ISSN:0254-0223 Vol. 29 (n.

7, 2014)

Parametric Design pattern Language and Geometric Patterns in

Historical Domes in Persian Architecture

Author1: Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi (corresponding authors)

Assistant Professor in faculty of Architecture & urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University

ebrahimiahad@gmail.com

Author2: Minou Gharehbaglou

Assistant Professor in faculty of Architecture & urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University

minoo.gharehbeiglu@gmail.com

Author3: Morteza Aliabadi

Master Student in faculty of Architecture & urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University

Mo_aliabadi@yahoo.com

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Abstract:
During recent decades searching for new geometrical innovations has been of great interest for
contemporary architects, recent years have borne new era in architectural design. With the aid of
various designing facilities, parametric architecture has begun to present new discourse in
architecture. The purpose of this study is show this kind of architectural design can be present as
an innovation route in Islamic architecture And using its facilities and tools can it take an action in
conveying Islamic Architecture concepts, based on its current era time and place. Investigation
answer following question: what extent using parametric architecture in Persian architectural
designing can be influential in conveying Islamic architecture philosophy and concept? The aim of
present investigation is to study theoretical principles of parametric architecture to obtain new
approach to develop for of contemporary Islamic architect. According to findings of present
research along with its applied and theoretical aspects, adapting parametric architecture shape
grammar capabilities to formed equivalents of Islamic traditional architecture has been examined
with geometrical approach. According to the finding of study it has been revealed that using
parametric architecture is conditioned to comprehensive attention to all human and divine
dimensions in Islamic architecture field, in a way that it would express logical and divine
relationship between architecture and sacred concepts.

Keywords: Persian architecture, Islamic geometry, parametric design, Domes.

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Introduction

Geometry is the fundamental knowledge of studies, measurements and exploring

the relationship among parts of shapes, masses and spaces. Geometry is one of the
most fundamental architectural infrastructures of Islamic architecture. Language
and grammar of relationship between shapes and architectural world is defined by
employing logical and mathematical relationships between numbers and figures
on one hand, and geometrical shapes on the other hand. Recognizing form and
distinguishing it from geometrical shape requires continuous thought in past,
present and future. Since doing computational activities related to classic
geometry have been oversimplified, so classic geometry problems have been
placed beside new areas of geometry called parametric geometry. In such
geometry, complicated masses and shapes and the relationship among them are
examined in computer space, based on cyberspace requirements. More
importantly, geometry art of contemporary Islamic countries has no essence and
soul, generally, representing emptiness of current Islamic World thoughts. Now,
geometrical designs confirm this emptiness, instead of indicating a soul which has
created a big civil (Arayin, 2008, p. 37). Contemporary designer has closed his
eyes and mind on creating new and meaningful works. The absence of common
discourse between modern and traditional approaches to create an updated shape
grammar has challenged contemporary Islamic Architecture (Hajiamini, 2011).
Searching for creative and innovative forms has changed to one of the most
interesting subjects to contemporary architects in recent years. While 21st century
has brought new era for architecture, considering physiological or computational
architecture in 1950s to 1960s, computer has played fundamental role in initial
reflections of architecture. The role of computer in architectural designing can be
investigated in two issues. For most designers, computer is considered as just an
advanced device of running program which enables them to have better control on
their understandings and produce complex forms. Others believe that using digital
technologies, makes restoration, reinterpretation, development of historical rich
ideas, comments and traditional skills possible (Hajiamini, 2011). Creativity and
using patterns are among strategies of this group.

A Muslim contemporary architect needs to know geometry and its requirements to

design complex projects, at present age. Finding geometrical for questions having
more than one correct answer and optimization algorithms to find optimized
answers are widely used applications of designing. Searching for architectural
solutions in which number of efficient parameters weighs designing and final
evaluations are made based on assessing these parameters, uses parametric
geometry widely. Geometry can enter basic issues of designing to its details.
Decoration has been separated from structure in Iranian-Islamic architecture,

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though today it is possible for us to use technology, structure, geometry and

coordinates in integrated form. Since computational geometry is presented
through algorithmic mathematical logic, it provides the possibility of making
relationship between programming databases, geometrical relations and Iranian-
Islamic architecture motifs. This requires parametric procedures in geometrical
production for the aim of designing.

