of other molecules of electron ined stability of membrane lipids? tion between lipid tails d interaction between lipid thonolayers ) chanical bond between lipid molecules BY weak non-covalent interaction between lipid molecules 6.What are major characteristics of a) High permeability for water ‘molecules b) Low resistance ©) Selective solubility, low permeability for water mol Permeability for gases and small lipid molecules, high mobility, luidit ) Low electric resistance, low permeability for gases und lipophilic molecules, membrane phospholipids? ecules and ions, ability form closed space, , asymmetry and high electric resita symmetry 7-How is determined stability of membrane lipids? @) By weak covalent interaction between lipid tails b) By hydrostatic interaction between lipid monolayers ¢) By mechanical bond between lipid molecules @) By weak non-covalent interaction between lipid molecules cholesterol levels in erythrocyte membrane causes; 8. Considerable elevation of a) a decrease in membrane fl uidity b) membrane damage ¢) an increase in membrane fluidity ) an increase in electric charge on the membrane surfaceEY Between lipid molecuies membrane opening pie rapid movement in pola domain NOD-Polat space (and vice i Water molecules play in stabilization of li = to stabilization of membrane bilayer by formativn stabilization of membrane bilayer {© Stabilization of membrane bilayer by formation of hydrogen bonds to lipids hydrophobic id bilaer? mn of hydrogen bonds to lipids polar “heads” _ 15.Polar molecules of water latively freely cross the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer at cross hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer mm strong flows ed by the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer le source of simple passive transport i (hydrostatic) gradient on, electric (or electrochemical) and hydrostatic gradients) Elevation gradient rn 4) Concentration gradient of particles which are permeable only membrane 17.Polar molecules of water FE ©) Relatively freely cross the hydrophobie core of lipid bilayer 4) Cannot cross hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer 2) Form strong flows h) Are repelled by the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer ive transport? 18.Which of the following gradients provide energy supply for passive tra ) Concentration and electric gradients b) Electrostatic gradient ©) Electrochemical and electrostatic gradients ) Blectric and thermal gradients 19. What is osmosis? i @ entration of solute across a membran 7) Flow of water molecules from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute across am impermeable for solute ) Flow of water molecules from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute across impermeable for water ©) Flow of water molecules from hi impermeable for water @) Flow of water molecules from high concentration of solute.to Jaw concent impermeable for solute 20.What is osmotic active compound? @) Solute molecules that can permeate cell membrane 6) Solute molecules that cafinot permeate cell membrane ©) Solvent molecules that can permeate cell membrane @) Solvent molecules that cannot permeate cell membrane 21, Ifwe drink sea water 8) Cell eytosol will be hyperosmotic compared to stomach contents 6) Cell ey10sol will be hypoosthnotic compared to stomach von © sfomach contents will be hypoosmotic compared to cell cytocol @) Stomach contents and cell cytoso| will have equal osomol arity 22.What is isotonic solution? Seppe lution Yhich contains the same concentration of osmotic active Pi Of the membrane (cell cytosol) B Soliton which contains higher concentration of osmotic ac the membrane (cell cytosol), Be itt Which contains lower concentration of osmotic the membrane (cell cytosol), @: Solution which does not contain osmotically active particles 23. Which of the following exert Pressure 4) Hydrostatic pressure of blood, blood oncot 5) Colloid-oosmotic Pressure of int of a capilla ¢ pressure stitial fluid and hydro: wall? particles than the a membran nitration of solute across a membrane of solute across a membran icles as the solution on the other sid Solution on the other side active particles than the solution on the other side called colloid-osmotic pressure) atic pressure of interstitial fluidmolecules across the semi permeable membrane in the ic active compounds of solute iE sali moleebles in the presence of the gradient of osmotic active at must be applied to a solution to block movement of osmotic active compounds Pe pplicdto a solution to block movement of solute molecules across the membrane otie pressure depend on? rma tf solute molecules in a volume unit (molar concentration) ass of solute molecules in a volume uni lar mass OF solvent in a volume unit ‘Amount Of solvent molecules in a volume unit tutes to the development of edema? ‘oval plasina protein levels (oncotic pressure) in blood i protein levels (oncotic pressure) in blood ‘Water distribution and direction of its flow between extracellular and intracettul en hydrostatic and colloid-osmotie pressure living organism for maintenance the constancy of cell volume quotaily of the cell must be greater than external osmolarity of the cell nly of cell inner and outer areas must be equal MY Of the cell must be ess than external osmolarity of the cellequal to 2er0. st {8 Osmolarty of cell inner and outer areas MUS determined by f cell membrane is ath : See une lode inthe mer as coe fol located in the outer leaflet of lipi eine of lipid bilayer Fr otsins and glycolipid locaed in the outer ©, Glyeoprae 4 Cholesterol located inthe inner leaflet of lipid bilayer its is true’? 