbrBaTbcff silent ['sarlent] d MoJrlraJrIanHfi, rnrEl
silver ['srlve] n cepe6po
faTb similar ['srrnrle] o roxox(rrfi, rarofi f,€
{?1
452
 www.frenglish.ru

o6paaowr snow [snou] n cuer

similarly ['srmrleh] adu uoxo'tclrM
simple [srmPl] 4 rrpocro
sin [sln] n rpex
since [srns] PreP c
sincerity [srn'srentt] n ucrpeHuocrb
sinful ['srnful] o rpexoBnbrn
sing tsiql (sang, sung) u rlerb. o4rarounu#
single [srrgl] " "ii"Zl"euurtfi' vtqrv Ko Ar{y' ro
ti"t-fttttiisank, sunk) u roHyrb'
)Karbcfi
site [sart] n Mecro' Mecronaxo]+cAerr]re
pacrorro*ceu
rito.t"a ['srtjuertr{l pp
;il;i""' l.srtju'etJnj n pacttono)$euue' cr4ryaqlrn
size Isarz] n "PaBMeP
tf."1.ft tstetJi n cnertl' na6pocox
skilful ['skrlful] a vrcwycubrvL
skilfullY ['skrlfuh] adu ucxYcno
skills [skrlz] n :u.aBbrrvr' yMeHr4s
sky [skar] n se6o
slave [slerv] n Pa6
tl".n"ry ['slervarr] n Pa6crno
sledge [slerft] n calr'vr
;iffitd ;.!-1'tli'ptt1 .ba3l cna;r*r'ftMeruo*
cr courrbrlr
sleePY ['sli:Pl]
sleeve [sli:v] tx PYKaB
slogan ['slougen] n JroBYr{r
so that ['sou 6at] TaK qro, rarc .rro6rr
soap [soup] z uruo
so-called ['sou'kc:ld] a Tar' nasrrsaevrrrfi
social ['souJel] 4 corl]raJrrHufi
social work ['souJel'we:k] o6qecrBeunaff pa6ora
society [se'saratr] n o6rqecrno
socks tsckjl n Hocnu
soft [scft] a u,srrcufi
soil [scll] n roqBa
solar system ['soule'srstem] conue'ruas cncreMa
sold [sould] car. sell
soldier ['souldge] n coJrAar
sole [soul] n roAorrrBa
solitary ['schtarr] a og:a:r'oxlatrt
solution [sa'lu:Jn] n perrenuTe
solve [sclv] u peurarb
son [s,rn] n cbrr
song [sc4] n recr{ff
sorfow ['scrou] n uerraJrb
sound [saund] n BByK
source [sc:s] n rrcrotrnr4x, racrox percrr
south [sau0] n ror
south-east ['sauOi:st] n roro-nocrox
southern ['s,r6en] o roxcnrrfi
southernmost ['srr6enmoust] a camrrft roxnrrft
southwards ['sau0wadzf adu K Iory
south-westerly ['sau0'westeh] a rcro-3ara4ntrfi
sovereign ['scveren] n coBepen
sparsely populated ['spo:sh.pcpju'lertrd] peAno Bace-
niinnrrft
sparrow ['sprerou] n uopo6efi
speak [spi:k] (spoke, spoken) u paoroBapnnarb
speaker ['spi:ke] n Bbrcryrrarcuqnir, crrrrep (a uapaarrleu'rtt)
spear [spra] z rourti
special ['speJal] o creqna.nrnrrfi
411

