See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/353885517

An Improvement the Channel Characteristics Performance of Ultra-Wideband

(UWB) by Controlling the Main Channel Parameters

Article in Design Engineering · June 2021

CITATION READS

1 92

3 authors:

Tahreer Mahmood Omar Mahmood

University of Diyala University of Diyala
20 PUBLICATIONS 42 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 149 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Hayder Khaleel Al-Qaysi

University of Diyala
16 PUBLICATIONS 37 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hayder Khaleel Al-Qaysi on 13 August 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

An Improvement the Channel Characteristics

Performance of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) by
Controlling the Main Channel Parameters
Tahreer Mahmood* 1, Omar Abdulkareem Mahmood2, Hayder Khaleel AL-Qaysi 3

1,3
Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Iraq
2
Department of Communications Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala,
Iraq
Email*: tahreer_mahmood_eng@uodiyala.edu.iq

Abstract: -
In some environments, channel systems are susceptible to troubles caused by obstacles such as
buildings, utility, canyons, and hills, and consequently they proceed many paths to reach the
destination, it can cause a decrease from data speed and an increase the errors. With a view to
generate a perfect channel model in the particular environment, we should have entire knowledge
and information on the characteristics of the channel, including their activity, power of signal,
and specified time. In this paper, an improvement of channel characteristics performance
(impulse response and channel energy), and different power types (Mean excess delay, RMS
delay, and Average power delay) have been suggested and evaluated. Moreover, the main
channel parameters such as sampling time and number of channels are compared to those of
different delay characteristics.The results show that the peak value of sampling signals increases
around ±1 unit when the number of channels increase from 100 to 200 respectively. But, the time
delay as the signal reaches the steady state mode still better in case of 100 channels.Furthermore,
increasing the number of channels will increase the mean excess delay around 0.4 (ns), while
RMS delay not affected. Additionally, the UWB estimation results display that the average
power delay profile affected by increasing the sampling time and decreases exponentially with
excess delay.Therefore, the number of channels and the sampling frequency are a very important
influence factor frequency in channel designing. The main goal of this paper is to make

[1329]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

researchers in this field become more familiar with these elements influencing as well as to
impart an understanding of the parameters that effect general UWB multipath channel.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction:
Because of the likely applications and interesting capacities, Ultra Wideband (UWB)
communication systems turned into the subject of broad examinations. In any case, numerous
significant parts of UWB-based correspondence frameworks have not yet been completely
analyzed. Emitting signals from UWB systems in indoor conditions is one of the significant
issues with huge effects on the future heading, scope, and for the most part the degree of the
achievement of UWB innovation. Scientists are these days committing impressive endeavors and
assets to create vigorous channel models that take into consideration solid and precise UWB
simulations seeking enhanced performance. In 2002, the Federal Communications Committee
reserved 500 MHz as a bandwidth for the UWB applications [1-3]. Since that time, UWB
systems gained much attention from industries and academia [4-8]. Two sorts of UWB
applications can be recognized; high throughput with low distances such as IEEE802.15.3a, and
low throughput with larger distances such as IEEE802.15.4a [9]. The first sort dedicated for 10
meters, while the second is allocated for longer than 10 meters up to 100 meters. Antenna
designs for UWB systems has also gained much attentions from the researchers [10, 14].

Employing UWB systems provide many privileges such as; low system complexity, multi-path
resolution improvement, fading margins analysis enhancement, and permission for low power
transmission [15, 16]. Channels may have different environments due to the presence of objects,
both in outdoor and indoor, that is, multipath propagation occurs because of the reflections
caused by these objects. Accordingly, degradation appears in the Bit Error Rate (BER)
performance, which affected mainly by the Intersymbol Interference (ISI), which is a natural
result due to the multipath propagation. Hence, the work presented in this paper is developed to
show the various parameters that affect the channel behavior due to multipath propagation. In the
literature, there are many measurements and modeling for the UWB communication channels.
For instance, in [17] most of the reported measurements and channels modeling have been
reviewed for UWB indoor applications. Moreover, various methodologies of channel modeling
were presented, that is, the parameters that related to UWB channels (major ones) were studied
and compared with applications employed narrow-band systems. Be that as it may, there still
stay numerous uncertain issues and henceforth the requirement for more UWB proliferation
estimations. Simulation of entire transmission links using statistically approaches maybe
necessary to show the various parameters of the system performance [18], although this approach
needs comprehensive measurements. On the other hand, deterministic methods are also listed in
the literature [19].

