History of Nursing (History of Nursing in the World)

Periods of Nursing History

1. Intuitive Period/ Primitive Instinctive Period (Primitive times 6th century)
2. Apprentice Period (6th Century-18th Century)
3. Educative Period (18th Century-20th Century)
4. Contemporary Period (21 century)

1. Intuitive Period/Medieval Period Prehistoric Early Christian Era More on intuition NOMADS
travel from one place to another Survival to the fittest "best of the most-motto
 Sickness is due to "voodoo"
 Performed out of feeling of compassion for others Performed out of desire to help
Performed out of wish to do good
 Nursing is given by the WOMEN
 SHAMAN- MAN-uses white magic to counteract the doctors during those time the black
magic. They are
 TREPHINING-drilling the skull Used to treat Paychotic patients. Paychotic patients are
believed to be possessed by evil spirits

o Growth of religion-most important thing that happened

o Growth of civilization Law of preservation-inspire man in search of knowledge

2. Rise in Civilization From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development of
urban community life Existense of means of communication Start of scientific knowledge more
complex life- increase in health problems demand for more nurses
 Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there
was progress in the practice of medicine. licine. Care of the sick was still closely allied
with superstitions, religion and magic
 Near East-birth place of 3 religious ideologist: Judaism, Christianity Mohammedism or
or islam-Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans combined with the
wonders of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers improved and was carried to
Europe during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New
World by the Early settlers.
 New World-a tiny area known as a birth of monotheism that lies between tigris and
Euprates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew
MONOTHEISM believer of one God Different Civilization
BABYLONIANS

 CODE OF HAMMURABI 1st recording on the medical practice

 Established the medical fees
 Discouraged experimentation
 Specific doctor for each disease
 Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms,
 medicine, or surgical procedure.
EGYPTIANS

 ART OF EMBALMING Mummification

 Removing the internal organ of the dead body
 Institiation of herbs and salt to the dead Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy.
Since work was
 done and performed on the dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy
 THE 250 DISEASES Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments
HEBREWS

 Teaching of MOSES - Created Leviticus. Father of sanitation, Practice the value of "Hospitality
to strangers and the "Act of Charity-contained in the book of the old Testament
 Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases
 Laws governing cleanliness
 Laws on preparation of food Purification of man and his food.
 The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on the e 8th 8th day after birth MOSAIC LAW Meant to keep
Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God Meant as a survival for
health and hygienic reason only
CHINA

 Use of pharmacologic drugs

 "MATERIA MEDICA Book that indicates the pharmacologoc drugs used for treatment No
knowledge on anatomy
 Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
 Method of paper making
 FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE Prohibits dissecting of
human body thus thwarting scientific study
INDIA

 SUSHURUTO 1st recording on the nursing practice

 Hampored by Taboos duo to social strucures and practices of animal worship
 Medicine men-built hospitals
 There was proficient practice of Medicine and surgery NURSES
 Intuitive form of asepsis
 QUALIFICATIOS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist, Massers, PT, cooks
 There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of buddhism-state religion of India
GREECE

 AESCULAPUS Father of medicine in Greek mythology

 HIPPOCRATES Father of modern medicine 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil
spirits, 1st to apply assessment, Practice medical ethics
 CADUCEUS Insignia of medicine Composed of staff of travellers Interwinedwith 2 serpent (the
symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of hermes
(Mercury) for speed
 NURSES function of untrained slaves
ROMANS

 Proper turnover for the sick people

 "If you're strong, you're healthy-motto
 Transition from Pagan to Christianity
 FABIOLA was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her
wealth for the sick. 1st hospital in the Christian world
2. Apprentice Period/Middle ages

 On-the-job training perlod

 Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training).
 It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses
 Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century (1836- when the deaconesses
School of Nursing was established in Kaiserweith. Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)
 There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power
 Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure
 During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the
Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power stuggle. Christians were
divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.
Military Religious Orders and their Works

 KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN) - Also called as

 "Knights of the Hospitalers" Established to give care TEUTONIC
 KIGHTS (GERMAN) Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land
 Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps
 KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS-Care Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic
skin diseases (Alexian Brothers School of Nursing)
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS A monasteric order founded in 1348.
 They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest school
under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969.
 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL LOUISE de GRAS
The Dark Period of Nursing From 17th century-19th century

 Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War Hospitals were closed
Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves,
 and opportunists) Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked Mass exodus for
nurses
 Martin Luther the American civil war was led by Martin Luther, the war was a religious upheaval
that resulted to the destruction in the unity of Christians the conflict swept everything connected
to Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals (Theodore Fliedner)
 THEODORE FLIEDNER (a pastor) reconstituted the deaconesses and later be established the
School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence Nightingale had herb 1st formal
training for 3 months as nurse
 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Practiced her profession during the Crimena War "Lady with a
lamp from a well-known family Went to Germany to study.
3. Educative Period/Nightingale Era (Florence Nightingale School of Nursing)

 Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas
Hospital In London England, where 1st program for formal education of Nurses began and
contributed growth of Nursing inthe US- FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT
OF NURSING
EDUCATION

 Social forces, Trends resulting from war Emancipation of women, Increased educational
opportunities Florence Nightingale Mother of modern Nursing. Lady with the Lamp
 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL-to change the profile of
Nursing
 She complied notes of her visit to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and entered
Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth Germany for 3 months.
 Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the lilness (refers to
the ill govemess or instructors of Nursing) She disapproved restriction on admission of patient
and considered this unchristian and contrary to health care
 Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession Led other nurses in
taking care of the wounded and sick soldiers during the Crimean War
 She was designated as Superintendent of the Female Establishment of English General Hospital
in Turkey during the Crimean War She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort
by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks
 THE CONCEPT OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING
 SCHOOL: School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital.
 Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors Correlate theories to practice
Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses introduce teaching
knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation and Florence
Nightingale likewise did not believed in the Germ Theory of Bacteriology.
 Opposed central registry of nurses Wrote Notes on nursing, "What is ang What it is not." Wrote
notes on hospitals
OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
LINDA RICHARDS-the first graduate nurse in United States Graduated in September 1, 1873
2 NUSING ASSOCIATION/ORGANIZATION THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN
US:

 American Nurses Association,

 National League for Nursing Education
Contemporary Period World War II-present

 This refers to the period after World War I and the changes and development in the trends and
practice of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World World War II Includes scientific and
technological development, social changes occurring after the war.
 Nursing offered in College and Universities
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
 W.H.O established by UN to fight diseases by providing health information,
proper nutrition, living standards, environmental conditions
 The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment. Space Medicine and
Aerospace Nursing
 Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and treatment
 Health related lows Primary Health Care Nurses involvement in CHN Utilization
of computers
 Technolgy advances such as development of disposable equipment and
 suplies that relieved the tedious task of Nurses. Development of the expanded role of Nurses
FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING TODAY

 Economics
 Consumer's demand
 Family structure
 Information
 Telecommunications
 Legislations History of Nursing in the Philippines
HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

 EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Beliefs about Causation of diseases:

 Caused or inflicted by another person (enemy or witch)
 Evil spirits Beliefs that evil spirits could be driven off by person with
 powers to expel bad spirits: Believed in Gods of Healing
 Word doctors-priest physicians
 HERBULARIOS-herb doctors
 EARLY CARE FOR THE SICK
 HERBICHEROS-herb men who practice witchcraft
 MANGKUKULAM/MANGANGAWAY a person suffering from disease without any identified
cause and were believed bewitched by such Difficult child birth and some diseases attributed to
(NONO) midwives Difficult child birth, witches were supposed to be the cause, gunpowder
exploded from a bamboo pole close to the head of the mother to drive evil spirits
EARLY HOSPITALS: Hospital Real de Manila-1577 1st hospital established Gov. Francisco de Sande
To give service to the king's Spaniard soldiers