spices ['sPaIsrz] n rpsrrocrrr
spinner ['sprne] n rrpfi'Eerrlbrrlrrrc
spinster ['sPrnste] n crapafi AeBa
spoon [sPu:n] n JrorfiKa
spot [sPct] n uarno' Mecro
;;;dd [spred] (spread, spread) u pacnpocrpaunrb'
upocTr{parbcE
sp"ead [spred] n rpora)rcilnnoctr
square [skwee] n rJroulagb
squire [skware] z crcnafiP
squirrel ['skwlrel] n 6enxa
stable [sterbl] n KoHIourHa
pa6ornurcoa
tt"tt tttotfl ri rutat, KoJrJIeKrtrn
456
www.frenglish.ru
stage [sterft] n cqena; u craBlrrb rra cqene
star [sto:] n aBeBAa
starling ['sto:lr4] n crBopeq
start [sto:t] n crapT, HaqaJro, orrpaBJreHrre
starvation [sto:'verJn] n ro.rro4
starve [sto:v] u roJroAarb
state [stert] u saffBJrsrb; n rocyAapcrBo
statement ['stertment] n aaannenrie
statesman ['stertsman] rocy4apcrBeHHblfi gearelr
station [stedn] n cra*\ws
statue ['stetju] n crarya
status ['stertes] n craryc
stay [ster] u ocraBarsca, upe6brBarb
steadily ['sterdrh] adu upovno, railp4o, ycrofi'rltgo
steal [sti:l] (stole, stolen) u BopoBarb
steam [sti:m] n rap
steam-engine ['sti:m'endgtn] n rapoBa,ff Marrrr4ua
steel [sti:l] n cra:r'b
steep [sti:p] a rcpytofi
steeply ['sti:pL] adu xpyro
step [step] n ruar, crynenbxa
still [strl] a ruxwit; adu r,ce er4|
stockings ['stckrqz] n vylrnrt
stole [stoul] c.rve. steal
stolen ['stoulan] c.,ru. steal
stone [stoun] n KaMerrb
store [stc:] n crcJra,4; u Barracarb, cnJraAbrBarb
storm [stc:m] n 6ypa
stove [stouv] n reub
straight [strert] a rpaMo
strait[strert] n rporrrrB
strange [strerndg] o ctpannrrfi
strangely ['strerndghi adu crpanHo
stranger ['strernd3e] n HesnaxoMeq
strategy ['stretad3r] n crparerllfi
straw [strc:] n coJroMa
41't

stream [stri:m] n rorox, py.reft
strength [streq0] n cwa
strengthen ['Stre40an] u ycu.nlrBarb
stretch [stred] u rpocrlrparbc,fl, rrpor,flrr4Barbcff
strict [stnkt] a crporufr
strictly ['strrkth] adu crporo
strike [strark] (struck, struck) u yAapnrb
strike [strark] z sa6acrosra
striker ['strarke] n aa6acroBrrl?rx
strong [strc4] a cwnrlar,rir
strongly ['strc4h] adu clz.nsr'o
struck [strnk] c"n. strike
structure ['strnktJe] n crpyrcrypa
struggle [str,rgl] n 6opr6a
stubborn ['st,rban] a yrpflMbrft, ynopnsrfi
study ['stndr] u r4gyrlarb
style [starl] n crvrrrb
subdivide [.s,rbdr'vard] u no4paoAerrsrb
subject ['s,rbd3rkt] tx rpeAMer, reMa
submarine [,srrbme'ri:nf n roABoAHaff JroAKa
submit [seb'mIt] u roArrtrgffrbcfl
suburb ['snba:b] n rpuropoA
suburban [s,rb'e:ben] a upkrlopoAnrrfi
succeed [se'ksi:d] u rpeycreBarb
success [se'kses] n ycnex
successful [se'ksesful] o ycuerrrrrurfi
successfully [se'kse sfuhf adu ycreruHo
succession [sa'kseJn] z HacneAoBaHr4e
successor [se'kseJe] n [ocJreAoBareJrb, HacJreAHLrK
sudden [sldn] o snesauHrrfi
suffer ['_snfa] u crpaAarb
sugar ['.|uga] n caxap
suggest [se'dgest] u rpeArrararb
suit [sju:t] n rcocrrcM; u noAxoAr{rb
suitable ['sju:tabl] o rroAxoA ar4:r.ilr
sun [snn] n coJrHqe
458
www.frenglish.ru
sung [s,rq] cn. sing
sunk [srrqk] cn. sink
sunny ['snnl] a conne.rnrrfi
superintendent [ . sj upenn'tendent] n yupaRJrs rc u1n ii, na 4-
SLIpaTeJIb
superior [sju'prerre] a nr;rcntui1 flpeBocxolllr rr1u i.l
supervision [,sj upe'vryn'l n na6nro4euue
supplement ['s,tplmant] n AoroJruer{r4o, rl)nJtol(onHo
supplies [se'plarz] n sarracb1 cna6xceuue, trpnln(it,r
support [se'pc:t] u rroAAepxcuBarb
supporter [se'pc:te] n rroMorqnux, cropoltHntc
suppress [se'pres] u noAaBJrfrb
supreme [sju'pri:m] a srrcrrrnft
sure [Jua] a: be sure 6rrrr yBepennbtM
surface ['sa:fis] n rroBepxHocrb
surgeon ['se:d3en] n xupypr
surprise [se'prarz] n crcpnpus, yA]r6JtoHE€i u y/lltHlnt't,r,
surprised [se'prarzd] pp y p.r4BJrdHuarft
surprisingly [se'praruryltl adu y pual{t'€fl BHn
surrender [se'renda] u cAaBarbcfi; n 6ARqE
surround [se'raund] u oKpyrrcarb
surroundings [se'raundr4z] n orcpyn(€EH€
survival [se'varvel] z Bbr]rcr,rBaHr0
surviving [se'varvrn] o ocranruufieg H tdHFhtE
swamp [swcmp] n 6onoro
sweep [swi:p] u Mecr?r, cMerBTt,
sweetheart ['swi:tho:t] n noanrl6nexgafr
swift [swrft] a 6rrcrpufi
swing [swrr1] n :r,a-v.eilvr
switch on ['swrtJ'cn] u ux"rrrovarr,
sword [sc:d] Ft rrrfiara, Merr
sympathetically [.srmpo'Octrkolll adu eoqyE€faEHnrr
sympathize ['srmpeO avf u coqyuotH€Fef h
synthesizer [.srnOe'sarze] n cfi r!r,eBHTop
system ['srstem] n cracreMa
41tr
I
 www.frenglish.ru