[1330]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

Experimental measurements were conducted in underground mine in Canada aiming to

characterize the UWB channel [20], for both Line of Sight (LOS) and none LOS (NLOS). From
these experimental conductions, results give significant modeling for complicated environment.
In [21], channel modeling for outdoor UWB communication channel was obtained using
frequency response of sinusoidal waveforms and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) with the
combination of Hermitian manipulation. That is, in [21], the work focus was outdoor UWB
channel with large distance and low data rates. After obtaining the Channel Impulse Response
(CIR), the BER has been evaluated using Binary Pulse Amplitude Modulation. Not only objects
affect UWB channel modeling, human body also shows effects. In [22], a study on the human
body population in the environment of UWB LOS channels was conducted using different
situations with different populations, namely, distance dependent, frequency dependent, and time
dispersion parameters. It was found that number of people must be considered when modeling
UWB channels, where the path loss power exponent increases with population, while the power
exponent of the path loss of the frequency dependent decreases with increasing the population.
However the body weighs was not considered in [22] while in [23] it was considered. That is, the
Body Area Network (BAN) has an effect on the characterization of UWB communication
channels.

In the field of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), UWB channels can be
found specifically for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. For instance, in [24] a
low computational complexity channel estimation methodology for UWB channel was derived.
Results show that the Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) method had comparable
results over Least Square (LS) algorithm [25]. Non coherent communication is possible in UWB
channels, thus, in [26] the Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm was used to parameterize the non-
coherent UWB communication channels. Aiming to model the UWB channel for the
IEEE802.15.4a LOS propagation, an algorithm was proposed in [27], where results was
comparable to Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach. Nevertheless, because of the multipath
propagation UWB channels, an impulse noise can be recognized in the received signals, hence,
in [28], a mitigation to the impulse noise was achieved by characterizing the UWB channel
properly specifically for the IEEE802.15.4a system.

All of the aforementioned works are developed to find an appropriate channel model for the
UWB communication systems. Although different methodologies were suggested for channel
modeling, still more work is required for more improvements. Hence, this was the motivation for
the work in this paper. That is, in this paper, UWB channel model investigation will be presented
showing the effect of channel parameters variation on each other. The rest of this paper
organized consequently as follows: section two describes the mathematical model for CIR
systems with the essential parameters affecting the channel. Section three depicts the system
setup and simulation results with comprehensive discussion, while section four shows the
concluding remarks for this work.

[1331]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

2. System Mathematical Model

Channel modeling of UWB systems can be constructed using parameters obtained in time-
domain or in the frequency-domain. The rule of thumb is to bring the superior model which is
reliable and less complexity. That is, not it must be in time domain or in frequency domain, and
the necessary condition is to come up with best UWB communication channel model. Generally
speaking, the combination of the extracted parameters from the measurements constructs the
channel model. That is, by varying the setup of the system, different measures can be obtained.
In this paper, time- and frequency-domains will be discussed to produce deep understanding of
the UWB communication channel for the researchers. Nevertheless, any system, in time-domain,
can be described, analytically, by the impulse response of its kernel to un impulse input (impulse
response), this is corresponding to the frequency response of the system which is the so-called
transfer function. Thence, the Fourier transform of the impulse response of the system produce
transfer function in the frequency domain. Since there may be large data and huge computations,
the transfer function could describe the system suitably other than the impulse response.

To acquire the system response, which is the channel in this study, it must be fed with impulse
function, δ(t), so, the output of the channel response corresponding to a series of impulse of
different amplitude and phases corresponding to the input impulse, this response constructs the
multipath profile of the channel. The elements of the impulses train denote the components of the
multipath propagation channel. It can be seen in Figure (1), that the received signal consists of
multi copies of the original transmitted signal with different path gains, βi and time delays, τi, this
can be described mathematically as follows [29]

Figure 1: General multipath channel impulse response

[1332]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

ℎ 𝑡 = 𝛽𝑖 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏𝑖 (1)
𝑖=1

Where the total number of paths denoted by N and it was assumed there is avoidance for the time
dispersion. Furthermore, Figure (1) displays the excess delay, which is defined as the time period
between the ith component and the first arrived component to the receiving end. Therefore, at the
input of the receiver, the convolution of the transmitted pulse, ψ(t), and the channel impulse
response will be seen,
𝑁