In this investigation firstly, theoretical framework and research hypothesis were

defined by doing general studies, then research method was determined.
Secondly, theoretical principles and concepts of Iranian-Islamic architecture were
expressed through studying the relationship between Iranian-Islamic architecture
geometry and parametric designing geometry and then fundamental geometrical
principles of Iranian-Islamic architecture in traditional monument were analyzed
to obtain factors for defining general principles of geometry and sustaining it in
contemporary architecture. After that one successful and famous sample of
Iranian-Islamic architecture was selected and research hypothesis were analyzed
in them qualitatively. Results obtained from these analyses have been provided in
classified tables, presented in next sections. Iranian markets arcades were
investigated through adapting and analyzing their principles with principles of
Iranian-Islamic geometry and studying their geometrical patterns with parametric
architecture viewpoint and reinterpretation of parametric geometry view.
Moreover we reviewed ideas used in different foreign projects which were in
accordance to our research objectives.

Research methods and research hypothesis

In this investigation Interpretative-analytical and contrastive research method was

used along with library references review including: texts, references, documents
and deeds related to subject. Moreover Islamic art field thinkers' views were
scrutinized through focusing on using updated science and corresponding
principles of parametric architecture designing to these principles of Islamic
architecture. As an instance of geometrical patterns case, dome`s structural and
architectural elements in Persian architecture were studied as the most prominent
sample of appearing Iranian-Islamic architecture with parametric design pattern.

1-Parmetric geometry provides most capabilities in fields of Iranian-Islamic

geometry patterns change, design and production with wide variety of facilities
and options

2-When using parametric architecture various parameters including geometry and

different patterns can be considered and decorative geometrical patterns
parameters of Iranian domes can be expanded and developed by software.

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Literature review

Till now considerable researches have been done about geometrical motifs
modeling, using new techniques and tools in Islamic architecture geometry and
issues related to updating this field some of which are introduced briefly to get
more familiar with research subject and review of related literature. Keith
Critchlow has analyzed all geometrical patterns and motifs, based on the fact that
all of these are derived from Islamic thoughts and spirituality. The book "an
analytical and cosmological approach to Islamic pattern" is his first work of wide
studies in this field. For the first time he explained to the world the amazing
reason of supernatural importance of geometrical patterns in Islamic art”
(Critchlow, 1976). It is worth mentioning that his compiles are among the first
which have been written in west for the aim of geometrical analysis of Islamic
patterns from metaphysics and cosmological aspects. His researches have had
profound influences on a group of young western architect and art historians. The
aim of book writer was to indicate the metaphysic and cosmological principles of
every artistic creation, trying to argument how employing mathematical
classification can confirm internal and innate unity of all things. Researches
carried out by Issam El-said and Asye Parman to understand geometrical concepts
employed in Islamic arts, through analyzing works in the form various pictures
and diagrams are of great interest. They consider the essence and foundation of all
different Islamic arts as a result of its different divisions and classifications (El-
said & Parman, 1991). Abbas and Salman have planned some algorithms about
Islamic geometrical patterns, related to evolution of traditional geometrical
methods, based on collective views to efficient production of all crystal-like
repeatable designs using computer graphic (Abas & Salman, 1992).Ostromoukhov
(1998) in a research tried to draw decorative and Islamic geometrical patterns
based on computer graphic using mathematical tools. Kaplan suggested a new
method to make Islamic starred patterns based on placement condition of
symmetrical and radial patterns which were reticular in a way (Kaplan C. S.,
2002). Aljamali, also, tried to make a pattern to create starred unites (Aljamali &
Banissi, 2003) Kaplan and Salsin carried out an investigation about Iranian
Islamic Starred patterns and using computer graphic they invented a new
parametric method to create starred and polygon patterns. According to results
obtained from their study digital parameters of geometrical structures and Islamic
motifs have been formed based on specific logic and they can be elicited and
change to software algorithms (Kaplan C. S., 2002). Based on rotational
symmetry, DJibril presented new method for Iranian Islamic starred patterns
classification and order (Djibril, Hadi, & Haj Thami, 2006). Grunbaum created a
fundamental region and space by starred patterns analysis using their symmetrical
systems (Grunbaum, 2006). Ilkturk (2008) could obtain a combination of math

