Language

• Language is a medium through which one can

express ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Forms of Language Written language is more stable/credible

than the oral language.

Oral Written Sign

Language Language Language
 Few more forms … Q. __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of sound
in a language.

Phonology – Speech form. A. Syntax

B. Semantics

C. Morpheme
Morphology – Meaning form.
D. Phoneme

Syntax – Word order.

Language
families Characteristics of a Language

• It is symbolic and dynamic.

• Means of communication.
• Medium of instruction.
• Language is arbitrary.
• It’s a carrier of civilization and culture.
• It is structured and rule governed.
Language Acquisition Language Learning

• When language is learnt naturally and without any • When a language is learnt in a systematic way, it is
systematic practice, it is called acquisition. known as learning.

• It refers to the process of learning a native or a second
language because of the innate capacity of human brain.
• It also means an unconscious process that occurs when
language is used in real conversation.
• Learning a language is all inclusive process.
• Learning is a conscious process and it is more effective
when it is done in a meaningful situation or familiar
environment.

Q. The process of second language

Acquisition and Learning
acquisition is influenced by language that
the learner already knows. The influence is
_____ .
A. Inter-language
B. Systemic errors
C. Language transfer
D. Phonology
 Q. The most important factor which is As per Indian Constitution
responsible for the differentiation between
language learning and language acquisition is:
• Associate official Language (AOL).
A. Grammar of language
B. Assessment in language
C. Textbook of language
D. Language environment

The Eighth (8th) Schedule of the Constitution

consists of the following 22 languages – National Curriculum Framework (NCF-2005)

1. Assamese, 9. Manipuri, 17.Telugu,

• According to the observation, English is a
2. Bengali, 10.Marathi, 18.Urdu,
second language.
3. Gujarati, 11.Nepali, 19.Bodo,
4. Hindi, 12.Oriya, 20.Santhali, • In a multilingual country like India, English is a
5. Kannada, 13.Punjabi, 21.Maithili and global language.
6. Kashmiri, 14.Sanskrit, 22.Dogri.
7. Konkani, 15.Sindhi,
8. Malayalam, 16.Tamil,
 Q. Language acquisition

A. requires the memorization and use of necessary

Noam Chomsky
vocabulary

B. involves a systematic approach to the analysis and Humans have an innate ability to
acquire language through
comprehension of grammar as well as to the memorization of
Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
vocabulary

C. refers to the process of learning a native or second

language because of the innate capacity of the human brain

D. is a technique intended to simulate the environment in

which children learn their native language

Q. The idea that children are born with Q. Which observation supports Noam
language acquisition device is given by: Chomsky's ideas about language acquisition?
A. Children's language development follows a similar pattern across
A. Chomsky cultures.
B. The stages of language development occur at about the same
B. Vygotsky ages in most children.
C. Piaget C. Children acquire language quickly and effortlessly.
D. Skinner D. All of these
Q. Language Acquisition stands for: Sapir–Whorf hypothesis

A. Learning a language without making any deliberate or conscious

effort. • The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis posits that language
B. Learning a language through some specific language either determines or influences one's thought
methodology.
C. Learning a language by taking recourse to one’s mother tongue.
D. Learning a language with a deliberate and conscious effort.

Q. The idea that language determines the Skinner

way we think about and perceive the world • Skinner suggested that a child imitates the language
relates to : of its parents and surrounding people.

A. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

B. linguistic relativity
C. language socialization

D. language acquisition
 Q. Skinner is of the opinion that children often Q. Skinner puts forward the theory that, children best
_________ in the language acquisition process. acquire the language through ________.

A. ignore adults A. acting skills

B. misbehaves B. imitating, prompting and shaping
C. copy adults C. reading and writing

D. fail badly D. enhanced speaking

Piaget and Vygotksy Q. It is suggested by Piaget that, children learn

language through ___________ .
For Piaget, thought preceded language. A child A. writing and speaking
learned to think first, and then from that thought,
speak. B. assimilation and accommodation
Vygotsky believed that thought and speech were C. trial and error
separate, intact processes that merged around age
three. D. shaping
 Language Skills

1.Listening
2.Speaking
3.Reading
4.Writing

• Intensive & Extensive Reading Sight Words

• Intensive reading involves learners reading in detail with

specific learning aims and tasks. Sight words are the words that
• Extensive reading is an approach to language learning in
appear most frequently in our
which long text and a large amount of material are read by the reading and writing.
students for general understanding.
 Scanning
• To look at or read every part of something quickly until
you find what you are looking for.

• Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific

facts.
 Skimming

• Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a

general overview of the material.

Contrastive Pair Q. Contrastive / minimal pairs are

• A contrastive pair of words is a pair of words that are
used for teaching-learning of :
the same, except for a contrasting letter.
A. Writing
B. Speaking
C. Pronunciation
D. Reading
Sounds in a English Language Diphthongs

1. Vowels sounds - 20 • A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single

syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
towards another.
2. Consonant sounds – 24 • (as in coin, loud, and side ).

Total sounds in English Language = 44

Articulators

• Any vocal organ that takes part in the

production of a speech sound.
1. Homograph 2. Homophone
• A homograph is a word that shares the same written • Homophone is a word that is pronounced the same
form as another word but has a different meaning. as another word but that has a different spelling and
• E.g. Lead, Lead. meaning.
• E.g. Two, Too.

3. Homonym Q. While reading for comprehension, we

understand that some pairs are examples
• Homonym is a word that is spelt and pronounced of homograph. Which one of the following
like another word but that has a different meaning. is a homograph?
E.g. Suit, Suit.
A. lead [metal]/lead [give direction]
B. lead [give direction/dead [mortal]
C. mail [post]/male [gender]
D. warm/tepid [being neither too hot nor too cold]
Q. Two words have identical sound and
spelling, but not related in meaning. It is
known as-
A. homonym
B. homograph
C. polysemy
D. homophone

Paraphrasing Note Taking

• Paraphrasing means formulating someone else's • Is the practice of recording information from
ideas in your own words. different sources and platforms.
 Tips for Note Taking
• Writing only important points/clues.
• Use phrase/word/abbreviated forms.
• Follow a patterned or diagrammatic form or flow chart.
Direct Method
• The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the
natural method, and is often used in teaching foreign
languages, refrains from using the learners' native language
and uses only the target language.
Note Making
• Note making is not just about writing down everything you
hear or read.
• It is a process of reviewing, connecting and synthesising
ideas from your lectures or reading.
Grammar Translation Method
• In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical
rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences
between the target language and the native language.
Language Across the Curriculum (LAC)

Integrating language teaching with

other subjects in the same classroom.

Q. LAC stands for Language Across Curriculum. It means

A. use of languages in a variety of meaningful contexts.

B. use of language for communicative purpose only.

C. Paying more attention second language.

D. learning grammatical rules of second language.

Multilingualism
Multilingualism is an asset in teaching-
learning process because it makes the
In teaching-learning process multilingualism
means using the languages of learners as a
learners more adept at language learning.
strategy for teaching-learning of languages and
content subjects.

Q. The mode of using the learner's native language to

teach some academic content while providing
Multilingualism enhances intellectual additional L2 instruction is called ________.
flexibility and creativity. A. basic education

B. multilingual education
C. bilingual education
D. accuracy
 Q. Bilingual education is an educational practice
where _______ in the teaching-learning process.
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
A. a single language is used
• Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
B. more than three languages are used refer to linguistic skills needed in everyday, social
C. two languages are used face-to-face interactions.
D. no language is used

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

• Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency

(CALP) is the language ability required for
academic achievement in a context-reduced
environment.
 Q. India's language-in-education policy is known as
__________

A. Language-in-education policy
B. Mother tongue as a medium of education

C. First language, second language and English

D. Three language formula

Q1. Choose the correct statement from the following

A. First language is acquired through training

B. First language is acquired in school

Practice C. First language acquisition is a natural process

D. First language is acquired through conscious effort
of the child
Q2. Which of the following term is related to Q3. Rohit is seven months old infant, he has started
Vygotsky's Socio-cultural theory? making sounds that combine consonants and vowels.

A. Process writing He is communicating using which of the following?

B. Child as a blank slate A. cooing

C. Zone of Proximal Development B. phonemes

D. Assimilation and Accommodation C. linguistic speech

D. babbling

Q4. Educational process in which learners start their Q5. The pattern of sentences that children need to
schooling in their mother tongue and then move on to learn to master the fundamental skills of language
additional languages in school is termed as _________. learning is called ________.
A. Basic Education A. Simulation

B. Humanist Education B. Assimilation

C. Multilingual Education C. Structure
D. Bilingual Education D. Group Learning
Q6. One important difference between animal and Q7. Which of the following you would not consider as
human communication is that an authentic task for language learning?

