Theoretical, Practical and Professional

Aspects of Translation

Ayu Bandu Retnomurti., M.Hum

2013
WHAT IS TRANSLATION ?

 Translation is a process by which a spoken or written utterance takes

place in one language which is intended and presumed to convey the
same meaning as a previously existing utterance in another language.
(C.Rabin 1958)
 Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in
meaning and secondly in style.( E A Nida 1959/1966)
 Translating may be defined as the process of transforming signs or
representations into other signs or representations. If the originals
have some significance, we generally require that their images also
have the same significance, or, more realistically, as nearly the same
significance as we can get. Keeping significance invariant is the
central problem in translating between natural languages. ( A G
Gettinger 1960)
 “ the spirit, not the letter; the sense, not the words, the message rather
than the form; the matter, not the manner “ ( Newmark. 1988:45)
 TRANSLATION METHODS

1. General.
Diagram V Newmark
SL Empharis TL Empharis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation
Semantic translation Communicative translation
(Newmark 1988:45)
Word-for-word translation
 The old man with the moustache won
the reward for best poem.

 Itu tua pria dengan itu kumis memenangi

itu hadiah untuk terbaik sajak.
Literal translation
 The old man with the moustache won
the reward for best poem.

 Pria tua itu dengan kumisnya meraih

hadiah untuk sajak terbaik .
Idiomatic translation
 The old man with the moustache won
the reward for best poem.

 Pria tua yang berkumis itu meraih hadiah

sajak terbaik .
Free translation
 The old man with the moustache won
the reward for his best poem.

 Si tua bangka yang berkumis itu meraih

piala atas sajak terbaik yang dia tulis.
Newmark (1988:47) on “Communicative
translation”

“Communicative translation attempts to

render the exact contextual meaning of
the original in such a way that both
content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the
readership.”
Specific Method

 Teks berdasarkan tujuan dan fungsinya:

(a) naratif, (b) deskriptif, (c) ekspositoris,
dan (d) argumentatif.
 Teks menurut sifatnya, antara lain (a)
susastra, (b) hukum, (c) sejarah, (d)
berita, (e) pidato, (f) ilmiah, dan (g)
teknis.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION (Alan Duff, 1989, Oxford
University Press)

1. Meaning. ……reflect accurately the meaning of the original

text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed,
though occasionally part of the meaning can be
„transposed‟, for example, impact test-uji benturan, ignition
plug-busi
 Ask yourself:
• is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does
the uncertainty lie?
• are any words „loaded‟, that is, are there any underlying
implications? (Correct me if I am wrong…‟ suggests „I
know I am right‟!)
• is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most
suitable one? (should subversi be subversion in English?)
• does anything in the translation sound unnatural or
forced?
2. Form.

The ordering of words and ideas in the

translation should match the original as
closely as possible. (esp. in translating
legal documents, guarantees, contracts,
etc) But differences in language structure
often require changes in the form and
order of words. When in doubt, underline
in the original text the words on which the
main stress falls.
3. Register.

Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a

given context (say, business letter). To resolve these
differences, the translator must distinguish between formal
or fixed expressions (Bersama surat ini terlampir….Please
find enclosed…) and personal expressions, in which the
writer or speaker sets the tone.
 Consider also:
• would any expression in the original sound too
formal/informal, cold/warm,
personal/impersonal…if translated literally?
• what is the intention of the speaker or writer?(to
persuade/dissuade, apologize/criticize?) Does
this come through in the translation?
4. Source language influence.
One of the most frequent criticisms of translation
is that „it doesn‟t sound natural‟. This is because
the translator‟s thoughts and choice of words are
too strongly moulded by the original text.

A good way of shaking off the source language

(SL) influence is to set the text aside and
translate a few sentences aloud, from memory.
This will suggest natural patterns of thought in
the first language (L1), which may not come to
mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.
5. Style and clarity.

The translator should not change the

style of the original. But if the text is
sloppy written, or full of tedious
repetitions, the translator may, for the
reader‟s sake, correct the defects.
 6. Idiom.
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include
similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon,
slang, and colloquialisms (user-friendly, the Big Apple, yuppie, etc), and
(in English) phrasal verbs. If the expressions cannot be directly
translated, try any of the following:

• retain the original, in inverted commas „yuppie‟

• retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets:
Indian summer( dry, hazy weather in late autumn= berkabut(Ind))
• use a close equivalent: talk of the devil = baru saja dibicarakan lalu
muncul tiba-tiba (literally, the wolf at the door)
• use a non idiomatic or plain prose translation: a bit over the top =…..

