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Parte II

Ejes, acoplamientos y apoyos


35
   #   " #"

 7

      
)           4  ,(( 9     
  +  A( 9    :        
          ,      1,5   
      0,125   7    4   
 +       "      2(( ·      
   %(( ·   "     3  #
 0      +         
  :          > 
8 
 0          :    
     7    8 
 0          :    
     >  C  
 0          :    
        /70     C  
0          :    
     7    8        + 
    2(( ·         "  
 '(( · 

 
 ny = 7,683 ns = 2,856
 ns = 2,837
 ns = 2,608
 ns = 2,842
 ns = 4,018

7 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problemas 18-7 a 18-11,

p. 817, McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


36
    (    

     


  $        % ( (    
ka = 0,797 kb = 0,872
Ktx = 1,59 q = 0,84 ke = 0,669
Se = 23,433 7#

 $          5') "     )    )  


+     "  %   (  5  
σx = 8,149 7# τ = 2,037 7#
σeq = 9,111 7#
ny = 7,683

 $      (   #   "           "


   ! # 
α = 41,659 (
τm = 0,237 7# τa = 4,047 7#

 <   %   (       )  ? '# 


 =        
ns = 2,856

  $      (   #   "           "


   ! # 
α = 40,249 (
τm = 0,336 7# τa = 4,018 7#

 <   %   (       )  , ( '#


  =        
ns = 2,837

  $           "    +    8   


)
σm = 3,528 7#
σa = 8,149 7#

 <   %   (       )  ?


ns = 2,608
37
   #   " #"

  $    +          "        


(  % ( (4  #   , 
ns = 2,842

  $        % ( (    


ka = 0,797 kb = 0,872
Kts = 1,3 q = 0,87 ke = 0,793
Se = 27,777 7#

 $      (   #   "           "


   ! # 
α = 13,941 (
τm = 1,905 7# τa = 2,701 7#

 <   %   (       )  , ( '#


  =        
ns = 4,018
38
    (    

  8

      
7    ?              
     D    d $     d    :
               "
      r         
        dR = d − 2r 7       
    ?   " d = 0,75D  r = D/20  
      7/0 5*%(   <   :
          Sut = 1226     
1     *'2 0         
     +       A( -·       
 %& -· )        ?  2,5       
    :  7           
    >
 
dR = 21,563  r = 1,659  D = 33,174  d = 24,880

     


 $     %       #6  "  %      )  % &
)
ka = 0,685
D/dR = 1,538 r/dR = 0,077 Ktx = 2,05

 $          5') "     )  "       


    "    +    8     % )  dR 
713014,145 229183,118
σx =  τ = 
d3R d3R
713014,145 396956,805
σa =  τ= 
d3R d3R

8 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 18-12, p. 817,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


39
   #   " #"

 B  !#)             *  r #  q


" dR  #  ke " kb  (  Se  (  "    )
 ?    dR         6 
r=1  dR = 13

 $        % ( (  "      )  ? 


 %    #           
kb = 0,941
q = 0,88 ke = 0,520
Se = 207,112 
dR = 21,117

 #  # ) #    +    dR


dR = 21,117  r = 1,624
kb = 0,891
q = 0,90 ke = 0,514
Se = 193,844 
dR = 21,548

 #  # ) #    +    dR


dR = 21,548  r = 1,658
kb = 0,889
q = 0,90 ke = 0,514
Se = 193,409 
dR = 21,563

 #  # ) #    +    dR


dR = 21,563  r = 1,659
kb = 0,889
q = 0,90 ke = 0,514
Se = 193,409 
dR = 21,563

 $           
dR = 21,563  r = 1,659
D = 33,174  d = 24,880
40
    (    

 
      
)                
,&(           ,( 9F  ,5((  
                 &( 
    0      .     
      ,&(  /     ,((    
               
   ,&  ,(         ,  7 
     /;7; ,(&(         
      C  #
 0      +          

 0         " :      " 
  4    >  
 0         " :      " 
  4    >
 0         " :      " 
  4    7  

 
 ny = 2,702
 ns = 1,979
 ns = 1,964
 ns = 1,766

     


