Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

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Vehicular Communications
www.elsevier.com/locate/vehcom

NOMA assisted underwater visible light communication system with

full-duplex cooperative relaying
Monika Jain a , Nikhil Sharma a,∗ , Akash Gupta a , Divyang Rawal a , Parul Garg b
a
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur, India
b
Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Sector 3 Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this work, we propose a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) assisted underwater visible light
Received 22 September 2020 communication system (UWVLC) with full-duplex cooperative relaying (FDCR). The near NOMA user (U 1 )
Received in revised form 20 March 2021 supports the FDCR phenomena to assist the NOMA far user (U 2 ) with the information transmission.
Accepted 9 April 2021
The UWVLC channels are assumed to be Exponential-Generalized Gamma (EGG) distributed. The exact
Available online 4 May 2021
analytical expressions of achievable outage probability are derived for both the NOMA users under the
Keywords: practical assumption of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) and residual self-interference
Full-duplex cooperative relay (FDCR) (RSI) due to FDCR. Besides, we also present the coverage probability and system outage probability of
Exponential-generalized Gamma (EGG) the considered FDCR based NOMA system. Further, the system’s performance is examined for the distinct
distribution underwater scenarios like water salinity, gradient temperature and air bubble level (BL), so as to verify
Underwater visible light communication the system’s viability.
(UWVLC) © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Outage probability
Coverage probability

1. Introduction

Recently, there has been an enormous increment in the underwater exploration applications such as surveillance, offshore oil field
exploration, disaster prevention, unmanned operations, oceanic monitoring and data collection. In literature, there are a number of tech-
niques which are widely used for underwater communication such as acoustic waves, radio-frequency (RF) signals, and optical signals etc.
The traditional underwater communication rely on acoustic waves that suffers from low latency, low data rates, higher attenuation and
low bandwidth. Similarly, RF waves in under water scenario suffers from higher attenuation and offers limited data rate [1–3]. In order to
combat these detrimental effects, optical waves have attracted attention of researchers in recent years due to numerous advantages such
as low end-to-end latency, higher data rates, low energy consumption, high security and lower attenuation while operating in the wave-
length band of 450 nm − 550 nm corresponding to the blue-green segment of the spectrum [4–7]. However, it is observed that despite a
good number of inherent merits, the underwater visible light communication (UWVLC) links are majorly compromised by the underwater
turbulence. A number of studies have been observed to effectively model the turbulence in the underwater scenarios. Authors in [4] pro-
posed a unified statistical model in the form of Exponential Generalized Gamma (EGG) to effectively model the turbulence-induced fading
in UWVLC links. This channel model perfectly fits the experimental data by taking into consideration various impairments present in the
underwater scenario [7]. A dual-hop UWVLC system is proposed in [8] and for DF and AF relaying protocol, an optimal relay placement
is determined to minimize the bit error rate (BER). The performance of an optical wireless communication has been studied in turbid
environment for multiple AF relay system in [9]. A distributed power allocation technique for one or more relays is investigated in [10] to
improve the overall network performance. The integration of visible light communication with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is
proposed in [11]. In [12], effect of fog and rain is studied for a V2V link in a vehicular visible light communication systems.
With the advent of underwater internet of things (UIoT) a large number of underwater devices needs to be connected. The non-
orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme has emerged as a promising candidate to notably enhance the spectral efficiency and has also
been included as an study item into the 3GPP long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) standard. NOMA caters to a large number of devices

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: monika.jain.y18pg@lnmiit.ac.in (M. Jain), nikhil.sharma@lnmiit.ac.in (N. Sharma), akash.gupta@lnmiit.ac.in (A. Gupta), divyang.rawal@lnmiit.ac.in
(D. Rawal), parul_saini@yahoo.co.in (P. Garg).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2021.100359
2214-2096/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Fig. 1. Proposed FDCR based NOMA-UWVLC system. (For interpretation of the colours in the figure(s), the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