T ud than [6ren] adu qervr

tactics ['tektrks] n rar'Tvr"a
tailor ['terle] n uoptnofi
take [terk] (took, taken) u 6parr
take care ['terk'kea] aa6otzrrcs
take off ['terk'cfl cHrrMarb
take part in ['terk'po:t In] npuru{Marb } racrr4e
taken [teftn] cn. lake ' thin [0rn] o ronrcrafi,
talented ['trelantrd] a raJranTJrusbrft
tall [tc:l] a sl;rcoxuir
task [ta:sk] z sa4a.Ia, aarqaurre
taste [terst] u upo6oaarbi n BKyc
taught ltc:tl cn. teach
team [ti:m] n KoMaHAa
tea-party ['ti:,po:tr] n '+,aefivrrvre
tear [tee] (tore, torn) u pBarb
tear apart ['tear e'po:t] paoopBarb Ha Kycrr4
technologT [tek'nclaftl] n texnoJrorrrff
teenager ['ti:n,erdgal n rmnefig*cep (vra.nrvurc un{ thrown [0roun] c.le. throw
AeBoqKa B Boopacre or 13 4o 19 .rret)
temperate ['tempnt] a. yurepennrrfi
temperature ['temprrtJe] z reMreparypa
temple [templ] n xpaM
tend [tend] u ctpennrrbc,fl, r4Merb renAeHrlnro
tense [tens] o Harrpff)r(dnnufi
tension [tencn] n Harpff)KeHrre
tent [tent] n rraJrarKa
term [ta:m] n repMrrrr
terrible ['tenbl] o yxacnrrfi
territory ['tentarr] n repprrropua
terror ['tere] n yfitae, reppop
test [test] n trcrrl;rrafinei u tTcrrbrrblBarb
460
ii{ theatre ['Oreta] n rearp
,l* theme [Oi:m] n reMa
theory ['Oren] n reoprrn
'ri$ therefore ['6eefc:] adu uoerovry
rd thick [0rk] o rorcrrrft, rycrofi
B thief [Oi:fl n nop
ncu4rcufi
t!in\ [Oqk] (thought, thought) u AyMarb
thinker ['0r4ke] n MbrcJrrrreJrb
though [dou] adu xora
thought [Oc:t] cz. think
thoughtfully ['Oc:tfuhf adu BaAyMtruBo
thoughts [Oc:ts] n :lrbrcrr:a, paaAyMbg
threat [Oret] n yrpooa
threaten [0retn] u yrpo]rcarb
threw [Oru:] c"n. throw
throne [Oroun] n rpon
through [Oru:] prep c:r"Boob, qepe3
throughout [Oru'aut] aq, HacKBoBb, rroBceMecr*o
throw [Orou] (threw, thrown) u 6pocarr
a throw off ['0rou'cfl c6pacrrsari
:l{ thunder ['Omde] n rpoM
.il thus [dzrs] adu rax, raKilM o6paeou
t", tide [tard] n npvJrvrB, orJr]rB
d ties [taz] n cBs.sn
tight [talt] a recnrrfi, nlrornrrfi
r tin [trn] z oJroBo
1 tiny ['tarnr] a rcporueunrrft
, tip [trp] z KoHrruK
, tireless ['tarahs] o neycrannrrft
, title [tanl] n rvrryrr, HaBBaHrae
toast [toust] n rocr
toga ['touga] n roFa
tolerance ['tclerans] n reprruMocrb
461