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝛽𝑖 𝜓 𝑡 − 𝜏𝑖 (2)
𝑖=1

Hence, the other parameters shown in Figure (1) can be defined accordingly, which is the time
dispersion parameters. As mentioned above, that the measurements of the time are with respect
the arrival time of the first component. So, the maximum excess delay, which is the maximum
time delay between the first path component and the last accepted path component, τmax [17, 29].
Thus, the mean excess delay of the Power Delay Profile (PDP) can be described as follows [29]

𝑁 2
𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖 𝜏𝑖
𝜏𝑚 = 𝑁 2
(3)
𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖

while the Root Mean Squared (RMS) delay spread can be formulated as

𝜎= 2 − 𝜏
𝜏𝑚 2 (4)
𝑚

which stands for second central moment of the PDP, in which,

𝑁 2 2
2 𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖 𝜏𝑖
𝜏𝑚 = 𝑁 2
(5)
𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖

Hence, the time-dispersion of the UWB channels can be defined as

𝜏𝑚
𝜏𝑈𝑊𝐵 = (6)
𝜎
So, τUWB formulated by dividing the mean excess delay, τm by the RMS delay spread σ.
The parameters on the other side are those related to frequency domain. A well-known parameter
called coherence bandwidth is broadly used for UWB channels denoted as Bc. this coherence

[1333]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

bandwidth is considered for the allocated UWB bandwidth, where frequencies seen as flat. That
is, the frequency parts of the allocated bandwidth may attain numerous amplitudes. Two
definitions can be recognized for the coherence bandwidth [17, 29, 30]; if the correlation in the
frequency amplitudes high, say >0.9, Bc can be given as

0.02
𝐵𝑐90 ≅ (7)
𝜎
Where in the last expression, 90% of the frequencies considered as flat. If the correlation
between the UWB frequency components is one half, then the coherence bandwidth described as

0.2
𝐵𝑐50 ≅ (8)
𝜎
In other words, the usable frequency components are only 50% of the allocated bandwidth. Last
but not least, the power loss in the path and attenuation can be considered as one of the essential
parameters in the UWB channel modeling. That is, the energy features of the PDP can be
described by this parameter,
𝑁

𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑃 = 𝛽𝑖2 (9)

𝑖=1
then, the power loss with respect to distance, d, can be expressed mathematically

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑃 𝑑
𝑃𝑙 𝑑 = −10 log10 (10)
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑃 𝑑′
where 𝑑′ stands for a reference distance setup during measurement experiments. All of the
aforementioned parameters for UWB channel modeling needs more attention, therefore, in this
paper, we devoted more in-depth analysis for the seek of providing more information about
UWB channel models for the academia and industries. The next sections will provide settings up
of our analysis parameters and comprehensive simulations with their discussions.

3. Simulation Results
In this part of paper, MATLAB simulations are used to describe the influence of different
parameters of channel characteristics on the performance of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) channel
models.

[1334]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

3.1.Channel impulse response

Figures (1) and (2) explain the two different impulse response performance of Ultra-Wideband
(UWB) channel models, thechannel characteristics simulated byusing 100, and 200 channels
respectively, andthesamplingtimehas been set around150 psec.Theresults demonstrationhow the
peak value of sampling signalsaffectedby increasing the number of channels, it increases from ±1
as shown in Figure (1)almost up to ±2 in Figure(2).Furthermore, the time delay isbetter in the
Figure (1), as the signal reaches the steady state mode faster compare with case inFigure (2).

Figure 1. Channel impulse response of UWB channel using 100 channels.

Figure 2. Channel impulse response of UWB channel using 200 channels.

[1335]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

3.2.Delay types (Mean excessdelay, RMS delay, and Average power delay)
Parameters such as the RMS delay, mean excess delay, and average power delay profile are
analyzed and simulated todetermine the UWB channelperformance as a function of time delay
resolution.Different numberof channels, and sampling time have been used in this analysis.We
consideringthe number of channels100, and 200 asUWB channel models. Figure 3 explain, that
increasing the number of channelsin the system, willincrease the mean excess delay around 0.4
nsec.While when using the same number of channels,the RMS delaywill not affectas shown
Figure4.

Figure 3. Mean excess delay of UWB channel.