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and visual arts with the aid of Iranian-Islamic geometrical pattern. Regarding
patterns digital design, as an example we can mention projects presented in
Architectural design journal in 2009. An article titled" parametric patterns"
published in this journal proceeds on actions taken in a workshop called
"parametric patterns" in 2009 located at University of applied arts, Vienna,
supervised by Patrick Schumacher and Zaha Hadid (Schumacher, 2009). These
two architects adhered using parametric design of motifs and geometrical patterns
levels as an important device architecture, production and mankind various and
different levels (Schumacher, 2009, p. 28). Zaera-Polo proceeds on investigating
opportunities and techniques of cultural and political complex patterning in
building envelop. Moreover they study the ability of using contemporary and
traditional geometrical patterns to find relationship between local traditions and
various native cultures with universal techniques (Zaera-Polo, 2009, p. 18).
Jowers et.al studied different methods of design in creating Iranian-Islamic
geometrical patterns, obtaining three distinguished methods (Jowers, Prats, Eissa,
& Lee, 2010). In a study Maryam Al-ainati obtained similar results practically.
She tried to develop geometrical field rich with Islamic architecture from two
dimensional levels to three dimensional structures, through finding and combining
principles of Islamic traditional geometry with contemporary concepts (J.Al-
ainati, 2012). In another study, order and advanced geometry used in Islamic
knotting which on one hand are similar to crystal-like structures, emphasizing on
prominent place of advance geometry in traditional world on the other hand, were
studied to prove the domination of traditional architects on geometrical issues
(Mohammadian Mansour and Faramarzi 2012). Antoine Picon writer of
"Decoration: architectural policy and mentality" claims that: for innovation and
stepping beyond superficial level of fashion-like trends of architecture, we need to
avoid pure providing and pay attention to history and traditions feedback on
architecture (Picon, 2013, p. 128). Most scholars including Ardalan, Bakhtiyar,
Burkhardt and Nasr have carried out comprehensive researches on different
aspects of Iranian Architecture metaphysics (Burckhardt, Art of Islam: Language
and Meaning, 2009) and others such as Babin, Pope (Pope, 1971), Ackerman,
Creswell and Critchlow (Critchlow, 1976) have proceeded on its mathematical
aspects. Necipoglu has devoted his scientific studies on these fields (Necipoglu &
al-Asad, 1996), indicating geometrical richness of Iranian Architecture during
several years.

Geometry indexes in Iranian Islamic architecture

In this section first we proceed on semantic and structural investigation of Iranian-

Islamic geometry to elicit its principles and characteristics. A definition of
principles and techniques of Iranian-Islamic geometry can be suitable to start

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discussing the issue. Then the incidence capability of this kind of geometry
concepts and meanings will be studied using parametric geometry and digital
tools.

Islamic philosophy and principles of Iranian geometry

Geometry is one of distinguishing characteristics of Iranian-Islamic art.

"Traditional architects were designing through reference and having knowledge of
value, geometry and principles which were the basis of human beings formation
(Mohammadian, Faramarzi, & Faramarzi, 2012, p. 79). Anthony Picon believes
that one way of understanding role of history is that tradition should be known as
principle, order and discipline. Tradition is the tradition of life; it means that the
tradition is not static. Tradition needs convey and a set of reinterpretations in each
phase, exactly like traditions abandonment. Costs should be paid for innovation
and reinterpretation (Picon, 2013, p. 133). Burkhardt considers high position for
architect in Islamic arts, declaring that: there is no separation between art and
technique or between searching for beauty and construction method in sacred art
(Burckhardt, Sacred Art in East & West: Its Principles and Methods, 1986, p.
151). He considers qualitative geometry an absolute solution of traditional
architecture, believing that religious architecture always needs quality-oriented
geometry for expressing symbolic concepts and contents (Burckhardt, Sacred Art
in East & West: Its Principles and Methods, 1986, p. 151).

Seyyed Hossein Nasr reasons in introduction of Critchlow's book about Islamic

patterns, that unity theory in Islam is central, indicating itself not in iconography
but in geometry, rhythm, arabesque and calligraphy (Critchlow, 1976). According
to Islamic thinker's idea math holiness and geometry have not indicated itself
better than in art. Substance becomes meaningful with the aid of arithmetic and
geometry (Nasr S. H., Islamic Science: An Illustrated Survey, 1976, p. 75).
Seyyed Hossein Nasr in his book entitled" Science and Civil in Islam) declares
about the importance of geometry in Islamic Architecture that: Muslim's love to
mathematics and figures is related directly to Islam massage which is monotheism
belief. Characteristic of math holiness has not been appeared elsewhere better than
Art in Islamic worldview. In the field of art, substance becomes honored with the
aid of geometry and arithmetic, creating a sacred space in which God's presence is
felt everywhere (Nasr S. H., Science and Civilization in Islam, 1972). Some
scholars believe that the only suitable way of reflecting religious loftiness in art
becomes possible just with the aid of math and crystallized geometry
(Mohammadian, Faramarzi, & Faramarzi, 2012, p. 79). Hence taking
traditionalists views into consideration it can be concluded that geometry has had
divine basis since past, being considered by most divine and device secretes to