tolerant ['tclerant] a repnnwrrrfi
tomb [tu:m] z rpo6nrzqa
took [tuk] cu. take
tool [tu:l] n LTHcrpyMeHr
top [tcp] n Bepx, Beprrr{Ha, Bepxymra
tore [tc:] cm. tear
torn [tc:n] cn. tear
totalltoulll a nonnb.rft, secr
total length ['toutl'leq0] o6u1aa Arrla.na
touch [tntJ] u rporarb
tour [tua] fl Typ, roeBAKa
tourist ['tuenst] n ryplrcr
towards [te'wc:dz] prep fio HarpaBrrenuro
towel [tauel] n rroJroreHqe
tower [taue] n 6annns.
town [taun] n ropoA
townsfolk ['taunzfouk] z ropomane
townspeople ['taunzpi:pl] n ropo)rcaHe
trade [trerd] n roproBJrff, peMecJro; u roproBarb
trade unions ['trerdJu:nranz] upoQcoroabr
trader ['trerde] n roproBeq
tradesman ['trerdzman] z roproBerl
tradition [tre'drJn] n. rpa1vrwts.
traditionally Itra'dd n ahf a du rpaArrrlr{ourro
traffic ['trrefik] n Aopo]Kuoe ABrr)rceHr{e
tragic ['tradgrk] a rparrqecr<lair
train [trern] u rpeur{poBarb, o6yvarr
trained [trernd] pp rpeurrponauxrrfi , o6yvennsrfi
transform [trrens'fc:m] u rpancQopMrrpoBarb
translate [trcns'lert] u repeBoArlrb
translation [trens'lerJn] n repeBoA
transmit [fenz'rut] u [epeAaBarb rro pa4r{o, renenr,r4enrarl
transport ['transpc:t] n rpancropr
transport [trrens'pc:t] u repeBoBr(Tb
trap [trrp] z "nonymrca, KarrKaH; u JroBrtrb
travel ['traval] u rryreruecrBoBarb
462
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traveller ['trrevele] n rryrernecrBenHnx
treacherously ['tretJeresh] adu npegareJrbcxr,r
treason [tri:zn] n rocyAapcrBeHHaff noMerra
treasure ['tre3e] n coxpoBr4rrle
treat [tri:t] u o6parqatcn c
treatment ['tri:tment] z o6paqeuue, JreqeHne
treaty ['tri:tl] n AoroBop
trench [trentJ] n rpanrrrefl
trend [trend] n HarrpaBJrenr4e
trial [traral] z cy4
triangle ['tralrerlgl] n rpeyroJrbHrrx
tribe [trarb] n rrrreMn
K triumph ['trarem{l z rpuyvre
triumphant [trar'lmfant] a uo6e4onocnrrfi
troops [tru:ps] n softcxa
trouble [tr,rbl] n 6ega, xrrorrorbr
trousers f'trauzezl n 6prcxn
truly ['tru:h] adu nepyo, rorrcrnue
trumpeter ['trrrmprte] z ropnucr
try [trar] u rrbrrarbcff
tuneless ['tju:nhs] a HeMeJro4u.rnrrfi
tunic ['tju:ruk] n rynuna, py6axa
tunnel [t,rnl] n ryunerrb
turkey ['ta:kl] n un1etrrr<a
turn [te:n] u uonopaqriBarb; n noBopor, orrepeAb
turn down ['te:n'daun] ornepruyrb
turn into ['ta:n rnte] rpeBparr4Tbcff B
turnip ['ta:nrp] n pena
tutor ['tju:te] n BocurrrareJrb
twice [twars] adu gr,awgrr
type [tarp] n rvrrt
typical ['trprkel] a r:nrru.ntrrir
I
U
t
unable [,,rn'erbl] a He B cocroanrarr
I
uncertainty [,nn'se:tentr] z HeyBepenHocrb
461
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UT unite [iu'nart] u o6regunrrrbca

u o neY4o6xrrfi 1 united [iu'nartrd] pp o6l'legnnEnnsrfi
u t, undergone) u roABqi universal_Uunr've:sel] a yuznepcanrnsrft nceo6rqzft
,
rarbc,fi universe [Juruve:s] n scenetuas
undergone [,rrnde'gcrrf cn. undergo university ffuru've:s ftrl n yHr4Bepcrrer
undergraduate [,,rnde'gredjutt] n cryAenr unknown [,,rn'noun] pp rrer4aBecrurrfi
Kypca
Kypca , un oTIUtIgTe oT
underground railway [,rt nde'graund'rerlwer]'no4eennng un rr, HeBaMyrrcH,fl,E
*CeJIeBHaA AOpOra -'i un
understand [,rrnde'strend] (understood, understood)' unplanned [.rrn'plandl pp HeoarrJranrrpoBannbrfi, ane_
IIOT{IIMATb i nJranosrrfi
understanding [,^nda'staendrq] n uorrrtManl4e ) unpoprr_lar [,nn'pcpjuls] a HenorryJr,ffpHufi
understood [,rrnde'stu :dl cn. understand unreal [,nn'nel] a nepeansnrrfi
undertake [,lnde'telk] (undertook, undertaken)' unskilful [,nn'skrlful] a Heyrrnenrrfi, nexnanu$LTTIH_
npeAEpPIHrrMaTb poaanHsrfi
undertaken [,,rnde'terkn] cutt. undertake r