  -        +         5   " 4  
, 0/:/    %
Sy = 580 
Sut = 690 
41
   #   " #"

 $     #   "  % &        ( 


T = 79,577 >·
F = 530,516 >

 $      )   #" &   "     5 ' 


RA = 353,678 >
M = 17,684 >·

 $     (      5 "  "    


    # #      % + 
 ,) 01    (  *    '       
5    
 ,) 21      ) *         " 
#      )  % &
 $        5 "        5') "   
  ) '  +   "    #     "    
+     ) 0
M1 = 17,684 >·  T1 = 79,577 >·
σx1 = 53,371   τ1 = 120,053 
σmax1 = 214,678   σm1 = 207,938   σa1 = 53,371 

 $        5 "        5') "   


  ) '  +   "    #     "    
+     ) 2
M2 = 8,842 >·  T2 = 0
σx2 = 90,064   τ2 = 0
σmax2 = 90,064   σm2 = 0 σa2 = 90,064 

 ,   )  % +     #   +   5  


  "      %   ( 
ny = 2,702   ) 0

  $        % (   ) 0


ka1 = 0,798 kb1 = 0,926
Se1 = 256,977 

 $        % (   ) 2


ka2 = 0,798 kb2 = 0,97
Ktx2 = 1,68 q = 0,75 ke2 = 0,662
Se2 = 178,202 
42
    (    

 ,   +  #          )  ? %


         "    %   (   #  
%   (   "        
ns1 = 2,364 ns2 = 1,979
ns = 1,979   ) 2

  ,    +    = #          


)  ?  " #      
ns1 = 1,964 ns2 = 1,979
ns = 1,964   ) 0

  ,(     #    !    )  , (


ns1 = 1,766 ns2 = 1,979
ns = 1,766   ) 0
43
   #   " #"

  9

      
)                 
 4  ,(((       +  2((    
        2((          
                 
           5,5 -·     
      %((           
      !           %6 9-
.                 2,75 9-
0      *(       ,,     
            ,&      2  
           ,(      
   1,5  3          C  
 0      +    
 0         " :  4  
 >
 0         " :  4  
 >  

 
 ny = 1,087

 ns = 1,288

 ns = 1,472

     


  $           #"
RA = RB = 1375 >

9 PEDRERO, J. I., Fundamentos del Diseño por Fatiga, problema 15, p. 59, UNED, Madrid, 1996
44
    (    

 $     (      5 "    % 


& '  "         # #     
% + 
 ,) 01      ) 00      
 
 ,) 21    )     ) *#     
 ,) .1      ) 3       ) 

 $        5 "   % & '       


5')    "     ) '  +   "    #
    "    +     ) 0
M1 = 15,125 >·  T1 = 212 >·  N1 = 0
σx1 = 45,648   τ1 = 319,913   σn1 = 0
σmax1 = 555,983   σm1 = 554,106   σa1 = 45,648 

 A     ) 2
M2 = 550 >·  T2 = 212 >·  N2 = 49000 >
σx2 = 207,491   τ2 = 39,989   σn2 = 69,321 
σmax2 = 285,346   σm2 = 97,994   σa2 = 207,491 

 A     ) .
M3 = 11 >·  T3 = 0 N3 = 49000 >
σx3 = 112,045   τ3 = 0 σn3 = −623,887 
σmax3 = 735,932   σm3 = −623,887   σa3 = 112,045 

 ,   )  % +     #   +   5  


  "      %   ( 
ny = 1,087   ) .

  $        % (   ) 0


ka1 = 0,723 kb1 = 0,926
Ktx1 = 1,75 q = 0,86 ke1 = 0,608
Se1 = 205,156 

 $        % (   ) 2


ka2 = 0,723 kb2 = 0,856
Se2 = 311,920 

 $        % (   ) .


ka3 = 0,723 kb3 = 0,97
45
   #   " #"

Ktx3 = 1,58 q = 0,86 ke1 = 0,667


Se3 = 235,758 

 ,   +  #          )  ?  %


         "    %   (   #  
%   (   "         *      
  σm3    #) 
ns1 = 1,288 ns2 = 1,310 ns3 = 2,104
ns = 1,288   ) 0