32, Which of the following statement Rae Waals ies ‘i interact with water molecules via 5 that ‘interact it water molecules via hydrogen bonds 2 Ltn rt it nas nls yt fs 1h pid easier with water molecules via Covalent bonds fembrane thickness significantly depends on: J ote tty ecto ot i molecules 3. Amino acid sequence of mensbnane proteins © Cholesterol levels inthe membrane 4. Number of transmembrane B helices in the intepra proteins 34.How is determined uid distribution aesarambat direction between capillary and interstitial urea? FB By balan between hydrostatic and collod-osmotie presses 1) By balance between Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure BD Be rangits between Hydrostatic and gravitational presoures 4) By hydrostato pressure 2 piel ofthe following is true for osmos Fe dmgagnoves fom a region of higher oan pr Flower ¢ P b dmmovt solution ofslucose exers te nmol/L solution ors fF glnid-oncotc pressure causes osmovc ter f a ee NSG , ue isotonte ret Hom interstitial uid intocesce @ Solutions of the sume osmolarity ‘ue isotonic solutions "id into expt ross the cell membrane inere 8 of solute particles F ‘entration gradient an {aerease in membrane viscosj 4 Along with a decrease in temperature : DP ae dehy aration may result from: sy Plasma protein levels (malnutrit nutrition) Ee puiriiltion of excess proicine in plasma (protein rich diet) Fre et kidteys (decreased excretion of urine) © Congestive heart faihire 38. What determines water di iat sracellulag a a rater disi mn hydrostatic and col i only le pressure only Pressure only ‘tribution and direction of its flow between interstitial fia loid osmotic pressurealinomicine xetion is bused on: yee Omtainng fers functioning fing containing filters inctioning copa carrying sroup functioning SM™poUndS carying group functioning Capillary in.) by osmosis now. Eater flows from capillary into id into capillary by filtration near lary, water flows from capillary into fluid into capillary by diffusion nearPA niecsive bleeding in 9-11 amino a pspirabs as arules a contain Dr anttne cise product pros IAT ate , sub each uunsmembrane fragment cot 22 residues. 53.011 amin Be rettuee oats apres ‘lp each transmembrane fragment contain 9-11 amino residues. ‘ : ‘that emcee 51212 anid sds 47. Directon of facilitated passive transport is 4) Restle dgening ene cso eon ) Always ireversible DRE spending of ATP concecration : © Revenible depending on elect potential across the membrane ‘amino aci¢ i the process, / e.Hydrwied ions undergo det ion as a result oF non covalent int } me ners ner hair ofthe pa {aay rt an dion a are oo Interaction with specie atomic SN Polit dieses caren ba at! Proces, PSR Bak perwesdiny Crecininy in comp, Dn am tls in compara Kons oN at al isin compet Nae Deiat estonia con OA eae ey gh ating a ee raction with specifi atomic groups of 1ps of availability of a iF Proteins, the transported substance time} hydrolysis and V pumps Ctanspones tnd Fang Ve D) Only P pumps yere transporter, F and V ATPases “ATP —ases, Na /K” ATP-ase, Ca*" ATP-ase ‘heavy metal pumps, Ca” ATP-ase the following pumps are not electrogenic: (CPx transporter, Ca”’ ATP-ase, ABC transporter, F and V— ATP ~ a jon of ATP molecule depends on the direction of proton transport ion of ATP molecule does not depend on t fication of ATP molecule does not take place is always ATP hydrolysis that takes place he direction of proton transport Active transport is coupled with ‘transport ot coupled with any other proc with osmotic pressure d with passive transport type of transport is involved : in the glucose re; BP Fhcose gl eabsorpti in kidneys and eastrointestinal tract? A‘Secornlary active Na" glucose pump, «Facilitated diffusion of glucose, pxmaty z ence of vel ight: Saree tt ae ‘onfomaatona changes in opsin sirvene in it ee chin: jon into 13 the potrnep encore rom lla oi loa tt cmtanistoed ae Ee anges ae re ee i ae ee ee P domains of P pumps are located Be tee cane al neneinte 6. Within the membrane €, Always on the inner surface of the membrane Me sirce 4. Translocates fom the inner surface of the membrane to its ou 64, When proton (H) transport is uncoupled from ATP-synthes! @. Proton gradient energy is absorbed as heat b, Proton gradient energy is released as heat ¢. Proton gradient energy is consumed for ATP synthesis 4. Proton gradient energy is consumed for protein synthesis 65. Which of the following statements is false? Gees ae transported Into the mitochondria via secondary active unipon be {200 ate transported into the mitochondria atthe xpos 6. Ca’"ions are transported into the mitochondris 4 Caions are transported into the mitochowdn f proton gradient en passive transport Via secondary active pump 66. What is common between simple 4. Both require carrier proteins , Both occur dawn the electrochemical gradient ©. Both require metabolic energy @. Bota require presence of Na’ gradient facilitated di usion and active transport? 