Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Accounting 1
MODULE 3
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OBJECTIVES
Provide information about the financial position, performance and
changes in financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of
users in making economic decisions.
Financial statements prepared for this purpose:
Meet the common needs of most users
Also show the results of the stewardship* of management, or
accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it.
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Do not, however, provide all the information that users may need
to make decisions since they largely portray the financial effects
of past events and do not necessarily provide nonfinancial
information.
RELEVANCE
Relevant financial information is capable of making a difference in the
decision made by users, influences the economic decisions of users by helping
them to evaluate, past, present, or future events or confirming, or
correcting, their past evaluations.
FAITHFUL REPRESENTATION
To be useful, financial information must not only represent relevant
phenomena, but it must also faithfully represent the phenomena that it
purports to represent.
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b. Neutrality. A neutral presentation is one without bias.
Recognition is the process of incorporating in the balance sheet or income statement an item
that meets the definition of an element and satisfies the criteria for recognition . An item that
meets the definition of an element should be recognized if:
It is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item
will flow to or from the enterprise; and
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The item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability.
Measurement is the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of
financial statements are to be recognized and carried in the balance sheet and income
statement. This involves the selection of a particular basis of measurement. A
number of these are used to different degrees and in varying combinations in
financial statements. They include the following:
CURRENT COST. Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
that would have to be paid if the same or an equivalent asset was acquired
currently.
“Liabilities are carried at the discounted amount of cash and cash equivalents
that would be required to settle the obligation currently.”
RELIAZABLE (SETTLEMENT) VALUE
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Note: For Balance Sheet, use As of (date). For Income Statement,
Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity and Statement of Cash flows, use
For the month/year ended (date).
FINANCIAL POSITION
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useful in predicting the ability of the enterprise to
generate cash and cash equivalents in the future.
Current Assets
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d. The asset is cash or cash equivalent unless the asset is restricted
from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least
months after the reporting period.
1. Cash any medium of exchange that a bank will accept for deposit at face
value. It includes coins, currency, checks, money orders, bank deposits
and drafts.
*Money orders is a document which can be bought as a way of sending money
through the post.
6. Supplies this may be office supplies like bond papers, paper clips and
the like or can be also store supplies like boxes, bags, packaging tapes
and other related materials.
7. Prepaid Expenses These are expenses paid for by the business in advance.
It is an asset because the business avoids, having to pay cash in the
future for a specific expense. This includes insurance and rent.
Non-current Assets
All other assets not classified or does not fall under the criteria of
current assets are called non-current assets.
1. Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) these are tangible assets that are
held by an enterprise for use in the production or supply of goods or in
rendering services, or for rental to other, or for administrative
purposes and which are expected to be used during more than one period.
These are:
a. Land e. Delivery Equipment
b. Building f. Store Equipment
c. Office Equipment g. Service Vehicle
d. Furniture and Fixtures
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charges. The reflected amount is deducted from the cost of the related
asset to obtain book value.
To illustrate:
The Company has an office equipment worth P500,000 with a useful life of
10 years acquired last June 1, 2013.
Office Equipment P 500,000
Accumulated Depreciation – O/E (100,000)
Net book value P 400,000
Formula:
Annual Depreciation = Cost of the PPE – salvage value* (if any)
Life (n)
To compute:
= 500,000 = 50,000 annual depreciation
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= 50,000 x 2 years = 100,000 Accu. Dep.
(from june 1 2013 to june 1 2015)
3. Intangible
These are identifiable, nonmonetary assets without physical
substance held for use in the production or supply of goods or services,
for rentals to others or for administrative purposes. These are:
a. Goodwill e. Franchises
b. Patents f. Trademarks
c. Copyrights g. Brand names
d. Licenses
LIABILITIES
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The settlement of a present obligation involving outflow of resources may
take the form of:
a. Payment of cash
b. Transfer of other assets
c. Provision for services
d. Replacement of the present obligation with another obligation
e. Conversion of the obligation to equity
Current Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
All other liabilities not classified or does not fall under the criteria
of current liabilities are called non-current liabilities.
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1. Mortgage payable This account records long-term debt of the business
entity for which the entity has pledged certain assets as security to
the creditor.
OWNER’S EQUITY
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2. Sales Revenues earned as a result of sale of merchandise; for e.g. sale
of merchandise by General Merchandise Store.
EXPENSES
These are decrease in economic benefits during the period in the form
of outflows or using up of assets or incurrence of liabilities that result in
decreases in equity, other than relating to distributions to equity
participants.
1. Cost of Sales The cost incurred to purchase or to produce the products
sold to customers during the period; also called as cost of goods sold.
2. Salaries and Wages Expense includes all payments as a result of an
employer-employee relationship such as salaries and wages, 13th month
pay, cost if living allowances, other related benefits.
3. Utilities Expense expenses related to use of telecommunications
facilities, consumptions of electricity, fuel and water.