undertook [.rrnde'tuk] c.rr. undertake

underwent
lll,lllEl' wgll! Lrl\uss cm. undergo
vvvu!.! v."'
[,,rnda'wentl E"ev-D ';
uneducateil[.rrnedju'kertrd] pp ueolpaaosaHubrfi ,i
unemployed [,nrum'plcrd] a 6eepadotnrrfi
unemployment [,nrum'plcrment] z 6eepa6orr{qa unwillingly [,nn'wrl nltf adu rreoxorno
unwise [,rrn'waz] a nepaay*rnrrfi
upland ['zrplend] n BooBbrrrreHuocrb
upper class [',rpe'klo:s] sbrcurufi KJracc
upright ['lprart] a BeprlrKa.rrrxsrfi
uprising [,rp'razrq] n Boccraurre
upstairs_[',rpsteez] adu naaepxy, HaBepx
upstart ['a,psto:t] n BbrcKoqra
upwards [',rpwedz] adu nnepx
urban ['e:ben] a ropo4crcoft
use [u:z] u rrrcrroJrbgoBarb
use [u:s] n noJrboa
useful [ju:sful] a no.negnrrft

v
valley ['vreh] n EoJtu:na

464 465

value ['velju] n qerrHocrb
varied ['veerld] o paanoo6pasnrrfi
variety [va'raratr] n paenoo6paarle
various ['vearlas] a pas.nnunrrfi
vassal ['vasal] n Baccar
vault [vc:lt] n cBoA, cKJreIr
vegetables ['ved3etebl,zf n oBoulra t wash [wcJ] u vrrrrr(ca)
vegetation [,ved3r'terJn] n pacrl{reJrbuocrb'
velvet'['velvet] z 6aPxat
verse [ve:s] .n crvrxz, crrlxorBoperrr4e
vertically ['ve:tIkeh] adu neprnxaJrbno
- -------d L -
veto ['vi:tou] n Bero; u HaJroxcrrrb Bero
--
victoiious [vrk'tc:rjas] o no6e4onocnrrfi
victory ['vrkterl] n no6ega
view [vju:] n'BBIJr.EA, Torrxa opeHufl
villa ['vIle] n r.vrrrrra
village ['vrhft] n AePeBHE
.villager ['vrhd3e] n AepeBeHcxnit lrcrrrerrb
violent ['varalent] a cratrst+;rtrt
virtuous ['ve:tjues] a 4o6po4etearxrrfi
visit ['vrzlt'l n nwsnr; u troceqarb' HauocrlTb
vivid ['vrvId] a apxlaf,r
volcanic [vcl'kanrk] 4 ByJrKaHu'recrcrafi
volume ['vc:lju:m] rt roM
vote [vout] u ronocoBarb
voter ['vouta] n roJrocyrcr\Yrir
voting ['voutrq] n roJrocoBanrle
voyage ['vcud3] n Mopcrcoe rryreruecrBlte
w welcome ['welkam] u rprrBercrBoBarb
wage [werft] (a war) u Becrn (eoilnY )
wages ['weldgrz] n saprrJrara
waist [welst] n ralrufi
wandering ['wcndenrl) n exnraHra,ff
war [wc:] n r,oiru.a
warehouse ['weehaus] z crcaa4
466
www.frenglish.ru
warlike ['wc:lark] a BoltncrBennrrfi
warm [wc:m] a rilnnrrfi
warmth [wc:mO] n rerrJro
warn [wc:n] u rpeAytrperrcAarb
warrior ['wcrra] n Boytr
warship [wc:Jrp] rL Boenrrbrfi rcopa6nr
waste [werst] u rparurb Bpff
wastes [wersts] z or6pocrr
i wasteful ['werstful] a pacror{r4renrnxfi
watch [*cd] u na6.nro4ar6, crreAr,rrb
,1 water ['wc:to] n r,o4a
i waterfall ['wc:tefc:l] n BoAoraA
watermill ['wc:temrl] n uo4anaff MeJrbnrrqa
water supply ['wcte se'plar] BoAorpoBoA
waterway ['wctawer] n ro4nrrft rryrb
wave [werv] n BoJrHa
way [wer] n rryrb, cnoco6
l weak [wi:k] a c:na6rrir
weaken ['wi:ken] u ocna6nsrr
Br,faerr weakening ['wi:kenn1] z oc;ra6nenrae
wealth [wel0] z 6orarcrso
wealthy ['wel0r] a 6orarl;rir, Baxcnroeurrfi
: weapon ['wepen] n opy)rcrde
wear [wee] (wore, worn) u Hocnrb
wear away ['weer e'wer] r{BHarur{Barbcfi
weasel [wi:zl] z ropnocrafi
weather ['we6e] n roroAa
weaver ['wi:ve] n rna.+.
well [wel] n KoJIoAerI
well [wel] adu: as well as rar ,Ke KaK n
well-being ['wel'bi rr1f n 6 lnarococro,Eulre
:
west [west] n sarraq
western ['westen] a eaua4nrrfi
westward ['westwed] adu x sarraAy
467
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wet [wet] a morprrfi, crrpoft worn [wc:n] cM. wear