  ,    +    = #          


)  ? " #      
ns1 = 1,478 ns2 = 1,472 ns3 = 2,104
ns = 1,472   ) 2
46
    (    

  10

      
)   5(              
 4     ,(((       +  '(( 
            4   0  
   "    ? "       "
 4     +       &(( -·      *(( -·
0         "   *(    
    ,  3  #
 0      +          
  
 0          " :    
        >
            "         
                  
           +     
 &( -·
 @  "          

 
 ny = 0,836
 ns = 0,248
 ny = 0,775 ns = 0,248

     


  $     +     )  5')    )     
 )  +    8  "  %   (  5  
σx = 636,62   τ = 190,986 
σ = 717,434 
ny = 0,836

10 PEDRERO, J. I., Fundamentos del Diseño por Fatiga, problema 14, p. 58, UNED, Madrid, 1996
47
   #   " #"

  $       #     "      )


σm = 330,797   σa = 636,62 

 $     +      % ( (           #


         )    #6    &
ka = 0,723 kb = 0,896
Ktx = 2,08 q = 0,83 ke = 0,527
Se = 172,063 

 ,   +     )  ?  %       


%   (   " #  =
ns = 0,248

  $     +     )  5')    )     


 )  +    8  "  %   (  5     
    +  #         5
σx = 700,282   τ = 190,986 
σ = 774,482 
ny = 0,775

 $       #     "      )


σm = 336,868   σa = 636,62 

 ,   +     )  ?  %       


%   (   " #  =
ns = 0,248
48
    (    

  11

    
)         ,&(       
      *(    :   
   6(   %&         "    
$                
  5((       ,&(         
0      "        "    %((
-         *((          
7         :    0,25
                
 
pa = 203,046 7  T = 38,765 >·

     


 $      (   % "  #    & #     ' #)  "  
            ) "  =     )
  % &
θ1 = 8,13 ( θ2 = 98,13 (
θa = 90 (
a = 250  c = 500

 $           % &    "  &    % ) 


pa  '#     %    (&  "      )   
  +   pa
MN = 1,041 · 10−3 pa >·  Mf = 0,056 · 10−3 pa >·
Rf = 1
pa = 203,046 7

 $        #   % 
T = 38,765 >·

11 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 16-5, p. 745,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


49
   #   " #"

  12

    
)             %((  
            5((      
     <      "    0     
                    
    ,5&          $      
 %(( -  4             "   
7        5&(       
 :     0,3       &(   #
 $     
 0      

 
 P2 = 4022,39 > P1 = 1280 >
 T = 342,799 >·

     


  $    #      ( =    (   &  #  
θ = 218,682 (

 $      )   '  !     #   ) 


    #    " #       )    ' 
     )     % &     
P1 = 1280 > P2 = 4022,39 >

  $        #   % 
T = 342,799 >·

12 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 16-10, p. 746,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


50
    (    

 
    
7    ?            :    
 "         ,' -·     
    & 9- 7    :     0,2 
               
                  
       A 
 
d = 21,351  D = 42,649

     


 <        D " d #     '#   F " T
2
 d (D − d) = 454,728
d D2 − d2 = 29102,618 3

 ,    ( '#) #     


D + d = 64

 +   "    # +   d


d = 21,351
d = 10,649

   +    D + d = 64 " D!      (  + 


"  d "     D
D = 42,649
51
   #   " #"

 
    
7    ?          "     
     ,' -·   "       
   :    5&( 9 7    :  
    :  0,2        
?                
  #
 0            
 $         

 
 d = 74,134  D = 128,405
 F = 1,58 7>

     


    '#)  #   %   (  %  #  D2 "
    # + )  +   d    !    
d = 74,134

 $    D #   +      d


D = 128,405

  $        % &    


F = 1,58 7>
52
    (    

 
       
)       *(      *((    
            4  %(( 
                 
"<                 
/ ,((              
  0               0 
               
 ,((       12,5 9         
                 "  
   ,          $     
  " 4   P = 0,3ω (1 − 0,2 · 10−2 ω)  P "  
 9F  ω    G  0        
       ,( G  / &(      
       5(        5 
 3                : 
  0,2           :
 ,(( 9        "  
              