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achieve meanings (Kharzmi & Afhami, 2010). Though, geometry has had
different application in sacred art. There is an emphasis on expression beyond
appearance of materials to indicate their essence and nature (Rahbarnia &
Rahnavard, 2006, p. 103). Existence of countless geometrical designs in Islamic
art formed in relation with Pythagorean math confirms the meaning that principles
inserted in this art have been combined with sacred geometry and Sophia Perennis
with full attention and elegance (Critchlow, 1976). Scholars like Burkhardt and
Seyyed Hossein Nasr believe that geometrical and plant patterns express the
secret of unity and superabundance (Rahnavard, 2002, p. 2). Generally, from
Islamic philosophy point of view and considering studies carried out in this field,
the authors believe that following principles can be expressed for geometry of
Iranian architecture presented in diagram 1:

Diagram 1: principles of geometry in Iranian Architecture from Art philosophy and Islamic
architecture perspective, ref: authors 2013

Persian-Islamic architecture geometry and its role in conveying concepts

Geometry has long been a generator of architecture (M. Maleki & F. Woodbury,
2008, p. 376). Using figures and geometry, as mathematical expressions, shapes
creation is considered as eternal patterns of allegoric universe. Taking this into
consideration, math is seen as a language and a device of interpretation which
based on its nature leads from sensible world to active world. Math is subjective;
it is related to our senses, though its typical nature is objective. These subjections

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of active world are used as basic guidance for eternal and objective essence of
divine order (Ardalan & Bakhtiar, 2000, p. 51). In religious art, self is considered
as substantiation of inspiration, intuitions and realities received from superior
world, this is while in non-religious art, self is considered as independent artist,
looking for no reality (Aavani, 1996). Taking most thinkers' opinions" techniques
and tools don’t create holly art; rather they are source of inspiration causing
blowing sacred sprite to them (Rahbarnia & Rahnavard, 2006, p. 104). However
abandonment of new tools and novel geometry and their absolute confirmation,
both are rejected, since it is subjected to its position in servicing or protagonists
(the same p107). Employing novel tools for facilitation can help esoteric
expression (the same p108). Hence it can be concluded that art inspired by
superior order can be substantiated in different forms, one of which is utilizing
updated tools. The most important thing is the role of art in human loftiness.
Hence it seems that different schools and expressions, new or old tools have had
no sanctity or de-sanctity of art, not necessarily cause change in the nature
concepts hidden in works nature. Artistic aspect of technique dose not requires
permission, since it is resulted from creativity, though conceptual aspect of
techniques greatly depends on different ideologies inspiring artists.

Geometry indexes in parametric architecture

Parametric architecture involves dedicating software to create form and space of

law-based logic in architectural software (Khabbazi, 2012). In such architecture,
embedded languages are used instead of direct programming of design concepts
coding. There are some problems whose complexity, uncertainty, ambiguity or
possible solutions limitation requires a helping relation between human minds.
Such corporations are possible just by algorithmic solutions which establish
complementary and dialectic relationship between human and machine. Real
power of algorithms is hidden in human system combination with computer
system.

Now a days considering tools development, providing new opportunities has been
appeared for computer application to create geometrical patterns and analysis
(Kaplan C. S., 2002). Technological innovations have brought creative solutions
in architectural design. Working with hand is replaced with three dimensional
modeling throughout procedure. This development is important, because human
mind has the ability of thinking about two-dimensional forms, though with
addition of third dimension to it, initial architectural designs and formal become
limited. Geometrical patterns have formed the main part of art and decorative
design throughout history.

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Today we have unique ability of comprehending past geometrical patterns,

recreation, design and innovation, using new tools with new interpretations of old
patterns (Kaplan C. S., 2002). Patterns can be used to emphasize cultural
characteristics, camouflage, determining identity depending on Totems, reform
separation, or every other complex of this kind (Schumacher, 2009). Designed
Parametric Iranian-Islamic Geometrical patterns can be developed among all
levels including architecture levels like past, during which development of using
them was considered as motifs. Moreover, regarding employment method of
parametric design in contemporary architecture, some critics believe that
parametric patterns provide a popular solution for common problems, and the
most important step to reach this pattern is the expression and exploration of
relationships. The ability to promote exercise and study of geometrical patterns
with new tools is resulted from three sources.