 The golden rule is: if the idiom does not work in the L1, do not force it into the
translation
1. Teknik dan Masalah Penerjemahan.

Pada tahap transfer ada beberapa teknik yang

dapat digunakan jika terdapat kesulitan
menemukan bentuk BSa yang sepadan
dengan BSu.

 transposisi, yakni menggunakan bentuk BSa

yang secara gramatikal berbeda dengan
BSu, tetapi pesannya tetap sama.
Misalnya, impact test-uji benturan, ignition
plug-busi
 modulasi, menggunakan kata BSa yang sudut pandang
maknanya berbeda, tetapi sepadan dengan Bsu. Misalnya,
put one gallon of oil-masukkan 3,785 liter minyak

 penjelasan kontekstual, memberikan penjelasan pada

suatu kata atau istilah BSa dalam bentuk pemberian konteks,
sehingga menjadi jelas maknanya, sesuai dengan pesan
dalam Bsu. Misalnya, fuel ratio - tingkat pemakaian bahan
bakar, exchaust brake: pengereman (rem?) yang
menggunakan gas buang, distributor advance-alat percepat
pembagi arus yang terdapat pada distributor
 Con’t…

 penerjemahan fonologis, yakni mengambil-alih

ssuatu istilah asing yang ejaan dan pengucapannya
disesuaikan dengan kaedah ejaan dan fonologi Bsa.
Misalnya, indicator-indikator
 catatan, yakni memberikan catatan kaki pada suatu
istilah atau kata BSa agar menjadi jelas dan
mengandung pesan yang sama dengan BSunya.
Misalnya, expansion ring - cincin ekspansi, ada
catatan “pegas yang terpasang di bagian atas torak
dan berfungsi sebagai perapat”
Solutions to Sentence Problems

 Analyze and get the topic or main idea.

 Segmentation
 Interlingual: Neither…..nor….
 Long sentences in the SL might be shortened
in the TL with 2 sentences
 Changes of forms (from active into passive
form and VV)
 paraphrasing
 etc
 (Complex) Sentence Analysis

 At the height of the summer, the temperature is suitable

for germination, but there is likelihood of an absence of
sufficient moisture.

1.‟at the height of the summer"= phrase, an idea of time

2. 'the temperature is suitable for germination" = main
clause
3. "but" = conjunction that indicates compound sentence.
4. "there is likelihood of an absence of sufficient moisture" =
independent clause
 Meaningful Structure Analysis for Learning
to build (understand) sentences

The student in the blue who is sitting near the back

shirt

seat of the plane is writing a letter with a

2
beautiful
pen
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH

ANALYSIS:

 English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all

the ways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's mail is
written in English. More than 60 percent of the world's radio
programs are in English. Clearly English is an international
language.

Dalam jenis alinea tersebut sebuah topik dianalisis. Topik

tersebut ditemukan dalam kalimat yang memberikan pengertian
sebab, akibat, tujuan yang mendukung ide utama. Cara
penulisan ialah dari pernyataan khusus menuju ke pernyataan
yang umum.
2. DESCRIPTION

The heart is a pump that consists almost entirely of muscle. The cle,
however, is different from ordinary muscles. There are no app
boundaries between fibers and cells. Because of this, the heart cont
as a single unit. The inside of the heart is lined with a smooth r
brane, the endocardium. The outside of the heart and the inside e o
pericardium are covered with a slippery membrane. This prevention
as the heart beats.

Often about objects, person, place, and process.

3. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

The differences between American and

British English are not as just as some
people imagine. In grammar there are
perhaps fewer differences. One of the most
obvious is in the British question form HAVE
? as opposed to the more common
American pattern DO you.. ?
4. ANALOGY

 What is likely to happen when molecules of ice

begin to vibrate faster and faster? A picture of
every day life will help us here. What does a boy
do when he wants especially fine apple that is
far out on a branch of the tree? He shakes the
branch of the tree. The stems were strong
enough to hold the apples, but the increased
energy of motion causes them to break off. In
much the same way, single molecules escape
from heated ice and flow away as liquid water.
 5. DEFINITION:

The ventricles (low chambers of the heart) now

contract and pressure forces the valves
between the ventricles and the aorta and
pulmonary arteries to open. From the right
ventricle oxygenated blood from the lungs is
pumped to the rest of the body. The circuit
that carries the ~ to the lung is called the
pulmonary circuit. The circuit that carries
blood to the rest of the body is called the
systemic circuit.
 "
Conjunction in Compound and Complex sentence,
"CONNECTIVES

 1. CONNECTIVES (result)
He had missed the train;
 therefore,
 thus,
 hence,
 consequently he took the bus.
 as a consequence
 accordingly

BECAUSE he had missed the train, he took the bus.