4. Rent Expense expense for space, equipment or other asset rentals.
5. Supplies Expense expense of using supplies in the conduct of daily
business.
THE ACCOUNT
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The simplest form of the account is known as the “T” account because of its
similarity to the letter T. the account has three parts as shown on the next
page.
Account Title
Left side or Debit Right side or side
credit side
THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION and DEBITS AND CREDITS-THE DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM
Balance
The basic tool of accounting is the accounting equation. The left side
of the equation shows how much the business owns, and the right side of the
equation shows how much resources do the outside creditor and owner supplied
to the business.
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Revenue or Income - +
Expenses + -
(+) increase; (-) decrease
Accountants observe many events that they identify and measure in financial
terms. A business transaction is the occurrence of an event or a condition
that affects financial position and can be reliably recorded.
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To illustrate:
Mr. Wagmalito Kayayan wants to open an accounting firm this year. The
following transactions are made during the month.
1 100,000 100,000
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May 5. Purchased additional office supplies for cash, P10,000.
ASSET = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
May 2015
Cash Accounts Office Office = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment Payable Payable Capital
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May 15 Rendered accounting services on account, P 30,000.
ASSET = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
May 2015
Cash Accounts Office Office = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment Payable Payable Capital
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May 20 Collected P10,000 from customer.
ASSET
May
Cash Accounts Office Office LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
2015 = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment = Payable Payable Capital
Bal. 76,500 30,000 30,000 50,000 = 50,000 0 + 136,500
20 10,000 (10,000)
Bal. = 136,500
86,500 20,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 0
186,500 =
May 22 A Short term loan from a local bank was granted in the amount of
P50,000, less P5,000 financing charges. Mr. W. Kayayan issued 1 year
promissory note.
ASSET = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
May 2015
Cash Accounts Office Office = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment Payable Payable Capital
Interest Expense
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May 25 Paid telephone bill amounting to P 6,000.
ASSET = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
May 2015
Cash Accounts Office Office = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment Payable Payable Capital
Bal. 131,500 20,000 30,000 50,000 = 50,000 50,000 + 131,500
25 ( 6,000) (6,000) Comm.
Expense
Bal. 125,500 20,000 30,000 50,000 = 50,000 50,000 + 125,500
225,500 = 225,500
May 30 At the end of the month, physical count of the office supplies revealed that
P 5,000 had been consumed.
ASSET = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY
May 2015
Cash Accounts Office Office = Accounts Notes + W. Kayayan
Receivable Supplies Equipment Payable Payable Capital
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Summary of W. Kayayan in tabular Form
1 100,000 100,000
3 20,000 20,000
5 (10,000) 10,000
6 (20,000) (20,000)
8 50,000 50,000
10 25,000 25,000 Prof.fee
15 30,000 30,000 Prof.fee
15 (3,500) (3,500)Utility
Exp.
15 (15,000) (15,000)Salaries
Exp.
20 10,000 (10,000)
22 45,000 50,000 (5,000) Interest
Expense
25 (6,000) (6,000) Comm.
Expense
27 (20,000) (20,000)Kayayan,
Withdrawals
30 (5,000) (5,000)Supplies
Bal.
= 105,500 20,000 25,000 50,000
200,500 = 50,000 50,000 + 100,500
200,500
USE OF T-ACCOUNTS
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5/1 100,000 100,000 5/1
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15,000 5/15
May 22. A short term loan from a local bank was granted in the amount of
P50,000, less P5,000 finance charges. W. Kayayan issued 1 year
promissory note.
Cash Notes Payable
5/6 20,000 20,000 5/3 50,000 5/22
5/10 25,000 50,000 5/8
5/20 10,000 3,500 5/15
5/22 45,000 15,000 5/15
Interest Expense
5,000 5/22
May 27. W. Kayayan withdrew cash P20,000 for her personal use.
Cash W. Kayayan drawing
5/6 20,000 20,000 5/3 5/27 20,000
5/10 25,000 50,000 5/8
5/20 10,000 3,500 5/15
5/22 45,000 15,000 5/15 6,000
5/25
20,000 5/27
May 30. At the end of the month, physical count of the office supplies revealed
that P5,000 had been consumed.
Office Supplies Supplies Expense
5/3 20,000 5,000 5/30 5/30 5,000
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5/5 10,000
References:
Ballada, Win and Susan Ballada. (2009). Basic Accounting Made Easy 14 th Edition.
Manila: Domdane Publishers and Made Easy Books.
Ledesma, Ester L.(2014).Financial Accounting Theory Review Booklets. Manila: CRC-
Ace The Professional CPA Review School.
Rante, Gloria Aradaniel.(2013). Accounting for Service Entities. Mandaluyong City:
Millenium Books, Inc.
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ACTIVITY NO. 1
NAME: YR.&SEC.