Geometry Generation Resources

advance the study and practice of geometric

patterns

New technological tools New algorithmic tools New mathematical tools

Abstraction processing of complex

Virtual into reality mathematical calculations New geometric concepts

Diagram 2: current tools and new capabilities to create creativity by different sources in
contemporary era, parametric architecture as new instrument to create formic and spatial
creativities, ref: authors 2013

Studying common aspects of parametric geometry and Iranian-Islamic

patterns

Past architects were trying to cooperate and correspond theoretical geometry

methods to their tools, while having complete knowledge of geometry and
capability of applying geometrical relations (Tehrani, Mahdizade seraj, & Vali
beig zade, 2011). Hence form finding in the field of Islamic architecture requires
instruments appropriate to its own time. In traditional world, form finding was
bound to limited developed sciences of its time, but now a days selecting
instruments is of great importance. In present time, the power of algorithms and
programming codes are promoting form design science (Mirmalek, 2011, p. 81).
Like Iranian-Islamic geometrical pattern, mass modeling with generative

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algorithm rely on figures, mathematics and calculations. Now days it is

impossible to move neck to neck with Avant grades architecture, without
mastering contemporary developed techniques and tools (the same 79). So the aim
of this section is to comprehend principles and techniques of patterns geometry to
better knowledge of innovation and old patterns reinterpretation based on
parametric techniques and tools patterns. (See Fig. 1)

Fig. 1: The pattern is composed of radial arrays, concentrically staggered around a central densely
patterned core. Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque (1618) in Esfahan, Iran

Generally, decoration is divided into herbal, geometrical and inscription parts in

Islamic arts. Iranian geometrical decorations can be found in nodulation
(Mohammadian, Faramarzi, & Faramarzi, 2012). Geometry is prominent and
dominant decoration form in Islamic Art, weighing other patterns and decorative
forms. Developing unique view in combining subjective decorative art, separated
from substance and nature causes Islamic art subjective theoretical unity (El-said
& Parman, 1991). Islamic artists have taken different and various forms of
geometry as their guideline, achieving wide variety of innovations and complexes.
Most parts of Iranian-Islamic geometrical patterns are drawn through exact
symmetries of mathematics and special coordinates. Generally, most geometrical
patterns and designs of Islamic architecture are, in fact, built based on frequency
of a motif. This motif is selected in a way that can be repeated; hence all
frequencies are latched together (Broug, 2008, p. 11). The most important
characteristic of such patterns is the existence and governance of a pattern or a
simple of geometry which are developed and repeated by various patterns of
symmetry.

Designers are completely familiar with geometrical principles of coordinates with

shapes like circle or rectangles. Patterns they create are appeared by draw and
combination of simple geometrical shapes not by complicated calculations
(Broug, 2008, p. 8). The repetition of geometrical patterns role reveals rhythmic
coordination which indicates principle of unity in frequency. In an article entitled"
Reductive Engineering Pattern" from AD magazine, we read an interview done

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with Hanif Kara about geometrical patterns: most admirable geometrical patterns
and motifs are from small to big which can have wide applications in Structure
Engineering (Garcia, 2009, p. 66) Investigation of existing references including
coordinates can be elicited from different books, geometrical and mathematical
principles governing geometrical patterns, by continuous study. Sketching
principles of these patterns can be defined in exact computer algorithm for
appropriate parameters, symmetry, coordinate, reflection, rotation, reduction and
induction calls to obtain clear forms. Generally similar aspects of parametric
geometry with Iranian-Islamic patterns can be mentioned as following:

Diagram 3: studying some similar aspects of principles of parametric geometry and principles of
designing Iranian-Islamic patterns, Authors

It goes without mentioning that present article lefts most issues unfinished for it
due to presenting new issues and novel views in Islamic architecture. The authors
hope, this issues would create new experiences and critic stimulants in this field.
Undoubtedly this project dose not claims to present a complete and faultless
scientific approach to provide a comparative study of geometrical patterns of
Iranian architecture, parametric architecture and their interpretation, though from
architecture, engineering and mathematical point; it can be considered as a
foundation for more studies to promote Islamic architecture.