Figure 4. Root-Mean-Square delay of UWB channel.

In Figure 5, The UWB estimation results display that the average power delay profile decreases
exponentially with excess delay.The results demonstration how the average power of

[1336]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

systemchannel affected by increasing the sampling time as explain in three case measurements
(0.16,0,26, and 0.36 nsec).It is applicable to use different sampling frequency for the UWB
channel computations in order to check the effect of its frequency dependency.

Figure 5. Average power delay profile of UWB channel.

3.3.Channel energy
Figure 6 shows the channel energy of UWB, it designates the relation between the number of
channels and two characteristic factors mean value and stander deviation.In this part simulation
results of two different parameters number of channels and the sampling time have been
compared. This comparison has been done regarding stander deviation and mean value.First,
several numbers of channels have been simulated in UWB model by using
MATLABsoftware,then the parameters of each simulated channel are computed, and recorded,
the stander deviation and mean value functions for each parameter was obtained from these
recorded values.

Figure 6. Channel energy of UWB channel, number of channels = 100.

[1337]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

In Table 1 the result of different number of channels and constant sampling time is compared.
The both characteristic of UWB channel, stander deviation and mean value increase around 0.2
dB in each case with rising the numbers of channel.
Table 1.Channel energy characteristic of UWB model with different number of channel

Number of Sampling Stander deviation Mean

Channel Time (nsec) (dB) (dB)
100 0.16 3.2 -0.6
200 0.16 3.4 -0.4
300 0.16 3.6 -0.2
4. Conclusion
In this work, we evaluated and proved some investigational results of UWB multipath
components have different impulse response and different delay at different channel numbers. A
different influencing factor of UWB propagation model was suggested to find the optimal
models and components for transmit the signal over channel. Various numbers of channels was
used to extract the model characteristics from channel profiles. The results of impulse response
are shown that the peak value increases around 1 unit when rising number of channels from 100
to 200. In the channel energy characteristic of UWB model under the same conditions the
parameters, stander deviation and mean value increase around 0.2 dB in each case with raising
the numbers of channel. Furthermore, there are three types of time delay, first one RMS delay
not affect by the number of channels contrariwise increasing the numbers of channel will
increase the mean excess delay around 0.4 (ns). The last one, average power delay profile
affected by increasing the sampling time. The UWB estimation results display that the average
power delay profile decreases exponentially.

References
1. C. Briso, C. Calvo, and Y. Xu, "UWB Propagation Measurements and Modelling in Large Indoor
Environments," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 41913-41920, 2019.
2. F. C. Commission, "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra WideBand
Transmission Systems," 2002.
3. R. ITU-R, "Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology," ITU-R, vol. SM.1755-0, 2006.
4. S. M. R. Islam and K. S. Kwak, "Two-Stage Channel Estimation With Estimated Windowing for
MB-OFDM UWB System," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 20, pp. 272-275, 2016.
5. S. Duan, R. Su, C. Xu, Y. Chen, and J. He, "Ultra-Wideband Radio Channel Characteristics for
Near-Ground Swarm Robots Communication," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,
vol. 19, pp. 4715-4726, 2020.
6. Z. Bai, S. Peng, Q. Zhang, and N. Zhang, "OCC-Selection-Based High-Efficient UWB Spatial
Modulation System Over a Multipath Fading Channel," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, pp. 1181-
1189, 2019.