2. CONNECTIVES (result)

 nevertheless,

He gets ten hours of sleep each night; however, he still, always seems tired in
class.
 but
 He gets ten hours of sleep each night, still,
 In spite of the fact that
 Although (or Though)
 Eventhough

he always seems tired in class.

he gets ten hours of sleep each night, he always seems tired in class.
 DESPITE he gets ten hours of sleep each night, he seems tired in class.
 DESPITE dan IN SPITE OF.
3. CONNECTIVES(addition)

 Siti is pretty
 and wealthy
 and also wealthy
 and wealthy too
 as well as wealthy
 besides being wealthy
 Siti is pretty; moreover, furthermore, she is
wealthy
4. CONNECTIVE(series or sequence)

 ONE, first then finally

 TWO, second next at last
 THREE, third afterwards lastly

Dalam menyatakan ide dengan cara urutan (series atau

sequence) baik kata one, two, three maupun kata first,
second, third dapat digunakan.

Kata seperti then atau next (continuation), finally atau

lastly (series or sequence).
Practice translating the following: Analyze the form, content and
expressions both in the ST and TT.

1. Say No to Drugs
2. I don’t think you know what I mean
3. The man saw nothing.
4. The police found none
5. She said to herself, “how lucky I am”
6. I don’t know how to deal with it
7. Two bars of chocolate
8. My sister went to Paris the other day.
9. Don’t take it seriously
10.Go ahead!
11.Ready, Set, Go!
12.I will go for the offer.
Practice translating the following paragraph

One school of thought says that the MBA qualification is

not that essential. If a manager attends enough
in-depth courses on behavioral science, marketing,
manufacturing, accounting, and finance, he will be no
less knowledgeable than someone who spent a year or
two studying for an MBA. Headhunters tell me that they
are more interested in what the candidate has been
doing during the past five years. They say factors like
working experience, positions held, the level of sales
turnover, the number of people he was responsible for,
and his achievements and accomplishments are more
important than an MBA certificate because experience
and being street-smart beat paper qualifications
anytime.
Abstract

 The study of communicative style is important for

understanding difficulties that arise in cross-cultural
communication, but has been little researched in
Indonesia, an area with a long history of cross-cultural
interaction. This thesis looks at one aspect of
communicative style, the maintenance of relevance, in
groups of Indonesians and Americans involved in
discussing an issue of professional concern through the
medium of English. Relevance is analyzed in terms of
the topic frameworks which the participants use for
establishing the relevance of contributions made in the
discussions. It is found that the American participants
actively create relevance in the discussions, while the
Indonesians participants assume the relevance of
contributions to the discussions. Implications for the
field of discourse analysis and for cross-cultural
communication are discussed. (125 words)
NAATI LEVEL 2
ENGLISH/INDONESIA

 Passage 1:

Indonesian Government asked to clear Sukarno

The Indonesian Government has been asked to clear the

country‟s first president, Sukarno, of involvement in the abortive
communist-backed coup of September 1965. At a June 21
graveside ceremony in Blitar, Sukarno‟s East Java birthplace,
members of his family and their supporters called on the
parliament to repeal a 1967 decree charging him with
involvement in the coup attempt. Sukarno, who died in 1970,
was recognised as a ploclaimer of independence only in 1980.
A book published in 1988, thought to have had official backing,
accused Sukarno of being a communist and of involvement in
the 1965 coup attempt. (Far Eastern Economic Review, 5/7/90)
Passage 2:

ASEAN puts on hold boat people threat

South East Asian nations agreed to put on hold their threat to push
Indochinese boat people back from their shores. After talks in Jakarta
with the United States and refugee officials, the six-member
Association of South East Asian Nation agreed to allow more time for
negotiations. Australian officials attending the talks described the
agreement as providing only breathing space. The collapse of the
agreement, signed last year by 37 countries, could result in a flood of
illegal boat people arriving in Australia. The United States has warned
that chaos and loss of life could result if ASEAN Nations abandoned
the agreement. Indonesia‟s Foreign Minister, Mr. Ali Alatas, speaking
on behalf of ASEAN, said that concessions made by the US gave new
hope for repatriation or resettlement by 1992 of more than 100,000
refugees now in Asian camps. (The AGE, 30/7/90)
*General considerations
 Consider the knowledge or level of your English proficiency,
horisons(subject matter), skills( practice, building habit in using
theories, experience), and attitudes( interests, motivation) in
deciding to be a translator. Avoid, especially, to translate a text
beyond your horisons, interests.
 Your position is a mediator, to make communication better esp.
for those who lack of knowledge in the SL - You cannot add or
substract the idea(message) of a text you are translating.
 If you write badly, you hurt only your own reputation. When your
translation does not do justice o the original, those who have
acces only to your version will have a poor impression of the
author‟s calibre.
 Ten professional translators can produce 11 good translations
 Translator‟s fate: If a work is good, people just forget the man
behind it, but if it is bad, s/he will be remembered for long.
* Specific considerations

 Analyse the text based on linguistic and content issues to arrive at

comprehension - Forms and Meanings.
 Types of text: 1)functions: info, excursive, narrative, etc, 2) and
nature: literary, scientific, etc.- for detail see the ten factors involving in
translating by Newmark
 You might need some kinds of references to help you understand the
whole text; such as a dictionary of Biography. List of Idioms,
encyclopedias, specific field dictionaries, books(co-text), etc
 When translating, you might find some words that you don‟t
understand - What I would do for this is to retain temporarily the
difficult words in the translation to keep my work going on. Next time
when you finish translating the whole work, then you go back, guess
the meaning in context or consult dictionary, specialists, colleagues,
reading for possible restructuring(tuning) and correcting.
 Decide unequivocally the choice of a word among some alternatives
(to represent a word in the SL)
* Prof. considerations

 Charge/Payment: Translating written text(250-300 words takes

about one hour) with Rp 20.000, compared with interpreting
conferences with $250 per day. It is also open for negotiable
charge.
 Working in team and building professional networks.
 The time for translator to finish translating a book is usually
about 6 - 12 months depending on the thickness of a book),
and 6 months for the publisher to produce it as a translation
book. normal contract for publishing btw original publisher and
new publisher
 Deadline for translation product. You might be put into “under
pressure” situations - this is one of the challenges for
translators.
 You are bound to practice a code of ethics (code of conduct)
Translating and Language
Learning
 For your learning process, as you do
translating, you might need to list the new
words you encounter (As I do) and make your
own gloss. This might also be a good time for
you to trace all possible meanings of a word.
Next time, this can be one of your references.

 Increase your vocabulary by learning as many

adopted words as possible.
 Adopted Words

 Examples

 aborsi: abort, abortion

 akreditasi
 akumulasi
 akurat
 analisis
 barter
 basis
 bisnis
 bujet
 unik
 universal
 universitas
 urgen
 valid
 variasi
 verifikasi
Problems: Where to turn to?
 It is a common practice for prof. translators to consult a
specialist or a colleague who might have encountered the same
problems. In this case, you need to have a large network by
exploiting IT (e-mail, HP, fax, etc).
 Computer: Take advantage of the Tools menu(spelling,
language thesaurus) in Microsoft Processor.
 It would be better if you have someone else to proof-read your
translation.
 In the absence of proof-reader, you need a time span (to take
distance) to read your work, better after one or two months to
impress you that you read someone else's work.
 Back translation - involving other translators
Tantangan Penerjemah

 Ada saat muncul rasa bosan, terutama untuk

menerjemahkan sebuah buku, teks terlalu banyak
 Kalau anda absen selama beberapa waktu, anda
membutuhkan waktu untuk kembali “in” dengan
pekerjaan anda.
 Duduk di depan komputer, mata dan pantat terganggu
 Pekerjaan tidak pernah selesai: kalau anda membaca
hasil terjemahan anda (kembali), selalu ingin
memperbaikinya atau mengubah untuk lebih baik lagi
 Insentif belum tentu memuaskan
Communicative Competence – the ultimate goals of learning
communication or language teaching

 grammatical competence
 sociolinguistic competence
 discourse competence
 strategic competence
The Nature of Translating