wharf [wc:fl n aepQr worry ['wnrr] u 6ecuororrrbca, BoJruoBarbcff
wheat [wi:t] n rrrueu?rqa : worship ['wa:Jrp] u rorcJrorrffTbcff, ornpaBJrffrr 6orocny-
wheel [wi:l] n KoJreco l
whereas ['weerez] adu rorqa xax 'ICeHI4e
worthless ['we:0hs] o HurrcyAbrruHrrfi, ne uueroulufi
wherever ['weer'eve] adv rge 6rr nu; KyAa 6sr nn nurcaxbfi Uer{Hocrrr
whole [houl] a Becb, qe.nufi wound [wu:nd] n panai u paHnrb
wide [ward] a rrtupoxuir. wounded ['wu:ndrd] pp paven:'l'ilr
widely ['wardh] adu utmpoxo wreath [ri:O] z BeHoK
widespread ['wardspred] a pacupocrpandnnrrfi wreck [rek] u paapyruarb
wife [wufl n ,rcena wrestling ['reslrrl] n croprkrBnaa 6opr6a
wild [warldl a gmxlailr written [rrtn] a uucrvrennrrfi
will [wtl] n Boln wrong [rcq] o HerpaBrrJrrnrrfi
willingly ['wrhqh] adu oxorso
win [wrn] (won, won) u BblnrpbrBarb Y
wind [wmd] n Berep yard [o:d] n ABop
windmill ['wrndmtl] n Berpffrras MeJrburrqa youth [iu:O] z rcrrocrb
winner Iwrna] z no6e4nte.nr youthful [ju:Oful] o ronrrfi
wish [*r.|] u HceJlarb; rt )rceJlanne
withdraw [wr6'drc:] (withdrew, withdrawn) u srraecrll, z
yBoArrTb zone lzoun] z aona
withdrawn [wI6'drc :nf cn. withdraw
withdrew [wr6'dru:] c*e. withdraw
wolf [wulfl n noar
won [wnnf cn. win
wonder ['wrrnde] n qyAo
wonderful ['wnndaful] a uygecHufi
wood [wud] n rrec, AepeBo
wooden [wudn] a gepenannsrfi
woodland ['wudlend] n Jrecracroe Mecro
wool [wu:l] n ilepcrb
woollen ['wu:lsn] a urepctanofi
worn [wc:] cz. wear
workhouse ['we:khaus] n pa6otnrrfi 4ovr
workshop ['we:kJcp] n Macrepcxaa, qex
world [we:ld] n :nnvp
468 469
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GogepxaHue CHAPTER REVTEW ......:..........41