 & 9-
 7            
           " : 
              C 
 >     ;      
 

 
 d = 559,557  D = 616,443
d = 28,433  D = 1147,557  =  +
 ns = 2,431 σm = 0,011σa2 − 2,085σa + 83,557   '#   
53
   #   " #"

     


  $     '#)  #  #   #    % )   +
 (   "  +  '   ! # 
T = 300 (1 − 0,002ω) >·
T = 294 >·

 $  '#)  #   %       +   D + d "   


 % &       d (D − d)
D + d = 1176
dD − d2 = 31830,989 2

 +        (  ( 


d = 559,557  D = 616,443
" = d = 28,433  D = 1147,557

  $    # + )  + (     !  '  # 


  (    "  +   #  #   + ( 
ω = 250  C
T = 150 >·

 '#   % &     (       "  % &  


% ( #  #  '        % )  # 
(   '#   >·
Fe = 10T >
Fω = 3125 − 20,833T + 0,035T 2 >

 $      )      % &     #  


#  % &         5   #   # 
% &  % ( "     5   #   #  % &
      (   #  % )  T
Nm = 5000 >
Mm = 78,125 − 0,521T + 0,85 · 10−3 T 2 >·
Ma = 0,25T >·

 $         #     )  "     


  "  
σnm = −15,915 
σxm = 99,472 − 0,663T + 1,082 · 10−3 T 2 
σxa = 0,318T 
σm = 83,557 − 0,663T + 1,082 · 10−3 T 2   σa = 0,318T 
54
    (    

    T    '#          "   #  


    )       (
σm = 0,011σa2 − 2,085σa + 83,557

 $        % ( ( 


ka = 0,922 kb = 0,896
Ktx = 1,67 q = 0,73 ke = 0,672
Se = 111,918 

 ,      '#   σm " σa  #  T #  +   # )


#  #  %   (         )  ? 
" #  ns
ns = 2,431
55
   #   " #"

 13

    
7              %
9-    " N10  ,5((    "   '((  $
             "
N10  *2((   &(( 
 !               
  
 7 "            *2 9-    
:       

 
 FR = 2,895 7>
 R = 0,97

     


  $         #    (  %   
FR = 2,895 7>

  $      ) N10  !    ##     



N10 = 2715,021 !

     6   #   )  02// !    


 + N10 = 2715,021 !
R = 0,97

13 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problemas 11-2 y 11-3, p.

537, McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


56
    (    

  14

    
)                ,2(( 
  :   6' B !     
 
N10 = 3373,509 !

     


 $         ) N10 # # )   %)  # R=
0,96
N10 = 3373,509 !

14 SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 11-4, p. 537,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


57
   #   " #"

  15

    
7            (5  
         2 9-      % 9-
$  N10     &(((          
 6((  7          
      
 
d = 80  D = 140  C = 70,2 7>

     


 $     %    )   + L10   "   ) Fa /Fr
V =1
L10 = 270 
Fa /Fr = 0,5

  &  #  #' )  % &     +   Fe = V Fr 


"       #    (
Fe = 8 7>
C = 51,706 7>

 ,       #    (        # 51,706


7> "  #   +  &   !#)
d = 65  D = 120  C0 = 34 7> C = 55,9 7>
Fa /C0 = 0,118 e ≈ 0,309 < 0,5 X = 0,56 Y ≈ 1,426
0,5 > '(0,309, 0,309)  + 

 $     % &     +   #      "   #  


 (  
Fe = 10,184 7> C  = 65,822 7>
15 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 11-6, p. 538,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


58
    (    

 ,       #    (        # 65,822


7>      % &     +   "   #    (    "  
#   =     
d = 75  D = 130  C0 = 40,5 7> C = 66,3 7>
Fa /C0 = 0,099 e ≈ 0,296 < 0,5 X = 0,56 Y ≈ 1,486
Fe = 10,424 7> C  = 67,373 7> > 66,3 7>  + 