Nida and Taber (1982): translating consists in reproducing in the RL the closest
natural equivalent of the SL message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style.
 Reproducing the message; To reproduce the message one must make
a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments.
 Equivalence rather than identity; In a sense this is just another way of
emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the
conservation of the form of the utterance, but it reinforces the need for
radical alteration of a phrase such as “it came to pass,” which may be
quite meaningless.
 A natural equivalent: not sound like a translation.
 The closest equivalent.
 The priority of meaning: meaning must be given priority, for it is the
content of the message which is of prime importance in translating a
text.
 The significance of style: though style is secondary to content, one
should not translate poetry as though it were prose, nor expository
material as though it were straight narrative.
Cultural Words in Translation

 Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two

languages and two cultural traditions." (Toury,1978:200). One language
cannot express the meanings of another; instead, there is a distinction
between the meanings built in and the meanings that must be captured
and expressed. In this sense, different languages predispose their
speakers to think differently, i.e., direct their attention to different aspects
of the environment.

 Translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with

similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in
another language. Different languages, then, may use different linguistic
forms. But these forms are only one of the aspects of the difference
between the two language systems. Translators are permanently faced
with the problem of how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in a source
text (ST) and of finding the most appropriate technique of successfully
conveying these aspects in the target language (TL). These problems may
vary in scope depending on the cultural and linguistic gap between the
two (or more) languages concerned.
strategi penerjemahan.

Strategi Struktural ( 3)

1. penambahan (addition): penambahan kata-kata di dalam Bsa

karena struktur Bsa memang menghendaki demikian;
Bsu: Saya guru
Bsa, I am a teacher
2. Pengurangan(substraction)
Bsu: I used to be one of them. (He is the doer, isn‟t he?)
Bsa: Saya dulu bagian dari mereka. (Dia pelakunya, kan?)
3. Transposisi: mengubah struktur Bsu di dalam Bsa untuk
mencapai kesepadanan.
Bsu: Musical instrument can be divided into two basic groups
Bsa: Alat musik dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar
 Strategi Semantis(1)

1. Pungutan (borrowing); mencakup transliterasi, mempertahankan kata-kata

Bsu secara utuh, bunyi atau tulisannya dan naturalisasi, penulisannya
disesuaikan dengan aturan Bsa.
Bsu: The skin consists of two main regions: the epidermis and the dermis.
The epidermis is the outer layer and consists chiefly of dead, dry, flattened
which rub off from time to time.
Bsa: Kulit terdiri dari dua bagian, epidermis dan dermis. Epidermis adalah
lapisan luar dan terutama terdiri dari sel-sel pipih yang telah kering dan mati
yang selalu mengelupas.
Contoh lain: orangutan – orangutan (transliterasi & naturalisasi)
2. Padanan Budaya (Cultural equivalent): menggunakan kata khas dalam Bsa
untuk mengganti kata khas dalam Bsu, karena budaya satu bahasa dengan
budaya bahasa lain berbeda.
Contoh: Sonovabitch -- „si brengsek‟ bukan „anak anjing‟.
3. Padanan Deskriptif (Descriptive Equivalent): mendeskripsikan makna atau
fungsi kata Bsu karena tidak ada padanan kata yang tepat.
Bsu: Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya
Bsa: The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace; luwes diterjemahkan
dengan „bergerak dengan halus dan anggun‟.
Strategi Semantis(2)

4. Penerjemahan Resmi: untuk mendapatkan makna yang tepat sesuai

dengan kata-kata baku, penerjemah dituntut untuk tahu
perkembangan bahasa atau kata-kata baku terjemahan suatu kata
yang dianggap sebagai bahasa resmi, misal “read-only memory”
diterjemahkan dengan “memori simpan tetap”.
5. Penyusutan dan Perluasan (dari kata Bsu), misalnya, “auto mobile”
diterjemahkan dengan “mobil”.
“whale” diterjemahkan “ikan paus” bukan “paus” (konotasi lain)
6. Modulasi: strategi untuk menerjemahkan frase, klausa, atau kalimat. Di
sini pesan dalam kalimat Bsu dipandang dari sudut yang berbeda.
Strategi ini digunakan jika penerjemahan kata-kata dengan makna
literal tidak/kurang wajar dan luwes. Misal.
Bsu: I broke my leg
Bsa: Kakiku patah
Penerjemah memandang persoalannya dari objeknya, yaitu „kaki‟
bukan dari segi pelakunya.
 Padanan Gramatikal (Grammatical Equivalent)