Investigation and Analysis of Case Study (Geometrical Patterns of Iranian

Domes): Different application factors were considered in choosing case study to
analyze indexes of present investigation. In fact, the aim of this analysis was to
find out solutions which were used by traditional architects during design
procedure using geometry to convey architectural concepts and meanings. Iranian
Arcades architecture was selected as sample of presented research hypothesis.

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Discussion: Qualitative analysis and investigation of case study:

Many of the most complex and intricate designs we know adorn Dome`s internal
decorative elements in Persian architecture, including multi-level designs in which
patterns of different scales are combined to complement and enrich each other.
Here we give a Parametric analysis of some of Dome`s internal decorative
elements in Persian architecture exemplary designs, focusing on a modular
construction in which designs are produced by assembling copies of modular
parametric. This variety of Islamic geometric pattern is characterized by
combinations of Basic parameters (such as star forms) that range from the more
compatible (such as compound patterns) to the seemingly incompatible (such as
self-similar patterns).

In Persian dome architecture techniques such as Kaseh-sazi, Rasmi-bandi, Kar-

bandi, Yazdi-bandi and Muqarnas have been used and in more details works of
stucco and paintings act as ornamentations. "Islamic arts consist of several parts
and could be noticed in works such as tiling, plaster works, stalactite work and
etc. As well as in windows templates, wooden doors. The geometrical patterns as
a part of Islamic arts have a ground for parametric program" (Mahdavinejad,
Ahmadzadeh Siyahrood, Ghasempourabadi, & Poulad, 2012). In the design of
traditional buildings in Iran, we find many examples of the use of geometry as a
generator of architecture, in both structural elements and decorative forms and
patterns (M. Maleki & F. Woodbury, 2008, p. 377). For example in traditional
Persian architecture, Rasmi domes project a drawing onto a predefined 3D
geometry. Technical terms used by masons and architects as an act of making
interlocking patterns in construction (Fallahfar, 1999). (See Fig.2)

Fig. 2: Analysis of repetitive modoule of Rasmi dome in Dowlatabad garden, Yazd, Iran, Authors

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Another parametric dome can be cited is Kar-bandi. The interface between Design
Foursquare far stems dome where it starts, if there is a sub-arcs of intersection,
say Karbndy (seyyed sadr, 2002, p. 439). Kar-bandi building consists of a vault
door is covered with geometric rules that determine arcs intersect and shape to
create the original cover. Karbndyha, consisting Azbarykh or vault door are a
Tqatshan, skeletal covering for ceilings occur and much of the time frame covered
by the second and shorter than the main roof, and often as the main roof of used.
Yazdi-bandi is a kind of interior dome decoration in Iranian Architecture.
Particular type of Kar-bandi under the dome, covering the decorative arched
entries that are normally present in the atmosphere which gives specific
expression. Yazdi is a state Ranking the Rsmi-bndi and Muqarnas (seyyed sadr,
2002, p. 600). Yazdi-bandi is the Persian word for interior dome and Iwan
decoration. It is an originally Persian type of wall or ceiling decoration, which is
used to make a smooth transition from the rectangular basis of the building to
vaulted ceiling (Nejad Ebrahimi, Aliabadi, & Aghaei, 2013, p. 113). In addition
Muqarnas is the most famous parametric architectural decorations (Fig. 3).
Muqarnas is one of the most characteristic features of Islamic architecture and in
used throughout most of the Muslim world (Petersen, 1996, p. 206). In addition,
two-dimensional geometric patterns, such as painting can also be the basis of
parametric design module. (See table 1 & 2)

Fig. 3: Natanz Jaame Mosque, Natanz, Iran, Modular stucco Muqarnas, Authors

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Table 1. Classification of Parametric Ornamental Domes in Persian architecture, Architectural &

Structural domes, Authors

1
‎ ‎Pineapple Dome (Ourchin)

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Name
Paramet Types based on the
Types Dome Basic Module Elements 2D Model
ers basic module
s
composed
of a
Orthogonal Shape- Grading- Diamonding- Granularity- Centrality- Uniformity- Focusing- Diffusion- Crystallized- Arching, Clustering-

series Rasmi star pattern with

arches domes Points on the two circles.