by allocating resources in a non-orthogonal manner by utilizing power domain followed by the successive interference cancellation (SIC)
[13,14]. A NOMA-based resource allocation scheme was proposed [15] for Internet of Things (IoT) based on cognitive radio which can
improve the spectrum access performance of massive IoT users. The transmission reliability in the NOMA can further be improved through
cooperative relaying. A number of literature [16–18] exists wherein the idea of user cooperation in NOMA system is presented and the
user with good channel condition acts as the relay for the user with bad channel condition. In [17], a dedicated node or cell-centric (near
user) with better channel conditions is configured to act as a relay either in full-duplex (FD)/half-duplex (HD) mode. The authors in [18],
provide outage probability and ergodic capacity for NOMA coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) by assuming perfect SIC. In
most of the mentioned literature, the authors utilize the HD relay node for the cooperation or utilize the FD relay node, but with an
assumption of perfect self interference cancellation. Thus, the transmission reliability in the above-mentioned works comes at the cost
of spectral efficiency gain achieved due to NOMA or at the cost of system’s viability. To mitigate the spectrum efficiency loss due to HD
cooperative relaying, the full-duplex cooperative relay (FDCR) appears to be an attractive option as shown in [19].
Thus, in order to exploit the merits of FDCR assisted NOMA in underwater scenario a few works have been conducted. In [20], analytical
expressions for cell capacity and coverage probability is presented for the NOMA systems assuming the weak underwater turbulence. The
authors in [21] investigated NOMA for power allocation in underwater acoustic communications. The authors in [22], integrate FD along
with NOMA for a relay-based underwater acoustic communication to improve upon the system reliability and sum-rate. They formulate
an optimization problem over the power to maximize the sum-rate under interference and transmission power constraints. The bit error
rate (BER) performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) assisted cooperative visible light communication with
FD relaying is presented in [23]. However, it is observed that none of the work as of now explore the imperfect SIC based FDCR assisted
NOMA in UWVLC systems to leverage the merits of UWVLC, NOMA and FDCR for UIoT applications.
Inspired by aforementioned facts, the closed-form expressions of outage probability are derived for the proposed FDCR assisted NOMA
based UWVLC system in presence of residual self interference (RSI) and imperfect SIC. To statistically model the UWVLC channels, we
consider EGG fading model. Moreover, coverage probability and system outage probability analysis is also presented to further investigate
the system performance. Further, we analyze the proposed system for different parameters to explore diverse underwater scenarios such
as irradiance fluctuations encountered due to weak and strong turbulence, gradient temperature and air bubbles at different water levels.
The organisation of remaining paper is as follows: A detailed description of system model is presented in Section 2. In Section 3,
performance analysis of outage probability, coverage probability and system outage probability is presented. The numerical results for
different parameters are demonstrated in Section 4 and finally the paper is concluded in Section 5.

2. System & channel model

We consider a FDCR assisted NOMA scheme in the under water scenario, as shown in Fig. 1. U 1 is the near NOMA user which also acts
as a FDCR to pass the information signal to the U 2 , which is the far NOMA user. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that channel
 2  2
between BS-U 1 is better as compared to the channel between BS-U 2 , i.e.  I s,o  <  I s,1  . As per the NOMA principle, user U 1 firstly
decode the symbol intended for U 2 and then applies SIC to further decode its own symbol. However, since user U 1 operates in FD mode,
it suffers from strong self interference which is indicated by a loop back interference as shown in Fig. 1. To reduce the self interference,
directional antennas can be used as suggested in [24]. In the proposed system, we assume that the FDCR uses two directional antennas
for simultaneous reception and transmission of information whereas all other nodes have single antenna. The receiving terminal consists
of an array of photodiodes i.e., PD1 and PD2 rotating in semi-circular motion while a LASER diode is used at the transmitter side. At
the receiving end i.e. far user U 2 signals are available from two directions, one is from the source whereas other is from near user U 1 .
Based on the received signal strength at U 2 , link that has maximum strength will be selected. The orientation of PDs depend on the two
factors: 1) Distance between the receiving end (far user) and the link with maximum signal strength. 2) Angle made by PD either with the
source or U 1 . Several interference suppression techniques have been proposed to mitigate the effect of self interference [25,26]. Inspite
of all these techniques, FD node still suffers from RSI due to imperfect interference cancellation. The RSI increases in accordance with
the transmit power used at FD node [27,28]. Furthermore, in several studies researchers modelled the RSI channel by the fading channel

