Mary Grace F. Langcoy*1, Andres C. Bonifacio1 and Maria Leonora B.

Teresa1
1College of Arts and Sciences, Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Talisay City, Negros Occ.

Email: Mary Grace F. Langcoy*- mglangcoy@chmsc.edu.ph

*Corresponding author

Abstract

Abstracts should have maximum 200 words and structured using the following sections: Objectives
(state the aims and objectives of the research, “What is it about and why is it important?”), Prior Work
(What extant concepts, research, or experiences is the paper trying to build on? How does the paper
relate to other research in this topic area?), Approach (What approach was used to capture the
practical/research evidence? What were the main methods employed (e.g. survey, observation, case
study), Results (highlight the key results and conclusions from the studies, evidence or experiences
presented; it ensures that results are clear, precise and justified), Implications (summarize the
implications of the study for one or more of the following groups – academics, researchers,
administrators of the university etc.) and Value (If applicable, clearly state the key contribution of the
paper and what is original or unique. Ensure that the reader is convinced of the paper's added value
that it is thoroughly researched and is of high quality). The Detailed references to prior work are
required in the paper but NOT in the Abstract.

Introduction of the essential contents of the study. Note any

Discuss the purpose of the case study. Describe
the field of research – this is usually an overview
of the situation and give the reader sufficient
background to understand the rest of the report.
Care should be taken to limit the background to
whatever is pertinent to the study. A good
introduction will answer several questions,
including the following: Why was this study
performed? Answers to this question may be
derived from observations of nature or from the
literature. What knowledge already exists about
this subject? The answer to this question must
review the literature, showing the historical
development of an idea and including the
confirmations, conflicts, and gaps in existing
knowledge.
Discuss the issues and findings of the case study
without the specific details. Identify the theory
that will be used. (if there are theories). Here,
the reader should be able to get a clear picture
assumptions made (you may not have all the
information you’d like so some assumptions may
be necessary e.g.: “It has been assumed that…”,
“Assuming that it takes half an hour to read one
document…”)
Data Gathering Procedure
As the name implies, the data gathering
procedure used in this study should be reported
in this section. The difficulty in writing this
section is to provide enough detail for the reader
to understand the study without overwhelming
him or her. When procedures from a book or
another report are followed exactly, simply cite
the work, noting that details can be found in that
particular source. Generally, this section
attempts to answer the following questions:
What data gathering methods were used? How
were they used? Where and when was the work
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done? (This question is most important in field
studies.)
General Comments on Style
1. Be sure to divide paragraphs correctly
and to use starting and ending sentences
that indicate the purpose of the
paragraph. A report or a section of a
report should not be one long
paragraph.
2. Every sentence must have a subject and
a verb.
3. Avoid using the first person, I or we, in
writing. Keep your writing impersonal, in
the third person. Instead of saying, "We
interviewed the residents," write, "The
residents were interviewed."
4. Avoid the use of slang and the overuse
of contractions.
5. Be consistent in the use of tense
throughout a paragraph--do not switch
between past and present. It is best to
use past tense.
6. Be sure that pronouns refer to
antecedents. For example, in the
statement, "Sometimes trees were cut
by government officials and they were
the ones who violate the laws too." does
"they" refer to government officials or
trees?
After writing a report, read it over, watching
especially for lack of precision and for ambiguity.
Each sentence should present a clear message.
The only way to prevent such errors is to read
and think about what you write. Learn to reread
and edit your work.
Findings
Identify the problems found in the case. Each
analysis of a problem should be supported by
facts given in the case together with the relevant
theory and course concepts. Here, it is important
to search for the underlying problems for
example: cross-cultural conflict may be only a
symptom of the underlying problem of
inadequate policies and practices within the
community.
This section is often divided into sub-sections,
one for each problem.
Typing Area
The paper size is short size, double-column
format with a 2.5 cm margins on the top,
bottom, left and right.
The recommended type font is Times New
Roman, Calibri, or Arial 11pt (on a Macintosh use
the font named Times 11pt). Use Times New
Roman as default type and keep italics and/or
bold for special text parts.
Recommended type font sizes:
1. For the title: 14pt Bold font
2. For authors name: 10pt
3. For authors’ affiliation and address: 9pt
4. For the main text (including headings):
11pt
5. For abstract, figures and tables: 9pt
Writing Style
Finally, write this section in the third person,
past tense, and passive voice. Do not say, “I
interviewed three residents.” Do say, “Three
residents were interviewed.”
Fine tuning
Do not end a page with a heading or sub-
heading. Do not end a page with one or more
blank lines, except to avoid ‘widow’ headings
and to end your article. Avoid starting a page
with an incomplete line. Do not underline
headings, sub-headings, title, figure captions and
table headings.
Conclusion
Sum up the main points from the findings and
discussion.
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Recommendations
Choose which of the alternative solutions should Pictures/Images
be adopted. Briefly justify your choice explaining
All figures should be centred, except for very
how it will solve the major problem/s. This
small figures (no wider than 7 cm), which may be
should be written in a forceful style as this
placed side by side. The fonts inside pictures
section is intended to be persuasive. Here
must be clearly readable. Figures are
integration of theory and coursework is
sequentially numbered in numeric fashion with
appropriate.
the table number and the title below the figures.
Place the caption beneath the picture. Leave no
Implementation blank line between the picture and the caption.
Explain what should be done, by whom and by In Microsoft Word use the [ Insert | Caption ]
when. If appropriate include a rough estimate of menu option to add captions.
costs (both financial and time).

Acknowledgement
References
Remember to thank those that have supported
Make sure all references are sited correctly, APA you and your work. Use the singular heading
style. This section lists all articles or books cited even if you have many acknowledgments.
in your report. It is not the same as a
bibliography, which simply lists references
regardless of whether they were cited in the
paper. The listing should be alphabetized by the
last names of the authors. Different journals
require different formats for citing literature.
The format that includes the most information is
given in the following examples:
For articles:
Fox, J.W. 1988. Nest-building behavior of the
catbird, Dumetella carolinensis. Journal of
Ecology 47: 113-17.
For Books:
Bird, W.Z. 1990. Ecological aspects of fox
reproduction. Berlin: Guttenberg Press.

Appendices

This may include pictures, interview transcripts

(in the dialect or in English) and many others.
Note any original data that relates to the study
but which would have interrupted the flow of
the main body.
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