Introduction

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three primary species: Cannabis

sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. The plant has been used for various purposes for

thousands of years, and its use has evolved over time. It's, a plant with a long history of

medicinal and recreational use, has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic benefits.

However, the use of cannabis also raises concerns about its impact on mental health. It's essential

to emphasize that the effects of cannabis on mental health are complex and can vary based on

factors such as dosage, frequency of use, individual susceptibility, and the ratio of THC to CBD

in the consumed product. Additionally, the legality and regulations surrounding cannabis use can

influence its impact on mental health at a societal level.

Cannabis Constituents and Pharmacological Effecs

Cannabis contains over 100 different cannabinoids, with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and

CBD (cannabidiol) being the most well-known.THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects

of cannabis, leading to the "high" sensation, while CBD has non-intoxicating properties and is

associated with various therapeutic effects. Cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid

system in the human body, influencing processes such as mood, appetite, and pain perception.

Other constituents in cannabis include terpenes, which contribute to the plant's aroma and may

have therapeutic benefits. Pharmacological effects of cannabis include analgesic (pain relief),

anti-inflammatory, antiemetic (anti-nausea), and muscle relaxant properties. Medical cannabis is

used to treat conditions like chronic pain, nausea from chemotherapy, and muscle spasms in
certain medical contexts.

Cannabis Effect on Mental Health

The relationship between cannabis use and mental health, specifically depression and

anxiety, is complex and influenced by various factors. Methodological issues in many studies,

including a lack of control for related factors, have led to mixed findings. While a 2014 review

suggested a moderate risk of developing depression with cannabis use, it couldn't definitively

determine causation or establish if the link reflects associations with social problems, such as

school dropout and unemployment, often associated with cannabis use.

Similarly, the connection between cannabis use and anxiety is intricate. While some find

relief from anxiety through cannabis, others experience feelings of anxiety or paranoia. A 2014

review indicated a small risk of developing anxiety with cannabis use, but evidence supporting

cannabis as a direct cause was limited.

Contrasting with the complex associations in depression and anxiety, the link between

cannabis use and psychosis has been well-established. Early and frequent cannabis use is

identified as a component cause of psychosis, interacting with factors like family history,

childhood abuse, and genetic expression. The acute effects of cannabis use mirror symptoms of

psychosis, including impaired memory and hallucinations. Cannabis use by individuals with

established psychotic disorders can worsen symptoms. The evidence suggests cannabis use may

advance the diagnosis of psychosis by an average of 2.7 years, and the risk of schizophrenia

increases with duration and dose of use, with regular users having double the risk compared to

non-users.

Medical Effects

Physical Health Impact: Investigate the physiological effects of cannabis, including

changes in heart rate, respiratory function, and potential long-term consequences on the

cardiovascular system.

Psychomotor Impairment

Cannabis use can lead to impaired coordination, slowed reaction times, and difficulties in

motor skills. This effect poses risks, especially when individuals operate vehicles or machinery

under the influence.

Memory and Learning Impairments

Short-term memory and learning abilities may be affected by cannabis use, particularly

due to the impact on the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory formation.

Cognitive Functioning

Long-term or heavy cannabis use has been associated with cognitive deficits, including

decreased IQ and impaired executive functions. This is particularly concerning in adolescent

users, as their brains are still developing.

Psychiatric Disorders

Cannabis use has been linked to an increased risk of developing or exacerbating

psychiatric disorders. For example, individuals with a predisposition to schizophrenia may

experience earlier onset or worsened symptoms with cannabis use.

Anxiety and Panic Attacks

While some individuals use cannabis to alleviate anxiety, others may experience

heightened anxiety or even panic attacks, especially with high THC strains. The relationship

between cannabis and anxiety is complex and can vary among individuals.
Depression

Cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of depression, particularly in

those with a pre-existing vulnerability. However, the relationship between cannabis and

depression is still not fully understood, and research in this area is ongoing.

Dependency and Addiction

Despite a lower potential for addiction compared to substances like nicotine or opioids,

cannabis can lead to dependency. Individuals may experience cravings, tolerance, and

withdrawal symptoms, which can contribute to continued use.

Social and Occupational Functioning

Chronic cannabis use may impact social and occupational functioning. This includes

difficulties in maintaining relationships, meeting work or academic obligations, and participating

in daily activities.

Mood Disturbances

Cannabis can induce mood swings, ranging from euphoria to dysphoria. The impact on

mood varies among users, with some reporting enhanced mood and relaxation, while others may

experience irritability or mood instability.

Sleep Disturbances

While cannabis is sometimes used to aid sleep, chronic use may disrupt normal sleep

patterns, leading to difficulties in falling asleep or staying asleep.