COURSE: DATE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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c. Faithful Representation
d. Substance over form
7. The financial information must be comprehensible or intelligible if it is
to be useful.
a. Comparability
b. Understandability
c. Relevance
d. Reliability
8. It is the ability to bring together for the purpose of noting similarities
and dissimilarities
a. Relevance
b. Reliability
c. Comparability
d. Understandability
9. Financial reporting is concerned only with information that is significant
enough to affect evaluation or decision.
a. Materiality
b. Timeliness
c. Comparability
d. Cost and benefit
10. The purchase of an asset on account will
a. Increase total liabilities and decrease total assets
b. Have no effect on total assets or total liabilities
c. Increase total assets and increase total liabilities
d. Increase total assets and decrease owner’s equity
11. Amounts owed by a business are referred to as
a. Assets
b. Equities
c. Liabilities
d. Capital
12. Which of the following equations is the fundamental accounting equation?
a. Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity
b. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
c. Assets – Owner’s Equity = Liabilities
d. Assets – Owner’s Equity = Liabilities
13. When an owner deposits cash in an account in the name of the business, it
is an increase to
a. Cash and Accounts receivable
b. Cash and withdrawals
c. Cash and capital
d. Cash and expenses
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14. Which of the following is not considered an account?
a. Equipment
b. Revenues
c. Accounts Payable
d. Cash
e. Accounts Receivable
15. If an owner invests her computer and printer in the business, there is an
increase to
a. Cash and capital
b. Computer Equipment and withdrawals
c. Cash and withdrawals
d. Computer equipment and capital
16. The owner invested P50,000 in the business. What are the effects on the
fundamental accounting equation?
a. Assets increase P50,000; liabilities no effect; owner’s equity increase
P50,000
b. Assets increase P50,000; liabilities decrease P50,000; owner’s equity
increase P50,000
c. Assets increase P50,000; liabilities increase P50,000; owner’s equity
no effect
d. Assets increase P50,000; liabilities no effect; owner’s equity decrease
P50,000
17. The purchase of an asset for cash will
a. Increase total assets and decrease total liabilities
b. Have no effect on total assets or total liabilities
c. Increase total assets and increase total liabilities
d. Increase total assets and increase total owner’s equity
18. When the rent for the business is paid with a check
a. Cash is decreased and rent expense is decreased
b. Cash is decreased and rent income is increased
c. Cash is decreased and rent expense is increased
d. Cash is decreased and accounts payable is decreased
19. The purchase of supplies for cash will
a. Increase supplies and decrease cash
b. Increase supplies expense and decrease cash
c. Decrease cash and increase accounts payable
d. Decrease cash and increase capital
20. Which of the following transactions does not include an increase to
expense?
a. Received and paid the phone bill
b. Bought office supplies on account
c. Received cash for services performed
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d. Paid the week’s salaries
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ACTIVITY NO. 2
NAME:
COURSE:
PROBLEM #1
PROBEM #1
NAME: YR.&SEC.
COURSE: DATE
PROBLEM #2
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Expense
3. Notes Payable
4. Notes Receivable
5. Service Vehicle
6. Mortgage Payable
7. Utilities Expense
8. Furniture and Fixtures
9. Communication Expense
10. Employees’ benefits
payable
11. Office Equipment
12. Prepaid Insurance
13. Owner’s Withdrawal
14. Professional fees
earned
15. Accounts Receivable
16. Representation Expense
17. Salaries Payable
18. Office Supplies Expense
19. Office Supplies
20. Accounts payable
21. Cash
22. Inventory
23. Land
24. Accumulated
Depreciation
25. Miscellaneous Expense
26. Prepaid Rent
27. Rent Expense
28. Juan, Capital
29. Insurance Expense
30. Depreciation Expense
ACTIVITY NO. 3
NAME:
COURSE:
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PROBLEM #1 Identifying the effects of a transaction
Instruction: Indicate the following sign in the appropriate column; (+) for
increases, (-) for decreases, and (+/-) for both increase and decrease.
Owner’s
Assets Liabilities
Equity
1. Cash payment by the owner
(investment)
2. Payment for taxes and licenses
expense
3. Repair and maintenance of office
4. payment of rent expense
5. Purchase of office supplies on
account
6. Purchase of office supplies for
cash
7. Payment of accounts payable
8. Provide services for cash
9. Purchase of equipment and
furniture for cash
10. Purchase of equipment and
furniture giving a 30day promissory
note
11. Payment of salaries of employees
12. Personal transaction like
withdrawal of the owner
13. Provide services on account
14. Provide services for cash
15. Collection of account from a
customer
16. Payment of utility bills
17. Provide services receiving a
30day promissory note
18. Payment for other expenses
19. Bought supplies paying 50% on
cash, and the remaining on account.
20. Rendered service receiving
partial payment on cash and the
remaining on account.
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