2
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

  
[25]. For generalization purpose, we assume RSI channel coefficient is I r ,r assumed to be EGG distributed with E  I r ,r  = r ,r . The BS
2

transmits a superposition coded (SC) signal intended for user U 1 and U 2 as

 
s (t ) = β1 P t u 1 (t ) + β2 P t u 2 (t ) , (1)

where, β1 and β2 denotes the power allocation coefficients corresponding to user U 1 and U 2 respectively, such that β1 + β2 = 1 and
β1 < β2 . Pt is the
 source  transmit power, u 1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) are the signals intended for the users U 1 and U 2 respectively, such that
E |u 1 (t )|2 = E |u 2 (t )|2 = 1. The received signal at U 1 is given as

r s,1 (t ) = η I s,1 s (t ) + η I r ,r P r
u 1 (t ) + ns,1 (t ) , (2)

where, η is responsivity which is considered to be unity, I s,1 is the channel coefficient of the link between BS and U 1 which is again
 2
EGG distributed with E  I s,1  = s,1 , P r is the transmit power of U 1 . 
u 1 (t ) is the signal forwarded by U 1 to U 2 and ns,1 ∼ N (0, σ12 ) is
the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at user U 1 . For simplicity, we make a realistic assumption i.e., P t = P r = P , σ12 = σ22 = σn2 and
ρ = P2 is the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at U 1 to decode the information corresponding
σn
to user U 2 is
 2
 I s,1  β2 ρ
ρ1,U 2 =  2   . (3)
 I s,1  β1 ρ +  I r ,r 2 ρ + 1

Now, if U 1 perfectly decode the far user’s symbol u 2 (t ), then interference at U1 due to U 2 is perfectly cancelled and SIC is said to be
perfect. Otherwise, near user U 1 decode its own symbol u 1 (t ) in the presence of residual interference due to the impact of imperfect SIC.
The SINR at U 1 for detecting information u 1 (t ) is given as
 2
 I s,1  β1 ρ
ρ1,U 1 =  2   , (4)
 I s,1  β2 ρ +  I r ,r 2 ρ + 1

where, 0 ≤  ≤ 1 is the residual power factor representing the residual interference at U 1 . For the case of perfect SIC,  = 0 and 0 <  ≤ 1
implies imperfect SIC.
The near user U 1 forwards the information u 2 (t ) intended for U 2 on its successful detection. The signal forwarded by U 1 to U 2 is
combined with the signal received from BS through direct link by employing selection combining and then information of user U 2 is
retrieved. The signal received at far user U 2 through direct and indirect link can be expressed as

r sS,o (t ) = η I s,o s (t ) + nsS,o (t ) , (5)

and
U
 U
rr ,21 (t ) = η I r ,2 P r u 2 (t − τ ) + nr ,12 (t ) , (6)
  
- U 2 , respectively with E  I s,o  = s,o , and
2
where, I s,o and I r ,2 is the channel coefficient of the link between BS - U 2 and U 1
  
E  I r ,2  = r ,2 . nsS,o (t ) ∼ N (0, σ22 ) is the AWGN at user U 2 .
2
τ is the processing delay and nrU,21 (t ) ∼ N (0, σ22 ) is the AWGN at user
U 2 . The SINRs at user U 2 corresponding to direct and indirect link are represented by ρ2S,U 2 and ρ2U,1U 2 , respectively which can be ex-
pressed as
 2
 I s,o  β2 ρ
S
ρ 2, U 2 =  2 (7)
 I s,o  β1 ρ + 1

and
 2
ρ2U,1U 2 =  I r ,2  ρ . (8)
       
Since, the link  I r ,r ,  I s,1 ,  I s,o  and  I r ,2  are assumed to experience EGG fading, the square of the magnitude of their channel
coefficients follows gamma distribution and its probability density function (PDF) and a very tight asymptotic expression for the cumulative
density function (CDF) at high SNR regime can be expressed as given in [4] as
1 ac
ω ρ r (1 − ω ) ρ r
F | I X |2 (ρ ) = + , (9)
λ μr (a + 1) br μr
and
 
1
 c (1 − ω) 1,0 1
c

ω 1,0 1 ρ r
− ρ r
−
f ρ (ρ ) = G  + G  , (10)
r ρ 0,1 λ μr 1 r ρ (a) 0,1 bc μr a

where, X=r,r; s,1; s,o and r,2 wherein, r,r represents the link from U 1 − U 1 ; s,1 represents the link between BS-U 1 ; s,o represents the link
from BS-U 2 ; r,2 represents the link between U 1 − U 2 . ω represents the mixture coefficient of the above mentioned distributions, such that

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M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Table 1
Parameters of EGG Distribution for gradient temperature UWVLC system [4].

BL (L/min) Temperature Gradient (C.cm−1 ) σ I2 ω λ a b c

2.4 0.05 0.1484 0.2130 0.3291 1.4299 1.1817 17.1984
2.4 0.10 0.1659 0.2108 0.2694 0.6020 1.2795 21.1611
4.7 0.05 0.4201 0.4589 0.3449 1.0421 1.5768 35.9424
4.7 0.10 0.4769 0.4539 0.2744 0.3008 1.7053 54.1422
16.5 0.22 1.9328 0.6238 0.1094 0.0111 4.4750 105.3550
23.6 0.22 3.1952 0.7210 0.1479 0.0121 7.4189 65.6983

Table 2
Parameters of EGG Distribution for thermally uniform UWVLC system [4].

