1. How is a message reproduced in translation? Give example to illustrate.

Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message.”

- to reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and
lexical adjustments.
- Translation equivalence is defined as a measure of semantic and structural
similarity between correlated units in the two texts (ST and TT).
Ex: would you like to go to the cinema with me ?
- Cậu đi xem phim vs mình nhé?
- Finger licking good ( vị ngon trên từng ngón tay )
2. Why must the translator strive for equivalence rather than identity? Give
Give the example to illustrate.
The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity to emphasizing
the reproduction of the message rather than the conservation ofthe form of the
utterance, that equivalence is considered as a relation between two actual texts
and two languages.

Example: Break a leg: chúc may mắn!

Sugar white beach : bãi cát trắng pha lê
3. What is the significance of meaning in translation? Give example to
Illustrate
- Meaning must be given priority, for it is the content of the message which is
of prime importance in translating. the choice of the right word in the
receptor language to translate a word in the source-language text depends
more on the context than upon a fixed system of verbal consistency
Ex : dịch từ “chung “ ví dụ như general , common
_ Hợp tác chung
- Văn hóa chung
4.What is the importance of culture in translation? Give example to
illustrate.
- Cultural sensitivity:
+They have to take into account the culture of the target language
+ In order to avoid misunderstandings, translators have to look out for the
lexical
content and syntax
- The name of a company or a product, humor, material culture such as names
of food, the style of the language and the target audience, pictures, symbols,
colors, gestures, habits, traditions as well as cultural references are important
cultural factors.
Ex: He is a snake : anh ấy là một con rắn
Mà phải dịch là anh ấy rất độc ác
5. What is the importance of style in translation? Give example to illustrate.
Though style is secondary to content, it is nevertheless important. One should
not translate poetry as though it were prose, nor expository material as though it
were straight narrative. In trying to reproduce the style of the original one must
beware however, of producing something which is not functionally equivalent.
Peter Newmark (1988 ) points out that the average text for translation tends to
be for an educated, middle - class readership in an informal, not colloquial style.
- The most common variety of ‘marked’ error in register among student
translators tends to be colloquial and intimate.
Ex: use of phrases such as more and more for increasingly, job for work, and
excessively familiar phrasal verbs get out of, get rid of.
- The other common error, use of formal or official register.
Ex: decrease for death
All this will help you to decide on the degree of formalit, generality (or
specificity) and emotional tone you must express when you work on the text.
The scale of formality has been variously expressed
Peter Newmark suggests the following styles the translator should be familiar
with to make the right choice.
6. What are the differences between interpretation and translation?
Translation Interpretation
- Is written and transferring a written text - is spoken and conveying a message
- Is a gap and translaters often spend in a - communication is immediately
long time working on one text - Interpreters often working in a
- In translation, the translator plays the team, are faced with people
role of a writer - In interpretation , the interpreter
- Reading skill and writing skill are very plays the role of an actor
important - Speaking and listening skills are
- Editing skill are nescessary very important
- Memorizing skills , coping tactics ,
note taking skills are necessary