67 factors that __do not_ increase the conduction velocity of action potential 8. sallatory conduction b. diameter of axon (wider the faster) myelin sheath d) cytoplasm 68. Which of the following statements is true of Na @ Ti transports Na* and K* fons against tl exchange of 2 K* ions pumped in, 6 Ietransports Na’ and K* ions down their conc: exchange of 2 K* ions pumped in, "/K* pump ir concentration gradients ~ pumps 3 Hons out ofthe gp *entration gradients — pumps 3 Na* jong Out of the ge,is capacitance of cell membrane) it is enough due to low capacitance of cell membrane \ee determine ‘equation is true only for ‘in non-equilibrium state Univalent ions Tons in equilibrium state _ Uncharged particles nce of cell integrity and size requires Osmotic equilibrium Electric equilibrium Thermodynamic equilibrium’ _ electrochemical equilibrium ‘membrane potential is determined by ‘oial zero net movement of individual ions that depends on concentrations of individual ions,yy to Ke ions in a living cell is 50 — 100 times lower than permeability to Na+ the surrounding area membrane permeab ty to these ions will be very high bility to K+ ions in a living cell is 50 ~ 100 times higher than permeability of Na+ ns in the surrounding area membrane pe meability to these ions will be 100 times higher than permeabi brane conductivity to these ions ability 10 K+- ions in a living cell is 50 — very high, Of K+ ions in the surrounding area mem! ility of Na+ w Permeability to K+ ions in a living cell is 50 — 100 times lower than permeabil} ef K+ ions in membrane surrounding area mem rane permeability to these ions wil to the changes in the intensity of lux rather than Na+ influx rion flux rotons in living cells rotons in living cells protons in living cellsssium dium ions decreases and sodium influx stops. Potassium {lux from inside to ity fo sodium ions increases. Potassium flux from inside to outside also increases fy to both sodium and potassium ions increases. n of action potential: diffusion of sodium ions from extracellular space into the cell (as compared with Siffusion of potassium ions from extracellular space into the call as comp diffusion of sodium ions from cytoplasm into extracellular space (as compa ! Jneteased diffusion of potassium ions from cytoplasm into extracellular space (as compa potential) ‘hyperpolarization is caused by -permeability of membrane to potassium ions alter repolarization Permeability of membrane to sodium ions after repolarization permeability of membrane to potassium ions after depolarization [Pemeability of membrane to potassium ions after repolarization characteristics of action potential ds threshold external stimulus, obeys “all or none’ Principle, Extemal stimulus acts as a triggering the generation of action potential. al stimulus initiates generation of action potential. It acts as a triggering mechanism for the ential is generated Spontaneously without external stimulusai Mette in parallel (with necks) and produce bundle, where laterally jpates in Tuflment of onl contraction process 'TP participates in fulfitlment of only relaxation Process ATP pasticipates in fulfilim, ett of contraction as well gs relaxation processes, ATP participates in fulfillment of neither Contraction nor relaxation Processes,: jntenance of intermembrane ion(Na"/K*) ei mainte! x P alta Pe ‘are essential the development of action potential. Ma" ATPASE) Z ‘of muscle contraction fi ee actin globule active site and myosin energized head is laments start sliding along myosin threads. from myosin threads. : ; le active site and myosin energized head is able cell ‘97 In the process of muscle ¢ " arth Tac apes sie, ipamyod : Soh eauleetrr eeu in thin laments lease in releases actin glot ind wih THC psi ip nn st sliding along mys threads : 6. Bi a eeaaoafts thin filaments sa sliding along myosin threads to be released from o Bate ee once protein troponin € (nC) and troponin T (Tn?) P)Teponiy iss comelex oF globular regulatory protein (woponin C (TC) and troponin T (TnT) 6) troponin include | globular regulatory protein troponin (Tn) P Troponin is a complex of 3 globular regulatory proteins troponin I (Tn), actin, Myosin) 99, Which of the following statements is correct; ») tropomyosin activates active sites of actin molecules. b) Tropomyosin locks active sites of actin molecules. C) Tropomyosin does not influence activity of binding site of actin molecules and myosin 4) Tropomyosin binds with myosin 100. Asa result of ATP molecule binding with myosin head und ATP following hydrolysis P eect = hydrolysis, (to ADP and Ai) bieb-enesay phosphate group is transformed on myosin head. Myosin energized head (bri fneray forthe binding fo actin, change in myosin bending angle, and movement orc Yowards “#” end. Using this energy muscle contraction is performed : D Bieh soetay Phosphate group is transformed on actin globule, actin energized globule (brig fe) fot the binding to actin, change in myosin bending angle, and movement of my cage Howards“? end. Using this energy muscle contraction is performed vite i suet Fey phosphate group is transformed on actin globule. actin energized globul (ey fos the binding to actin, change in myosin bending angle. and marcrn ng Bate endl Using this energy muscie relaxation is performed, ial tiesey phosphate group is transformed on myosin heal. Myosin enervie, pergy forthe binding to actin, change in nvoeis na id mo veane Ea St Using this energy muscle relaxation is performed ©) utilizes this ead actin thread (bridge) utilizes this /osin head actin thread uti nyosin head acti