Rasmi-bandi
infill
surfaces
equally
arranged Shaparak
around a Nimkar Pointed Arch
(Pendentive)
compressi
on ring
Compose Mortar paste arch
d of
Tier surface subdivision (layers)
smooth,
finely Brick
Repetition- Intricacy- Stellate shape- stepping- Conical shape
Classification of Parametric Ornamental Domes

gained,
diamond- Stucco
shaped Tile
modoules
of Brick -
Architectural-Decorative

yazdi –bandi

differing Tile
sizes, Brick-
with very stucco Star-shaped
Pa-barik1
3D Module

small flat element

Mirror
and
horizontal Mirror -
star Stucco
shaped
picese in
between Stucco
1-

(Moussav Panel
i, 2009, p.
276)
Compose Simple
takht (Flat
d of Muqarn Square
element)
variable as
but Stretch
repeating
Basic Module Elements

(Matin) Parallelogra
Basic Shape Elements

plan Track line

Muqarn m
forms or as
Muqarnas

tracks, Arch
which are Muqarn Shaparak Rhombic
stacked, as (Pendentive
corrugati )
ng the Do-payeh
surface of Tas
Shirazi Pa-barik
the dome (Squinch)
Muqarn
(Moussav as Extruded
i, 2009, p. vertical Square
326) plane

Continue of Table 1. Classification of Parametric Ornamental Domes in Persian architecture,

Architectural & Structural domes, Authors

1
Diamond-shaped faceted modoule

1
Diamond-shaped faceted modoule

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Girih
Brickwo
Centrality- Uniformity- Focusing- Diffusion- Clustering- Repetition-
Growing- Diversity- Unit Cells- Attractor Motifs- Self Similarity Brick and Tile
The rk
arabesque Xowun1 Brickwork
is a form Mohri'chini (stamp brickwork)
of artistic Geometric patterns
decoration Arabesque motifs
Architectural -Ornamental

consisting
Stucco Animal and bird motifs
of
"surface Inscriptions
Surface Pattern
2D Module

decoration Human patterns

s based on Mosaic tile
rhythmic
Mogheli (Kufic calligraphy) Tile
linear Tiling
patterns of Lattice tile
scrolling Girih tile
and Haft Rang tile2 (seven colors)
interlacing
foliage, Geometric patterns
tendrils" Arabesque motifs
or plain Painting Animal and bird motifs
lines
Inscriptions and Calligraphy
Human patterns
Table 2. Classification of parametric ornamental domes in persian architecture, Dome`s internal
decorative and ornamental elements, authors

Fig. 4: Amin-od Dowleh Timcheh, Kashan Bazaar, Modular Yazdi-bandi dome, Authors

By comparing the table 1 and Taking what was said previously into consideration,
some of most important characteristics of parametric design can be adapted to

1
Type of Persian brickwork used in elevation and entrance like Mosaic tile.
2
In this technique Pictures were painted on plain rectangle tiles, glazed and fired afterwards.
Besides economic reasons, the seven colors method gave more freedom to artists and was less
time-consuming.

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principles of traditional geometry, which can be used to improve it. One of the
most important lessons taken from cases such as geometrical patterns and d
curved level expressed in Arcades is that updated tools are not used in designing
procedures. Case analysis indicated clearly that Iranian Arcades are more
complicated and advanced than construction tools and its spatial imagination.
Hence our contemporary artifacts are more simplified than tools which are in our
possession. Our dominance on contemporary advanced sciences and tools can
helps us in expressing Iranian-Islamic concepts with the aid of art. A considerable
point is that stemming intentions and motivations of past architects to create such
admirable works and enduring all difficulties and complications are of great
importance. After studying geometrical patterns of Iranian arcades and their
parametric design patterns various similarities were observed in principles and
procedures of creating shape in both methods. All arcade geometrical patterns rely
on center, growing like algorithmic growth of sun flower grains. Similarities of
two mentioned patterns have been shown in following figures. This is originated
from a common nature called geometry. With the aid of similarities, parametric
relation imagination has been shown graphically in the following analysis. (Fig. 4)

Moreover in the architecture of Iranian arcades icons, geometrical patterns have

application more than qualitative aspects. Patterns repetition used in pattern chain
expresses the Islamic concept of extremity in unity. Geometrical patterns are
related to center in a symbolic form or they reflect extremity as an application of
unity, by using homogenous numerical relation. Symbols and artistic forms of
arched geometrical patterns used in arcades as a container have been created by
objective laws. Container is a symbolic repetition of eternal form. Artistic forms
which have internal and external essence are related to each other by different
placement positions in a hierarchal structure toward unity. This reveals symbolic
operation of patterns. Geometrical patterns are container formed based on
mathematical and geometrical principles. Hence it can be reinterpreted and
revaluated by parametric geometry. The accordance of parametric principles with
patterns was revealed after studies carried out in this field.