 San Lazaro Hospital-1578Fray Juan Clemente Hospital for the lepers Named after the
Knights of St. Lazarus
 Hospital de Indios-1586 Franciscan Orders Hospital for the poor Filipino people
 Hospital de Aguas Santas-1590 Fray Juan Bautista Named after its location (near spring)
because people believed that spring has a healing power San Juan de Dios Hospital-1596
For poor people Located at Roxas Boulevard
PERSONAGES

 Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo 1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo Established

 Philippine Red Cross-February, 17 1899.
 Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo 2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo 1st president of
Philippine Red Cross (Batangas Chapter)
 Josephine Bracken Helped Rizal in treating sick people
 Melchora Aquino Took care of the wounded Katipuneros
 Rose Sevilla de Alvaro converted their house into quanters for Filipino
 soldiers during the Phil-American War in 1899.
 Captain Salomena revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the
wounded when not in combat
 Agueda Kahabagan revolutionary leader in Laguna also provided nursing services to her
troops
 Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato)-stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for
the wounded soldiers.

o Anastacia Giron Tupas Founder of Filipino Nurses Association- established on

October 15, 1922 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH 1st Filipino Superintendent of
Nurses in the Philippines.
o Cesaria Tan 1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad Socorro
Sirilan Pioneer in social service at San Lazaro Hospital Alsothe Chief Nurse
o Rosario Montemayor Delgado 1st president of Filipino Nurses Association
o Socorro Diaz 1st editor of PNA magazine called, "The Message”
o Conchita Ruiz Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine, "The
Filipino Nurse
o Sor Ricarda Mendoza Pinoncer in Nursing Education Loreto Tupaz "Dean of the
Philippine Nursing Florence of Iloilo
o Magdalena Valenzuela First Filipino Industrial nurse
o Annie Sand-Founded the National League of Philippine Government Nurses
o Col. Elvegia Mendoza- -First Female Military nurse
o Dr. Julita Sotejo-considered as the "Florence Nightingale of the Philippines,
founder and first Dean of the University of the Philippines College of Nursing,
author of Code of Ethics for Nurses, chairman of committee on Legal Aspect of
Nursing which created the 1 Philippine Nursing Law also known as the Republic
Act No.877 s. 1953
EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS

 Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing Established in 1906 under the supervision of
Rose Nicolet (American) Nursing course-3 years years Produced 1st batch of nursing
graduates in 1909-22 nurses
 1st TRAINED NURSES Nicasia Cada Felipa dela Pena Dorotea Caldito
 April 1946-1st nursing board exam at Iloilo Mission Hospital
 Mary Johnson School of Nursing PGH School of Nursing-1907

Hospitals and School of Nursing

1. llo-ilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (llo-lo City 1906) the baptist formeign mission
society of America. Ran by Miss Rose Nicolet graduate of New England. Hospital for women
and children. In Boston, Masachusetts was the first superintendent for nurses. It moved to its
present location in Garo road, llo-ilo city 1929. Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge
of the school in 1942.

2. St. Paul's Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) The hospital was established by the
Archbishop of Manila, the most Reverend, Jeremiah harty under the supervision of the sisters of
St. Paul the charters. Located in the Intramuros, and it provided general hospital services 1908-
operated its training school for nurses with Rev. Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss E
Chambers as principal.

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907) Anastacia Giron Tupas-first Filipino
nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent.

4. St. Luke's Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon city, 1907) 1907-the school opened with three
Filipino giris admitted. These girls had their first

year in combined classes with the PGH Hospital School of Nursing and St. Paul's Hospital
School of Nursing. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurse.

First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

1. University of Santo Tornas College of Nursing February 11, 1941-the college began as the
UST school of nurisng education Sor Taciana. Trinanes was its first Directress. In 1947, offered
the BSN
2. Manila Central University College of Nursing University course Miss Consuelo Gimeno was
its first principal
3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing The idea of opening the college began in
conference between Miss Julita Soteja and the UP President Gonzales in 1948, the university
council approved the curriculum, and the board of regents recognized the profession as having