Salty Water/Fresh Water BL (L/min) σ I2 ω λ a b c

Salty Water 2.4 0.1006 0.1770 0.4687 0.7736 1.1372 49.1773
Salty Water 4.7 0.1308 0.2064 0.3953 0.5307 1.2154 35.7368
Salty Water 7.1 0.3111 0.4344 0.4747 0.3935 1.4506 77.0245
Salty Water 16.5 1.1273 0.4951 0.1368 0.0161 3.2033 82.1030
Fresh Water 2.4 0.1088 0.1953 0.5273 3.7291 1.0721 30.214
Fresh Water 4.7 0.1233 0.2109 0.4603 1.2526 1.1501 41.3258
Fresh Water 7.1 0.3150 0.3489 0.4771 0.4319 1.4531 74.3650
Fresh Water 16.5 1.0409 0.5117 0.1602 0.0075 2.9963 216.8356

0 < ω < 1, λ is the scale parameter of exponential

 distribution,
 while a, b and c are the parameters of generalized gamma distribution.

 a1 , ...., a p
(.) represents the Gamma function. G m ,n
p ,q x is the Mejier G function. Based on the detection techniques i.e., heterodyne
 b1 , ...., bq
detection and intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD), the average electrical SNR is μr = μ1 =  X and μr = μ2 , respectively, where
μ2 is given as
X
μ2 = . (11)
2ωλ2 + b2 (1 − ω) (a + 2/c ) / (a)
The oceanic turbulence in an underwater communication link is caused by induced air bubble level (BL), gradient and thermally
uniform temperature and different salinity level of oceanic water based on the parameters as enlisted in Table 1 and Table 2. The diverse
underwater scenarios as mentioned above are corresponds to the different values of ω , λ, a, b and c as seen from Table 1 and Table 2.

3. Performance analysis

In this section, we present a detailed analysis of outage probability by considering the imperfect SIC for the proposed FDCR based
NOMA system. Further, we also determine the coverage probability for the considered system.

3.1. Outage probability analysis

The target rates (represented as bits per channel use, bpcu) for correct detection of information symbol u i (t ) corresponding to the
user U i , i = 1, 2 is denoted by R i . For convenience, we define ρ ghi = 2 R i − 1 as the threshold SNR values for the corresponding user. The
outage probability is defined as the probability that the received SNR falls below a given threshold as given in [29] as

ρ gh
 
P out = P ρs ≤ ρ gh = f ρs (ρ ) dρ , (12)
0

where, ρ gh is the threshold SNR, f ρs (ρ ) is the PDF of EGG channel in terms of instantaneous SNR.

3.1.1. Outage probability analysis at U 1

It is inferred from (12), the outage event at U 1 occurs when U 1 cannot decode u 1 or u 2 . Thus, outage probability at U 1 can be given
as
 
P U1 = 1 − P r ρ1,U 2 > ρ gh2 , ρ1,U 1 > ρ gh1 . (13)

Substituting (3) and (4) in (13), the outage probability at U 1 can be given as
         
P U 1 = 1 − P  I s,1  > α  I r ,r  ρ + 1 ,  I s,1  > β  I r ,r  ρ + 1
2 2 2 2
, (14)

ρ gh2 ρ gh1 β2 β1
where, α=   and β=   . Further, it is noted that condition mention in (14) occurs when ρ gh2 < β1 , ρ gh1 < β2  ,
ρ β2 −β1 ρ gh2 ρ β1 −β2 ρ gh1
otherwise P U 1 = 1. Further, on solving (14) as given in [30], we get

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M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

   ∞ 
 
P U 1 = 1 − P  I s,1  > ϑ  I r ,r  ρ + 1
2 2
=1− 1 − F  2
I s,1 
(ϑ (t ρ + 1)) f  I 2 (t ) dt ,
 (15)
r ,r
0
  
Z1
   
where, ϑ = max(α , β). Based on (9) and (10), the CDF and PDF of  I s,1  and  I r ,r  are represented by F  2 (.) and f  2 (.), respectively
2 2
I s ,1 I r ,r
which can be expressed as
1  ac
ω (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
(1 − ω) (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r