            (  


d = 80  D = 140  C0 = 45 7> C = 70,2 7>
Fa /C0 = 0,089 e ≈ 0,289 < 0,5 X = 0,56 Y ≈ 1,524
Fe = 10,576 7> C  = 68,356 7> < 70,2 7> + 
59
   #   " #"

  16

    
0         "       
      *(   (5    "    
 5(( (((  "       ,2 9-    
      *( 9-
 
L = 266,551 7

     


 <        #    (   
C = 20,3 7>

 $      ) #    (     03 7>


L = 1,434 

 $      )   "   #    (        


#+
L  = 1,234 
C ∗ = 19,307 7>

 $      ) #    +  (     #    (
 
L = 266,551 7

16 SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 11-20, p. 541,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


60
    (    

  17

    
)             ,5
9- 7 "    %(((    "   A&(  3   
             
 
C = 57 7>

     


 $      )  
L = 180 

 $      #    (
C = 56,985 ≈ 57 7>

17 SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 11-8, p. 538,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


61
   #   " #"

  18

    
)          &(   &&    
          &        
7/0 *(  && ◦ 3  5(( 9       $   
 %5 µ  "     %2  "G      10
9- 3    "             *

3  +                
 
∆T = 68 ◦
$ Qs = 3726,828 3
C h0 = 5,04 µ

     


     #       #
P =4 
r
= 595,238
c
l 1
=
d 2
µ < µ (T1 ) = 33  ·

 , #  +    +   * % ..  ·    


  (  +   #      # ) "     
    #        D           # 
 + "   +  "   (6       " -"   +  
ε " rc f D            #     " #    ! 
   +      #'   #    +  #  
   1 µ = 17,5  ·
Tm = 70 ◦ $ ∆T = 30 ◦ $
S = 0,074
r
ε = 0,82 f = 2,6
c
∆T = 239,823 ◦ $ > 30 ◦ $

18 Cfr. SHIGLEY, J. E., MISCHKE, C. R., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, problema 12-23, p. 594,

McGraw-Hill, Mexico, 1990


62
    (    

 A +   !         #    ! "   & 


  "   #        ,(   1 µ = 10  ·
Tm = 86 ◦ $ ∆T = 62 ◦ $
S = 0,043
r
ε = 0,87 f = 1,8
c
∆T = 90,715 ◦ $ > 62 ◦ $

 A +   !      4    1 µ = 5  ·


Tm = 112 ◦ $ ∆T = 114 ◦ $

 A +   !    " #   µ = 10  · 


      #    90,715 ◦ $ +    # 
       #   " $   1 µ = 7  ·
Tm = 98 ◦ $ ∆T = 86 ◦ $
S = 0,030
r
ε = 0,89 f = 1,5
c
∆T = 51,489 ◦ $ < 86 ◦ $

 A +   !    " E    1 µ = 9  ·


Tm = 89 ◦ $ ∆T = 68 ◦ $
S = 0,038
r
ε = 0,88 f = 1,6
c
∆T = 70,422 ◦ $ < 68 + 3 ◦ $

  # +       #   +   S = 0,038 


   #   #   #  #
Qs = 3726,828 3
C
h0 = 5,04 µ
63
   #   " #"

  19

    
)   &(          
    &&            &  
      7/0 %(  %( ◦ 3       
 5&( 9 7        %( µ    
  ,5 9-   "    %2  "G 
 3    :    +      
                 
           
 $              
             
       

 
 f = 0,003 Qs = 3428,325 3
C pa = 21,12  h0 = 5 µ  H =
271,434 F Qs " H #    
 f = 0,005 Q = 10800 3
C p = 11,163   h0 = 16,8 µ  H =
452,389 F      #)    

     


      #       #
P = 4,8 
r
= 625
c 
l 1
=
d 2

 , #  +    +          ( 


+   #      # ) "        
 #        D           #  
+ "   +  "   (6       " -"   + 
19 PEDRERO, J. I., Fundamentos del Diseño por Fatiga, problema 10, p. 57, UNED, Madrid, 1996
64
    (    