A. animals can communicate emotions A. Using a hotel menu for a speaking task.
B. humans can communicate emotions B. Asking learners to write an essay on 'Goat'.
C. animals communicate to ensure their own welfare C. Asking learners to describe the room in which they

D. humans communicate to ensure their own welfare are in now.

D. Asking learners to listen to a film song they like and
write the meaning of the same.

Q8. Bilingual mode of teaching-learning makes use of Q9. A regional dialect is __________.
the learner's native language and simultaneously A. Speech characteristics of a language in a region.
____________
B. Language of a state or country.
A. provides instruction in L1
C. Language with a script of a region.
B. provides additional instruction in L2
D. The written language and literature of a region.
C. teaches sign language
D. learns universal grammar
Q10. Which of the following is true of Sign Language? Q11. Which of the following is true of second language
learning with reference to first language?
A. There is only one Sign Language in the world.
A. Second language is interferences in the learning of
B. Sign Language is not a natural language.
the first language.
C. Sign Language is a natural language.
B. First language supports the learning of second
D. Sign language is a set of gestures
language.

C. First language interferes in the learning of second

language.
D. It is not possible to learn many languages at a time.

Q12. Competency based language teaching aims at Q13. 'Embedding the pedagogy into the materials to
___________
enable the teacher adopt the pedagogy' is known as
A. developing the ability to use language in a defined
context like education, work, personal or professional __________
development. A. authentic materials and realization of materials.
B. developing the ability of the learner to listen, speak,
B. content validity of the materials.
read and write in the classroom.
C. defining abilities of learners while the curriculum is C. pedagogical realization of materials.
being implemented. D. process validity realization of materials.
D. making learners to learn as many languages as
possible.
Q14. What is the major aim of teaching of poetry? Q15. A teacher of class VIII asks her learners to listen

A. Poetry is for enjoyment and ideas. to the five sentences she reads out and write them

B. Poetry is for grammar learning. down the exact sentences. Which strategy of
listening she attempts to promote?
C. Poetry is to know about the poet.
A. Top down strategy
D. Poetry is for vocabulary learning.
B. Dictation as a strategy
C. Apt listening strategy

D. Bottom up strategy

Q16. A teacher writes words and short sentences as
language chunks in context as unanalyzed wholes.
She then gives the chunks in context for use by
learners. What method or approach of teaching of
vocabulary does this reflect?
A. Vocabulary as chunks
B. Lexical approach
C. Communicative approach
D. Structural approach
Q17. Cognitively Academic Language Proficiency
refers to _________
A. using language for general day-to-day language
functions
B. using language for a conversation in a birthday
party
C. language use for abstract ideas and higher order
language skills
D. reading a short story of interest as a pastime routine
Q18. Which of the following is a task for process approach to Q19. Language awareness in learners refers to:
writing and which one is for product approach?
A. grammatical knowledge of the language user.
(a) Look around the room you are in now. With your friends
observe, gather information-objects, people, and actions. Jot B. an enhanced consciousness and sensitivity to the
down ideas, points, develop an outline, write the draft, edit it forms and functions of language.
and write the final draft. Give a title to your paragraph.
(b) Write a paragraph of 200 words on 'Autobiography of the C. an understanding of the four skills of a language.
Snake". D. an enhanced consciousness and sensitivity to
A. Both (a) and (b) are process approach tasks.
reading and writing in a language.
B. Both (a) and (b) are product approach tasks.
C. (b) is process approach task and (a) is product approach task.
D. (a) is process approach task and (b) is product approach task.

Q20. Which of the following is NOT a concept of Q21. Portfolio assessment aims at __________.
language education : A. collection of instances of learning by learners over a
period of time as evidences.
A. Grammar translation method
B. collection of the marks or grades by learners over a
B. Types of networking
period of time as evidences.
C. Contrastive analysis
C. conducting written and oral tests in order to judge
D. Form and function learners' language learning.
D. creating a profile of each learner through a progress
report card.
Q22. National Education Policy 2020 recommends
the study of a foreign language __________.

A. as an additional option at the secondary stage

B. as an option under the three language formula

C. as a language from the preparatory stage of

schooling

D. as a choice of the schools and learners