F  2
I s,1 
(ϑ (t ρ + 1)) = + ,
λ μr s,1
I (a + 1) br μr
I s,1

I s,1
μr s,1 = μ2 = , (16)
2ω λ2 + b 2 (1 − ω) (a + 2/c ) / (a)
and
⎡ 1  ⎤ ⎡ c  ⎤
r  r 
ω 1 t  − ⎦ c (1 − ω) 1,0 ⎣ 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣
2 (t ) = 1,0
f 
I r ,r 
 + G  ,
rt λ I
μrr,r 1 rt (a) 0,1 bc μ
I r ,r a
r

I r ,r
μrr,r = μ2 = , (17)
2ωλ2 + b2 (1 − ω) (a + 2/c ) / (a)
respectively. Substituting (16) and (17) in the term Z1 of (15), we get
⎧ ⎫
∞⎨ 1 ac
⎬
ω (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
(1 − ω ) (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r

Z1 = 1− −
⎩ λ I
μr s,1 (a + 1) br μr
I s,1 ⎭
0
⎧ ⎡ 1  ⎤ ⎡  c  ⎤⎫
⎨ω r  r  ⎬
1 t  − ⎦ c (1 − ω) 1,0 ⎣ 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣
1,0
×  + G  dt . (18)
⎩ rt λ I
μrr,r 1 rt (a) 0,1 bc I
μ r,r a ⎭
r

Further (18) can be simplified as

1  ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ c  ⎤
∞ r  ∞ r 
ω −
 ⎦ c 1
(1 − ω ) t 1 t −⎦
G ⎣ G ⎣
1,0 1,0
Z1 =  dt +  dt
rt 0,1 λ μ I r ,r 1 rt (a) 0,1 bc I r ,r
μr a
r
0 0
     
T erm− I T erm− I I
⎡ 1  ⎤
∞ 1
r 
ω (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
ω 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣
1,0
−  dt
λ μ
I s,1 rt λ I r ,r
μr 1
r
0
  
T erm− I I I
⎡ c  ⎤
∞ 1
r 
ω (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
c (1 − ω ) 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣ c
1,0
−  dt
λ I
μr s,1 rt (a) b I r ,r
μr a
0
  
T erm− I V
⎡ 1  ⎤
∞ ac
r 
(1 − ω) (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
ω 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣
1,0
−  dt
(a + 1) br μr
I s,1 rt λ I
μrr,r 1
0
  
T erm− V
⎡ c  ⎤
∞ ac
r 
(1 − ω) (ϑ (t ρ + 1)) r
c (1 − ω ) 1 t −⎦
G 0,1 ⎣ c
1,0
−  dt . (19)
(a + 1) br μr
I s,1 rt (a) b I r ,r
μr a
0
  
T erm− V I


−
Term-I is simplified by utilizing the identity
1, 0
G 0,1 z = e −z zb as given in [31] as
b
 1 ∞ ⎡ 1 ⎤
r r
ω 1 1 1 t
T erm − I = I
t r
−1
exp ⎣− I
⎦ dt . (20)
λr μrr,r λ μrr,r
0

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M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

"∞ v
 
x v −1 e −μx dx = μ− p
p 1 v
The integral in (20) is solved by utilizing the identity 0 p p
[32, Eq.(3.478.1)]. The remaining integrals are
solved by using the similar mathematical procedure as used in solving the Term-I and further using binomial expansion. The closed-form
expression of outage probability for P U 1 is given in (21).
# #$ &
1/r  k
1
ω2 ϑ r %
1/r
I
P U 1 =1 − ω + (1 − ω) − I
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ μr s,1 k
k =0
$ &
1/r  k
1
ω (1 − ω) ϑ r %
1/r
I kr
+ I
ρ br μrr,r +a
λ (a) μr s,1 k c
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &
ω (1 − ω) ϑ r r
I
+ r
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac   &''
(1 − ω)2 ϑ r r
r I r ,r k kr
+ r
ρb μ r +a . (21)
(a) (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k c
k =0

3.1.2. Outage probability analysis at U 2

The signal received by U 2 from direct and indirect link is combined by using selection combining technique. The, resultant SINR ρ2SC
can be written as
(   )
ρ2SC = max min ρ1,U 2 , ρ2U,1U 2 , ρ2S,U 2 . (22)

The outage probability at far user U 2 is given as

 
P U2 = P r ρ2SC ≤ ρ gh2 . (23)