Bila struktur Bsu dan Bsa sama, penerjemahan akan cenderung lebih mudah.
Namun, jika Bsu dan Bsa berbeda dalam hal struktur atau gramatikanya, maka
diperlukan penyesuaian gramatikalnya. Misal,

1. Kata sandang tentu dan tak tentu( Articles)

Padanan the dalam B.Ind adalah –nya, itu, ini, tadi, dan tersebut. Padanan article(
tak tentu) a, an adalah sebuah, sebutir, seekor, sekuntum, seorang, dll. Namun,
article tidak selalu diterjemahkan karena tidak selalu ada artinya. Misal,
Bsu: The horse is grazing in the yard
Bsa: Kudanya sedang merumput di halaman
Pada contoh di atas the dapat diterjemahkan dengan nya seperti pada frasa the
horse. Sedangkan pada frase the yard tidak ada terjemahan bahasa Indonesianya.
Bsu: I saw a beautiful girl last night.
Bsa: Saya bertemu seorang gadis cantik tadi malam
Bsu: What a beautiful girl.
Bsa: Alangkah cantiknya gadis itu.
Padanan Gramatikal (Grammatical Equivalent)

2. Bentuk jamak; dlm B.Ing tidak selalu diterjemahkan dalam

bentuk yang sama dalam B.IND, biasanya ditandai dengan
pengulangan kata tersebut. Misal,
Bsu: They gave me the answers
Bsa: Mereka memberiku jawaban atau memberi jawaban
kepadaku
Kata answers tidak diterjemahkan dengan jawaban-jawaban.
Bsu: The two books you read are ….
Bsa: Kedua buku yang kamu baca adalah… (bukan kedua buku-
buku)
Sedangkan untuk kata children diterjemahkan anak-anak.
Padanan Gramatikal (Grammatical Equivalent)

3. Kata Ganti
Kata ganti she, her, hers, he, his, him, it, its, they, them, their,
we, our, ours, dll. Meskipun dalam bahasa Inggris kata ganti
mengenal jenis kelamin, namun dalam penerjemahannya tidak
berarti jenis kelamin tersebut dinyatakan. Misal,

 Bsu: She is standing behind me

 Bsa: Dia berdiri di sebelah saya

Dalam penerjemahannya, kata she di atas tidak diterjemahkan

dengan „dia perempuan‟. .
Padanan Gramatikal (Grammatical Equivalent)

4. Frase Benda (noun phrase)

Menerjemahkan frase yang tata letaknya berbeda dengan bahasa

Indonesia. Penempatan frase benda seperti ini adalah dari kata
yang disifati (yang diterangkan) diikuti kata yang mensifati (yang
menerangkan). (word order)
Contoh:
Bsu: An intelligent young girl = seorang gadis muda yang cerdas
Bsa: A tall water tower = menara air yang tinggi

„head‟-nya menempati posisi yang berbeda dengan bahasa

Indonesia. Kaidah semacam ini penting untuk diperhatikan oleh
seorang penerjemah.
Padanan Gramatikal (Grammatical Equivalent)

5. Gerund
Gerund (kata kerja +ing) yang diperlakukan seperti kata benda. Perlakuan seperti
kata benda ini disebabkan oleh karena kata kerja tersebut menduduki posisi
„subjek dan objek‟. B. Ind tdk mengenal konstruksi seperti ini, maka ada dua
kemungkinan penerjemahannya yaitu dengan menggunakan makna kata kerja
aslinya :
Contoh:
Bsu: I come here for visiting you
Bsa: Saya datang ke sini untuk mengunjungi anda.
Bsu: Swimming is my hobby
Bsa: Berenang adalah hobi saya
Pada kedua contoh tersebut kata kerja bentuk gerund diterjemahkan dengan
terjemahan kata kerja asalnya. Sedangkan cara kedua adalah dengan kata
bahasa Indonesia dalam bentuk „kata benda abstrak” yakni biasanya dengan
awalan dan akhiran “an”.
Contoh:
Bsu: In the process of drawing in the nets, ….
Bsa: Dalam proses penarikan jaring,…
6. Participle