7. Present practical types of translation. Give example to illustrate.

* Word for word translation (WT)
- Word for word translation focuses mainly on translating words from the
source text into the target language while the word order of the original is
preserved.
Ex: - word for word translation “Bạn đi đâu đấy?”  “ You are going
where?” whereas the correct version must be “ Where are you going?”
- In English “ No worries or no problem” ( không sao đâu ) but in a
Vietnamese word for word translation may be “ No star where ”
* Literal translation ( LT )
- Literal translation is featured by the fact that grammatical structures and the
meaning of words are translated almost as closely as those in the target
language without paying attention to the situation or context.
 Ex: the question “ Can you sit down?” can be literally translated into
Vietnamese “Anh có thể ngồi xuống được không?” but in fact that it is really a
request which can be communicatively translated “Anh hãy ngồi xuống”, “Anh
ngồi xuống đi”
* Faithful translation ( FT )
- Faithful translation can be described as one kind of translation which tries to
convey the meaning of words and context situation according to the
grammar rules of the target language; however, there is some unusuality or
unnaturalness in the target language.
Ex: “Tôi e rằng cô ta không làm được việc đó” (* I think she cannot do it) was
translated this way, then the structure of the target language does not sound
natural.  “I don’t think she can do it”
- “ Khóa học này phải mất 2 năm” (*To do this course takes 2 years)  “It
takes 2 years to do this course”
* Semantic translation (SeT)
- Semantic translation focuses to a great degree on meaning (semantic content)
and form (syntax) of the original texts of high status such as religious texts,
legal texts, literature, or speeches.
Ex: in the case of idioms, “It’s water under the bridge” or “Past waters don’t
power mills” if translated literally these idioms make little or no sense;
however, their meanings (Hãy để cho quá khứ ngủ yên) could possibly be clear
if semantic translation is to be exploited.
* Communicative translation (CT)
- Communicative translation is freer than the above-mentioned typese. This
strategy gives high priority to the message communicated in the text where the
actual form of the original is not closely bound to its intended meaning.
Ex: if the sentence “Do you mind closing the door, please? No, I don’t” (Anh
có phản đối việc đóng cửa ra vào không? Không, tôi không phản đối) was
translated this way, then the message of the sentence has not yet been
interpreted correctly since this sentence implies a request rather than a
question, so the following translation could be accepted ( Nhờ anh đóng hộ cửa
ra vào. Vâng/ Được thôi).
* Idiomatic translation (TT)
- Idiomatic translation is based on the meaning of the text which aims to
produce the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by
using idioms and colloquialism where there do not exist in the original
Ex: Decribes the degree of the sameness of the two girls’ appearance “They
look exactly the same” (Chúng giống nhau như hai giọt nước)
* Free translation (FrT)
- Free translation focuses more on content than form in the target language; as
a result, sometimes the grammar structure or the form of the words in the target
language may change; the number of words and the sentence length may vary,
depending on the subjectivity of the translator when he/she adds explanation or
comment to make clear the meaning of the original.
Ex: “business is business” could be translated freely as “Công việc là công
việc, khong chen tình cảm vào đây được”.
* Adaptation translation (AT)
- Adaptation is a highly free types of translation. Here the focus is on socio-
cultural phenomena or practices that are absent in the target culture, rather than
on linguistic units, although these are of course inevitably concerned.
Ex: Speaker A sees B leaving for a journey where the Vietnamese speaker will
tend to express a wish: “Chúc thượng lộ bình an” (Have a safe trip). However,
in the same situation English speakers often say something different, so the
Vietnamese wish could be translated: See you, Good bye, Have a nice time,…
* Gist translation (GT)
- Gist translation is characterized by keeping the main idea/gist of a text,
omitting all of its supporting details and subsidiary arguments
8. How can parts of speech be transformed in translation? Give example to
illustrate.
- Adjectives can be replaced by adverbs, verbs by nouns, possessive adjectives
by personal pronouns, ... and vice versa

Ex: He speaks good English (Cậu ấy nói tiếng Anh rất tốt).
She sing beautifully: cô ấy hát rất hay