 ε " rc f D            #     " #   


!     +      #'   #    +
 #      1 µ = 10  ·
Tm = 93 ◦ $ ∆T = 106 ◦ $
S = 0,039
r
ε = 0,88 f = 1,8
c
∆T = 93,668 ◦ $ < 106 ◦ $

 A +   !    " #    ! "  &   "


  #      " ,(   1 µ = 11  ·
Tm = 90 ◦ $ ∆T = 100 ◦ $
S = 0,043
r
ε = 0,87 f = 1,9
c
∆T = 110,353 ◦ $ > 100 ◦ $

 A +   !      #    ! "   &  


"   #          1 µ = 10,5  ·
Tm = 91 ◦ $ ∆T = 102 ◦ $
S = 0,041
r
ε = 0,875 f = 1,85
c
∆T = 101,827 ◦ $ ≈ 102 ◦ $

   # +       #   +   S = 0,041


    #   #   #  #
r
f = 1,85 f = 0,003
c
Qs = 3428,325 3
C
P
= 0,23 pa = 21,12 
p
ε = 0,875 h0 = 5 µ
H = 271,434 F

      #       #


P = 4,8 
r
= 625
c
l
=1
d

 , #  +    +          ( 


+   #      # ) "        
 #        D           #  
65
   #   " #"

+ "   +  "   (6       " -"   + 
 rc f  rcnl
Q
" QQ D            #     " # 
s

  !     +      #'   #   


+  #      1 µ = 10  ·
Tm = 93 ◦ $ ∆T = 106 ◦ $
S = 0,039
r Q Qs
f = 1,4 = 4,8 9 /3;
c rcnl Q
∆T = 20,386 $ < 106 ◦ $

 A +   !    " #    ! "  &   "


  #      " ,(   1 µ = 20  ·
Tm = 73 ◦ $ ∆T = 66 ◦ $
S = 0,078
r Q Qs
f = 2,14 = 4,62 9 /G;
c rcnl Q
∆T = 29,208 $ < 66 ◦ $

 A +   !    " 4    1 µ = 30  ·


Tm = 64 ◦ $ ∆T = 48 ◦ $
S = 0,117
r Q Qs
f = 3 = 4,5 9 /;3
c rcnl Q
∆T = 40,242 $ < 48 ◦ $

 A +   !    "   "     #' 


 $   1 µ = 34  ·
Tm = 61 ◦
$ ∆T
= 42 ◦ $
S = 0,133
r Q Qs
f = 3,1 = 4,5 9 /;G:
c rcnl Q
∆T = 41,892 $ ≈ 42 ◦ $

   # +       #   +   S = 0,133


    #   #   #  #
r
f = 3,1 f = 0,005
c
Q
= 4,5 Q = 10800 3
C
rcnl
P
= 0,43 p = 11,163 
p
h0 /c = 0,42 h0 = 16,8 µ
H = 452,389 F
66
    (    

  20

    
)     &&      &(    
            ,& 9-   5(
 "G        5& µ 0      
  &                  
 %(( 9        &6 ◦ 3 /        
                  
   :  75,4 F
 !   :           
   +               
    
 7    7/0       

 
 f = 0,0016 Ts = 120 ◦
$ Qs = 1630,537 3
C h0 = 2,5 µ 
pa = 30,4 

 ,./

     


      #       #
P =6 
r
= 1000
c 
l 1
=
d 2

 $     6   %)           =(  #


   #  #  # %)           ! 
 (   #    # =      %( )
f = 0,0016

20 PEDRERO, J. I., Fundamentos del Diseño por Fatiga, problema 11, p. 57, UNED, Madrid, 1996
67
   #   " #"

 $     +   r
cf  "    (       
r
f = 1,6
c
S = 0,03

  #    '#)  S      +    +    " 


  5     
µ=9  ·
Qs = 1630,537 3
C

 $  +   S       )  '        


 #   "   #        #     #  " 
#) '   
ε = 0,9 ∆T = 61,038 ◦ $ ≈ 61 ◦ $ Ts = 120 ◦ $
h0 = 2,5 µ
P
= 0,2 pa = 30,4 
p

  $      #      # )


Tm = 89,5 ◦
$

 ,     (  +  #  #     # 


    " +    "      "  +
#  # =
,./

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