Since, the channels are independent, (23) can be rewritten as

(   ) ( )
P U 2 = P r min ρ1,U 2 , ρ2U,1U 2 ≤ ρ gh2 × Pr ρ2S,U 2 ≤ ρ gh2
⎡ ⎤
⎢    ⎥ ( )
=⎢
⎣1 − P r ρ1,U> ρ gh2 P r ρ2U,1U 2 > ρ gh2 ⎥⎦ × Pr ρ2S,U 2 ≤ ρ gh2 . (24)
2
     
T erm− P 1 T erm− P 2 T erm− P 3

The T erm − P 1 in (24) can be further simplified as

 2 
   I s,1  β2 ρ     
≤ ρ gh2 = P r  I s,1  > α  I r ,r  ρ + 1 .
2 2
P1 = 1 − Pr ρ1,U 2 ≤ ρ gh2 = 1 − P r  2  2 (25)
 I s,1  β1 ρ +  I r ,r  ρ + 1
    
Further, utilizing the similar procedure as used to simply the term P  I s,1  > ϑ  I r ,r  ρ + 1
2 2
that corresponds to Z1 in the integral
of (15), the (25) is simplified as shown in (26).
#$ &
1/r  k
1
ω2 α r %
1/r
I
P 1 =ω + (1 − ω) − I
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ μr s,1 k
k =0
$ &
1/r  k
1
ω (1 − ω ) α r %
1/r
I kr
+ I
ρ br μrr,r +a
λ (a) μr s,1 k c
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &
ω (1 − ω) α r r
I
+ r
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &'
(1 − ω)2 α r r
I kr
+ r
ρ br μrr,r +a . (26)
(a) (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k c
k =0

Further, the T erm − P 2 and P 3 of (24) can be simplified as

⎡ 1  ac ⎤
   2 ρ gh2 ρ gh2 r
(1 − ω) ρ gh2 r

P 2 =1 − P r ρ U1
≤ ρ gh2 = 1 − P r  I r ,2  ≤ =1− ⎣ω + ⎦,
2, U 2
ρ λ ρμrr,2
I (a + 1) I
ρ br μrr,2
I r ,2
μrr,2 = μ2 = (27)
2ω λ2 + b 2 (1 − ω) (a + 2/c ) / (a)

6
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

and
 2  1  ac
 I s,o  β2 ρ    ω α r
(1 − ω) α r

≤ ρ gh2 = P r  I s,o  ≤ α =
2
P3 =Pr  2 + ,
 I s,o  β1 ρ + 1 λ μ
I s,o
r
(a + 1) br μ
I s,o
r

I s,o
μr s,o = μ2 = , (28)
2ωλ + b (1 − ω) (a + 2/c ) / (a)
2 2

respectively. The closed-form expression of outage probability P U 2 as shown in (29) is obtained after substituting the (26), (27) and (28)
in (24).
$ $$ #$ &
1/r  k
1
ω2 α r %
1/r
I
P U2 = 1 − ω + (1 − ω) − I
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ μr s,1 k
k =0
$ &
1/r  k
1
ω (1 − ω) α r %
1/r
I kr
+ I
ρ br μrr,r +a
λ (a) μr s,1 k c
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &
ω (1 − ω) α r r
I
+ r
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k
k =0
$ ac ac
r % ac  k &'&
(1 − ω)2 α r
r I r ,r kr
+ r
ρ b μr +a
(a) (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k c
k =0
$ $ 1  ac &&&& $ 1  ac &
ω ρ gh2 r (1 − ω) ρ gh2 r
ω α r (1 − ω) α r

× 1− + × + . (29)
λ ρμrI r,2 (a + 1) ρ br μrI r,2 λ μrI s,o (a + 1) br μr
I s,o

3.2. Coverage probability

The performance of a FDCR based NOMA system can also be determined by coverage probability. The ability to maintain a connection
with all the users in a network can be assessed by the coverage probability. The probability that all nodes in the proposed FDCR based
NOMA system will be covered is given in [20] as

,
K
 
P cov = 1 − P Ui , (30)
i =1

where, K is the number of NOMA users.