Taking this into consideration that geometrical patterns used in Iranian arcades
have symbolic and spiritual aspects in addition to imagery aspects, they have been
able to convey concepts of Islamic art. So studying geometrical patterns of
Timcheh and geometrical principles of parametric confirms the fact that:
symbolism of arches and Islamic architecture sketches are of geometrical type. It
seems that most parts of Iranian-Islamic patterns depend on center. Hence it can
be concluded that using principles of parametric architecture plays an important
role in conveying meanings and concepts of Islamic Art Philosophy.

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Conclusion

The capability of using new tools of geometry in contemporary architecture and

parametric geometry was studied in this investigation from adapting concepts and
conveying Iranian-Islamic architecture and Art wisdom point of view. Hence, first
some indexes were elicited and contrasted as "principles of Iranian Islamic
Architecture Geometry" and "Principles of Parametric Architectural Geometry".
Then to analyze and explain research hypothesis, one Iranian element, Domes was
selected as successful sample in Iranian Architecture to correspond its Iranian-
Islamic elements with principles and algorithms of parametric architecture. As it
was shown, results obtained from different studies of traditional pattern and
principles of parametric architecture and Iranian domes (as case study), all
confirm the validity of research hypothesis. It seems that in past Iranian-Islamic
architecture, the architect has used his time knowledge, technique and tools in best
way to create architectural works. The clear thing is the necessity of using date
knowledge considering Iranian-Islamic architectural values in present era. Hence

Diagram4: Indexes of parametric architecture and wide facilities which can be used as design
tools to develop Iranian-Islamic architecture through emphasizing geometrical patterns of Iranian-
Islamic architecture.

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it can be concluded that using parametric geometry as an appropriate and efficient

device (of course though observing previously mentioned points) can be
substantiated and appeared in various humanity layers, or it can be effective in the
incidence of Islamic art philosophical concepts through creating Iranian-Islamic
Geometry patterns in present era. So it can be concluded that creation tools of
parametric geometry design can be used and tested as a pattern beside other
architectural approaches. Parametric architecture involves wide variety of
facilities and aspects. In diagram 2 we have tried to proceed on all its aspects.

Based on results obtained from present study, using parametric design patterns
can be developed apparently in eliciting and interpreting formic generative
algorithms of traditional Iranian-Islamic patterns in creation and combination with
traditional and local parameters and elements. These results can be generalized to
future studies in this field. Authors believe that designing is not completely an
innovation or exploration. When creating a completely new thing, design should
be considered as a result of an explorative reconstruction or revelation procedure.
So, as it can be observed parametric design can be efficient in reinterpretation,
recognition and domination of Iranian-Islamic patterns. Meanwhile, conveyance
degree of concepts and meanings of Iranian- Islamic architecture philosophy by

Man

Intellectual Soul Spiritual Soul

Rational Perception Wisdom Spiritual Perception Divine Satisfaction

Abstract Geometry Esoteric & Sacred

Geometry

Herbaceous Soul Animal Soul

Biological & Physical

Environmental Perception Sensory Perception Animal Pleasures
Growth

Naturalistic Geometry Functional Geometry

Sacred Concepts

Diagram5: Summary and conclusion: classifying kinds of geometry based on four-layer

anthropological verse of self-hierarchy (presented by Imam Ali). Geometry can appear in different
levels of human self, causing human perfection.

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parametric architect depend on one hand on creativity power of Islamic artist and
on the other hand on his utilization of divine concepts and contents. Since secular
ideologies have no ethical basis to use techniques and tools, and their aim is just
meeting financial needs of human. Based on Islamic anthropology, especially
from Imam Ali's point of view is reduction of human existential position reduction
to herbal or animal position. This is while Islamic ideology relies on Islamic
ethics philosophy when using techniques. According to Islamic wisdom and
philosophy art and architecture should try to develop human's spiritual loftiness
and mental growth. Hence, considering following diagram parametric design
employment can be presented and used in various semantic layers, considering
designer's ideology and aim, in spite of having the capability and potential of
concepts expression. Finally it seems that the nature of production tools of
parametric architecture is in accordance with definitions of Islamic art indexes
and qualities presented in principles of Islamic arts. It can also be used to promote
and develop Islamic Architecture.

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