CHAPTER 2. THE ROMANS ..............42
SECTION ONE. GENERAL INFORMATION ........ 3 Part 1. The Coming of the Romans. .,..,.....42
gHAprER 1. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY ........... 3 Part 2. The Revolt of Queen Boadicea ...............45
Part 1. Geographical Position. . .......... 3 Part 3. Britain under the Romans.... .......48
Pafi2. Nature. ......... f Part 4. Hadrian's Wall. ........51
Part 3. Coasts. .......!........... 6 Part 5. Roman Towns. ...........52
Part 4. Relief. .........7 CHAPTER REVTEW ....... ............56
Part 5. Climate. .... I CHAPTER 3. ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND .........57
Part 6. Inland Waters. ..........10 Part 1. The Invasion by Anglo-Saxons. ..............57
Part 7. Vegetation. ......... .........I2 Part 2. Christianity...... ..............61
Part 8. Animal Life. Part 3. The Raids of the Danes. Uniting
Part 9. Mineral Resources. ..... .......15 the Country. .... .......63
Part 10. Economy ....15 Pafi 4. Alfred the Great .,.64
CHAPTER REVIEW ..... ......18 Part 5. England after Alfred the Great's Reign. .66
CIIAPTER 2. COMPOSITION OF THE COUNTRY19 CHAPTER REVIEW...... ...67
Part 1. England. ...19 UNIT REVIEW .....68
Part 2. Scotland. .....20. UNIT TWO. MEDIEVAL BRITAIN ... ........69
Part 3. Wales. ................2L CHAPTER 4. ENGLAND AFTER THE
Part 4. Northern lreland. NORMAN CONQUEST... ........70
cHAprER REVIEW ......... ......23 Part 1. William the Conqueror. ...........70
CHAPTER 3. POLITICAL SYSTEM ..........,.24 Part 2. English Kings of the 11th and 12th
Part 1. The Constitution. ...25 Centuries ...75
Pafi 2. Three Branches of Government. ......26 Part 3. Education. The First Universities. .........77
Part 3. Political Parties. .......31 Part 4. A Medieval Town .......81
Part 4. The British C-ommonwealth of Nations. ...32 CHAPTER REVIEW.....
cHAprER REVIEW ......... ........34 CHAPTER 5. WARS ABROAD AND AT HOME..85
SECTION TWO. HISTORY .........36 Part 1. England in the 14th century. ................85
UNIT ONE. THE EARLY DAYS OF BRITAIN....36 Part 2. The Hundred Years' 'War. ....87
CHAPTER 1. ANCIENT BRITONS ....36 Part 3. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 ..........89
Part 1. The Ancient Population. ...36 Part 4. The War of the Roses. ..........91
Parl 2. Who were the Britons?.. ........38 CHAPTER REVTEW ......... ....93
Part 3. Their Religion. ........40 UNIT REVIEW .....94
;,
470 t, 471
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UNIT THREE. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY ....95 Part 2. Restoration....... .......... 135

CHAPTER 6. THE NEW MONARCHY .. .....95 Part 3. Foreign Relations ... 139
Part 1. HenrY VII. .... .....95 CHAPTER REVIEW . L4O
Part 2. HenrY VIII. ........"97 CHAPTER 11. THE 17th CENTURY SOCIETY . T4T
Part 3. The Protestant-Catholic Struggle. . 100 Part 1. Reconsidering Religious Dogmas..... .....I4L
Part 4. Elizabeth I..... ..... t02 Part 2. Revolution in Scientific Thinking. ....... 143
CHAPTER REVIEW .... ............ 104 Part 3. Life in the Stuart Age. .....I45
CHAPTER 7. GAINING POWER CHAPTER REVIEW ... ...., T49
AND EXPANDING .... .. 105 UNIT REVIEW .... 150
Part 1. The New Foreign Policy ....... 105 UNIT FIVE. BRITAIN
Part 2. Wales and Ireland. . ..... 109 IN THE 18TH CENTURY.... ....... 151
Part 3. England and Scotland......... ....... 110 CHAPTER 12. CHANGES IN POLITICAL LIFE 152
Part 4. A Scottish King for England. .. ..... 111 Part 1. Politics and Money. ... .152
CHAPTER REVIEW..... ..LLz Part 2. Developing Public Opinion. ..157
CHAPTER 8. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY .. 113 Part 3" Ireland. ... 160
Part 1. Tudor Parliaments...... Part 4. Scotland. .... 160
Parl 2. Changes in the Life of People. ..... 115 CHAPTER REVIEW ... ... L62
Part 3. EconomY ..... 116 CHAPTER 13. LIFE IN TOTWN
Part 4. The Problem of the Poor. ...... 118 AND IN THE COUNTRYSIDE ...... 163
Part 5. Domestic Life. .... 119 Part 1. Life in Towns. ....... 163
Part 6. Language and Culture. .. .-.., Lzt Parl 2. Life in the Countryside. ...... 164
CHAPTER REVIEW ..... ... L23 CHAPTER REVIEW... .... 166
UNIT REVIEW ..,...I24 CHAPTER 14. THE YEARS OF REVOLUTION .167
UNIT FOUR. THE STUARTS..... ..... T25 Part 1. Industrial Revolution. . ...,.... L67
CHAPTER 9. THE CROWN Part 2. Society and Religion. ... ... 169
AND PARLIAMENT . .. L25 Part 3. Revoiution in France.... ,.....I72
Part 1. James I. .... ...L25 Part 4. The War with Napoleon. .....173
Part 2. Religious Disagreement. . ..... L27 CHAPTER REVIEW ... ... L75
Part 3. The Civil War. ...I29 UNIT REVIEW ...176
CHAPTER REVIEW... .... 130 UNIT SIX. THE AGE OF POWER
CHAPTER 10. REPUBLICAN AND PROSPERITY. .I77
AND RESTORATION BRITAIN .... 131 CHAPTER 15. BRITAIN IN THE FIRST HALF
Part 1. Republic in Britain. .. ... 131 OF THE 19th CENTURY ...,..... L77
472 473
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Part 1. Britain's International Policy. ............. 1 Part 3. The Mistakes of Germany and Japan.
Paft 2. The Situation at Home. ............'.......,.. 1 The End of the War. .............224
Part 3. Reforming the Parliamentary System. .. 1 CIIAPTER REVIEW ... .......226
Part 4. Workers' Revolts. ..... 1 CIIAPTER 20. THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY ..227
Part 3. Robert Peel's Reforms. ....-..... 1 Part 1. The United Nations .......227
CHAPTER REVIEW......... ............... 1 Part 2. A Change of Britain's Role
CHAPTER 16. THE YEARS on the International Arena. ...... .....228
oF SELF-CONFIDENCE ................ 1 Part 3. The Welfare State. .....229
Part 1. Industrial Power. .........-.....-. 1 Part 4. A Popular Monarchy. ........ ....233
Part 2. The Rise of the Middle Class. ...... 1 Part 5. The Loss of Empire .....234
Part 3. Life in Towns. Part 6. The Situation in Northern Ireland. .......296
Pafi 4. Population and Politics. ........ 1 Part 7. The Years of Discontent. .............237
Part 5. The British Empire. ..........................- 1 Part 8. Margaret Thatcher. ..24O
Part 6. Ireland. ....------.2 Part 9. Britain Today. Ties with the Past
CIIAPTER REVIEW ... and Thoughts of the Future........... .............243
CHAPTER 17. THE END OF AN AGE CHAPTER REVIEW ... .....245
Part 1. Social and Economic Improvements. ..... UNIT REVTEW ...........246
Part 2. Sport. SECTION THREE. PRESENT-DAY BRITAIN ...247
Part 3. Changes in Thinking. ........ CHAPTER 1. BRITISH OR ENGLISH? ............247
Part 4. The Storm Clouds of War. Part 1. The British Isles. ............247
CHAPTER REVIEW ......... Part 2. Great Britain. .........248
UNIT REVIEW .....27 Part 3. The United Kingdom.......... ...249
UNIT SEVEN. THE 2OTH CENTURY.... ..........27 Part 4. Forming the Nation. .... .....25I
CIIAPTER 18. THE FIRST WORLD WAR Part 5. Language ..252
AND ITS AFTER-EFFECTS ........................ 2 1 Part 6. Immigrants in Britain. ..........253
Part 1. The first World War. .........-.- 21 Part 7. The Union Jack. ............. ......254
Part 2. The Rise of the Labour Party. ..-.2t CHAPTER REVIEW ... ....255
Part 3. Ireland. .....-.-.2t CHAPTER 2. HOW THEY LIVE ........256
Part 4. Disappointment and Depression. ......--..2t Part 1. The Way of Life. .....256
CIIAPTER REVIEW......... ...............22 Part 2. Education .....257
CHAPTER 19. THE SECOND WORLD WAR ,...22 Part 3. Culture, Leisure, Entertainment. .........259
Part 1. The First Period of the War. ...............22 Part 4. Sport. ...........263
Pafi 2. Alone against the Nazis .........22 Part 5. Young People's Groups. .........265
474 475
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Part 6. Holidays. Horatio Nelson