[1338]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

7. B. He, T. Sun, Z. Wang, and K. Su, "A Fine-Grained Analysis of Time Reversal MU-MISO
Systems Over Correlated Multipath Channels With Imperfect CSI," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp.
69516-69527, 2018.
8. A. Mesloub, A. Boukhelifa, O. Merad, S. Saddoudi, A. Younsi, and M. Djeddou, "Chip
Averaging Chaotic ON–OFF Keying: A New Non-Coherent Modulation for Ultra Wide Band
Direct Chaotic Communication," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 21, pp. 2166-2169, 2017.
9. K. B. Andreas F. Molisch, DajanaCassioli, Chia-Chin Chong, Shahriar Emami, Andrew
Fort,JohanKaredal, Juergen Kunisch, Hans Schantz, Ulrich Schuster, Kai Siwiak, "IEEE
802.15.4a channel model - final report," IEEE Standards, 2004.
10. A. Y. H. Majed O. Al-Dwairi, Mohamed S. Soliman, Mohammad F. Aljafari, "A compact UWB
monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristics," TELKOMNIKA
Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, vol. 18, pp. 622-630, 2020.
11. S. D. Mohammad Ahmad Salamin, B. T. P. Madhav, SoufianLakrit, Avisankar Roy,
AsmaaZugari, "A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and
aeronautical radio navigation applications," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing,
Electronics and Control, vol. 18, pp. 2868-2877, 2020.
12. D. M. K. C. Aylapogu Pramod Kumar, D. Venkatachari, "Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub
antenna for satellite communication," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing,
Electronics and Control, vol. 18, pp. 1209-1215, 2020.
13. M. A. S. Hussein A. Abdulnabi, Sadiq Ahmed, "UWB THz plasmonic microstrip antenna based
on graphene," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, vol. 18,
pp. 30-36, 2018.
14. N. Q. Noor Raheem, "A compact multi-band notched characteristics UWB microstrip patch
antenna with a single sheet of graphene," TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing,
Electronics and Control, vol. 18, pp. 1708-1718, 2020.
15. K. Siwiak, P. Withington, and S. Phelan, "Ultra-wide band radio: the emergence of an important
new technology," in IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001.
Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202), 2001, pp. 1169-1172 vol.2.
16. K. Siwiak, "Ultra-wide band radio: introducing a new technology," in IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular
Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202), 2001, pp. 1088-1093
vol.2.
17. Z. Irahhauten, H. Nikookar, and G. J. M. Janssen, "An overview of ultra wide band indoor
channel measurements and modeling," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.
14, pp. 386-388, 2004.
18. H. Hashemi, "Impulse response modeling of indoor radio propagation channels," IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, pp. 967-978, 1993.
19. W. Yang, Z. Naitong, Z. Qinyu, and Z. Zhongzhao, "Deterministic simulation of UWB indoor
propagation channel," Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 19, pp. 447-452,
2008.
20. B. Nkakanou, G. Y. Delisle, and N. Hakem, "Experimental Characterization of Ultra-Wideband
Channel Parameter Measurements in an Underground Mine," Journal of Computer Networks and
Communications, vol. 2011, p. 157596, 2011/11/24 2011.

[1339]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 1329 - 1340

21. C.-C. Chiu, C.-H. Chen, S.-H. Liao, and T.-C. Tu, "Ultra-wideband outdoor communication
characteristics with and without traffic," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
Networking, vol. 2012, p. 92, 2012/03/07 2012.
22. Y. Kim, J. Lee, and S. Kim, "Modeling of UWB Channel With Population Density in Indoor LOS
Environments," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 1450-1453, 2016.
23. S. Sangodoyin and A. F. Molisch, "Impact of Body Mass Index on Ultrawideband MIMO BAN
Channels—Measurements and Statistical Model," IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, vol. 17, pp. 6067-6081, 2018.
24. M. Hajjaj, W. Chainbi, and R. Bouallegue, "Low-Rank Channel Estimation for MIMO MB-
OFDM UWB System Over Spatially Correlated Channel," IEEE Wireless Communications
Letters, vol. 5, pp. 48-51, 2016.
25. A. Fathy, F. Newagy, and W. R. Anis, "Performance Evaluation of UWB Massive MIMO
Channels With Favorable Propagation Features," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 147010-147020, 2019.
26. T. Wang, T. Lv, H. Gao, and S. Zhang, "Joint Multiple Symbol Differential Detection and
Channel Decoding for Noncoherent UWB Impulse Radio by Belief Propagation," IEEE
Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, pp. 293-306, 2017.
27. V. Yajnanarayana and P. Händel, "Joint Estimation of TOA and PPM Symbols Using Sub-
Nyquist Sampled IR-UWB Signal," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 21, pp. 949-952, 2017.
28. S. Sharma, A. Gupta, and V. Bhatia, "Impulse Noise Mitigation in IR-UWB Communication
Using Signal Cluster Sparsity," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 22, pp. 558-561, 2018.
29. J. G. P. M. Salehi, Fundamentals of Communication Systems: Pearson, 2014.
30. A. Muqaibel, A. Safaai-Jazi, A. Attiya, B. Woerner, and S. Riad, "Path-loss and time dispersion
parameters for indoor UWB propagation," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.
5, pp. 550-559, 2006.

[1340]

View publication stats