3.3. System outage probability

The probability that either of the user or all the users in the proposed system suffers from the outage depicts the system outage
probability, which can be expressed as
sys   
P out = 1 − 1 − P U1 1 − P U2 . (31)

Further, substituting (21) and (29) in (31), we get the system outage probability of the proposed FDCR based NOMA system as given in
(32).
$# # #$ &
1/r  k
1
sys ω2 ϑ r %
1/r
I
P out =1 − 1− ω + (1 − ω) − I
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ μr s,1 k
k =0
$ &
1/r  k
1
ω (1 − ω ) ϑ r %
1/r
I kr
+ I
ρ br μrr,r +a
λ (a) μr s,1 k c
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &
ω (1 − ω) ϑ r r
I
+ r
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k
k =0
$ ac
r % ac  k
ac
&'''
(1 − ω)2 ϑ r I r ,r kr
r

+ r
ρ b μr + a
(a) (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k c
k =0
# #$ $$ #$ 2 &
α r % 1/r  r I r,r k
1 1/r
ω
× 1 − 1 − ω + (1 − ω) − ρ λ μ r (kr + 1 )
λ μrI s,1 k
k =0

7
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Fig. 2. Outage probability for different bubble levels using fresh and salty water for thermally uniform UWVLC channel ( = 0.1).

$ &
1/r  
1
ω (1 − ω ) α r %
1/r
I r ,r k kr
r
+ I
ρb μ r +a
λ (a) μr s,1 k c
k =0
$ ac
%
ac
ac  k &
ω (1 − ω) α r r
I
+ r
ρ λr μrr,r (kr + 1)
λ (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k
k =0
$ ac
r % ac 
ac
k &'&
(1 − ω)2 α r I r ,r
r
kr
+ r
ρ b μ r + a
(a) (a + 1) br μrI s,1 k c
k =0
$ $ 1  ac &&&& $ 1  ac &''&
ω ρ gh2 r (1 − ω) ρ gh2 r
ω α r (1 − ω ) α r

× 1− + × + . (32)
λ ρμrI r,2 (a + 1) ρ br μrI r,2 λ μrI s,o (a + 1) br μr
I s,o

4. Numerical results

In this section, numerical results are presented for the proposed FDCR based NOMA assisted UWVLC. The considered system is analyzed
for various underwater parameters such as ω , λ, a, b and c as enlisted in Table 1, Table 2. The following parameters are used unless
explicitly mentioned: The target rates are assumedto be R1 = R 2 = 1 bpcu,
 and the power allocation
 coefficients
 are β1 = 0.3 and β2 = 0.7.
     
The average channel variance are considered as E  I s,o  = s,o = 1, E  I s,1  = s,1 = 2 and E  I r ,2  = r ,2 = 1, respectively.
2 2 2

The dependence
 of outage probability of proposed system on the distinct BL and water salinity is demonstrated in Fig. 2 with
E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −50 dB and residual power factor  = 0.1. The diversity gain plays an important role in characterizing the system
2

performance. It is clearly observed that U 2 outperforms the U 1 in terms of outage probability due to diversity gain achieved at U 2 due to
selection combining. The same has been validated in Fig. 2, for example at SNR = 65 dB for the salty water, outage probability = 0.02693
for U 1 at BL equals to 7.1 L/min and it decreases to 0.0009125 for U 2 for the same parameters. The similar kind of trend is observed
by varying the BL and/or water salinity. Furthermore, it is observed from Fig. 2 that with rise in BL, outage probability increases because
intense oscillations occur in the intensity of received signal due to which scintillation index becomes higher.
To show the impact of residual interference
 due to imperfect SIC, three different values of residual power factor is considered, i.e.
 
 = 0, 0.1, 0.2 as shown in Fig. 3. E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −45 dB and BL = 7.1 L/min is assumed and the analysis is carried out for the saline
2

water source. It is clearly observed that the outage performance of U 1 degrades with the increase in  . This happens due to increase in
imperfect SIC, interference level increases and hence SINR required for detecting near user information correctly tends to decrease whereas
the outage probability of far user is independent of  . For example, at a BL = 7.1 L/min for the saline water source, the outage performance
of U 1 at  = 0 is 0.04193 at SNR = 60 dB and it increases to 0.05741 for  = 0.2 at the same SNR. Thus, residual power factor ( ) also
plays its part in characterizing the outage performance of an underwater communication system.
In Fig. 4, the graph for the outage probability versus average SNR is illustrated at BL=2.4 L/min and a gradient temperature equals to
0.05 o C /cm. The figure represents the dependence of the outage performance of NOMA near and far user for distinct power allocation
coefficients i.e., (β1 = 0.3, 0.4). It is inferred from Fig. 4, that with decrease in power allocation coefficient i.e., β1 transmitted power to
far user increases and hence, outage performance improves. The same been validated from Fig. 4, for example at SNR = 60 dB, outage
probability of U 2 is equals to 0.00107 at β1 = 0.3 and it rises to 0.001498 at β1 = 0.4 for the same SNR value.
Fig. 5, shows the effect of power allocation coefficient β1 over outage performance of NOMA near user. We illustrate outage probability
for the saline water
 source
 at BL = 7.1 L/min, 4.7 L/min and 2.4 L/min in case of perfect SIC i.e.,  = 0. The average SNR at BS is fixed
 
at 50 dB and E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −45 dB. It is inferred from Fig. 5 that with increase in β1 value, less power is transmitted to far user,
2

8
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Fig. 3. Outage probability using salty water for thermally uniform UWVLC channel r ,r =-45 dB,  = (0, 0.1, 0.2).