Paft 7. Traditions. .... .,...947
......27 George Gordon Byron
CHAPTER REVIEW...... ..949
Walter Scott
CHAPTER 3. LONDON
Queen Victoria .......3bb
Part 1. The City. Charles Dickens .......
Part 2. The East End. .. .....587
Florence Nightingale ..... ............ 860
Part 3. The West End. . Captain Robert Scott
Part 4. Westminster. .... .. 868
Ernest Rutherford......... ....... 966
Part 5 Royal London. Winston Churchill
Part 6. Knightsbridge. ...........868
Agatha Christie ...87O
CHAPTER REVIEW.... Margaret Thatcher ....;........
CHAPTER 4. PI,ACES TO SEE IN BRITAIN .... ........828
SUPPLEMENT. The British Monarchs (List)
Part 1. Stonehenge. .. List of proper names.........
Pafi 2. The Lake District. .... BZ8
List of geographical names ...... ....... B8g
Part 3. Canterbury. ...
English-Russian vocabulary ...... ..... Bg0
Part 4. Windsor Castle.
Part 5. Hampton Court Palace.
Part 6. Oxford.
Part 7. Cambridge. ....
Part 8. Liverpool and the Beatles. ...........8
CHAPTER REVIEW...... .......3
SECTION FOUR. FAMOUS BRITONS
King Alfred the Great ...... 3
Queen Elizabeth I.....

Isaac Newton ;...Sd

Bonnie Prince Charlie .........381
James Cook .... S4
James Watt .... Bfl
Robert Burns ..........8{
476 477
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