Yang perlu disadari adalah bahwa dalam present participle

terdapat sifat aktif sedangkan dalam past participle membawa
sifat pasif. Karenanya kata-kata present participle biasanya
diterjemahkan dengan “yang me” sedangkan past participle
diterjemahkan “yang di” atau “yang ter”.
Contoh:
Bsu: The man looking at me is my student’s father
Bsa: Pria yang melihat saya adalah ayah dari murid saya
Bsu: The magazine taken by my son is new
Bsa: Majalah yang diambil oleh anak saya (adalah) baru
Namun, ada juga yang diartikan lain seperti:
BSu: Is it the stealing robot? (….robot pencuri itu?)
Bsu: Is it the stolen robot ? (……robot curian itu?)
Kemampuan Menerjemahkan

Fasih berbahasa asing tidak dengan sendirinya

mampu menerjemahkan.
Penguasaan bahasa sasaran sangat penting.

Kemampuan menerjemahkan bertumpu pada:

1. pengalaman
2. bakat, dan pengetahuan umum: gabungan
pengetahuan atau inteligensi (kognitif)
3. rasa bahasa (emotif), dan
4. ketrampilan menggunakan bahasa (retoris).
Seorang penerjemah tidak dapat menerjemahkan
naskah dalam segala bidang. Ia harus menguasai
pengetahuan umum, seperti tentang kehidupan
sosial, politik, ekonomi, budaya, teknologi, dan ilmu
pengetahuan. Penerjemah yang berspesialisasi,
misalnya hukum, teknik, atau kedokteran, harus
menguasai substansi yang diterjemahkannya.
 TESTING THE TRANSLATION
Why test the Translation? 3 reasons (Mildred L. Larson,1984)

1. Accurate: Sometimes mistakes are made in the analysis of the source text
or in the transfer process which result in different meaning.
2. Clear: A translation may be accurate but still does not communicate the
idea. The forms of the language used should be those which make the
message of the TT as easy to understand as the ST itself was to
understand. The clarity can be checked by testing it with a person who are
not familiar with the ST and ask questions, which will show what they
understand.
3. Natural: A translation may be accurate in that the translator understood
correctly the ST and is attempting to communicate that information, and yet
the form may not be natural or idiomatic forms of the TL, the grammatical
forms used are those normally used.
Ways of testing a Translation
 There several ways of testing a translation. There is some
overlap between them, in that the same person may be
involved in several kinds of test and the tests may give
similar information about the translation.
• Comparison with the source texts and
comprehension check, that all the information is
included nothing omitted and/or added, and
changed.
• Back translation into the source language
• Naturalness and readability, is to see if the form of
translation is natural and the style appropriate.
• Consistency checks, the use of lexical equivalents
for some keys terms.
REFERENCES
 …………., Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1988.
 …………., Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1989.
 Catford, J.C. , A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975
 Jakarta Post daily newspaper
 Malone, J.L. The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation, State University of New York
Press, New York, 1988.
 Moeliono, Anton M., Kembara bahasa, PT Gramedia, Jakarta, 1989.
 Newmark, Peter, Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Institute of English, oxford, 1982.
 Newsweek Magazines.
 Nida, Eugene A., Towards the Science of Translation, F.J. Brill, Leiden, 1964.
 Picken, Catriona, The Translators HandBook, Aslib, London, 1983.
 Sakri, Adjat, Ihwal Menerjemahkan, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, 1984.
 Mildred L. Larson. (1984) “Meaning based translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence”
University Press of America, Inc.
 Various Sources
Examples of discourse
 A: Have you called the doctor?
Sudahkah Anda pergi ke dokter?
 B: I haven‟t done it yet, but I will do it.
Saya belum ke dokter, tetapi saya akan
pergi.
 A: Though actually, I think you should do it.
Sebenarnya ya, menurut saya Anda
sebaiknya pergi ke dokter.
Componential analysis
The meaning components of words may
also be more easily isolated by looking
at lexical matrices. The pronominal
system of the source and receptor
languages should be compared to see
where there are differences between the
two systems which might cause
problems in translation.
Language Creativity/productivity
in Ind.?
 Fast food – makanan siap saji
 Eat-in, delivery and take away service?
makan sini, antar, bungkus?
 Emergency lamp- lampu darurat
 Etc?