9. How can phrases be transformed in translation? Give example to illustrate.

- A multi-word phrase in English can be rendered as a single-word phrase in
Vietnamese and can be changed in the number of words in the phrase.
- A phrase of one kind in English can be changed in part of speech (noun
phrase is translated as adjective phrase, NP<>VP, AdjP<>NP,
PrepP<>NP, PrepP<>AdvP )
- On sentence function: a phrase can become a clause.
Ex: Những nhà họat động vì môi trường: environmentalist
Các nhà sinh vật học : biologist
10. How can clauses be transformed in translation? Give example to
illustrate.
- A clause in English can be rendered as a phrase in Vietnamese and vice versa
Ví dụ: I can not understand how he thinks: Tôi không hiểu cách suy nghĩ của
anh ta
- A finite clause can be rendered as a non-finite clause in English and vice versa
Ví dụ: Anh ta trở về nhà , rất mệt mỏi : He came home, very tired.
- A subordinate clause can be rendered as a main clause in English and vice
versa
Ví dụ: My friend who is very hard working, have found a job: Bạn tôi rất
chăm chỉ và anh ấy đã tìm đươc một công việc .
+A non-defining clause can be rendered as a defining clause in English and vice
versa
Ví dụ: Coming back home, he went to sleep.
11. How can cultural words be translated? Give example to illustrate.
Cuture words can be tranlated :
+ By the mean of transference: the SL word is brought into the target language
text (TLT)
+By cultural equivalent:this is an approximate translation where a SL cultural
word is translated by a TL cultural word.
+By using componential analysis:SL word is replaced with a more general TL
word .
+By using recognized translation:the SL word is replaced with previously
recognized translation of the SL word in the TL.
+By Addition and note:An addition or note is added after the translation of the
TL word or phrase (put in the text in brackets, at the bottom of page or at the
endof text).

Example : Tokyo: Tokyo ; kim bap: kim bap

Night club: hộp đêm ; nước mắm: fish sauce

Hai phở bò : two pho

12. How can a proper noun be translated? Give example to illustrate.
1. They can be imported unchanged from the SL text: Canada > Canada;Cuba:
Cuba
2. They can be modified to fit the phonological/graphological system of the TL
by means of :
(a) Transliteration: (a name is shifted to conform to the phonic or graphic rules
of the TL): Beijing > Bắc Kinh, Moscow > Maxcơva.
(b) Transcription: (a name is transcribed in the equivalent characters of the TL.
in order to keep the readability of the TT: Canberra > Can-bơ-rơ, Myanma >
My-an-ma.
3. They can be expanded with a gloss/note to make up for the TL reader's lack
of world knowledge in the target culture either within the text or at the bottom
of the page.
4. Re-creation: In some cases, a newly-created name in the ST is recreated in
the TT so that it reproduces the similar effects in the TL such as Mr. Ollivander
that is translated to Sr. Olivares.
5. Substitution: A TL name replaces the SL name, although they are formally
and/or semantically unrelated.
6. On occasion, they might be omitted altogether (perhaps replaced with a
paraphrase)
13. What is modulation in translation? Give example to illustrate.
- Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target
languages to convey the same idea.
-When the context requires without altering meaning and without generating a
sense of awkwardness.
Ví dụ : business is business : công việc là công việc, không xen lẫn tình cảm
cá nhân .
For staff only : chỉ dành cho nhân viên, không phận sự miễn vào .
14. What is the reformulation in translation? Give example to illustrate.
-Reformulating means formulating in a different way.
-When a sentence is grammatical but does not appear to make sense even
though the meaning of every word in it is clear.
- Ví dụ : chicken soup for soul : hạt giống tâm hồn.
Frozen: nữ hoàn băng giá
Bãi biển cát trắng phau : a sugar-white beach

15. Present process of translation.

16. What is the difference between faithful (grammatical) translation and
semantic translation? Give example to illustrate.

- Faithful translation is a kind of translation:

+ to convey the meanings of words and context situation according to the
grammar
rules of the target language
+ there is some unusuality or unnaturalness in the target language.
Ex: What I know is nothing. Những gì tôi biết là chẳng có gì. Tôi chẳng
biết gì hết
Things go nowhere. Mọi việc đi không đâu. Mọi việc sẽ chẳng đi đến đâu
- Semantic translation:
+ Semantic translation focuses to a great degree on meaning (semantic content)
and form (syntax) of the original texts of high status such as religious texts,
legal
texts, literature, or speeches.
+ the meaning conveyed by the words by means of word order change or word
choice (synonyms/antonyms) so that the true meaning is conveyed.
Ex: Cost an arm and a leg. Rất đắt đỏ
Bite the hand that feeds you. Ăn cháo đá bát
It rains like cat and dog: mưa như trút nước
17. What is the difference between word for word translation and
communicative translation? Give example to illustrate.
- Word for word translation : focuses mainly on translating words from the
source text into the target language while the word order of the original is
preserved.
Ex: I have never seen this film before ( tôi chưa từng xem bộ phim này
̣trướcđây )
Bạn đến từ đâu ? Where are you from ?
Beggars asking for momordica rice ( ăn mày đòi xôi giấc )
Hỏi vé : nếu dịch word for word thì là where is your ticket?
Nhưng dịch như vậy sẽ không phù hợp nên phải dịch là : ticket, please!
- Communicative translation: This strategy gives high priority to the message
communicated in the text
+ the actual form of the original is not closely bound to its intended meaning
Ex: dùng để chào đối tác : how do you do ?
18. What is the difference between literal translation and free translation?
Give example to illustrate.
- Literal translation: is featured by the fact that grammatical structures and the
meaning of words are translated almost as closely as those in the target
language without paying attention to the situation or context.
Ex : Tôi có tiết học toán ngày hôm qua với Lan => Lan and I had a Math
lesson yesterday.
Tl : nếu dịch theo literal thì sẽ là I and Lan nhưng cta nên dịch là Lan and I
- Free translation: focuses more on content than form in the target language;
as a result, sometimes the grammar structure or the form of the words in the
target language may change
+ the number of words and the sentence length may vary, depending on the
subjectivity of the translator when he/she adds explanation or comment to make
clear the meaning of the original.
Ex: the film is beyond and words ( bô phim này k chê vào đâu được ) ̣
For staff areas ( nếu dịch bthg là khu vực cho nhân viên ) free … cta sẽ
chuyển thành ( khu vực … không phân sự miễn vào)
19 .What is the difference between faithful translation and adaptation
translation? Give example to illustrate.
- Faithful translation tries to convey the meanings of words and context
situation according to the grammar rules of the target language; however,
there is some unusuality or unnaturalness in the target language.
Ví dụ: What I know is nothing. Những gì tôi biết là chẳng có gì. Tôi chẳng
biết gì hết
- Adaptation is highly free type focus on socio-cultural phenomena or practices
that are absent in the target culture, rather than on linguistic units.
- Ví dụ : stranger things: cậu bé mất tích
20. How does the translator approach a text for translation?
- The first thing to do is preliminary analysis.
- Next, examine the reasons for choosing the text.
21. How does the translator analyze the text for translation?
When analyzing the text for translation for the first time, the translator needs to
find answers to these questions:
1 What? (what is the theme/topic the text is about?).
2 Why? (what is the purpose of the text writer: to tell, to entertain, or to
persuade the reader?).
3 Who? refers to the reader of the translated text
4 How? refers to whether the text is written in a formal or informal way
22 How does the translator interpret the source text?
+Read the text several times
+ Analyse the words (especially key words), the lexico-grammatical relations
within the sentences.
+ When necessary, resolve ambiguity, identify implicit information, interpret
figurative senses.
23 How does the translator edit the translated text?
+Takes the form of a careful last-minute checking and correcting of possible
mistakes or other inaccuracies.
+ The translator need revise the draft on the basis of the feedback received from
those people who may have suggested many rewordings, changes, additions or
omissions with the translator.
24 How does the translator formulate the translated text?
+ The translator begins drafting the translation piece by piece, section by
section
by using the lexis and structures that would make meaningful sentences
functioning in a narrow context as elements of a well -structured text in the
target
language.
+ Remember that all of verbalizing must be done in the target language .
+ Reformulates the translation according to the grammar rules, word usage,
cultural norms in the target language.