Fig. 4. Outage probability versus average SNR at BL=2.4 L/min with gradient temperature =0.05 o C /cm for different β1 , (r ,r = -50 dB,  = 0.1).

due to which far user symbols are detected erroneously at near user during the SIC process. This tends to increase interference level and
therefore SINR required for correct detection of near user information tends to decay, resulting in poor outage performance of near user.
Hence, outage probability of near user tends to increase with β1 value. Furthermore, it is also observed from the Fig. 5 that an increase in
air BL always shows a decay in the outage performance of FDCR-NOMA user. This occurs because with increase in air bubbles, turbulence
level increases which in turn enhance the scattering of received signal and hence outage probability of NOMA user tends to rise.
Fig.6 presents
 the plot of the coverage probability of the proposed system for varying average SNR at BL=2.4 L/min with  = 0.1, 0.2
 
and E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −45 dB. The result illustrates that a better coverage probability is observed for lower
2
 values as compared to the
higher ones for the same temperature gradient. This is due to the fact that as the imperfect SIC decreases, interference level decreases due
to which outage performance of near user decreases which in turn increases the coverage probability. Furthermore, it is also observed that
an increase in temperature gradient results in a degradation of coverage probability. This is due to the fact that an increase in temperature
gradient results in higher turbulence level which in turn results in more scattering of the received
 signal
 and hence a lower coverage.
 
In Fig. 7, the graph for the coverage probability versus average SNR is presented with E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −50 dB. The Fig. 7 clearly
2

depicts the dependence of the considered FDCR based NOMA assisted UWVLC system on salinity and bubble levels. For BL=16.5 L/min, the
fresh water scenario observes a better coverage probability as compared to the salty water. The increase in salinity and air bubbles lead
to an enhanced turbulence level in the received signal intensity due to which scintillation index rises which in turn lowers the coverage
probability of the system. Further, the effect of salinity is not that severe at a BL=7.1 L/min as compared to that of BL=16.5 L/min and
coverage probability tends to rise for lower bubble level i.e., BL= 7.1 L/min.
Fig.
 8  depicts
 the effect of system outage probability
 for the saline water source at BL = 16.5 L/min and 4.7 L/min for different RSI level
 
E  I r ,r  = r ,r = −40dB , −45dB , −50dB
2
i.e., with  = 0.1. It is observed from Fig. 8, that with decrease in the RSI level at the FD
node i.e., U 1 , system outage probability is improved. Furthermore, it is also observed that with increase in the BL from BL= 4.7 L/min to

9
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Fig. 5. Outage probability for varying power allocation coefficient (β1 ).

Fig. 6. Coverage probability for varying temperature gradient at BL=2.4 L/min, (r ,r =-45 dB,  = (0, 0.1, 0.2)).

Fig. 7. Coverage probability for varying salinity in underwater scenario (r ,r =-50 dB,  = 0.1).

10
M. Jain, N. Sharma, A. Gupta et al. Vehicular Communications 31 (2021) 100359

Fig. 8. System Outage probability for the salty water at BL=16.5 L/min, 4.7 L/min, ( = 0.1).

16.5 L/min, turbulence level increases which in turn enhances the scattering of received signal due to which scintillation index becomes
higher and hence, system outage probability gets increased.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we investigate the various performance metrics of the FDCR assisted NOMA based UWVLC system. The proposed system’s
performance is analyzed for different system and channel conditions. The novel closed-form expressions of the outage probability for both
NOMA near and far users are derived for a full duplex system in the underwater scenario. The performance analysis is carried out for
more generalized cases of imperfect SIC during NOMA and RSI due to the FDCR. This helps in getting better insights in presence of more
realistic scenario. Additionally, performance of the considered system is also analyzed for the coverage probability and system outage
probability for different underwater scenarios. The presented results for conditions such as varying BL, temperature and salinity of water
ecosystem helps in designing a real time system and determine its viability.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The reported study was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India (project No. CRG/2018/002651).

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